DOCSLIB.ORG

Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Thursday Volume 549 6 September 2012 No. 38 HOUSE OF COMMONS OFFICIAL REPORT PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES (HANSARD) Thursday 6 September 2012 £5·00 © Parliamentary Copyright House of Commons 2012 This publication may be reproduced under the terms of the Open Parliament licence, which is published at www.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright/. 361 6 SEPTEMBER 2012 362 former Minister for Further Education, Skills and Lifelong House of Commons Learning, the hon. Member for South Holland and The Deepings (Mr Hayes)—who has now moved on to Thursday 6 September 2012 higher things—and to welcome his excellent replacement, who is, indeed, part of an excellent BIS team. The Holt study, which the hon. Member for Gloucester The House met at half-past Ten o’clock (Richard Graham) mentioned, does acknowledge that there are barriers to SMEs’ access to the apprenticeship PRAYERS programme. We are trying to address them, most notably by channelling resources through employers rather than trainers: that will increasingly be the emphasis of the [MR SPEAKER in the Chair] programme. Damian Hinds: The Jason Holt reforms present great opportunities for the hospitality sector, which has Oral Answers to Questions considerable potential for employment export earnings and economic growth, but in which we need to drive productivity gains. As the quantity of apprenticeships BUSINESS, INNOVATION AND SKILLS continues to increase, how can we ensure that their quality keeps pace with it, or does better? The Secretary of State was asked— Vince Cable: The hon. Gentleman is absolutely right to say that we need to maintain quality standards. I Apprenticeships have asked Doug Richard, an entrepreneur with a background in this area, to give careful consideration to 1. Richard Graham (Gloucester) (Con): What the quality issues and how we can shape the apprenticeship assessment he has made of the level of satisfaction of programme around genuine skills training, particularly participants and businesses with the apprenticeship at skill level 3 and above. system. [119391] A great deal is happening in the hospitality sector. For instance, Hilton recently offered 100 new apprenticeship 6. Damian Hinds (East Hampshire) (Con): What places. The Department will shortly hold a round-table assessment he has made of the level of satisfaction of discussion about the sector, and apprenticeships will be participants and businesses with the apprenticeship an important element of that. system. [119396] 10. Simon Kirby (Brighton, Kemptown) (Con): What Simon Kirby: The number of apprenticeship starts assessment he has made of the level of satisfaction of in Brighton and Hove was up by 83% last year, with participants and businesses with the apprenticeship many digital media businesses taking that important first step. Does the Secretary of State agree that that system. [119400] the digital media sector is an important part of the The Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and apprenticeship scheme? Skills (Vince Cable): The Department recently completed the biggest ever survey of apprentices and their employers, Vince Cable: Yes. Apprenticeships increasingly cover which revealed the best ever satisfaction rates. Overall, the service sector as well as the traditional manufacturing almost 90% of apprentices were satisfied with their and construction sectors, and the digital sector is an training. Employer satisfaction is also high: 88% are important part of that. It depends on high technology satisfied with the relevance of their training, and 80% and high skill levels, and as a result is absolutely crucial. remain committed to offering places. Mr Geoffrey Robinson (Coventry North West) (Lab): Richard Graham: I welcome the evidence from the May I put it to the Secretary of State—as I did on the Holt review that we need to do more to make last occasion when I questioned him on this issue—that apprenticeships accessible to small and medium-sized while the overall numbers are very good, there are enterprises. I know from my own apprentices’ business certain problems in individual sectors such as the and administration non-vocational qualifications that construction industry? If we do not ensure that the they are not all user-friendly to the smallest businesses, number of apprenticeships in that important sector is which are the driver of future jobs. Does the Secretary much greater than it is now, we shall find when the of State agree that employers in, for example, the Federation national infrastructure plan takes off, as it must of Small Businesses should have more say in the content eventually—indeed, with the new team behind it, it will of courses and in the setting of a reassuring series of no doubt do so in the very near future—that we do not