Video Research: Documenting and Learning from Hiv and Aids Communication Strategies for Social Change in Ghana
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VIDEO RESEARCH: DOCUMENTING AND LEARNING FROM HIV AND AIDS COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL CHANGE IN GHANA by Heiko Decosas BA Communications, SFU 2006 PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF COMMUNICATION In the School of Communication © Heiko Decosas 2010 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2010 All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced, without authorization, under the conditions for Fair Dealing. Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately. Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection (currently available to the public at the “Institutional Repository” link of the SFU Library website <www.lib.sfu.ca> at: <http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/112>) and, without changing the content, to translate the thesis/project or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work. The author has further agreed that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by either the author or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. Permission for public performance, or limited permission for private scholarly use, of any multimedia materials forming part of this work, may have been granted by the author. This information may be found on the separately catalogued multimedia material and in the signed Partial Copyright Licence. While licensing SFU to permit the above uses, the author retains copyright in the thesis, project or extended essays, including the right to change the work for subsequent purposes, including editing and publishing the work in whole or in part, and licensing other parties, as the author may desire. The original Partial Copyright Licence attesting to these terms, and signed by this author, may be found in the original bound copy of this work, retained in the Simon Fraser University Archive. Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Last revision: Spring 09 STATEMENT OF ETHICS APPROVAL The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: (a) Human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or (b) Advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research (c) as a co-investigator, collaborator or research assistant in a research project approved in advance, or (d) as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices. Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Simon Fraser University Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada Last update: Spring 2010 ABSTRACT The dynamic landscape of global communications continues to present new challenges for the design and analysis of media and communication within international development projects. This Masters project uses video and web technology to document, explore and extend the role of communication in a Canadian International Development Agency funded HIV and AIDS stigma reduction project in Ghana, West Africa. The project includes a documentary video entitled: The Challenge of Stigma: Reflections on community education as a pathway to change. The video looks at the situation of AIDS related stigma in Ghana and draws from 50 interviews to highlight the University teacher-training program delivering HIV/AIDS education through distance learning. A collaborative production process is detailed in this project report in efforts to discuss project challenges as well as propose experimental online architecture for open collaborative media production and communication for development strategies. Keywords: HIV and AIDS, Ghana, West Africa, Video Research, Documentary filmmaking, Communication for Development, Communication for Social Change, Participatory Development, Openness, ICT4D. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks and deep gratitude to: Manisha and Om who believe in me, my parents who instilled in me compassion and activism, my in-laws who support me resolutely, Dave Murphy and Pat and Roger Howard who guided me, Martin Laba and Betty Mitchell who made it all possible, and those in Ghana who warmly received me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval.............................................................................................................................ii Abstract............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................iv Table of Contents...............................................................................................................v 1: Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 2: HIV and AIDS in Ghana: ............................................................................................. 4 3: Communication for development: power, participation and Information technologies.................................................................................................................. 10 3.1 The power of Ideas................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Communication and Participation........................................................................... 14 3.3 The Digital Divide ................................................................................................... 17 4: Video Research:........................................................................................................ 22 4.1 Cinema and social science..................................................................................... 22 4.2 Video Research in the field:.................................................................................... 33 4.2.1 Research Identity........................................................................................ 33 4.2.2 Pre-Production............................................................................................ 33 4.2.3 Production................................................................................................... 35 4.2.4 Post Production........................................................................................... 43 5: CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 51 Appendix A: DVD Video Appendix .............................................................................. 53 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 54 ________________________________________________........................................ 58 v 1: INTRODUCTION “Obosom anim woko no mprensa.” The oracle is always consulted three times. (Akan Proverb) “The Challenge of Stigma: Reflections on community education as a pathway to change” is a 22-minute documentary video (Appendix 1). It is the cornerstone of this Communication Masters Project and brings together research and contributions from many different people and organisations. My research and documentary video work is situated within the context of a University partnership project between; Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Vancouver, Canada, the University of Ghana, Legon (UG), the University of Cape Coast (UCC), and the University of Education, Winneba (UEW), all in Ghana. The project administration occurs primarily within the Distance and Continuing Education Departments in all of the partner schools. Since 2003, all four Universities have collectively worked towards HIV prevention and AIDS stigma reduction in Ghana. The project Directors have set out to achieve this through: (1) building Ghanaian universities’ institutional capacity to design and deliver an HIV distance education course; (2) developing materials and instruction methods for HIV education; and (3) training schoolteachers and community youth facilitators to deliver HIV education to school children and out of school youth. The education project is funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and financially administered by the Association of Universities and Colleges of 1 Canada (AUCC) (SFU,2008). The funding envelope for