DOCSLIB.ORG

Deception in Facial Expressions of Pain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deception in Facial Expressions of Pain DECEPTION IN FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF PAIN: STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE DETECTION by MARILYN LOUISE HILL B.A. (Honours), Queen's University, 1989 M.Sc, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1992 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Psychology We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AUGUST 1996 © Marilyn Louise Hill, 1996 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) Abstract Research suggests that clinicians assign greater weight to nonverbal expression than to patients' self-report when judging the location and severity of their pain. However, it has also been found that pain patients are fairly successful at altering their facial expressions of pain, as their deceptive and genuine pain expressions show few differences in the frequency and intensity of pain-related facial actions. The general aim of the present research was to improve the detection of deceptive pain expressions using both an empirical and a clinical approach. The first study had an empirical focus to pain identification, and provided a more detailed description of genuine and deceptive pain expressions by using a more comprehensive range of facial coding procedures than previous research. A review of research on facial expressions, pain research and deception suggested that facial analyses of genuine and deceptive pain expressions could be expanded to include new variables such as temporal patterns and contiguity of facial actions, as well as an increased focus on facial cues thought to be indicative of lying. Low back patients (n=40) were videotaped at rest and while undergoing a painful straight leg raise under three sets of instructions: 1) to genuinely express any pain they felt, 2) pretend that it didn't hurt, 3) to fake pain without moving their legs. FACS coding was used to describe and quantify their facial activity and the neutral, genuine pain, masked pain and faked pain expressions were compared on the number, type, intensity, temporal qualities , and contiguity in time of individual facial actions, as well as the incidence of facial actions thought to be indicative of deception. Findings confirmed the difficulty of discriminating the various facial expressions, but indicated that the faked pain expressions show a greater number of pain-related and non pain-related actions, remain at peak intensity longer, and last for a longer period of time than do genuine pain ii expressions. The difference between masked pain and neutral expressions were more subtle, with masked pain expressions exhibiting a greater frequency of mouth opening and residual movement of the eyebrows. The second study was more clinical in nature and was designed to see if specific training could improve the detection skills of naive judges by increasing their knowledge and awareness of possible cues to deception. University students (60 male, 60 female) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: l)control, 2) corrective feedback, 3) deception training, and 4) deception training plus feedback. Each subject was shown the videotaped data of the pain patients in all four conditions (neutral expressions, genuine, masked and faked pain expressions). For each videoclip, the subjects rated the intensity and unpleasantness of the pain experienced by the patient, decided which category each of the four videoclips represented, and described which cues they used to make their decision. There were significant individual differences in accuracy, with accuracy being unrelated to past pain experience, empathy, or the number or type of facial cues used. There was, however, a significant sex difference in judgement accuracy, with females being more accurate than males. Results also showed that immediate corrective feedback led to significant improvements in subjects' detection accuracy, while there was no support for the use of an information-based training program. iii Table of Contents Pag Abstract : ii Table of Contents iv List of tables ix Acknowledgement xi Introduction 1 Literature Review ; 4 Describing genuine and deceptive pain expressions 4 Facial expressions of pain 5 Factors contributing to the discrepancies in pain expression research 5 Type and severity of pain 5 Methodological differences 7 Situational variables 8 Validity and utility of the pain expression 8 Discriminating genuine versus deceptive pain expressions 11 Genuine pain..... 11 Faked pain 12 Masked pain 12 Individual difference variables 14 Summary J. 15 Deception theory and research '. 