national standards? have the apprenticeships and the manpower skills in the industry that would enable us to benefit from it. Vince Cable: I do agree, but let me preface my remarks by saying what a success story the apprenticeship Vince Cable: The hon. Gentleman is right. The programme is. Not only has there been a big increase in programme must be demand-led and business-led. When scale—more than 60% over the last two years—but a sector is struggling, as the construction sector currently there is a very high satisfaction rate. Let me also take is, that affects the demand for training; but, as the hon. this opportunity to pay tribute to the work of the Gentleman knows, the sector is well organised, with a 363 Oral Answers6 SEPTEMBER 2012 Oral Answers 364 levy system and a skills training board. We certainly start of last year—an increase of over 270,000 since want to see a substantial number of additional trained 2008—and the proportion of people involved in setting specialists in the construction sector, so that we do not up and running new businesses has increased to over have to rely on people coming from overseas to do the 7.5% in 2011, up from under 6% in 2009. work, as we often have in the past. Ann Clwyd: I am afraid that is not true in the Cynon Kate Green (Stretford and Urmston) (Lab): Although Valley. Earlier this week I was talking to small businesses, the number of members of ethic minorities who are who said the failure of the banks to lend has made it taking up apprenticeships is improving, there are still very difficult for them to expand and take on new patterns of occupational segregation, and ethnic minorities workers, such as the former Remploy workers in my are less likely to be represented in the industry sectors constituency who were so disgracefully sacked by the with the best long-term career prospects. What specific Government last month. We have had enough of the steps are the Government taking to ensure that members donkey talk of carrots and sticks. Is it not time to hold of ethnic minorities have the chance to take up the best the bankers’ feet to the fire and get some movement on possible apprenticeships? this matter, because it is not happening now? Vince Cable: I have not had that case made to me Vince Cable: I have never been shy of criticising bank before. Certainly if there is some element of discrimination, performance in lending to SMEs, and I am not going to that is unacceptable. I guess there might be a correlation change on that. None the less, I think we should be a with other patterns in the labour force, but I will undertake little more positive about what is happening. One of the to see whether there is any evidence of there being a real most interesting figures of the last two-and-half years is problem that we need to address. that the number of private sector jobs has increased by 900,000 in conditions of economic difficulty. Almost all Mr Gordon Marsden (Blackpool South) (Lab): May I of those jobs are in SMEs, despite the difficulties they congratulate the Secretary of State on all his new Ministers? face. We are taking action to ensure we get a better flow I am delighted that he paid strong tribute to the former of funds from the banks, particularly through the new Further Education and Skills Minister, the hon. Member funding for lending arrangements, over and above the for South Holland and The Deepings (Mr Hayes). guarantee scheme. There are new challenger banks such Given his commitment to vocational education and the as Aldermore and Handelsbanken that are specialising personal warmth he brought to his task, he will, as I am in that sector and meeting some of the unmet need. sure his successor knows, be a hard act to follow. We now know that over the past year the number of Mr Speaker: Order. I gently remind the House that 16 to 18-year-olds starting apprenticeships went down we have a lot of questions to get through, so some in the south-west, the north-west and north-east England, pithiness would be appreciated. yet the Secretary of State’s colleagues elsewhere in Government have so far ducked out of doing anything George Freeman (Mid Norfolk) (Con): Does the practical to implement Jason Holt’s excellent report to Secretary of State agree that what the small business get more small businesses to take on those young people. sector in this country needs is confidence, not carping Will the Secretary of State now change that course, with from those on the Opposition Benches? The fact that an active Government response to help small businesses the Government have created over 900,000 jobs since to take on young people for the extra apprenticeships the election suggests they are doing a lot of good. Does that we desperately need, given the failures to deliver he also agree that the World Economic Forum report of growth by No.
Recommended publications
  • Download (9MB)

