Nové Médiá a Postmoderný Film

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Nové Médiá a Postmoderný Film Nové médiá a postmoderný film Diplomová práca Bc. Martin Palkovi č Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave Fakulta masmediálnej komunikácie Katedra masmediálnej komunikácie Študijný odbor: masmediálne štúdiá Študijný program: masmediálna komunikácia Stupe ň kvalifikácie: magister (Mgr.) Dátum odovzdania práce: 30. apríl 2008 Dátum obhajoby: máj 2008 Trnava 2008 Čestné vyhlášenie Vyhlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu pod názvom „Nové médiá a postmoderný film“ spracoval samostatne, na základe vlastných teoretických poznatkov, s použitím uvádzanej literatúry a pod odborným vedením vedúceho diplomovej práce. V Trnave d ňa 29. 4. 2008 Abstrakt PALKOVI Č, MARTIN: Nové médiá a postmoderný film [Diplomová práca] / Martin Palkovi č. – Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave. Fakulta masmediálnej komunikácie; Katedra masmediálnej komunikácie. – Školite ľ: PhDr. Alexander Plencner. – Stupe ň kvalifikácie: Magister masmediálnej komunikácie. – Trnava: FMK UCM, 2008 Táto práca si kladie za cie ľ popísa ť prejavy vplyvu nových médií a digitálnych technológií na postmoderný film. Zameriava sa predovšetkým na filmovú vizualitu a sú časné trendy v zobrazovaní (estetikou surface play, bezh ĺbkovos ťou obrazu, digitálnymi efektmi). Túto problematiku stavia do kontextu ostatných zložiek filmu (forma rozprávania, príbeh, hrdina, žáner). Práca je rozdelená na teoretickú čas ť a analýzu troch vybraných filmov. Prvá čas ť sa zaoberá vymedzením obecných charakteristík postmodernej kultúry a následne postmodernej kinematografie. Samostatné kapitoly sú venované novým médiám a ich vizuálnym stratégiám. Filmové rozbory majú demonštrova ť teoretické závery na konkrétnych príkladoch. Všetky tri diela sú v rámci postmodernej kinematografie ur čitým spôsobom prízna čné a umož ňujú ilustráciu jej základných charakteristík. Najdôležitejším záverom, je zistenie, že nové médiá u ľah čujú uplatnenie postmoderných tendencií vo filmovej praxi. Nostalgické kopírovanie, povrchná interpretácia a hybridizácia totiž priamo vyplývajú z podstaty nových médií. Kľúčové slová: Bezh ĺbkovos ť. Digitálne technológie. Estetika surface play. Hollywood. Hyperrealita. Irónia. Komodifikácia umenia. Nové médiá. Pastiš. Postmoderná kinematografia. Abstract PALKOVI Č, MARTIN: New media and postmodern cinema [Final work] / Martin Palkovi č. – University of st. Cyril And Methodius in Trnava. Faculty of mass media communication; Mass media communication department. – Instructor: PhDr. Alexander Plencner. – Degree: Master of mass media communication. – Trnava: FMK UCM, 2008 This work deals with a question how to describe influence of new media and digital technologies on a postmodern cinema. It aims primarily to visual aspect of cinema and contemporary trends in film imaging (aesthetics of surface play, depthlessness, CGI). It researches this key issue in a connection with other movie elements (form of narration, story, hero and genre). The work consists of theoretical and analytical part (that includes analyses of three movies). Common characteristics of postmodern culture, postmodern cinematography, new media and their visual strategies are defined in the first chapter. Author illustrates these theoretical conclusions by analyzing particular movies. Concrete films, those which are significant to contemporary cinema, were chosen to demonstrate the principles of postmodern filmmaking. The most important conclusion of this work is thesis that new media simplify to set out postmodern trends in a movie practice. It is because symptoms of postmodernism such as nostalgic copy, superficial interpretation and hybridization are related within nature of new media. Keywords: Aesthetics of surface play. Commercialization of art. Depthlessness. Digital technologies. Hollywood. Hyper reality. Irony. New media. Pastiche. Postmodern cinema. Predhovor Od masového rozšírenia po číta čov v 80. rokoch minulého storo čia sa stretávame s fenoménom nových médií, ktoré postupne za čali ovplyv ňova ť viacero oblastí nášho každodenného života. Postupne sa vynárajú otázky zah ŕň ajúce nielen technologickú oblasť. Rozvoj webu 2.0 sa dotýka žurnalistiky a novinárskej etiky, spolo čenské návyky používate ľov internetu sú problematikou sociólógie, nelegálnym kopírovaním umeleckých diel sa zase zaoberá právo. Nezanedbate ľná by však nemala by ť ani estetická svojbytnos ť nových médií, ktorá úzko súvisí s oblas ťou kultúry a filozofie. Na Slovensku sa s pojmom nové médiá stretávame predovšetkým v súvislosti s mediálnym umením, resp. s umením nových médií. Umelecké vysoké školy dávajú čoraz vä čší priestor mladým ľuďom, ktorí sa chcú a vedia vyjadrova ť pomocou digitálnych technológií. Tie, v ďaka svojej interdisciplinárnej povahe, spájajú predtým nezlú čite