FALL 2 0 1 7 RadiationsThe official publication of Sigma Pi Sigma

Today’s Physics Education The Hindenburg Disaster as a Teaching Tool Bringing Astronomy Research into the Classroom Updating the Careers Toolbox

Contents 8 Your Dollars At Work

8...... Paying It Forward: A Physics Alumnus Connects with the Next Generation – Mariann Salisbury, Development Director, American Institute of Physics page 8 9...... 2016–17 Award Recipients

12 Features

12. . . . . The Hindenburg Disaster Is a Physics Teaching Opportunity – Gregory A. DiLisi, Associate Professor, John Carroll University 16. . . . . Bringing Astronomy Research into the Classroom with Astrobites – Susanna Kohler, Astrobites Administrator 18. . . . . TRAPPIST-1: Just right? – Elisabeth Matthews, PhD Candidate, University of Exeter

page 12 20 Unifying Fields

20. . . . . Updating the Careers Toolbox – Brad R. Conrad, Kerry Kidwell-Slak, Toni Sauncy, and Katherine Zaunbrecher – Career Pathways Project Team 21. . . . . Preparing Students for 21st Century Careers – Kendra Redmond, Contributing Writer

22 Spotlight on Hidden Physicists

22. . . . . Michael Brewer, The Inventor and Entrepreneur 23. . . . . Melissa Lamberto, The Medical Physicist

page 21 Departments ON THE COVER SPS Member and former SPS Intern, Samantha Spytek. 4 ...... The Director’s Space Samantha graduated from Virginia Tech in 2017 with a BA in Physics. She is continuing in Virginia Tech’s 5 ...... Chapter Profiles Secondary Science Education Program with plans to earn an M.Ed. with licensure in Physics. Samantha 7 ...... In the News is excited to begin her career teaching high school physics. 15 ...... Member Updates Photo credit: Susan Haymore. 24 ...... 2016–17 Sigma Pi Sigma Initiates

3 Radiations Fall 2017 Radiations The Director’s Space

Fall 2017 Sharing Physics Volume 23, Issue 2 by Brad R. Conrad, PhD Director, Sigma Pi Sigma and Society of Physics Students

EDITOR Rachel Kaufman ach issue of Radiations focuses on a different facet of who we are as a community. This MANAGING EDITOR edition homes in on how we acquire Kerry Kidwell-Slak Eknowledge and what it means to use knowledge. To

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR paraphrase Michio Kaku, all humans are naturally Kendra Redmond scientists. Physicists and astronomers in particular COPY EDITOR focus on the why questions: Why are the equations Cynthia Freeman of this form? Why must the wavefunction go to zero at infinity? Why do stars have the spectrum they do? ART DIRECTOR We never stop questioning, growing, and expanding Tracy Nolis-Schwab what we know. The universe is our laboratory. What LAYOUT DESIGNER more could we ask for? Hyun-Joo Kim Many students have asked me why a physics SIGMA PI SIGMA PRESIDENT degree is so useful, and I usually reply that it enables me to not only formulate Willie S. Rockward, questions but make sense of the complicated world around me. The world is messy, Morehouse College but that’s half the fun. This issue focuses on the idea that education and discovery SPS PRESIDENT happen everywhere, and an undergraduate physics education is changing to embrace Alina Gearba-Sell, this reality. Physics is deeply seated in experimentation, and part of its beauty is that US Air Force Academy we can apply the principles learned in the laboratory to the real world: by carefully SIGMA PI SIGMA/SPS DIRECTOR examining distant starlight, by investigating the Hindenberg explosion, and by Brad R. Conrad incorporating experimental or computational activities in almost any course. Throughout my education, the most important lesson I have learned is that physics

is not just scribbles on a chalkboard but something that happens every day, all the time. As trained scientists, it is our task to share what we learn and help others see the beauty in physics and sunrises. I hope this issue helps. n

Humans are Radiations (ISSN 2160-1119) is the official publication of Sigma Pi Sigma, the physics honor “ natural born society, published twice per year by the American scientists. When Institute of Physics, One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3841. Printed in the USA. Standard we’re born, we postage paid at Columbus, OH. POSTMASTER: want to know Send address changes to: Radiations Magazine, why the stars Sigma Pi Sigma, 1 Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3841. shine. We want to know why the sun Sigma Pi Sigma is an organization of the American Institute of Physics. It was founded at Davidson rises. College, Davidson, NC, December 11, 1921. Member, Association of College Honor Societies. — Michio Kaku ” Contact us at [email protected]; telephone: (301) 209-3007; fax: (301) 209-3082.

Copyright © 2017, American Institute of Physics. Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Title registered in the US Patent Office. Román, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. All rights reserved.

4 Radiations Fall 2017 Chapter Profiles Introducing Some of the Newest Sigma Pi Sigma Chapters The American Institute of Physics is a federation of scientific societies in by Kendra Redmond, Contributing Writer the physical sciences, representing scientists, engineers, educators, and Berry College students. AIP offers authoritative information, services, and expertise in After a decade of inactivity, Berry College physics education and student programs, recently resurrected its SPS chapter. “Our science communication, government students were interested in strengthening relations, career services, statistical our physics/engineering community and research in physics employment and saw SPS as a chance to do that,” says education, industrial outreach, and advisor Shawn Hilbert. Two years in, history of the physical sciences. AIP they added Sigma Pi Sigma. “Sigma Pi publishes Physics Today, the most closely Sigma is a great way to come together as a followed magazine of the physical community to collectively say thank you sciences community, and is also home to to our student leaders both inside and the Society of Physics Students and the outside the classroom.” Members of the Berry College SPS and Sigma Pi Sigma Niels Bohr Library and Archives. AIP owns The department graduates an average chapters show off science demonstrations at the science AIP Publishing LLC, a scholarly publisher of four physics majors a year and supports magic show. Photo by Andrew Lockhart. in the physical and related sciences. about 80 physics/dual degree engineering www.aip.org majors at any given time. The faculty strongly emphasize active learning with techniques grounded in physics education research, encouraging technical reading, strong problem solving, self-learning, and research. Member Societies The SPS and Sigma Pi Sigma chapters at Berry College host an annual physics magic show Acoustical Society of America for their local community of Mount Berry, Georgia. They also host star parties at the campus American Association of Physicists observatory, giving community members the opportunity to explore the cosmos. In the future, the in Medicine chapters plan to host a monthly science café series. American Association of Physics Teachers American Astronomical Society American Crystallographic Association University of the Sciences American Meteorological Society Roberto Ramos, advisor of the new chapter American Physical Society AVS Science and Technology of Materials, at University of the Sciences, describes the Interfaces, and Processing physics department as small and very tight- The Optical Society knit. SPS students participate in several The Society of Rheology outreach events in the Philadelphia area each year, developing leadership and teaching Other Member Organizations skills early in their education. With Sigma Sigma Pi Sigma Pi Sigma, Ramos aims to honor outstanding Society of Physics Students scholarship and connect students to the Corporate Associates broader community of physicists. The chapter’s inaugural induction SPS director Brad Conrad presents the Sigma Pi Sigma ceremony included talks by three physics charter to professor Elia Eschenazi, department chair at Connect with Sigma Pi Sigma professionals—a food scientist, medical the University of the Sciences, as university president physicist, and high school physics teacher. Professor Paul Katz and SPS president Katee O’Malley LinkedIn watch. Photo courtesy of Brad Conrad. www.linkedin.com/groups/Sigma- “These speakers from different walks of Pi-Sigma-physics-honor-142619 life gave personal testimonies of excellence as they practiced physics in their respective spheres of Facebook influence,” said Ramos. www.facebook.com/groups/ Moving forward, the chapter plans to continue inviting professionals from diverse fields to be part sigmapisigma of their induction ceremony. “Through this process, we want to facilitate the connection between students, faculty, administration, and these professionals—and even stimulate collaborations,” says Donate donate.aip.org Ramos. They also plan to invite local K-12 students who are impacted by SPS physics outreach activities. 5 Radiations Fall 2017 Chapter Profiles

University of Washington Bothell This is an exciting time for physics at the by Holly Gummelt, the first student to a fuller experience for the students and University of Washington Bothell. “We have declare a physics major on campus. “Our commend them on the enormous amount of a new physics degree program, with the physics department is very new and small, effort they put into their schoolwork.” This first students declaring their physics major but we have a wonderful group of dedicated past spring, she was among the first group of in 2016 and graduating in 2017,” said Joey professors who are incredibly involved in our students inducted into the chapter and one Shapiro Key, Sigma Pi Sigma advisor of the education, both in and out of the classroom,” of the first to graduate with a physics degree new chapter. There are currently about 35 she says. from the university. n physics majors. Gummelt was inspired to start SPS and The Sigma Pi Sigma chapter was founded Sigma Pi Sigma as another way “to create

Left: Holly Gummelt during the University of Washington Bothell graduation, proudly wearing her Sigma Pi Sigma honor cords. Photo by Warren Buck.

Right: Katherine Reyes signs her name in the red book during the University of Washington Bothell inaugural Sigma Pi Sigma induction. Photo by Marc Studer.

West Virginia Wesleyan “With about 100 physics majors, we have emphasizes a hands-on approach with several members of the professional community of the largest undergraduate physics program advanced labs and research opportunities. physicists by engaging in service, building in West Virginia,” says Albert Popson, Sigma The department is also home to a space professional skills, and presenting scholarly Pi Sigma co-advisor of the chapter recently club and a science public outreach team. work at professional meetings and in established at West Virginia Wesleyan Popson hopes that the addition of Sigma Pi journals. Chapter highlights so far include in Buckhannon. The physics program Sigma will help students become contributing colloquia on topics ranging from NASA’s planned mission to Mars to medical physics, bridge design, and gravitational waves. Several students have given research talks at recent conferences, and many chapter members participated in SPACE Day, a public outreach event that included student presentations and competitions on drone flying, cryptography, and designing paper airplanes and hydrofoils. n

For chapter induction resources, visit http://www.sigmapisigma.org/ sigmapisigma/induction-center

Summer research students pose with their faculty advisors at West Virginia Wesleyan. Photo by Mark Loudin.