    Download (9MB)

    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details 2018 Behavioural Models for Identifying Authenticity in the Twitter Feeds of UK Members of Parliament A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF UK MPS’ TWEETS BETWEEN 2011 AND 2012; A LONGITUDINAL STUDY MARK MARGARETTEN Mark Stuart Margaretten Submitted for the degree of Doctor of PhilosoPhy at the University of Sussex June 2018 1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ 1 DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 5 FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................... 6 TABLES ............................................................................................................................................
  • Peter Hitchens on Whether the European Argues That Great Britain the Union Has Changed Britain Is a Nation in Decline Progressive Conscience

    Peter Hitchens on Whether the European Argues That Great Britain the Union Has Changed Britain Is a Nation in Decline Progressive Conscience

    DAMIAN GREEN MP PETER HITCHENS on whether the European argues that Great Britain The Union has changed Britain is a nation in decline Progressive Conscience From Global Empire to the Global Race: modern Britishness john redwood mp | professor tim bale | daniel hannan mep | stephen crabb mp Contents 03 Editor’s introduction 18 Daniel Hannan: To define Contributors James Brenton Britain, look to its institutions PROF TIM BALE holds the Chair James Brenton politics in Politics at Queen Mary 20 Is Britain still Great? University of London 04 Director’s note JAMES BRENTON is the editor of Peter Hitchens and Ryan Shorthouse Ryan Shorthouse The Progressive Conscience 23 Painting a picture of Britain NICK CATER is Director of 05 Why I’m a Bright Blue MP the Menzies Research Centre Alan Davey George Freeman MP in Australia 24 What’s the problem with STEPHEN CRABB MP is Secretary 06 Replastering the cracks in the North of State for Wales promoting British values? Professor Tim Bale ROSS CYPHER-BURLEY was Michael Hand Spokesman to the British 07 Time for an English parliament Embassy in Tel Aviv 25 Multiple loyalties are easy John Redwood MP ALAN DAVEY is the departing Damian Green MP Arts Council Chief Executive 08 Britain after the referendum WILL EMKES is a writer 26 Influence in the Middle East Rupert Myers GEORGE FREEMAN MP is the Ross Cypher-Burley Minister for Life Sciences 09 Patriotism and Wales DR ROBERT FORD lectures at 27 Winning friends in India Stephen Crabb MP the University of Manchester Emran Mian DAMIAN GREEN MP is the 10 Unionism
  • Big Tobacco, the New Politics, and the Threat to Public Health

    Big Tobacco, the New Politics, and the Threat to Public Health

    BMJ 2019;365:l2164 doi: 10.1136/bmj.l2164 (Published 15 May 2019) Page 1 of 9 Feature BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.l2164 on 15 May 2019. Downloaded from FEATURE INVESTIGATION Big tobacco, the new politics, and the threat to public health With several Tory leadership contenders sympathetic to its ideology, the Institute of Economic Affairs is closer to power than it has been for decades. In an exclusive investigation, Jonathan Gornall reveals how the organisation is funded by British American Tobacco and has links with senior conservative ministers. After orchestrating a series of attacks on public health initiatives, the IEA may now hold the key to No 10 Jonathan Gornall freelance journalist Suffolk Whatever the eventual consequences of Brexit for the NHS,1 2 industries that stand to gain commercially from its attacks on an article published in the Daily Telegraph in March made it public health initiatives, and it is connected—ideologically, http://www.bmj.com/ clear that an even greater threat to public health in the UK may financially, or both—to no fewer than 25 serving Conservative emerge from the battle for control of the Conservative Party. MPs, including several candidates for May’s job (see box A). In an essay published on 31 March, titled “The next Tory leader The IEA is secretive about its funding sources, but The BMJ must be a bullish libertarian,” the director general of the free can report that the organisation is part funded by British market think tank the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) set American Tobacco.
  • “An Insight Into the British Sikh