16 Types of deception 16 Theoretical basis for differences between genuine and deceptive expressions 17 Cues to deception 18 Concealing a genuine expression 18 Falsifying an expression 18 Temporal qualities of facial expressions 19 Temporal contiguity of pain expressions 19 Patterns of facial expression 20 iv Blinking 21 Asymmetry 22 Describing and quantifying facial expressions 25 Increasing the comprehensiveness of FACS coding 25 Detecting pain through facial expression 26 Judging genuine pain using facial expression 27 Detecting genuine versus deceptive pain 28 Detecting deception in others 30 Individual differences in detection accuracy 32 Possible individual difference variables 32 Cue utilization 32 Decision-making confidence 33 Sex differences 34 Empathy 35 Summary 36 Training to improve lie detection 36 Prospects for deception training specific to pain .....37 Summary 40 Study one: A comprehensive description of genuine and deceptive pain expressions ....41 Hypotheses 42 Study two: Effectiveness of training strategies to improve the discrimination of genuine and deceptive pain expressions 43 Hypotheses 43 Study one: Analysis of genuine, faked and masked pain expressions 44 Method 44 Subjects 44 Videotape equipment 44 Coding videotape 44 Measures 45 Personal data sheet 45 Descriptor differential scales 45 v Procedure 45 Videotaping protocol 46 Quantification of facial activity 47 Results 49 Description of patient population 49 Reliability coding 49 Preliminary analyses 50 Frequency 50 Intensity 54 Apex duration 57 Onset duration 58 Facial action duration 58 Asymmetry and pulsating apexes 63 Temporal contiguity of facial actions 63 Study two: training to detect deception 65 Method 65 Subjects 65 Materials 65 Video equipment 65 Videotape 65 Training manual 66 Measures 66 Personal information sheet 66 Interpersonal Reactivity Index 67 Procedure 67 Training conditions 67 Judgement task 68 Results 69 Judgements of pain 69 Sex 69 Training group 69 vi Pain condition 73 Perceived judgement accuracy 74 Decision-making process variables 74 Number of cues used 74 Type of cues used 77 Individual difference variables 85 Pain experience 85 Empathy 86 Comparison of successful and unsuccessful judges 87 Discussion 88 Describing genuine and deceptive pain expressions 88 Genuine pain expressions 88 Faked pain expressions 90 Masked pain expressions 92 Individual differences in facial expressions of pain 93 Temporal qualities of deceptive versus genuine pain expressions 94 Incidence of deception cues in deceptive vs genuine pain expressions 95 Summary 95 Detecting genuine and deceptive pain displays 96 Judgements of intensity and unpleasantness 97 Discrimination of genuine and deceptive pain expressions 99 The effects of training on facial expression judgements 101 Individual differences in judgement accuracy 104 Sex differences 105 Pain experience and empathy 106 Comparison of successful and unsuccessful judges 107 Summary 107 Future directions 108 Limits to generalizability 109 vii References Ill Appendices Appendix A: FACS action units 118 Appendix B: Research identifying pain-related AU's 119 Appendix C: Study one questionnaire package 121 Appendix D: Consent form for pain patients 124 Appendix E: Physiotherapy protocol 125 Appendix F: Descriptor differential scales 126 Appendix G: Training manual 128 Appendix H: Questionnaire package 142 Appendix I: Videotape description and rating forms 147 Appendix J: Frequency of facial cue use per subject 151 Appendix K: Categorization of facial cues 156 Appendix L: Type and frequency of subjects' pain experiences 158 Appendix M: Correlation matrix 159 viii List of Tables Table Page 1 Results of MANOVA and Followup ANOVA's Examining Frequency of Facial Actions Across Pain Conditions 51 2 Mean Facial Action Frequency Across Pain Conditions 52 3 Results of MANOVA and Followup ANOVA's Examining Intensity of Facial Actions Across Pain Conditions 55 4 Mean Facial Action Intensity Across Pain Condition 56 5 Results of MANOVA and Followup ANOVA's Examining Apex Duration of Facial Actions Across Pain Conditions 59 6 Mean Facial Action Apex Duration Across Pain Condition 60 7 Results of MANOVA and Followup ANOVA's Examining the Duration of Facial Actions Across Pain Conditions 61 8 Mean Facial Action Duration Across Pain Condition 62 9 Results of MANOVA on the Effects of Sex, Training and Pain Condition on Judgements