6 Radiations Fall 2017 In the News

onto his physics major minors in both philosophy and religion, but realized that only science held quantifiable answers. While Sigma Pi Sigma conducting research at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) as a graduate student, he began “learning how to talk Sharing Science to people” by leading tour groups of visiting high school students. Don Lincoln honored with AIP’s 2017 Gemant Award Soon he began writing for Fermilab’s website, then writing articles, hosting videos, and writing books. by Rachel Kaufman, Editor Lincoln has also had a successful research career—he helped t’s fitting that one of Don Lincoln’s discover the Higgs boson at CERN, with “six thousand of my closest favorite science communication friends,” as he jokes in a TED Talk.4 But it’s with outreach that he videos involves him blowing up has made his broadest impact. Ia house. “The fact of the matter is that we as scientists… we make Lincoln (Sigma Pi Sigma ‘85), a measurements, make insights, make discoveries, and understand senior scientist at Fermi National the world around us. However, we also live in an environment in Accelerator Laboratory in Chicago, is which a lot of science funding is handled by the public. We are not a particle physicist. He smashes small independent of the community. I think it’s imperative that we share things into each other on the regular. the things we discover,” he says. So why not also blow up a house? Further, science isn’t going away just because someone might Okay, so Lincoln didn’t push the want it to, he says. “We live in a highly technically advanced society. plunger, but in one of his science Cell phones work because of scientific principles that have been communication videos (he’s created discovered. Vaccines keep people alive—babies used to [regularly] Photo by Fermilab/R. Hahn dozens) the physicist uses a recently die before they were 2. Scientific phenomena are all around us.” demolished house (with permission from the local bomb squad) as Now, however, science is under attack, he says. “There are people a metaphor to explain how particle accelerators work.1 In another who have not only skepticism but a hostility to the idea that there video he makes the compelling case that really are answers. So I think it’s extremely important that we as particle physicists led to cat videos,2 and in scientifically minded people push back against what I see as a fierce a third a Charlie Chaplin gag reel explains undercurrent of anti-intellectualism.” gravity.3 Ultimately, Lincoln hopes that the physics knowledge he shares It was for these videos, as well as his in books, articles, and videos reaches more than “science likers.” Great Courses lectures, numerous articles “Somebody who stumbles upon one of my videos on YouTube could in popular media, and a TED Talk— have no clue they like science,” but after watching a 5 or 10 minute among other scientific communication video, could be converted. “That’s great,” he says. “That’s the achievements—that Lincoln was awarded [outcome] I’m most proud of.” n the 2017 Gemant Award from the American Institute of Physics. The Gemant Award is an annual prize recognizing “significant contributions to the cultural, artistic, or humanistic dimension of physics” and comes with a $5,000 grant and an invitation to give a public lecture. Winning the award “means a great deal,” Lincoln says. “Outreach is… something I did, sort of not greatly encouraged by academia,” he says. “Nonetheless, I personally think it’s important, and the fact that people have looked at it and said, ‘He’s doing it well,’ is something.” A sample of Don Lincoln’s videos available on YouTube. Lincoln didn’t grow up in an academic family, but even early on, he had “theological questions” about the world. “Questions like, 1. “Subatomic Bomb Squad,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- ‘How did the universe come into existence? d6sKfPf YTU. Does it have to be the way it is? Could it be a 2. “Because CERN Invented the World Wide Web, of course,” different way? Could there be a universe where we don’t exist?’ These https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTt27A8W4eY. are questions that have bothered classical thinkers for thousands of 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LGBo7dLgYk. years,” he says, and as a kid, they bothered him, too. He tacked 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DbFZKdeBaQ.

7 Radiations Fall 2017 Your Dollars At Work Paying It Forward A Physics Alumnus Connects with the Next Generation by Mariann Salisbury, Development Director, American Institute of Physics

avid Zick is a philanthropist whose committees: working to inspire local chapters to reach out to their motivations for giving have deep communities, invite speakers to share their scientific research and roots in his undergraduate years breakthroughs, and to encourage young people to study the physical Dat the University of Michigan-Flint. In the sciences. 1970s, he studied physics and education, Zick believes that his decisions in the business world had their earning a bachelor’s degree from UM- earliest underpinnings in the undergraduate physics classroom Flint and a master’s degree in the same where he learned to identify problems, process solutions, and work fields from Michigan State University. carefully and collaboratively in teams to learn from the process. He From his master’s degree he went on to has found that these lessons continue to apply in his professional life teach high school physics for four years. David Zick “The skills I acquired working on problem University of Michigan-Flint The friendships he made with faculty and class of 1973, inducted into classmates in those years are the bedrock solving with other physics undergraduates Sigma Pi Sigma in 1996. of his professional foundation. followed me into the business world.” Zick left teaching and went into business for himself, but never lost his passion for physics or his and have profoundly shaped how he approaches his work. gratitude for the scholarships that made his undergraduate education Through his unwavering support, Zick has inspired others to possible. To this day, he values how studying physics in small get involved in SPS at the local and national levels. As you reflect collaborative teams shaped his thinking and informs his business. on your own experience, we hope you will consider making a He considers his giving a way to ensure the opportunities that were gift to SPS in honor of your favorite professor or mentor. For available to him as a student in need will remain available to others. more information, contact Mariann Salisbury, AIP Director of "The clarity that science teaches is essential for problem solving," Development, [email protected], or call 301-209-3098. n Zick says. "The value of my undergraduate experience is that I learned to simplify issues, identify problems while not being distracted by tangential issues, and work collaboratively with others to find solutions." Zick was inducted into Sigma Pi Sigma in 1996, long after he graduated, as there wasn't a chapter at University of Michigan-Flint in 1973. Zick became involved with Sigma Pi Sigma after he initiated a giving program to UM-Flint to support the undergraduate physics department. He has funded many scholarships to help young people finish their degrees, meeting with students and mentoring them. He has supported lectureships on campus. And in 2012, he set an example by funding the building of an innovative lab/lecture learning center for physics and engineering. Most recently, in 2016, Zick honored Dr. Donald DeGraaf, his physics professor (who is now 93), by funding a second lab/lecture learning center hall in his professor's name. Through his philanthropy, Zick has advanced opportunities for undergraduates in physics and has kept in touch with some of the students as they move (From L to R): Dr. Donald Boys, David Zick, Dr. Donald DeGraaf, and Dr. Frank through undergraduate and graduate programs and to the professions Rose at the dedication ceremony for the DeGraaf Learning Center. of teaching, research, and business. In addition to supporting SPS Photo courtesy of David Zick. financially since 1996, he has also donated his time to several SPS

8 Radiations Fall 2017 2016–17 Award Recipients Sigma Pi Sigma congratulates this year’s winners and thanks the generous donors whose support makes these awards possible. 2017 SPS Summer Interns SPS internships are awarded on the basis of collegiate record, potential for future success, SPS participation, and relevant experience. Interns are placed in a variety of organizations and work on research, policy, or education projects. See the interns’ profiles and blogs at https://www.spsnational.org/programs/internships/interns/2017.

Justine Boecker Victoria (Tori) Eng Michael Forkner Eleanor Hook Lisa McDonald Mary Ann Mort Bethel University Coe College Oregon State Rhodes College Coe College California State University University, AAPT/PTRA AIP Center for History of AIP Mather Policy Intern AIP FYI Science Policy Sacramento Teacher Professional Physics Intern The Optical Society Worked for the House Communications Intern Development Intern Worked with staff to create Intern Science Committee Worked with AIP staff to APS Career Programs Designed and revised a museum-style exhibit to Supported the development Democratic staff. research and write FYI Intern resources for AAPT’s high highlight the human side and update of OSA’s Optics Bulletins. Researched and created school teacher professional of physics. for Kids programs. content for the APS Careers development programs. website and the “Physics InSight” slideshow.

Zakary Noel Samantha Pedek Lexxi Reddington Jacob Robertson Francisco Ayala Kristine Romich Lamar University University of University of Denver Austin Peay State Rodriguez California State SPS SOCK & NIST Wisconsin - River AIP Center for History of University University of Texas - University - Summer Institute Intern Falls Physics Intern SPS SOCK Intern El Paso Northridge Created and tested a set of NASA Goddard Space Created a social media Created and tested a set APS Public Outreach NASA Goddard Space outreach activities for SPS Center Intern outreach plan to promote of core activities for this Intern Center Intern chapters and the NIST Collaborated with a team the exhibit on various year’s SOCK and writing Developed and Researched the basics Middle School Teacher’s to further the detector and outlets, including a instructions for lessons and implemented a new of time series analysis Institute. modulator development. newsletter, blog, Facebook, demonstrations. informational education and image processing by and Twitter. effort alongside the APS contributing to two research public outreach team. projects.

Luis Royo Romero Riley Troyer High Point University University of Alaska - NIST Research Intern Fairbanks Worked with the National AIP Mather Policy Intern Institute for Standards and Worked for the Senate Energy Technology (NIST) to support and Natural Resources their development of new Committee Republican staff. characterization techniques, physics-based models, and data analysis methods. Photos by Hyun-Joo Kim and Liz Dart Caron.