    “An Insight Into the British Sikh

    “AN INSIGHT INTO 2013 THE BRITISH SIKH COMMUNITY” BSR QUOTES 01 INTRODUCTION, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 04 01 LITERATURE REVIEW 06 02 METHODOLOGY 11 03 ARTS / CULTURE / HERITAGE 15 04 ENTERTAINMENT / MEDIA 17 05 CASTE 19 06 GURDWARAS / SIKH PLACES OF WORSHIP 21 07 GENDER EQUALITY 24 08 POLITICS 26 CONTENTS 09 IDENTITY 28 11 HEALTH AND WELL BEING 33 12 EMPLOYMENT 35 13 RACISM 38 14 OLDER PEOPLE 39 15 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 40 16 FUTURE RESEARCH 46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 47 SPONSORS 48 QUOTES “The British Sikh community has made and continues to make a huge contribution to our nation, and I welcome the British Sikh Report in its attempt at engaging politicians with the British Sikh community. The Labour Party is committed to working with the British Sikh community. This country is at its best when everyone is able to play their part, no matter who they are or where they are from. I know that is the only way this country can succeed in the future.” The Right Honourable Ed Miliband MP - Leader of the Opposition 01 “As the only serving British Sikh MP, I welcome the British Sikh Report. It is great to see a proactive approach being taken by the British Sikh community to highlight their concerns, wants and needs in such a comprehensive document. “The Government has made a concerted effort to work with the British Sikh community in recent months, ending the manual searches of the Sikh turban at European airports and David Cameron becoming the first serving British Prime Minister to visit Amritsar in February – a visit I was lucky enough to accompany him on.” Paul Uppal MP – MP for Wolverhampton South West and Parliamentary Private Secretary to David Willetts, the Minister for Universities and Science.
  • RISHI SUNAK SARATHA RAJESWARAN a Portrait of Modern Britain Rishi Sunak Saratha Rajeswaran

    RISHI SUNAK SARATHA RAJESWARAN a Portrait of Modern Britain Rishi Sunak Saratha Rajeswaran

    A PORTRAIT OF MODERN BRITAIN RISHI SUNAK SARATHA RAJESWARAN A Portrait of Modern Britain Rishi Sunak Saratha Rajeswaran Policy Exchange is the UK’s leading think tank. We are an educational charity whose mission is to develop and promote new policy ideas that will deliver better public services, a stronger society and a more dynamic economy. Registered charity no: 1096300. Policy Exchange is committed to an evidence-based approach to policy development. We work in partnership with academics and other experts and commission major studies involving thorough empirical research of alternative policy outcomes. We believe that the policy experience of other countries offers important lessons for government in the UK. We also believe that government has much to learn from business and the voluntary sector. Trustees Daniel Finkelstein (Chairman of the Board), Richard Ehrman (Deputy Chair), Theodore Agnew, Richard Briance, Simon Brocklebank-Fowler, Robin Edwards, Virginia Fraser, David Frum, Edward Heathcoat Amory, David Meller, Krishna Rao, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Charles Stewart-Smith and Simon Wolfson About the Authors Rishi Sunak is Head of Policy Exchange’s new Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Research Unit. Prior to joining Policy Exchange, Rishi worked for over a decade in business, co-founding a firm that invests in the UK and abroad. He is currently a director of Catamaran Ventures, a family-run firm, backing and serving on the boards of various British SMEs. He worked with the Los Angeles Fund for Public Education to use new technology to raise standards in schools. He is a Board Member of the Boys and Girls Club in Santa Monica, California and a Governor of the East London Science School, a new free school based in Newham.
  • Parliamentary Debate on the British Sikh Community