ľné – dizajn, hudbu, literatúru, po číta čovú vedu a vytvárajú nové spolo čenské skupiny (programátori, web dizajnéri, internetový umelci atď.) a inštitúcie (festivaly, študijné programy). Nielen komunikácia uskuto čň ovaná prostredníctvom nových médií, ale aj novo vznikajúce sociálne sféry majú špecifické pravidlá a nepochybne si vyžadujú aj špecifický druh reflexie. Nové médiá sú typické najmä tým, že zah ŕň ajú predošlé mediálne formy. Dnes je už takmer nemožné oddeli ť ich od tradi čných vyjadrovacích prostriedkov, pri čom výnimkou nie je ani kinematografia. Cie ľom tejto práce je odhali ť súvislosti medzi postupmi charakteristickými pre nové médiá a tou čas ťou kinematografie, ktorú nazývame postmodernou. Bohatým zdrojom informácií týkajúcich sa tejto problematiky boli odborné články uložené na internete, no najviac teoretických poznatkov sme čerpali z odborných prác amerických a britských autorov. Predkladaná diplomová práca vznikla pod odborným vedením PhDr. Alexandra Plencnera, ktorému patrí v ďaka za praktické pripomienky, podnetné rady a konzultácie. Diplomová práca má 157 800 znakov (vrátane medzier). Obsah Zoznam skratiek.............................................................................................................8 Zoznam tabuliek.............................................................................................................9 Úvod.............................................................................................................................10 1 Postmoderný film.................................................................................................12 1.1 Postmoderná kultúra ....................................................................................13 1.2 Znaky a delenie postmoderného filmu.........................................................15 1.3 Korene..........................................................................................................17 1.4 Nové technológie a zisky.............................................................................20 1.5 Antihrdina ....................................................................................................21 1.6 Narácia.........................................................................................................24 2 Nové médiá..........................................................................................................27 2.1 Nové médiá a kyberkultúra..........................................................................28 2.2 Vlastnosti nových médií ..............................................................................29 2.2.1 Digitalita ..............................................................................................29 2.2.2 Interaktivita..........................................................................................30 2.2.3 Hypertext..............................................................................................31 2.2.4 Rozptýlenos ť........................................................................................33 2.2.5 Virtualita ..............................................................................................34 2.2.6 Remediácia...........................................................................................35 2.2.7 Intermedialita.......................................................................................37 3 Vizuálne komunika čné stratégie nových médií ...................................................39 3.1 Vizuálna kultúra...........................................................................................39 3.2 Estetika surface play ....................................................................................40 3.3 Hyperrealizmus............................................................................................42 3.4 Estetika kontinuity a cyklus (loop) ..............................................................43 3.5 Neukon čenos ť ..............................................................................................44 4 Analýzy vybraných filmov ..................................................................................46 4.1 Kill Bill ........................................................................................................46 4.1.1 Intertextuálna koláž..............................................................................46 4.1.2 Intro......................................................................................................47 4.1.3 Hrdina a jeho príbeh.............................................................................49 4.1.4 Estetika surface play............................................................................52 4.1.5 Hyperreálne násilie ..............................................................................53
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