9 Radiations Fall 2017 Your Dollars At Work

SPS Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Scholarships Research Multiple awards, ranging in value from $200 to $2,000, are made Awards are made to individuals for outstanding research conducted each year to individuals showing excellence in academics, SPS as an undergraduate. Winners are awarded $1,800 to present their participation, and additional criteria. Learn more and see photos research at an AIP Member Society meeting and receive $500 for and bios of the recipients at https://www.spsnational.org/awards/ themselves and $500 for their SPS chapters. The runner-up receives scholarships. $250 for themselves and $250 for their chapter. Learn more at https:// SPS Leadership Scholarship www.spsnational.org/awards/outstanding-undergraduate-research. Vanessa Chambers Utah State University Winners Honorable Mention Emily Churchman Texas Lutheran University Matthew Huber Luciano Manfredi Rhodes College Loyola Marymount University Niyousha (Ni) Davachi University of Texas at Arlington Kathryn Regan Jeremiah Wells University of San Diego University of Minnesota - Twin Cody Jordan Cities University of Central Florida Runner-Up Luciano Manfredi Brittney Hauke Collin Wilkinson Loyola Marymount University Coe College Coe College Elijah Meyer University of Oregon Spencer Peters Outstanding Chapter Advisor Nominees University of Washington The Outstanding Chapter Advisor Award is the most prestigious Francesco Sessa recognition given each year by SPS. The following SPS chapter Florida International University advisors were nominated by their students, colleagues, and Hannah Simons departments in recognition of their dedication to furthering the California Polytechnic San Luis Obispo mission of SPS. The winner will be announced at the Winter 2018 Alexandria Skinner AAPT Meeting in San Diego, California. Berry College SPS Outstanding Leadership Scholarship Michael Dowding David Peak South Dakota School of Mines Utah State University Shannon Armstrong and Technology Grove City College Jessie Petricka Alina Gearba-Sell Gustavus Adolphus College Matthew Huber United States Air Force Academy Rhodes College Roberto Ramos Edwin Greco University of the Sciences Aysen Tunca Memorial Scholarship Georgia Institute of Technology Elizabeth Pham Michael Rogers California State University, Chico Craig Group Ithaca College University of Virginia Ryan Sayko Future Teacher Scholarship Donna Hammer Allegheny College Shannon Armstrong University of Maryland - College Grove City College Park Peter Sheldon Randolph College Herbert Levy Memorial Scholarship Shawn Hilbert Berry College William V. Slaton Scott Sacharcyzk University of Central Arkansas Portland Community College/Portland State University Jose Lopez Seton Hall University Gary White AWIS Kirsten R. Lorentzen Award Scholarship George Washington University Walerian Majewski Elizabeth (Cady) Van Assendelft Northern Virginia Community Matthew Wright Yale University College Adelphi University Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Underrepresented Student Scholarship Kassie Marble Tarleton State University Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Academic Scholarship Steven Stetzler University of Virginia 10 Radiations Fall 2017

The Hindenburg Disaster Is a Physics Teaching Opportunity by Gregory A. DiLisi, Associate Professor, John Carroll University

his May marked the 80th anniversary of the Hindenburg we introduce the topic of physics flammability at a level of rigor disaster. On May 6, 1937, the German passenger zeppelin appropriate for introductory students or more advanced students. Hindenburg, hovering 300 feet in the air and held aloft by Finally, we use this case study to emphasize that scientists no longer Tseven million cubic feet of hydrogen gas, burst into flames while adopt a strictly passive approach to history. Instead, scientists now preparing to dock at the Naval Air Station in Lakehurst, NJ. The take a forensic approach, bringing sophisticated analytical tools ensuing fire consumed the massive airship in only 35 seconds. to scrutinize why certain events unfolded. Far from being a set We present the Hindenburg disaster as a case study in the of agreed-upon immutable facts, the historical record is open to flammability of fabrics. Our goal is to examine the ship’s outer reexamination and reinterpretation. covering and decide whether or not it was the fire’s initial source of fuel. To accomplish this, we piloted a basic vertical flame test “Reexamining a major historical event with students in an introductory-level undergraduate laboratory. is a powerful means of piquing students’ Our test is patterned after the protocol set forth by the American interest.” Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for determining the flammability of textiles. The case study provides several unique teaching opportunities. “THIS GREAT FLOATING PALACE” First, we observe the anniversary of this tragedy by bringing The zeppelin LZ 129 Hindenburg (Luftschiff Zeppelin #129) was it to the attention of a new generation of students, namely, those launched in 1936 as the premier passenger aircraft of the world’s first currently enrolled in our courses. Reexamining a major historical airline, the German Airship Transportation Corporation. event is a powerful means of piquing students’ interest. Next, The ship was classified as a rigid airship because of its steel 12 Radiations Fall 2017 frame. Within the steel structure were 16 large gas cells (or bladders) the ship were not. Some family members lived or died based merely made of gelatinized latex, designed to hold hydrogen gas. The steel on a few feet of separation. structure was covered by panels of cotton cloth doped with various compounds. The flammability of this outer covering plays a pivotal THEORIES role in the debate surrounding the ship’s destruction. Subsequent investigations by the United States and Germany were As the ship approached New Jersey on May 6, 1937, it encountered inconclusive in determining the cause of the fire. Was it sabotage? a storm before reaching the Lakehurst Naval Air Station. After a No evidence of sabotage was ever found. Was it a lightning strike? number of maneuvers designed to get the ship into position at the Unlikely—the outer covering of the ship had several burn holes, airfield, the forward grounding lines were dropped. A light rain some as large as five centimeters in diameter, proving the ship had began to fall. The metal frame was now electrically grounded by the survived in-flight lightning strikes during its first year of service.2 landing lines. Today, a reexamination of the evidence leaves us with two competing theories. Here is what they agree on: As the Hindenburg “IT’S BURST INTO FLAMES!” passed through the storm off the New Jersey coast, it became It’s burst into flames! … and it’s crashing! It’s crashing electrically charged. When the landing lines touched the ground terrible! Oh, my! …. It’s smoke, and it’s in flames now; prior to docking, they “earthed” the Hindenburg’s steel frame but and the frame is crashing to the ground, not quite to not every panel of the ship’s fabric covering. A spark between the the mooring mast. Oh, the humanity! charged panel of fabric and the grounded steel frame ignited some The first sign of trouble appears to have been at the top, rear of the source of fuel. The difference between the two theories lies in ship, just in front of the vertical fin. Two crew members testified that identifying that source of fuel. they noticed a fluttering of the ship’s outer cover at this location— The most likely explanation of events is that the electrostatic suggesting hydrogen was leaking.1 By 7:25 p.m., a yellow flame discharge ignited leaking hydrogen gas. However, in 1997, engineer appeared on the outside of the ship at this spot. Within seconds, the Addison Bain put forth the idea that at least early in the fire, the ship’s tail section was engulfed in flames. outer covering itself was the primary source of fuel for the fire.3 The Most eyewitnesses described the Hindenburg as burning from cotton cloth that covered the ship was doped with different mixtures the inside out. Within 30 seconds, the entire ship crashed to the based on cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), the base resin for what ground. In general, passengers and crew in the promenade or public are commonly called lacquers. These coatings were used to keep the areas of the ship were able to jump to safety while those deeper inside 2. R. Archbold, Hindenburg: An Illustrated History (Warner Books, 1. Bureau of Air Commerce, Air Commerce Bulletin of August New York, 1994). 15, 1937, Vol. 9, No. 2 (United States Department of Commerce, 3. A. Bain, “Colorless, nonradiant, blameless: A Hindenburg disaster Washington, DC, 1937), pp. 28–29. study,” Gasbag J./Aerostation 39 (March 1999).

Figure 1. Our apparatus for vertical flame testing. (a) Start of flame test. (b) Afterflame. (c) Afterglow. 13 Radiations Fall 2017 outer skin taut for aerodynamic purposes as well as to protect it from maximum circumference) and the total burn time by adding the wind, water, and small objects. This “Incendiary Paint Theory” vertical burn times for the fabrics covering the lower and upper (IPT) has merit for two reasons: (i) Hydrogen burns with an halves of the ship. invisible flame, yet the Hindenburg was consumed in an enormous Results: Results support the notion that leaking hydrogen, and yellow and red fireball. One might conclude that something other not incendiary paint, is the most plausible source of fuel for the fire than hydrogen was burning. (ii) The ship held its position for a few that consumed the Hindenburg. The outer fabrics just do not burn seconds before the stern crashed to the ground. One might conclude at a fast enough rate to consume a ship the size of the Hindenburg in that the gas cells were intact when the fire started. a minute. Our dataset shows that a fire would need ~112 minutes to burn a distance roughly equal to the height of the ship, that is to say, COMBINING PHYSICS AND HISTORY IN THE from the underside to the topside of the ship. LABORATORY As a side note, a 2007 episode of the popular show MythBusters We used the IPT as the basis of a new, inexpensive lab activity (Episode 70 —“The Hindenburg Mystery”) found similar results.5 focusing on the flammability of fabrics. Our activity is modeled Although the episode is not peer reviewed and should be viewed after the vertical flame test, ASTM D 6413–99, which has been with some skepticism, it is a phenomenal visual resource that can adopted as an accepted federal test standard.4 be shown to students to emphasize or solidify certain concepts. The We started by presenting students with the historical background episode serves as a good closure activity and can be downloaded information described in the previous sections. Next, we emphasized from iTunes for $1.99. two concepts: (i) The goal of our activity is not to prove or disprove the IPT, but to showcase how physics can be used in the real world, CONCLUSION and (ii) even though our activity focuses only on a vertical flame The 80th anniversary of the Hindenburg disaster presents a test, it gives us a quantitative understanding of how flammability compelling case study that brings powerful teaching opportunities is tested and how results can be used to unravel the Hindenburg to a variety of disciplines. First, the anniversary raises historical disaster. awareness in our students while bringing real world applications of Sample preparation: We chose to test fabrics that were easy physics to them. to make and inexpensive to buy, yet nicely approximate the outer Next, the physics of flammability can be treated appropriately coverings of the airship. To create the fabric that approximates the at the introductory level since only careful measurements of time, covering on the upper portion of the ship, we rolled cotton swatches distance, and weight are needed. Our case study can serve as a start- with a layer of clear lacquer, then a layer of black primer with iron of-the-semester laboratory exercise where safety, measurement, and oxide as its tinting agent, then three layers of aluminum resin paste error analysis are emphasized. Conversely, our case study can also (Genesis LV 1060, purchased at Sherwin-Williams). To create the serve as a capstone project in a senior-level engineering course. fabric that approximates the covering on the lower portion of the ship, we rolled cotton swatches with a layer of clear lacquer, then “[J]ust as scientific theories are open three layers of aluminum paste. We used uncoated cotton swatches to reexamination in the light of new or as a control. Students trimmed each of these three samples into five strips (12 in × 3 in). Each strip was placed into a frame of sheet metal confounding observations, so too are that secured the strip on two sides, leaving the bottom edge exposed. historical events open to revisitation The frame was clamped together at four locations and suspended in a laboratory hood. and scrutiny.” Testing: Each strip was tested and the average of five strips was Third, the resulting analysis shows students that just as scientific reported per fabric. A Bunsen burner, with 10-mm inside diameter theories are open to reexamination in the light of new or confounding barrel, was used to create a 1.5-in-high 99%-pure methane flame. observations, so too are historical events open to revisitation and The flame was applied for 12 ± 0.25 s (flame-to-strip), as measured scrutiny. by a stopwatch. Students filmed each trial using cell phone cameras in “slow motion” mode [Fig. 1(a)]. Once the flame was removed, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS students continued to film the strip until any visual flame or glow The author acknowledges James DeLuca, chemist extraordinaire, for self-extinguished [Fig. 1(b) and 1(c)]. his insights into sample preparations. The author also acknowledges Analysis: Using their video clips and a ruler, students determined the reviewers of this manuscript, who significantly strengthened the the “afterflame,” the time a visible flame remained on the strip; presentation of this work. n the “afterglow,” the time a visible glow remained on the strip; and the “char length,” the distance from the edge of the strip to the This paper, edited and condensed for space reasons, originally appeared furthest point of damage. They then calculated the burn rate (char in The Physics Teacher 55, 293 (2017). Copyright 2017, the American length divided by afterflame) and extrapolated the time needed to Association of Physics Teachers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4981031 burn a 106.1-foot-long swatch of the strip (1/4 of the Hindenburg’s

4. American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM D 6413-99, 5. “MythBusters: Hindenburg MiniMyth.” Retrieved from http:// Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test), www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/videos/Hindenburg- Annual Book of ASTM Standards (ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016). minimyth/ on Jan. 3, 2017. 14 Radiations Fall 2017 Member Updates Sigma Pi Sigma Member Updates We all have stories to tell of accomplishments, civic activities, academic activities, honors won, promotions, publications, and career changes. Below are just a few of the impacts Sigma Pi Sigma alumni have had on their communities.

