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The Social Construction of Sexual Interaction in Heterosexual Relationships: a Qualitative Analysis

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The Social Construction of Sexual Interaction in Heterosexual Relationships: a Qualitative Analysis AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Kathleen Marie Greaves for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human Development and Family Studies presented on July 12. 2000. Title: The Social Construction of Sexual Interaction in Heterosexual Relationships: A Qualitative Analysis. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Anisa M. Zvonkovic The present study examined the process by which couples, in the context of a heterosexual romantic relationship, participate in sexual activity. As they did so, their interactions helped to construct their relationship. Social construction theory and the gender perspective provided the theoretical foundation for this qualitative research. Nine heterosexual couples were recruited primarily through an introductory course in human sexuality. Each member of these nine couples was interviewed separately using a qualitative, semistructured interview format. Each interview lasted about an hour and questions focused on behavioral and sexual expectations for women and men in romantic relationships. Other areas examined included prior dating relationships and sexual experiences, sexual activity in the present relationship, comfort and satisfaction with the specific sexual experiences in the current relationship, satisfaction with their sexual relationship, and general relationship satisfaction. Qualitative data analysis techniques were used to arrive at five major themes. Results illustrated how women and men constructed notions of gender- appropriate sexual interaction as they participated in sexual activity in their relationship. First, participants' views of sexuality, the meanings they attached to sexual acts, their expectations of specific sexual encounters and of sexual relationships in general, and the choices they made in the navigation process were often based upon social and cultural expectations of what sex is. Second, these meanings and expectations combined to produce behavior that was gendered. Third, choices participants made with regard to their current sexual behaviors were very much affected by their previous sexual experiences with their current partner as well as with past partners. Fourth, participants' original social and cultural expectations were modified within the context of their current relationship. Fifth, context specific experiences affected the navigation of sexual activity. Results suggest that sexual relationships themselves were constructed and reconstructed as relationship partners interacted with each other and that sexual interaction in general was heavily affected by the sexual double standard. Participants did not always recognize however, that the double standard was active in and affecting their relationship. Additionally, couples socially constructed sex as being penile vaginal intercourse, a construction that invariably led to a higher frequency of male orgasms. The Social Construction of Sexual Interaction in Heterosexual Relationships: A Qualitative Analysis by Kathleen Mane Greaves A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented July 12, 2000 Commencement June, 2001 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Kathleen Marie Greaves presented on July 12, 2000 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Major Professor, repreenting Human Development and Family Studies Redacted for Privacy Chair of the DepartmentHu(nan ofDevelopment and Family Sciences Redacted for Privacy Dean of G(adlule School I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy Kathleen Marie Greaves, Author Acknowledgments First, I would like to thank my participants. Agreeing to talk with me about such an intimate part of their lives meant a lot to me. Not only did it enable me to complete this endeavor, but it also illustrated well that not everybody is afraid to talk about their sexual experiences. Thank you also to my committee members, in particular my chair, Dr. Anisa Zvonkovic. Not only has she been the chair of both my Master's and my Doctoral committees, but she has also been my teacher, mentor, friend, international traveling companion, tour guide, and dog watcher. Thank you also to the other members of my committee, Dr. Judy Bowker, Dr. Sally Gallagher, Dr. Leslie Richards, and Dr. Alexis Walker. Their input and insight were invaluable in bringing this dissertation to its final form. A special thanks to Leslie for allowing me to make her homemysecond home. Her patience with my dog, Ki'i is commendable. This dissertation represents the end of eight years of graduate work at Oregon State University. As such, I would also like to thank Sandy Frye and Kathryn Moore, staff members in the department of Human Development and Family Sciences. They were always willing to provide support as well as comic relief throughout my years as a graduate student. I am grateful for the unconditional support and encouragement from my family. Even though we live thousands of miles apart, I always knew they were cheering me on. I am also grateful for the patience and understanding of my friends. They may have had more faith in me than I did in myself. Finally, I would like to thank my partner, Alan. He came into my life at the final stages of the dissertation process with little knowledge of what exactly a dissertation was. Regardless, he would always say, "Do what you need to do. I'll be here." Who could ask for anything more? TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction I Theoretical Framework 2 The Social Construction of Gender 3 The Social Construction of Sexuality 5 The Social Construction of Sexual Relationships 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10 Romantic Relationships 10 Orgasm as Part of Sexual Encounters 13 Communication 14 Sexual Communication 16 Self-Disclosure 17 Sexual Self-Disclosure 18 Negotiation 20 Sexual Negotiation 21 Influence Strategies In a Sexual Context 23 Pilot Study 28 Methodological Changes to Pilot Study 29 Chapter 3: Methods 31 Human Subjects Approval 32 Sample 33 Design 37 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Data 40 Data Analysis 42 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 46 Socially and Culturally Acquired Expectations of Sex 46 Notions of Virginity 48 Sex as Defined by the Participants 50 Expectations of First Intercourse Experiences 55 Expectations of Sexual Relationships 58 Media Images 62 Summary: Socially and Culturally Acquired Expectations 64 Gendered Sexual Behavior 66 Men Are Always Interested 66 Women Control the Pace of a Couple's First 70 Intercourse Experience Women's Orgasms Are Complicated 73 Summary: Gendered Sexual Behavior 76 Previous Sexual Experiences Affected Current Decision-Making 77 The Modification of Expectations Within the Context of a 80 Relationship Sex Is Not Always Earth-Shattering 82 Remaining a Virgin Until Marriage - Not 85 Knowledge of Current Partner Leads 87 to Established Patterns Summary: Changing Expectations 90 Context Specific Experiences Affected 91 the Navigation of Sexual Activity Access to a Conducive Environment 92 Parenting 94 Summary: Contexts for Sexual Behavior 95 Summary 96 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 97 The Sexual Double Standard Charting Their Relationship Course 97 The Illusion of Consensus 101 Sex as Intercourse 105 Limitations 109 Recommendations for Future Research 112 Recommendations for Practice 113 References 118 Appendices 124 Appendix ARecruitment Statement 125 Appendix BInformed Consent Document 126 Appendix CFirst Joint Interview Protocol 128 Appendix DIndividual Interview Protocol 129 Appendix ESecond Joint Interview Protocol I 36 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Characteristics of Individuals and Couples 35 2 Data Analysis Codes 45 Agents of Sexual Socialization 65 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page A Recruitment Statement 125 B Informed Consent Document 126 C First Joint Interview Protocol 128 D Individual Interview Protocol 129 E Second Joint Interview Protocol 136 The Social Construction of Sexual Interaction in Heterosexual Relationships: A Qualitative Analysis Chapter 1: Introduction The goal of this research was to illuminate the process by which couples, in the context of romantic heterosexual relationships, socially construct ideas about various sexual activities that are part of sexual intimacy. All individuals are likely to have specific ideas, preferences, and expectations with regard to their participation in sexual activity. Yet in a partnership, the other individual may have ideas, preferences, and expectations that are different. Where do individuals acquire such ideas, preferences, and expectations? Are they fixed or can they be modified? Additionally, how do the individuals, together as a couple, work their way through differing preferences for sexual behavior to a point of resolution? If partners do not differ in their preferences, how did they come to agreement? This research addressed the complexity and the contextual nature of the interactions around sexual intimacy in intimate relationships. The most current, comprehensive research on human sexuality informs us about the type and frequency of individual sexual behavior (Laumann, (3agnon, Michael, & Michaels, 1994). It is strictly quantitative in nature, however, predominantly positivist, and treats the individual as the methodological unit. Scholars in general have virtually ignored the processes by which couples socially construct as well as participate in sexual intimacy.
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