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Steven Almaraz Candidate for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________ Director Kurt Hugenberg ______________________________________ Reader Allen McConnell ______________________________________ Reader Jonathan Kunstman ______________________________________ Graduate School Representative Monica Schneider ABSTRACT APPARENT SOCIOSEXUAL ORIENTATION: FACIAL CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES OF WOMEN’S UNRESTRICTED APPEARANCE by Steven M. Almaraz People make quick work of forming a variety of impressions of one another based on minimal information. Recent work has shown that people are able to make judgments of others’ Apparent Sociosexual Orientation (ASO) – an estimation of how interested another person is in uncommitted sexual activity – based on facial information alone. In the present work, I used three studies to expand the understanding of this poorly understood facial judgment by investigating the dimensionality of ASO (Study 1), the facial predictors of ASO (Study 2), and the consequences of these ASO judgments on men’s hostility and benevolence towards women (Study 3). In Study 1, I showed that men’s judgments of women’s Apparent Sociosexual Orientation were organized into judgments of women’s appearance of unrestricted attitudes and desires (Intrapersonal ASO) and their appearance of unrestricted behaviors (Behavioral ASO). Study 2 revealed that more attractive and more dominant appearing women were perceived as more sexually unrestricted. In Study 3, I found that women who appeared to engage in more unrestricted behavior were subjected to increased benevolent sexism, though this effect was primarily driven by unrestricted appearing women’s attractiveness. However, women who appeared to have sexually unrestricted attitudes and desires were subjected to increased hostility, even when controlling for the effects of the facial correlates found in Study 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Élan Vital of DIY Porn
    Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies Vol. 11, No. 1 (March 2015) The Élan Vital of DIY Porn Shaka McGlotten In this essay, I borrow philosopher Henri Bergson’s concept élan vital, which is translated as vital force or vital impetus, to describe the generative potential evident in new Do-It- Yourself (DIY) pornographic artifacts and to resist the trend to view porn as dead or dead- ening. Bergson employed this idea to challenge the mechanistic view of matter held by the biological sciences of the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, a view that considered the stuff of life to be reducible to brute or inert matter. Bergson argued, rather, that matter, insofar as it undergoes continuous change, is itself alive and not because of an immaterial, animat- ing principle, but because this liveliness is intrinsic to matter itself. I use Bergson’s élan vi- tal to think through the liveliness of gay DIY porn and for its contribution to a visual his- tory of desire, for the ways it changes the relationships between consumers and producers of pornography, and the ways it realizes new ways of stretching the pornographic imagination aesthetically and politically. It’s Alive I jump between sites. I watch a racially ambiguous young man with thick, muscular legs standing in front of a nondescript bathtub. He whispers, “I’m so horny right now,” rub- bing his cock beneath red Diesel boxer briefs. He turns and pulls his underwear down, arching his back to reveal a hairy butt. Turning to the camera again he shows off his modestly equipped, but very hard, dick.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexercising Our Opinion on Porn: a Virtual Discussion
    Psychology & Sexuality ISSN: 1941-9899 (Print) 1941-9902 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpse20 Sexercising our opinion on porn: a virtual discussion Elly-Jean Nielsen & Mark Kiss To cite this article: Elly-Jean Nielsen & Mark Kiss (2015) Sexercising our opinion on porn: a virtual discussion, Psychology & Sexuality, 6:1, 118-139, DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2014.984518 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2014.984518 Published online: 22 Dec 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 130 View Crossmark data Citing articles: 4 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpse20 Psychology & Sexuality, 2015 Vol.6,No.1,118–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2014.984518 Sexercising our opinion on porn: a virtual discussion Elly-Jean Nielsen* and Mark Kiss Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada (Received 1 May 2014; accepted 11 July 2014) A variety of pressing questions on the current topics and trends in gay male porno- graphy were sent out to the contributors of this special issue. The answers provided were then collated into a ‘virtual’ discussion. In a brief concluding section, the contributors’ answers are reflected upon holistically in the hopes of shedding light on the changing face of gay male pornography. Keywords: gay male pornography; gay male culture; bareback sex; pornography It is safe to say that gay male pornography has changed. Gone are the brick and mortar adult video stores with wall-to-wall shelves of pornographic DVDs and Blu-rays for rental and sale.