University of Illinois at Chicago Drexel University Mustafa Khan, 1989 John Degnan, 1967 Khan recently published his second book, Musings of a Neurologist. Degnan was elected a 2017 Fellow of the Optical It is a collection of papers on theoretical physics and mathematic Society of America (OSA) and also joined the neurology. OSA Traveling Lecturers program. In April he gave an invited lecture on satellite laser ranging and its applications for the OSA affiliate in Georgian Court University Rochester, New York, and a lecture on single Amy Applegate, 2013 Photo by Randy Barth. photon lidars (SPLs) used to rapidly generate wide-area, high-resolution, 3D topographic and bathymetric maps Applegate recently finished her first year of teaching Physics First at from an aircraft at rates up to 6 million pixels per second. Mt. Olive High School in Flanders, New Jersey. Utah State University Stephen F. Austin State James Sainz, 2013 University William Lee Powell, Jr., 1997 Sainz received his MS in Physics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and is now teaching physics and calculus at The Loomis Powell began a new career a year ago, in Chaffee School. July 2016, leaving a faculty/planetarium position at the University of Nebraska Kearney to become an associate dean Manhattan College Photo by Julie Powell. of academic affairs at Collin College in Joe Bassi, 1974 McKinney, Texas. He misses research and Bassi recently published his book, A Scientific Peak: How Boulder being in the classroom but enjoys the challenge of administration, Became a World Center for Space and Atmospheric Science, through the particularly at this rapidly growing (and already quite large), well- American Meteorological Society Press (2015). The work explains respected two-year college. the process from the 1930s to 1950s by which Boulder went from a small college town in the foothills of the Rockies to an international center for science. Murray State University Dylan R. Stewart, 2017 Roberts Wesleyan College Stewart graduated summa cum laude Kathryn Hollowood, 2015 with a BS in Engineering Physics in May Hollowood started last fall as a graduate 2017 and started his PhD research at the student working towards a PhD in Biomedical University of Florida in the Department Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Electrical and Computer Engineering. in Troy, New York. She is a research assistant in He is working on image segmentation Dr. Juergen Hahn’s Systems Biology group. Her algorithms for better understanding the research involves applying statistical methods Photo courtesy of Kentucky seafloor. Photo courtesy of to data involving patients on the autism Academy of Sciences, Kathryn Hollowood. spectrum versus their neurotypical peers in an University of Louisville. effort to better understand the disorder.

Share your updates! Visit http://www.sigmapisigma.org/sigmapisigma/radiations/member-news to submit your information.

15 Radiations Fall 2017 Bringing Astronomy Research into the Classroom with Astrobites by Susanna Kohler, Astrobites Administrator

ewton’s laws, Keplerian orbits, geometrical optics—the a public preprint server where scientists publish their work, and science discovered hundreds of years ago is crucial for summarizes it in a brief post intended to be understandable by building a foundation in physics and astronomy. But undergraduate physics and astronomy majors. Nshouldn’t we also be sharing the field’s latest breakthroughs with Astrobites posts typically run around 500–1500 words, and they early-career scientists? Experiencing the excitement of the Kepler strive to be jargon-free. Each Astrobites summary first provides mission’s latest exoplanet discoveries is arguably just as important in the background that readers might need, explaining the historical astronomy education as learning about Kepler’s laws.“Ex context for the research and why the study presented in this paper Unfortunately, accessing recent research developments is often is important. The summaries then present the main results from easier said than done. Scientific literature tends to be dense and the paper and a few plots or figures from the study, with careful difficult to parse for anyone not in the immediate field. Seven years explanation of what’s being represented in each. All Astrobites posts ago, a team of graduate students tackled this problem and brought include a link back to the original article—which is freely available a new resource to life: Astrobites. on the arXiv—so that readers can easily access the full study for more information after they read the Astrobites summary. “Experiencing the excitement of the Growth and Expansion Kepler Mission’s latest exoplanet Astrobites has grown rapidly since its inception in 2010. The blog is now powered by a rotating team of graduate-student volunteers discoveries is arguably just as important from around the country and the world, with a roster of about 30 in astronomy education as learning authors active each year. Over the past seven years, Astrobites’ 100+ current and alumni authors have collectively built an archive on the about Kepler’s laws.” site of more than 1,500 summaries of astrophysical research papers. During this time, Astrobites’ readership has grown to more than Meet Astrobites 17,000 unique visitors per month, encompassing undergraduates, Astrobites is a daily blog that acts as a reader’s digest of astrophysical graduates, educators, researchers, and astronomy enthusiasts. literature, making current astronomy results accessible to more In addition to paper summaries, Astrobites also strives to offer than just the researchers in that field. Every day a graduate student other information useful for undergraduate physics and astronomy from the Astrobites collaboration selects one article from the arXiv, majors. The site features posts on career navigation (with subjects like how to study for the physics GRE, or how to apply to graduate school), personal experiences (with subjects like what it’s like to travel to Antarctica to use the South Pole Telescope, or interviews with notable scientists in the field), and current events (with summaries from recent astronomical meetings, or discussions of hot topics like NASA press conferences). Astrobites even has a section devoted to publishing brief posts submitted by undergraduate readers summarizing their own research projects. Formalizing Support for Educators Astrobites is also expanding directly into the classroom. Educators began independently using Astrobites in their classes within the first year of the site’s formation. The Astrobites organization interviewed these educators early on and compiled a summary of their strategies for incorporating Astrobites into undergraduate classes. This summary appeared as a published For an example of an Astrobites article, see “TRAPPIST-1: Just Right?” on pp. 18–19. For more visit https://astrobites.org/. Image courtesy of Astrobites. article in the Astronomy Education Review (Sanders et al. 2012). 16 Radiations Fall 2017 This year, the organization has moved to formalize its support Materials Available for educators seeking to adopt Astrobites as an instructional tool. The educators at the workshop left with a full set of lesson- The 229th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in plan materials produced by Astrobites—including step-by-step January 2017 marked the initiation of an Astrobites educator instructions, suggestions for adapting the lessons to different class support workshop titled, “Introducing Current Research into Your levels across the undergraduate and graduate spectrum, sample Classroom.” The workshop brought together 25 instructors from student handouts, and grading rubrics—as well as personalized higher-education institutes with a team of Astrobites graduate- discussions of how they could adapt these materials to their classes. student authors to discuss effective ways to use Astrobites in Meanwhile, the Astrobites collaboration gained direct feedback science classes and to brainstorm how from educators on how to improve the the Astrobites collaboration can better above materials and their support for support such use. more effective use in undergraduate Classroom Strategies and graduate classrooms. The Summarized collaboration updated the lesson- plan materials based on the educator The workshop covered three specific feedback, and they have now been examples for how Astrobites could be published in the American Journal of incorporated into classes: providing Physics (Sanders et al. 2017). They are Astrobites posts for reading assignments, also publicly available on the arXiv having students conduct a research project (https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.01165). based on Astrobites articles, and having Naturally, this new paper has already students write their own Astrobites-style been covered on Astrobites (https:// posts. astrobites.org/2017/06/11/astrobites- 1. Astrobites posts as reading lesson-plans/). assignments In this activity, students are asked to Connecting with You read an assigned Astrobites article and Since Astrobites’ launch, dozens of respond to guided questions that test educators have sent in reports of how reading comprehension and conceptual they have used the site with their understanding. This approach can be used students. Some have incorporated as a way of supporting the fundamental the site into undergraduate and topics covered in class with recent research graduate classes, some use the site to results in the field. It also helps to expose introduce new astronomy researchers students to the process of how science is Attendees discuss using Astrobites in the classroom to the literature, and several have even done. One way these readings could be during a workshop at the 229th meeting of the American organized Astrobites-based journal used is as pre-lab assignments, to connect Astronomical Society. Image courtesy of Astrobites. clubs at their home institutions. lab activities to current research. The Astrobites collaboration is 2. Astrobites research projects delighted with the education community’s adoption of the site and In this activity, students are asked to select a research topic and is eager to continue to build this joint effort to augment astronomy then identify and read several Astrobites articles related to that topic. and physics education with current research results. If you, too, are Students then prepare a written paper or class presentation based interested in using Astrobites in your classroom or at your institute, on this independent research. In advanced courses, students can the Astrobites collaboration is here to help! And whether or not you’d be asked to read the original paper as well, so that the Astrobites like assistance, the team would love to hear about your experience. article serves as scaffolding to introduce them to that material. This You can contact the collaboration at [email protected]. n activity allows students to explore a topic in more depth, providing them with access both to the context and the current research results References related to that topic. Site: http://astrobites.org 3. Write your own Astrobite Lesson-plan materials: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.01165 In this project, designed with upper-level undergraduate or N. E. Sanders et al., “Preparing undergraduates for research graduate classes in mind, students write their own Astrobites-like careers: Using Astrobites in the classroom,” Astron. Educ. Rev. 11, article to summarize the content of one or more research papers. 010201 (2012). This activity helps students build research, literature-understanding, N. E. Sanders et al., “Incorporating current research into formal and communication skills. higher education settings using Astrobites,” Am. J. Phys, 85, 10 (2017).