    Parliamentary Debate on the British Sikh Community

    355 Parliament Debate on Sikhs Parliamentary Debate on the British Sikh Community _______________________________________________________________ In an earlier issue of this Journal (Vol. 7, No 2, Fall, 2000) we reported on the first parliamentary debate on the Punjabi community in Britain. We now reproduce the first Parliament debate on the Sikh Community which took place on Wednesday 13th March 2013 in Westminster Hall with Albert Owen in the Chair. The full debate is reproduced below. These debates are important as they not only provide the context, they also tell us about the nature of interactions between MPs and their Sikh constituents, their knowledge and perceptions about them. Furthermore, they provide important insights on the electoral pulse of the time as elections were nearing, on the nature of lobbying by Sikhs groups and discourses within Sikh community. [We fully acknowledge the copyright of this debate rests with Hansard. We are thankful to them for allowing its reproduction. Eds]. ________________________________________________________________ 9.30 am Gareth Johnson (Dartford) (Con): It is a pleasure to serve under your chairmanship, Mr Owen, I think for the first time. I pay tribute to the inspiration behind the debate, which was that of the hon. Member for Leeds North East (Fabian Hamilton) who runs the all-party group for British Sikhs, and to the excellent work of that group in Parliament and the way in which it has helped to recognise the contribution of the Sikh community to our country. I also pay tribute to the work of my hon. Friend the Member for Wolverhampton South West (Paul Uppal) and the hon.
  • Dissertation Submitted to The

    Dissertation Submitted to The

    WHEN DOES HE SPEAK FOR SHE? MEN REPRESENTING WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT By MARY K. NUGENT A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Political Science Written under the direction of Mona Lena Krook And approved by _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May, 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION When Does He Speak for She? Men Representing Women in Parliament. by MARY K. NUGENT Dissertation Director: Mona Lena Krook This project develops our understanding of the representation of women’s interests in politics by considering the role that men can play in advancing the substantive representation of women (SRW). I draw on the case of the United Kingdom Parliament, which over the last three decades has seen significant changes in the sex balance of Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons. Using quantitative analysis of two legislative activities – Early Day Motions, and the annual International Women’s Day Debates – I first establish the patterns of men’s engagement in SRW. I argue that men’s role in representation women can be understood as what I term an “ancillary representatives” for women, which is a role that draws on a vantage point not accessible to women to help advance the SRW, while also remains secondary to women’s leadership role. The role played by men remains fairly consistent over time, with some evidence of a mainstreaming of women’s issues over time as the number of women in politics ii increases.
  • 15Th May 2015

    15Th May 2015

    Weekly e Briefing: 15 May 2015 Welcome to the Commissioner’s weekly horizon scanning brief: 1. Legislation (Legislation, Home Office, APCC, press comments, reports and campaigns relating to strategy, policy and programmes) 2. Strategic policing and crime news (relevant crime and criminal justice information and partners’ policy/reports/campaigns) 3. Developments and reports (covering research across political, economic, social, technological, environmental and organisations) 4. Consultations (police and crime bulletins, research, consultations and press releases) 5. Reviews and Inspections (covering various reviews, inspections and audits across policing) Contact Officer: [email protected] 1. Legislation General Election 2015 Completed update on the new MPs. Immigration Act 2014: appeals 'Legal highs' to be banned under temporary power Historic law to end Modern Slavery passed The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 (Risk of Being Drawn into Terrorism) (Amendment and Guidance) Regulations 2015 Serious Crime Bill: overarching documents New rules to crackdown on violent prisoners comes into force Bill on PCC recall Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 2. Strategic policing and crime news Her Majesty's Government: May 2015 The government appointments have been confirmed as at 14 May 2015. Counter-Extremism Bill - National Security Council meeting 15 May 2015 Weekly e Briefing: At the first meeting of the new National Security Council (NSC) plans for a new Counter- Extremism Bill will be discussed.
  • Ethnic Minority Mps.Final.23.3.15