    [Show full text]
  • Naughty Bingo Bingo Instructions
    Naughty Bingo Bingo Instructions Host Instructions: · Decide when to start and select your goal(s) · Designate a judge to announce events · Cross off events from the list below when announced Goals: · First to get any line (up, down, left, right, diagonally) · First to get any 2 lines · First to get the four corners · First to get two diagonal lines through the middle (an "X") · First to get all squares (a "coverall") Guest Instructions: · Check off events on your card as the judge announces them · If you satisfy a goal, announce "BINGO!". You've won! · The judge decides in the case of disputes This is an alphabetical list of all 24 events: Anal, Anal Beads, Ass Whip, Ball Gag, Blindfold, Blowjob, Bukakke, Buttjob, Cowgirl/Reverse, Creampie, Dildo, Doggystyle, Face Down Ass Up, Facial, Hand Cuff, Irrumatio, Licky Licky, Mouth Gapper, Prostate Pro, Rough, Spank, Tied Up, Vibrating Anal Beads, Vibrator. BuzzBuzzBingo.com · Create, Download, Print, Play, BINGO! · Copyright © 2003-2021 · All rights reserved Naughty Bingo Bingo Call Sheet This is a randomized list of all 24 bingo events in square format that you can mark off in order, choose from randomly, or cut up to pull from a hat: Face Vibrating Mouth Down Anal Blindfold Facial Gapper Ass Up Beads Hand Irrumatio Creampie Anal Vibrator Cuff Blowjob Rough Dildo Buttjob Cowgirl/Reverse Anal Prostate Tied Up Doggystyle Ball Gag Beads Pro Licky Spank Ass Whip Bukakke Licky BuzzBuzzBingo.com · Create, Download, Print, Play, BINGO! · Copyright © 2003-2021 · All rights reserved B I N G O Vibrating Prostate Bukakke Doggystyle Blindfold Anal Pro Beads Mouth Vibrator Spank Dildo Ass Whip Gapper Anal Irrumatio Buttjob FREE Facial Beads Face Blowjob Creampie Rough Down Anal Ass Up Licky Hand Cowgirl/Reverse Ball Gag Tied Up Licky Cuff This bingo card was created randomly from a total of 24 events.
    [Show full text]
  • For Sexual Health Care of Clinical
    Clinical Guidelines for Sexual Health Care of Men Who Have Sex with Men Clinical ...for Sexual Health Care of IUSTI Asia Pacific Branch The Asia Pacific Branch of IUSTI is pleased to introduce a set of clinical guidelines for sexual health care of Men who have Sex with Men. This guideline consists of three types of materials as follows: 1. The Clinical Guidelines for Sexual Health Care of Men who Have Sex with Men (MSM) 2. 12 Patient information leaflets (Also made as annex of item 1 above) o Male Anogenital Anatomy o Gender Reassignment or Genital Surgery o Anogenital Ulcer o Genital Warts o What Infections Am I At Risk Of When Having Sex? o Hormone Therapy for Male To Female Transgender o How To Put On A Condom o Proctitis o What Can Happen To Me If I Am Raped? o Scrotal Swelling o What Does An STI & HIV Check Up Involve? o Urethral Discharge 3. Flip Charts for Clinical Management of Sexual Health Care of Men Who Have Sex with Men (Also made as an annex of item 1 above) The guidelines mentioned above were developed to assist the following health professionals in Asia and the Pacific in providing health care services for MSM: • Clinicians and HIV counselors who work in hospital outpatient departments, sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics, non-government organizations, or private clinics. • HIV counselors and other health care workers, especially doctors, nurses and counselors who care for MSM. • Pharmacists, general hospital staff and traditional healers. If you would like hard copies of the set of clinical guidelines for sexual health care of Men who have Sex with Men, please contact Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Perception of Sexual Orientation from Facial Structure: a Study with Artificial Face Models
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositori Institucional de la Universitat Jaume I Arch Sex Behav DOI 10.1007/s10508-016-0929-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Perception of Sexual Orientation from Facial Structure: A Study with Artificial Face Models Julio Gonza´lez-A´ lvarez1 Received: 19 July 2015 / Revised: 21 September 2016 / Accepted: 26 December 2016 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017 Abstract Researchhasshownthatlaypeople canperceivesex- Introduction ual orientation better than chance from face stimuli. However, the relation between facial structure and sexual orientation has Animportantissueinpersonperceptionisthecategorizationof beenscarcelyexamined.Recently,anextensivemorphometric people into perceptually ambiguous groups in the absence of study on a large sample of Canadian people (Skorska, Geniole, obvious clues. Age, sex, race, for example, are easily inferred Vrysen, McCormick, & Bogaert, 2015) identified three (in men) when two individuals meet for the first time, but other features and four (in women) facial features as unique multivariate pre- such as professions, religious/political affiliations, or sexual dictors of sexual orientation in each sex group. The present orientation are perceptually elusive. The term‘‘gaydar’’(a lin- study tested the perceptual validity of these facial traits with guistic blend of gay and radar) refers to the popular belief that two experiments based on realistic artificial 3D face models heterosexual and gay/lesbian persons can be intuitively