17 Radiations Fall 2017 TRAPPIST-1: Just right? by Elisabeth Matthews, Phd Candidate, University of Exeter, Astrobites Contributor

ack on May 12th, 2016, the discovery of three planets around the star TRAPPIST-1 was announced—in classic imaginative astronomer fashion, the planets were named Bb, c and d. It was a big deal, leading to a Nature paper, a NASA press release, and some speedy follow-up work taking a look at the atmospheres of b and c. The atmospheric studies confirmed that these two planets don’t host puffy and hydrogen/helium dominated atmospheres. This is notable, as a puffy hydrogen or helium atmosphere would make the planet uninhabitable. Incidentally, these were the first ever Earth-sized planets to have their atmospheres studied. TRAPPIST-1 is an exciting system as it’s basically right in our astrophysical backyard: extremely close to us, at just 12 parsecs. For reference, even Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system to us, is 1.34 parsecs away. Not only does this make the system feel tangible, it also makes follow-up and characterization work much easier to carry out. New planets! As you may have read already, the new Nature paper that we’re discussing in this bite confirms the presence of several more planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system. The system now boasts seven planets, with orbital periods between 1.5 and 12 days. These planets are Figure 1. The transits for each of the seven planets. The colored spots show individual flux measurements, stacked over several transit observations, while all confirmed directly by observing their transits—the dips of light the large circles show the binned data. Credit: ESO/M Gillon et al. as the planets pass directly in front of the star and block a small amount of the star’s light. These can be seen in Figure 1. The first planet could be inferred from the transit data. The first six planets two planets, b and c, are the same as in the previous paper. The are confirmed to be rocky planets based on their masses and radii, authors do find, however, that the two transits previously ascribed to although the composition of h is yet to be determined since only the d planet are actually two different planets! An extended period one transit has been observed and this makes the TTV analysis of observations from various ground- and space-based observatories impossible for now! confirms the presence of four different planets: d, e, f and g. Finally, Water, water everywhere? a potential seventh planet, h, is also observed—but only one transit of this planet is seen, so it is a more tentative detection. Bored of the This system is particularly exciting as all seven planets are predicted alphabet yet? Figure 2 shows the planets graphically instead—or try to have equilibrium temperatures in the range where water is liquid. this interactive tool: https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/newworldsatlas/1969/. In other words, they’re considered to be in the habitable zone. Exoplanet climatology isn’t quite as simple as all that, though! Planet tug-of-war TRAPPIST-1 is a tiny M-dwarf star, just 8 percent the mass of the Dynamically, it’s very interesting to observe such a tightly packed Sun. As previously stated, the planets are all in very small orbits, system. For context, if the system was superimposed on our own with a full orbit taking 1.5 days for the closest planet and just 12 system, all seven planets would all be closer than Mercury. The days for the furthest out planet. Interestingly, the smaller, fainter planets orbit in a so-called mean motion resonance, where the star coupled with these short orbits means that these planets receive orbits of neighboring planets are all small-integer ratios (b to c pretty similar levels of radiation from their star as the solar system is 8/5, c to d is 5/3, etc.) and their closely matched orbits likely planets do from the Sun (Figure 3). As the authors point out, planets stabilize each other. These dynamic interactions mean that c, d and e are exposed to very similar levels of radiation as Venus, strong Transit Timing Variations (TTVs) are observed. In other Earth and Mars, respectively. words, the transits happen up to half an hour ‘early’ or ‘late’ on Since the planets are all so close to their star and are in such each individual orbit, as they are pulled and pushed by their close proximity, they are likely tidally locked, as is the case for hot neighboring planets. This is useful to us, since it allows the masses Jupiter type systems. In addition, the authors of the paper simulate to be measured. Without the TTV data, only the radii of each the climates of each planet. They find that the b, c and d planets are 18 Radiations Fall 2017 SETI, the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, has already pointed its antennae towards TRAPPIST-1, just in case there are aliens trying to talk to us. Of course, the success of this mission would rely on (a) the planets being habitable, (b) the planets being inhabited, (c) the alien life having evolved to intelligence and (d) that intelligence emitting the sort of signals SETI look for. Well, it’s worth a shot, anyway! Looking further ahead, next-generation ground-based telescopes like the European Extremely Large Telescope, set to be completed in 2025, will be able to detect water on these planets and carry out further atmospheric characterization. It’s certainly clear that TRAPPIST-1 will be under a lot more scrutiny in the near future! n

Figure 2. A graphic representation of the seven orbiting planets. The gray zone indicates the region where the authors hypothesize oceans would be able to form. Credit: ESO/M Gillon et al. all likely to undergo a runaway greenhouse scenario. The further out planets e, f and g, however, appear able to harbor water oceans. Even on the inner planets—b, c and d—it is possible that there is some liquid water on limited regions of the surface. Before you get too excited, it’s worth noting that Venus, Mars and Earth are all in the ‘habitable zone’ of the Sun—just like these TRAPPIST-1 planets. As you’ve probably noticed, Earth is habitable but Venus and Mars are both pretty unpleasant, with Venus hosting sulfuric acid clouds and Mars plummeting to -73 Celsius at night. Check out the astrobites article at https://astrobites.org/2011/12/07/ venus-as-a-non-habitable-exoplanet/ for more analysis of ‘Venus as an exoplanet’. So, what next? Figure 3. A comparison of the TRAPPIST-1 system and our own solar system. As it happens, the Kepler Observatory is actually staring at this Planets are shown by radius and incident solar flux, with the Earth and Venus system right now: it has a 70-day campaign on this patch of sky, also indicated. The flux of Mercury, Mars and Ceres is also shown, with their from December 15th 2016 through to March 4th 2017. The Kepler radii being too small for the y-axis of this plot. Reprinted by permission from data will be made publicly available immediately after the campaign. Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature. Gillon, M. et al. Seven temperate terrestrial Not only does this mean you can get your hands dirty playing with planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1, Nature, 542, 456–460 (23 February 2017), copyright 2017. the data if you like, but you can also bet that several exoplanet teams around the world will be itching to do some of their own analysis. We’re certainly likely to be hearing more science from the system This summary originally appeared in Astrobites on Feb 22, 2017, https:// soon! [Editor’s Note: This data is now available at http://archive. astrobites.org/2017/02/22/trappist-1-just-right/. stsci.edu/k2/trappist1/.] Paper Title: “Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1” The James Webb Space Telescope will almost certainly have a go at characterizing these atmospheres after it launches in 2018. Authors: Michaël Gillon, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Brice-Olivier Demory et al. However, this is going to be hard work. David Wilson wrote an First Author’s Institution: Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrobite (https://astrobites.org/2016/05/26/searching-for-signs-of- Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Belgium life-with-the-james-webb-space-telescope/) about the difficulties Status: Published in Nature, doi:10.1038/nature21360 observing the atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1 b and c, and the situation for the new planets is likely to be similar. 19 Radiations Fall 2017 Unifying Fields Updating the Careers Toolbox by Brad R. Conrad, Kerry Kidwell-Slak, Toni Sauncy, and Katherine Zaunbrecher Career Pathways Project Team

n 2014, the American Institute of Physics published the and staff and gone on to successful careers in a wide range of first edition of the Career Pathways Project. This National fields. Many departments have taken the additional step of Science Foundation–funded project developed and embedding the material into their curriculum to ensure their Iassembled a comprehensive set of tools to help physics and students have this critical information prior to graduation. astronomy majors identify and secure careers after finishing However, as we all know, good things can always be made their bachelor’s degrees. This work was profiled in the Spring better, so the Career Pathways team has reassembled to 2014 issue of Radiations as “Taking the ‘Hidden’ out of develop the Careers Toolbox for Undergraduate Physics ‘Hidden Physicists.’” Since this first edition, countless students Students & Their Mentors—Version 2.0. have participated in Career Pathways workshops led by faculty In addition to a new visual identity, the updated guide will encourage more independent use by students and feature the following enhancements: • Updated statistics from AIP’s Statistical Research Center on where physics bachelor degree holders go after graduation, typical starting salaries, and an overview of knowledge and skills regularly used by physics bachelor degree holders employed in the private sector. • Improved guidance for students from their first year of college through (and beyond!) graduation. • Sample resumes and tips on how to stand out in an interview. • Updated tools to help students articulate their achievements and skills. • Increased emphasis on seeking out and engaging in experiences including student organizations, internships, research, service-learning, and projects. • Detailed discussions on the appropriate use of a CV versus a resume. • Redesigned worksheets and exercises to support independent student work.

Whether you are on the job market yourself or have an aspiring physics major in your life, we encourage you to check out Careers Toolbox 2.0 and make use of its resources!

Image courtesy of AIP. http://www.spsnational.org/career-resources/career-pathways.