    Ethnic Minority Mps.Final.23.3.15

    The race for representation How ethnic diversity became the ‘new normal’ in British politics Sunder Katwala and Steve Ballinger British Future March 2015 1 Introduction The 2015 election will produce a record number of ethnic minority MPs, rising to over 40 from the 27 elected in 2010 and potentially trebling in a decade from the 15 elected in 2005. Despite the 2015 election being the most unpredictable in recent history, it looks certain that more ethnic minority MPs than ever before will sit in the next parliament. If each seat is won by the candidate who is currently favourite, 44 MPs with a minority background would be elected in May, a 60% increase on the record 27 ethnic minority MPs elected in 2010. This says a lot about Britain. Voters have shown that skin colour doesn’t determine who they support. Party strategists who thought they could only choose ‘Ethnic faces for ethnic voters’ in the most diverse inner city seats have been proved wrong. Much of this recent progress can be attributed to the Conservative Party. After 25 years largely of ‘ethnic politics in one party’ since the 1987 breakthrough of non-white Labour MPs, David Cameron’s Conservatives are now fielding as many non-white candidates as their Labour rivals – and have been more likely to select new candidates in safe seats during this Parliament. The Conservatives could even overtake Labour on the number of non-white MPs if they won an outright majority in May. Several factors have made ethnic diversity the ‘new normal’ in British politics.
  • The Power of the Black Vote in 2015

    The Power of the Black Vote in 2015

    POWER OF THE BLACK VOTE IN 2015 The Changing Face of England & Wales Parliamentary seats and their voters Sponsored by Table of Contents 3 Foreword - Simon Woolley 4-5 Executive Summary 6-7 List of Marginal Seats Measured by BME Impact 8 Voting and turnout 9 Methodology 10 BME Population 11 Individual BME Communities 12 Labour’s Challenge 13 Conservative’s Opportunity 14 Lib Dem’s Watershed 15 MP’s Vulnerable to BME Vote 16-63 Analysis of Parliamentary Seats © Operation Black Vote - August 2013 Researched, written and designed by Lester Holloway 2Assistance from Louise Alexander Changing Face of Britain Foreword lack and minority ethnic unemployment, education, Bvoters have been handed health and housing. the greatest opportunity ever What is also interesting about to effectively engage in British this data is the shift of where politics. BME political power has been. In Our groundbreaking research the past it was almost exclusively clearly shows that the BME vote in urban, inner city areas which could easily decide over 160 seats. barely changed political hands. The Coalition Government has Today this change is not only oc- governed the UK with a working curring in urban areas such as majority of just 83 seats. The data Croydon, Harrow and Ealing but that we are publishing therefore also outside urban areas, such speaks volumes; In a 168 marginal as Corby, Rossendale & Darwin, seats the BME electorate is larger Cheadle and Loughborough. than the majority in which the With this report we relish the seat was won. The BME electorate challenge to inspire an often cyni- could influence an even greater cal electorate to engage as never number of seats if, as predicted, before, and simultaneously to the election contest becomes ever inform our political leaders that tighter.
  • Saturday 29 May 2010

    Saturday 29 May 2010

    Contents House of Commons • Noticeboard .......................................................................................................... 1 • The Week Ahead .................................................................................................. 2 • Order of Oral Questions ....................................................................................... 3 Weekly Business Information • Business of the House of Commons 18 – 28 May 2010 ....................................... 4 Bulletin • Written Ministerial Statements ............................................................................. 6 • Forthcoming Business of the House of Commons 31 May – 4 June 2010 ........... 7 • Forthcoming Business of the House of Lords 31 May – 4 June 2010 .................. 9 Editor: Mary Durkin Legislation House of Commons Public Legislation Information Office • Public Bills before Parliament 2010/11 .............................................................. 10 London • Bills – Presentation, Publication and Royal Assent ............................................ 12 SW1A 2TT • Public and General Acts 2010/11 ....................................................................... 12 www.parliament.uk • Draft Bills under consideration or published during 2010/11 Session ............... 13 Tel : 020 7219 4272 Private Legislation Fax : 020 7219 5839 • Private Bills before Parliament 2010/11 ............................................................. 14 [email protected] Delegated Legislation • Statutory Instruments ........................................................................................
  • The Substantive Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the UK Parliament

    The Substantive Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the UK Parliament

    The Substantive Representation of Ethnic Minorities in the UK Parliament A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 Rebecca McKee School of Social Sciences Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................ ....................... 101010 Why is this important? .................................................................................................................. 14 Why now? ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Descriptive and Substantive Representation ................................................................................. 17 Theories and measurements of substantive representation .......................................................... 23 Chapter 2. Theory and Literature ................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................... ....... 373737 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................