    [Show full text]
  • Affective Responses to Gay Men Using Facial Electromyography: Is There a Psychophysiological “Look” of Anti-Gay Bias
    Journal of Homosexuality ISSN: 0091-8369 (Print) 1540-3602 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wjhm20 Affective Responses to Gay Men Using Facial Electromyography: Is There a Psychophysiological “Look” of Anti-Gay Bias Melanie A. Morrison, Krista M. Trinder & Todd G. Morrison To cite this article: Melanie A. Morrison, Krista M. Trinder & Todd G. Morrison (2018): Affective Responses to Gay Men Using Facial Electromyography: Is There a Psychophysiological “Look” of Anti-Gay Bias, Journal of Homosexuality, DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1500779 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1500779 Published online: 13 Aug 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 56 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=wjhm20 JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1500779 Affective Responses to Gay Men Using Facial Electromyography: Is There a Psychophysiological “Look” of Anti-Gay Bias Melanie A. Morrison, PhD, Krista M. Trinder, MA, and Todd G. Morrison, PhD Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Despite a wealth of attitudinal studies that elucidate the psy- Affect; gay men; prejudice; chological correlates of anti-gay bias, studies that provide discrimination; facial EMG; evidence of the physiological correlates of anti-gay bias remain IAT; homonegativity; relatively scarce. The present study addresses the under-repre- homophobia; sexual minority; behavior sentation of physiological research in the area of homonega- tivity by examining psychophysiological markers, namely the affective manifestations of anti-gay prejudice, and their corre- spondence with anti-gay behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Seton Lasalle Catholic High School Student–Parent Handbook 2020-2021
    Seton LaSalle Catholic High School Student–Parent Handbook 2020-2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SCHOOL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................... 1 WELCOME AND OVERVIEW ....................................................................................... 1 MISSION STATEMENT .................................................................................................. 1 PHILOSOPHY ................................................................................................................... 2 HISTORY .......................................................................................................................... 3 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE ................................................................................. 3 NON-DISCRIMINATION POLICY ................................................................................. 5 PARENT COOPERATION ............................................................................................... 5 POLICIES AND GUIDELINES ................................................................................................. 6 ACADEMIC ACCREDITATION ..................................................................................... 6 ACADEMIC HONOR CODE ........................................................................................... 6 ACADEMIC NEEDS ...................................................................................................... 12 ACADEMIC PROGRAM ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • I See Gay People” Gaydar Abilities in a Real-World Distribution
    “I SEE GAY PEOPLE” GAYDAR ABILITIES IN A REAL-WORLD DISTRIBUTION By Benjamin P Skillman A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Psychology: Academic Research Committee Membership Dr. Amanda C. Hahn, Committee Chair Dr. Christopher L. Aberson, Committee Member Dr. Amber M. Gaffney, Committee Member Dr. Christopher L. Aberson, Program Graduate Coordinator July 2019 Abstract “I SEE GAY PEOPLE” GAYDAR ABILITIES IN A REAL-WORLD DISTRIBUTION Benjamin P Skillman “Gaydar” is the colloquial term for identifying someone’s sexual orientation from physical cues. Past literature has shown that people can identify someone’s sexual orientation at above chance levels. Past literature has used a 50/50 split of gay and straight faces and used non-standardized images, which can induce confounds in the results. The present study examined gaydar accuracy in a realistic distribution of straight and gay faces using standardized images and examined facial morphology for differences between gay and straight men. Participants were not found to have above chance accuracy for identifying gay faces. PCA did not identify reliable shape differences between gay and straight men’s faces. Participants past contact with gay men did not affect their gaydar accuracy. When examining perceived sexual orientation of the faces, faces that were rated as more masculine by a separate sample tended to be rated as gay less often than the feminine faces by those in the rating task. The finding that femininity is associated with being perceived as gay is supported by previous literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Appearances and Grooming Standards As Sex Discrimination in the Workplace