20 Radiations Fall 2017 Preparing Students for 21st Century Careers by Kendra Redmond, Contributing Writer

hysics students heading down Phys21 doesn’t promote the path to becoming professors, overhauling core physics content, researchers, engineers, teachers, rather, it suggests a variety of ways in Pprogrammers, and other professionals which departments can intentionally in the modern age are entering a incorporate skills like technical writing, diverse and exciting employment project management, teamwork, landscape—a landscape that many and computer programming into feel unprepared to navigate. existing courses while using industry- What skills and knowledge should standard software. To this end, the the next generation of undergraduate report includes case studies of physics physics degree holders possess to departments of different sizes and be well prepared for a diverse set of scopes already incorporating these careers? skills into the major in various ways. This is the question posed to the “To better prepare students in Joint Task Force on Undergraduate this way does not require that a Physics Programs (J-TUPP), a group of department abandon the rigorous leaders in physics academia, industry, technical education that physicists and education that was convened in take pride in,” write cochairs Paula 2014 by the American Association of Heron (University of Washington) Physics Teachers and the American and Laurie McNeil (University of Physical Society and supported by the North Carolina at Chapel Hill) in National Science Foundation. the report. “It does, however, require that physics faculty members become The Phys21 report is available at “What skills and http://www.compadre.org/JTUPP/report.cfm. informed about the skills and knowledge knowledge should Design by the American Physical Society (CC BY 4.0). valued by potential employers of their graduates, and that departments make the next generation of appropriate modifications to curricular and cocurricular aspects of undergraduate physics degree holders their programs.” Phys21 and its case studies highlight several ways in which possess to be well prepared for a diverse departments can work with alumni and local physicists to better set of careers?” prepare students for 21st century careers. If you are a Sigma Pi Sigma member interested in giving back to the physics community, perhaps one of these ideas will resonate with you: J-TUPP tackled this question by synthesizing information from an array of reports and studies that address the career paths taken · Volunteer to give a colloquium or informal talk to your by physics bachelor’s degree recipients and the skills and knowledge local physics department or SPS chapter. valued by today’s employers. Their findings are detailed in a new · Invite local departments to tour your place of work or report, Phys21: Preparing Physics Students for 21st Century Careers. attend relevant events on your campus. Aimed primarily at physics department leaders, the report compiles the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that graduates need for · Recruit interns and recent graduates from among local successful careers; learning goals that physics departments can adopt physics departments. to promote their graduates’ success; and descriptions of ways that · Check in with physics faculty members at your alma physics departments, professional societies, and funding agencies mater and let them know where your career has taken can ensure that those learning goals are being met. It also highlights you, the skills your industry looks for in new hires, and why paying attention to career preparation is important in the how you’d like to support current students. first place—the ways in which doing so can enrich and diversify departments, empower students, and support local communities. To learn more and download Phys21, visit http://www.compadre. org/jtupp/. 21 Radiations Fall 2017

Spotlight on Hidden Physicists

The Inventor and Entrepreneur Michael Brewer CEO, Allurdata Inc. and Gravaton Energy Resources Ltd., LLC Sigma Pi Sigma Colorado Mesa University Chapter ‘90

’m a physicist who invents practical inventor. I provide the overall strategy and we all applications and then builds businesses around make it happen! those applications. Because of my physics I’ve always had an entrepreneurial attitude. At Ibackground, I look at every problem as a potential a young age, I would follow my grandmother on solution waiting to be found. her egg route and sell homemade cookies to her I started and run a software company, Allurdata clients. (I was 5 at the time, and the cookies were Inc., that provides software solutions to the made of mud.) I’ve also been lucky in that I’ve had healthcare industry. Lowering the total cost of some great business and personal mentors along the care with better outcomes has been and continues way. One of the main reasons I mentor and provide to be our mission. In order to do this, I invented scholarships today—to honor those who gave to a software framework that can be applied to just me. about any disparate data system and bring data Solving business problems is a lot like solving normalization and analytics to the forefront. physics problems: you have parameters that need to Currently, we are working on goggles that can come together to formulate an answer and you go Photo courtesy of Michael Brewer. reveal signs of human diseases when the wearer’s through a logical progression to do so. The world “I look at every eyes are examined. This project is the result of an has pretty much an unlimited supply of problems, offer to tutor an optometry student from my alma and physicists at all levels are educated and trained problem as a potential mater in physics. The student had written a paper on to solve problems. It seems obvious that we need wavefront technology and optometry applications. more people studying physics. There is no better solution waiting to be After reading this paper, I immediately started foundation for life than a degree in physics. You found.” thinking about what problems this technology can be and do just about anything. could solve. I also started and run an energy company, “There is no better Gravaton Energy Resources, that aims to bring foundation for life than a low-cost, sustainable energy to market. I invented a system that takes daily air temperature changes degree in physics.” and converts those changes into mechanically stored energy that can be released later to I believe in giving back to the communities in power devices such as generators or pumps. As which I live, and therefore feel it is my duty to help temperatures change every day, everywhere, this support physics students in whatever manner I can. is 100% sustainable. I was inspired to create this I have done this by tutoring physics and calculus, system after observing how my hot lunch reacted sponsoring student travel to PhysCon, and setting to the Tupperware it was in. One of the first things up scholarship opportunities. I learned in the physics lab was to observe what is One of my proudest accomplishments in happening around me. academia was helping to get Sigma Pi Sigma and Running multiple companies is a challenge, the Society of Physics Students to Mesa State especially when they are so different, but I hire University (now Colorado Mesa University) while really good people and provide them with the I was a student there. I still wear my gold pin with tools they need. I’m available to be in the trenches, pride. n but my primary focus is company visionary and

22 Radiations Fall 2017 The Medical Physicist Melissa Lamberto Medical Physicist at the Department of Radiation Oncology at PinnacleHealth’s Cancer Center Sigma Pi Sigma University of the Sciences Chapter ‘17

o you want a great conversation starter? so I can detect anything from a minor malfunction Become a medical physicist! Most people I to a major error. This can be a challenge, especially meet ask me the same follow-up question, when multiple problems come up at once. One D“You’re a what?!” I think it’s one of the perks of my thing I’ve learned through my work experience title because I get to be the first person to teach is that it is okay to not always know what to do them what a medical physicist does! As a medical right away! Sometimes I have to do my research physicist, I solve new and interesting problems and find alternative solutions with the resources I every day. My role in the department is to monitor have available. the safety and efficiency of radiation treatments for Ultimately, though, I get to use physics our cancer patients. I use my physics background fundamentals to directly help people stand up to monitor and calibrate our radiation equipment, to cancer. This is the most rewarding feeling, implement new technology, and find solutions to because I know I am doing something that makes technical issues with our systems. a difference during the most difficult time of a Every patient is unique, so our goal is to come person’s life. n Photo courtesy of Melissa Lamberto. up with the best individualized plan to shrink the tumor, prevent future disease spread, and/or relieve the patient’s pain. To get the job done, we work as “It is okay to not a cancer care team—the radiation oncologist who Share Your Hidden always know what prescribes the treatment, the radiation oncology nurse who manages the patient’s day-to-day care, Physicist Story to do right away! the dosimetrist who creates the treatment plan, the One of Sigma Pi Sigma’s greatest Sometimes I have radiation therapist who positions the patient for their daily radiotherapy treatment, and, of course, assets is its diversity. Stemming from a to do my research the medical physicist. My role in the group is to common interest in and aptitude for provide quality assurance throughout the process. physics, our members have gone on to and find alternative On top of that I work with equipment vendors, pursue a multitude of interesting and solutions with the engineers, IT specialists, state regulators, and even unusual career paths. Now, more than housekeeping! Coordinating with all of these people ever, we seek to draw on the wisdom resources I have is often challenging, but my role as a physicist is to and experience of our alumni. available.” ensure the patient’s safety is preserved. I need to make sure that all of the important information is If you work outside the traditional physics community, please share your relayed to everyone involved in our patients’ care. story at www.sigmapisigma.org/hidden. On top of working with a variety of people, I get to work with a wide range of equipment. We Responses will be selected for use cutting-edge technology to deliver treatment publication in each issue of Radiations in different ways. For example, we can treat the magazine. patient with radiation externally from a linear accelerator, or internally with brachytherapy. I need to be an expert in each of these special techniques

23 Radiations Fall 2017 Congratulationsto the newest members of Sigma Pi Sigma Abilene Christian Alexander Neal Bloomsburg University California Polytechnic Mir Hadi Razeghi Kondelaji University Lillie Robinson of PA State Univ., San Luis Suresh Thapa Kaylin Baker Nathaniel Sparrow Michael Algeo Obispo Jared Williams Reuben Byrd Samuel Teye Adam Beck Kevin Armenta Trivanni Yadav Jacob Caughfield Richard Gusick Brandon Fields Eric Hamilton Baylor University Ian Lamey Frank Gonzalez Central Washington Caleb Hicks Andrew Baas Harrison Ludewig Jacob Hass University Brett Hunt Christopher Chamness Timothy Mackiw Philip Hatcher Jessica Carder James Johnstone Carson Heschle Robert Sherman Matthew Kehrli Jacob Rothschild Raquel Katch Hannah Shriver Ryan Lau Adelphi University Nick Larson Anastasia Timofeeva Donald Loveland Centre College Allan Delarosa John Lawrence Joshua Mann William Hellman Natasha Mohan Taylor Robinett Boston College Aidan McGuckin Anh Nguyen Kristen Oldja Adryanna Smith Noah Barnett Caroline Paciaroni Reuben Russak-Pribble Tracy Paltoo Jessica Pilgram Isaac Vock Benedictine College Natasha Bednarz James St. John Matthew Bonidie Hannah Simons Tyree Wilmoth John Beckman Erik Liu Tomas Snyder Angelo State University Benjamin Bogner Chicago State University Hanyi Lu Michael Burt Aidan Gara California State Paul Menker Felicia Davenport Alyssa Davenport-Herbst Marie Rioux University, Chico Keenan Lambert Jose Duran Nathaniel Strandquist Ryan O’Connor Christopher Ard Calvin Powell Axel Jacquesson Bradley University Eric Ayars Denzel Tucker Deyton Riddle Berea College Charris Gabaldon Ashley Wellman Kyaw Hpone Myint Jeffrey Bannister Tori Goff Christopher Newport Michael Wiedl Robert Keen University Appalachian State Berry College Nicholas Nelson Daniel Carpenter University Alex Crouchman Bridgewater College Elizabeth Pham Matthew Lomicka Erika Brescia Alexandria Skinner Sean Alberts Lydia Lorenti Jennifer Burris Chris Whitmire Ocean Armstrong California State Ralph Marinaro Andrew Eagle Alexis Czarnatowicz University, Northridge Katie Whitcomb Ethan Finlay Bethel University Allen Ervin Behnam Amlashi Scott Hancock Nathaniel Anderson Jeremy Gingrich Paul Talledo Coe College Daniel Hatcher Reese Ferrin Jeremy Pannebaker Blake Tinoco Ugur Akgun Julia Hinds Isaac Goetzman Dahlia Baker Robert Hughes Tanner Hermanson California State Garrett Bohach David Huffman Bucknell University University, Sacramento Chevelle Boomershine Auburn University Greta Knefelkamp Matthew De Santis Mark Samuel Abbott Anthony DeCeanne Ryan Barker Joshua Kolbow Caroline Edelman Moses Avetisyan Firdevs Duru Joshua Gardner Aaron Ludvigsen Nathan Wagner Caleb Mosakowski Victoria Eng Cary Laird Joseph Nelson Carlos Pereyra Gregory Goukas James Malloy Benjamin Schindler Buffalo State University Cordell Sagan-Lawson Hanna Koster Martin Wang Andrew Schwarz Caitlin Horvatits Juan Solorio Scott Michalek Stephen Self Aleksandar Tadic Dalton Shadle Augustana College Nicholas Stone Butler University Ian Tillman Zayne Blumberg Sarah Thorud Jason Bradley California State Collin Wilkinson Daniel Janus Aidan Tollefson Ben Lange University, San Marcos Samuel Totten Daniel Upcraft Sedrick Weinschenk Farrah Beattie Colby College Matthew Tuttle-Timm Erik Vaage Andrea Bruno Sam Arthur Nathan Wahlberg Carina Maciel Yohannes Asega Austin College Uriel Rodea Kathryn Butler Sophie Anderson Bibiana Urquiza Thomas Cleary Resendiz Tarini Hardikar Austin Peay John Leahy State University Carthage College Yuxuan Li Megan McCracken Stephen Janke Alan Ottenstein Jo Lynn Tyner Ashley Marquette Calvin Robbins Jamin E. Welch Michael Merritt Kenny Robbins Konstantin Y. Jordan Rice Yakshin Colgate University Central Michigan Zachary Cleary Ball State SPS Historian Earl Blodgett (far left) with the new initiates of Sigma Pi Sigma at University Ishir Dutta University California Lutheran University. Photo courtesy of Earl Blodgett. Jacob Davison Katherine Karnes Manar Alenezi Jacob Elliott Jonah Kudler-Flam Maha Alossiami Binghamton University, California Lutheran Santosh Gaire Eric Palmerduca Tuffaha Alshammari State University of NY University Mahmudul Hasan Zachary Weaver Dustin Carter Jaymes Flournoy Jennifer Anderson Changfeng Jiao Brendan Ferris Noam Hiltzik Fransheska Berrios Sharad Mahatara College of Charleston Dylan Griffith Bradley Phelps Mickey Da Silva David McClain Tristan Aft Kyle Jones Vincent Plisson Dominic Lunde Shree Neupane Sam Bleser Robin Klause Mathew Reed Christina Muren Stylianos Nikas Manuel Canas Peter Tomlinson William Parquette Rajendra Paudel Elyana Crowder 24 Radiations Fall 2017 Savannah Sipes Initiates List 2016‒17

Julia Imperatore Denison University Powell Stanley McAfee Jiatao Cui Jonathan Skuza Linsey Passarella Adrian Miller Cory Townes Ashley Rice Nicholas Pellar Collin Weiwadel Julia Proctor Elizabethtown College Lukas Zalesky Nicholas Staniszewski Abby Beyer Gan Xu Aleeyah Colbert College of the Holy Cross Shuheng Zhao Liam Coverdale Kevin Curtin Dillon Dotson Seth Kraft DePauw University Dominic Giancarlo Daniel O’Brien Melinda Franke Samuel Hirshberg Zachery St. Pierre John Sampson Matthew Koerber Hui Liu Colorado Mesa Dickinson College Nolan Ovelman Sigma Pi Sigma members at Florida International University University Christopher Fritz Evan Pallante providing tutoring for students in introductory courses. Jeremiah Moskal Jiahao Han Alec Proffitt Photo courtesy of Florida International University SPS chapter. Sean Jones Colorado School of Tyler Richey-Yowell Elon University Mines Kevin Skowronski Julia Filloon Fort Hays State Grand Valley State Jeremiah Moskal Brian Matejevich University University Emily Atkinson Dillard University Erin Murnane Michael Bainbridge Pierre Desil Sydney Schilling Rodrigo Bauza Brandon Aho Jonathan Barolak Wydglif Dorlus Brendan Burgee DaiLynn Dietz Embry-Riddle Bailey Groendyke Steven Clark Dr. John Eslick Fort Lewis College Alexandra Culler Daniel Jagessar Aeronautical University Thomas Killeen Dylan Bunn Mark Dudley Shaniah Johnson Mark Beach Grove City College Spencer Fretwell Shaelynn Moore Miles Bengtson Lane Schultz Daniel Gaydos Jovan Roaches-Lambey Sergei Bilardi Samuel Beiler Frostburg State Seth Byard Joseph Gibson James Watson Edmund Cintron University Anastasia Gladkina Jamaya Wilson Eliza Gazda Isaac Hendrickson Madeleine Hanley William Griffin Allen Benton Connor Murphy Paige Husa Doane University Liam Gunter Caleb Godwin Caleb Nasman Matthew Kowalsky Eric Bird Stanimir Letchev Nicholas Huff Hannah Tack Randy Lemons Haoxuan (Martin) Huang Adam Moss Brian Leech Emily Tharnish Matthew Martin Braden Knuth Sarena Robertson Furman University Gustavus Adolphus Claudia Schrama Sarah Vaughn Shane Stebler College Timothy Reeder Taylor Wehrs Logan Turco Charles Garner Colin Roberts Anissa Zacharias Cameron Grondines Mikaela Algren Drew University Zachary Miller James Bork Concordia College Ashley Bloodgood Embry-Riddle Mark Perry Nathan Huber Thelma Berquo Michael Clancy Aeronautical University, Amber Vargas Nicholas Hulstrand Austin Heins Jenny Soter Prescott Derek Huntley Georgia College and Grace Kerber Luiz Manzoni Zoe Crain State University Duke University Leah De Laurell Ian McKeag Connecticut College Jordan Fleming Ryan MacLeod Allison Jacques William Riihiluoma Nikolas Burks Craig Madrak Stephen McMillan Nicolas Merino Rochelle Widmer Lucas Guliano Kaitlin McCreery Calley Tinsman Matthew Pearson Allison Wilkinson Henderson State George Sarkar Jeong Min Park University Daniel Shinnick Wei Tang Emory University Georgia Institute of Luke Geoffrion Andrew Stutzman Yuqi Yun Zhou Fang Technology Tianqing Zhang Junghyun Kim Arden Hall Creighton University Rachel Barker Trevor Hicks Duquesne University Fairfield University Kevin Choi Olayinka Akinyemi Hillsdale College Sean Lindgren Victoria Leonard Robert Cordery Nathaniel W. Moore Mehdi Maleki Sanukesh Adam Sneath Andrew Danick Evan Seitz Christos Giannakopoulos Laura Salo Benjamin Marcussen Jonathan Stapchuck Robert Davis Georgia Southern Michael Mimlitz Jason Weideman Connor Gleason University Hofstra University Gunnar Nelson Thomas Greenwood Wayne Peterson East Central University Robert Hansen Elizabeth Ashwood Laura Bennett Dan Pham Ryan Cloud Joshua Heilweil Anne Delua Zuzana Calbo Sruti Prathivadhi- Taylor Coss Ravina Hingorani Benjamin Eller Michael Nino William LePain Bhayankaram Mitchel Moore Karim Kharbouch Hope College Joseph Preimesberger Kylee O’Dell Christina Ochoa Xiaomeng Wang Von Bunnell Gregory Tschann Brandon Thomas Georgia State University Anh Vo Eastern Kentucky Dennis Turano Daniel Clark Dat Vu University Colten Cross Jason Gombas Ralph Eastham Florida International Christopher Thurman Emily Joosse Davidson College University Caleb Sword Aldo Garcia-Guinto Gettysburg College Cortland Coxhead Justin Groves Gabriel Casabona Sarah Hansen Houston Baptist Alex Demopoulos Mason Reeves Justin Cata University Collin Epstein Love Richburg Luis Fernandez Amanda Krehbiel John Herron Cynthia Nunez Gordon McCann Maaz Ahmed Alex Karbo Eastern Michigan Mario Olivares Paul McDonnell Hamza Bhalli Tan Phan University Francesco Sessa Savannah Miller Quynh Do Ryan Stempert Paul Amell Dylan Mosquera Otto Gadea Florida State University Francisco Herrera Xan Stoddard Donald Anderson Gordon College Jack Taylor John Davis Griffin Bradford Henry Ho Tina Yuan Blake Hendrix Eric Britt Kelly Herrick Audrey Le Dominic Lesniak Leon Hostetler Alexander King Colton Roath Jared Alejandro Sanchez Sumin Kyoung 25 Radiations Fall 2017 Qiang Jacob Yang Initiates List 2016‒17