    Catholic University Law Review Volume 56 Issue 1 Fall 2006 Article 9 2006 Appearances and Grooming Standards as Sex Discrimination in the Workplace Allison T. Steinle Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview Recommended Citation Allison T. Steinle, Appearances and Grooming Standards as Sex Discrimination in the Workplace, 56 Cath. U. L. Rev. 261 (2007). Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol56/iss1/9 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Catholic University Law Review by an authorized editor of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. APPEARANCE AND GROOMING STANDARDS AS SEX DISCRIMINATION IN THE WORKPLACE Allison T. Steinle' "It is amazing how complete is the delusion that beauty is good- ness."' Since the inception of Title VII's prohibition against employment dis- crimination on the basis of sex,2 women have made remarkable progress in their effort to shatter the ubiquitous glass ceiling3 and achieve parity + J.D. Candidate, 2007, The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law; A.B., 2004, The University of Michigan. The author would like to thank Professor Jeffrey W. Larroca for his invaluable guidance throughout the writing process and Peggy M. O'Neil for her excellent editing and advice. She also thanks her family and friends for their unending love, support, and patience. 1. LEO TOLSTOY, The Kreutzer Sonata, in THE KREUTZER SONATA AND OTHER STORIEs 85, 100 (Richard F. Gustafson ed., Louise Shanks Maude et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Download, Last Accessed October 30, 2013
    business producing high-value foods business producing Setting up and running Setting up and running a small-scale business producing a small-scale high-value foods Opportunities in food processing Opportunities in food processing a series Opportunities in Food Processing A handbook for setting up and running a small-scale business producing high-value foods Contributing authors: Yeshiwas Ademe, Barrie Axtell, Peter Fellows, Linus Gedi, David Harcourt, Cécile La Grenade, Michael Lubowa and Joseph Hounhouigan Edited by: Peter Fellows and Barrie Axtell Midway Associates Published by CTA (2014) About CTA The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) is a joint international institution of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States and the European Union (EU). Its mission is to advance food and nutritional security, increase prosperity and encourage sound natural resource management in ACP countries. It provides access to information and knowledge, facilitates policy dialogue and strengthens the capacity of agricultural and rural development institutions and communities. CTA operates under the framework of the Cotonou Agreement and is funded by the EU. For more information on CTA, visit www.cta.int or contact: CTA PO Box 380 6700 AJ Wageningen The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Fellows, P.J. and Axtell, B. (Eds), 2014. Opportunities in Food Processing: A handbook for setting up and running a small- scale business producing high-value foods. Wageningen: ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA). ISBN 978-92-9081-556-3 Copyright © 2014 CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of CTA.
    [Show full text]
  • Demystifying Alternative Sexual Behaviors Many Forms of Sexual Behavior Are Poorly Understood by Large Sectors of Society
    CHARLES MOSER, MD, PhD Demystifying alternative sexual behaviors Many forms of sexual behavior are poorly understood by large sectors of society. Some physicians may be unaware of their patients’ sexual activities or may feel ill at ease discussing them. Provided with a basic knowledge of these activities and their associated slang terms, a physician can better communicate with the patient, allowing for accurate and thorough diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing care. ✒ KEY POINTS Bringing up sex Not every practitioner is comfortable dis- ■ There is a lack of awareness among physicians concerning alternative cussing sexual issues. For them, referral is an sexual behavior. appropriate option. Those practitioners who feel at ease having these discussions may ■ Sexual Medicine Physicians treat the medical aspects of sexual concerns choose to become a resource for their local and the sexual aspects of medical concerns, which include the general medical community. The general medical care medical care of practitioners of alternative sexual behavior. They have a of practitioners of unusual sex behavior is in- clear and comfortable understanding of sexual practices and terms. cluded in the new medical specialty of Sexual Medicine. ■ By providing a comfortable and sympathetic clinical environment, a Before meeting the physician, the patient physician encourages the patient to be open and honest. This can help will gauge his or her openness to discussing the physician provide the best diagnosis and treatment. sexual issues by the manner of the office staff ■ While alternative sexual practices may result in injury, it is important that and the intake forms. These will influence the the physician be able to distinguish these from those injuries received in patient’s decision to disclose his or her sexual an instance of abuse.
    [Show full text]