Levin Soh Smyth Ryan Schumm Wei Zhou Amanda Tran John Carroll University Brian Touhy Michelle Yates Aydan Hanlon Longwood University Massachusetts Institute Middle Tennessee State Matthew McGreal Nicole Marzolf of Technology University Howard University Alexandra Montesano Esteban Sosa Garduno Abdullah Alsalloum Bassam Aboona Ameer Blake Brandon Benson Jackson Cole Ryan Hubbard Juniata College Louisiana State Uttara Chakraborty Emma Gist Keenan Hunt-Stone Fadzai Fungura University Shi-Fan Chen Hannah Graham Sergio Smith Yu Gu Baton Rouge Alexander Dalzell Benjamin Kulas Brianna Thomas Kate Jamison Rory Bentley Boryana Doyle Stephanie Lough Joshua Katz Benjamin Box Matthew Hodel Aric Moilanen Illinois Institute of Mark Pearson Zachary Bradshaw Robert Jones Jeffery Summers Technology Janet Peifer Margarite LaBorde Saarik Kalia Beverly Warner Rui An Kang Yang Patrick Quebedeux Yu-Ting Liu Nicholas Whitt Yonas Gebre Brian Razin William Moses Diego Gutierrez Coronel Kansas State University Derek Walker Alana Papula Midwestern State Keith Hermanek Benjamin Archibeque Connor Popik University William Limestall Jeremiah Clark Loyola University Andres Rios Tascon Tonderai Madamba Beverly Lowell Kaleb Cox Maryland Tomohiro Soejima Roderic Savage David Mahler Pauline Dredger Adrian Halarewicz Nagisa Tadjfar Nicholas Utley Wangping Ren Natasha Graham Dalton Spatz Michael Traub Hilal Saglam Brett Kippley Vickie Ye Millersville University Rachel Seibert Margaret Lang Loyola University - New Chengkai Zhang Keith Coasey Chang Xu James Minton Orleans Grace Zhang David Doerr Jacob Peyton Tirthabir Biswas Kevin Zhou Elizabeth Dulac Illinois State University Amber Thompson Chasen Himeda Kevin Goring Andrew Eggers Cheyne Weis Christopher Lorenzo McDaniel College Dylan Huska Noah Osman Tristan Wells Filbert David Olivier Gracie Chaney Isaac Whitcraft Zachary Romersberger Randy Qafaiti Cory Russ Kent State University Spencer Rosenbohm Mercyhurst University Minnesota State Prestin Van Mieghem Jonathan Boyd Cody Smith Marina Frato University Moorhead Benjamin Hivick Christian Gamboa Erin Aadland Indiana State University Michael Skowrons Luther College Mary Jaskowak Andrew Block Mitsuko Korobkin Jacob Taylor Zachariah Martin Jenna Uhlig Elias Holte Daniel Merrill Corey Zickel Megan Petzold Laura Maixner Messiah College Paige Meyer Indiana University Kenyon College Lycoming College Lindsey Barner Stefan Nelson Purdue University - Fort Ellen Holmgren Brendan Drachler Andrew Grove Jared Saunders Wayne John Lyons Ian LaBar Hallie Miller Cy Bentley Graham Reid Moravian College Benjamin Hunley Christian Solorio Lynchburg College Metropolitan State Brittani Costa Michael O’Connor Timothy Sullivan Alex Vaughan University of Denver Nicholas Mazzella Alyssa Robison Avery Tishue Kempton Albee Dylan McDonald Manchester University Pathik Evan Bollaidlaw Shayna O’Boyle Indiana University South Kettering University Thomas Dean Michael Chambliss Bend Sally Dagher Benjamin Niederhelman Keegan Karbach Morehouse College Haley Borsodi Eric Golab Kidist Tessema Jessica Nelson Ibrahim Apata Anthony Hanner Devin Richardson Michael Painter Xavier Bonner Brian Huge Megan Warteman Manhattan College Brendan Richards Samad Emory Levi Klopfenstein Christina Hibner Michael Roos James Stukes Phillip Marmorino Lafayette College Heather Whittier Paige Oedekerk Ian Miller Marietta College Mount Holyoke College Michael Rauschenbach Brandon Pugnet Thomas Korda Miami University Xiaoxue Gao Jared Ryman JiangHong Wan Hong Cai Laura Hunter Sandeep Sengupta Lawrence University Lindsay Darkins Amy Longstreth Christopher Warkentin Rylo Ashmore Marquette University Mitch Mazzei Puyang Ma Kirstin Edwards Bradley Cole Robert McCutcheon Kathleen Smith Ithaca College Aedan Gardill Thomas Dietz Dylan Palo Salvatore Ferrone Anh Hoang Anthony Francisco Tej Poudel Chhetri Muhlenberg College Alexander Gable John Hosmer-Quint Noah Greenberg Alexander Staron Carlos Herrera Acevedo Amy Parker Christopher Kiehl Margaret Johnston Anthony Young Alan Mendez Kevin Pomer Theodore Kortenhof Elise Rimsa Richard Morash Joseph Liberko Carly Press Jacksonville University Rachel Lindley Kristina Qualben Misha Chalkley Cody Poole Kelly Tornetta Peter Hidley Clayton Ristow Jeremy McDermet Alexander Shahbazi Murray State University Travis Pulliam Peiying Yu Patrick Haney Dylan Stewart James Madison Lebanon Valley College University Justin Cammarota National University of Max Cannon Jeffrey Dundore Singapore Ian Davenport Nicholas Pollak Pulkit Agarwal Nicholas Duncan Swaminathan Justin Leas Lewis University Ananthanarayanan Joseph LoPreto Samuel Baker Metropolitan State University and University of Colorado – Meer Ashwinkumar Zach Marinelli William Kostecka Denver each chartered new chapters and welcomed their first Philemon Chan Aaron Midkiff David Santefort classes of initiates in 2017. Photo courtesy of Metropolitan Philip Chan Ryan Smith State University. 26 Radiations Fall 2017 Sean Initiates List 2016‒17 Poon Jun Xian Shota Hodono Frank Schooner Tan Jyh Harng Austin Howell Radford University Lucas Shadler Eric Lowe Rachel Seah Carly Mathewson Jacquelyn Burns Samuel Zimmerman Katelyn Mader Zi Heng Wong Joshua Carroll Benjamin Valliant Wee Siang Edmund Yuen Ohio University Liuni Chen Rockhurst University Zachary Bernens Morgyn Church Cesar Aldana Sam Houston State Nebraska Wesleyan Zak Blumer Teagan Eaker Chelsea Anderson University University Ari Blumer Logan Fisher Natasha Angel Andre Guimaraes Matheus Bustamante Brandon Coleman Ryan Fry Katie Boyce Carter Lyons Taylor Gardner Timothy Milloff Elizabeth Budde Santa Clara University Trevor McKeown Esther Grossman Nicholas Schrecongost Ella Burrows Bryan Berggren Trey Seibel Joseph Pincura Matt Van Shufflin Lauren Cairo Abe Millan Sara Sand Nick Whisler Jolee Clement Matthew Queen New Mexico Institute of Justin Warren Quynh Do John Weis Mining and Technology Randolph College Nancy Donaldson Zack White Matthias Banet Ohio Wesleyan Yuriy Snyder Siena D’Souza University Leah Hibbeler Seattle University New Mexico State Joseph Emerson Randolph-Macon Carly Hill Oleksiy Khomenko University Shouta Fukamachi College Brittany Jack Spencer Schiefelbein Zachary Chiodini Todd Baber Peyton Johnson Caleb Schmidt Michael Kaemingk Old Dominion University Shawn Barry Joey Lipoff Zev Underwood Elijah Schold Daniel Ens Gregory Beale Mary Maxwell Taylor Uselman Alexander Maddock Ashley Easterling Mike McCoy Seton Hall University Rico Vallejo Amethyst Maps Jacob Hickman Hanna Meek Brandon W. Barnes Juan Rodriguez Alex Keller Zoe Otteman Daniel Cummings New York University Rebecca McGilvery Matthew Rancilio Matthew Feurer Joseph Corrado Oregon State University Susan Snee Kevin Rasch Tyler Lucas Akshunna Dogra Yousif Almulla Madison Roberts Claire Lundberg Sophie Dvali Bethany Bachmeier Rensselaer Polytechnic Grant Ruediger Angelique McFarlane Adolfo Holguin Ryan Bailey-Crandell Institute Justin Saint Tyler McVeigh Kaitlyn Morrell Matthew Ball Hunter Belanger Trace Shapiro Brooke Myers Ahmed Sherif Benjamin Bauml Ethan Brown Skylar Smith Daniel Piatek Mats Thijssen Hazel Betz Peter Craig Adam Sova Connor Sampson Niclas Wahlstrom Gregory Brandt Edwin Cruz Aguirre Shannon Strecker Moses Tumuna Jiayang Wang Elliot Capek Andrew Cupo Courtney Trausch Jeffrey Wang Nicholas Cassar Andrew DiBiasio Brandi Vollmer Sewanee: The University Yusheng Zhao Katelyn Chase George Dowhan Clinton Wallis of the South Karandeep Cheema James Flamino Mohammad Kabir North Carolina State Rafid Chowdhury Jennifer Freedberg Rollins College Adrian Tiric University Kelda Diffendaffer Zachary Harris Chloe Keefer Thomas Bailey Patrick Flynn Ravi Panse Evan Rapone Shippensburg University Ryan Brandt Darlene Focht Alan Pearl Eric Rokni Nathan Bishop Emily Brown Michael Forkner Natalya Sheremetyeva Bradley Foreman David Calvert Jesse Hanson Leaf Swordy Rowan University Thomas Held Bryan Chu Cassandra Hatcher Humberto Terrones Timothy Baker John Manley Keilah Davis Isaac Hodges Esther Wertz Jesse Buchan Samantha McGuigan David Sedano Ryan Lance Madison Wyatt Joseph Lizza Daniel Rosen Jessica Sullivan Tymothy Mangan Anthony Yoshimura Sean Zimmerman Amy Tosten Bjorn Sumner Ikaika McKeague-McFadden Siena College Jared Michael Taylor Jeremy Meinke Rhodes College Saint Bonaventure Johnathan Turner McKenzie Meyer Jordan Ankersen University Nico Carello Chris Miraflor McKenna Davis Andrew Church Jackson Dunn Northern Arizona Austin Mullins Madisen Duke-Bruechert Alexander Mazanek Madeline Hagen University Micah Nash Luke Fairbanks Jennifer Morris Torri Halaquist Tyler Dawson Gabriel Nowak Eleanor Hook Matthew Johnson Winston Fredrickson Evan Peters Matthew Huber Saint Mary’s College of Kristin Ludwicki Sean Graham Jesse Rodriguez Saad Khalid Maryland Stefano Mainella Corrie Vanlaanen Heidi Schellman Mary Kate Meacham Woodrow Dunlap Nicole McAdams Robert Voinescu Tanner Simpson Joel Michelson Mary Korendyke Meghan McDonough Abraham Teklu James Stuckey Jacob Mahnke Ryan Mikulec Northwest Nazarene Megan Tucker Taichen (Leo) Zhou Brigid Morris Clare Reilly University John Waczak Noah Walsh Sandra Spicer Kelsey Martin Ripon College Coley Stillman Ian Neil Penn State Erie, The Robert Appleton Saint Mary’s University Jacqueline Van Slycke Andong Yue Behrend College Robert Enright Jacob Kramlinger Lauren Wood Chrystopher Goodteacher Nay Htet Thomas Ripplinger Skidmore College Northwestern University Jacob Thompson Raul Rodriguez Martin Bedulskij Lauren Barmore Pittsburg State Paul Stewart Kelly Cantwell Rebecca Diesing University Roanoke College Matthew Cocke Georgette Searan David Matheny Saint Michael’s College Joshua Hannan Occidental College April Raab Abigail Bolduc Samantha Kenah Emily Duong Presbyterian College Damian Ream Benjamin Rosen Leah Feuerman Musashi Briem Salisbury State Adam Florsheim Ellen D’Amico Roberts Wesleyan University Slippery Rock University Michael Harriss Jonathan Turnley College Kyle Baumann Jacob Ciafre Brian Okimoto Salem Wright Matthew Van Niekerk Bradley Coon Adam Giovanelli Kenneth Hill Dean Ketterer Ohio Northern Providence College Rochester Institute of Paul Komiske Kimberly Matsinger University Claire Kleinschmidt Technology Nick Reamer Eric Collins Nicholas Bitten Timothy Samec 27 Radiations Fall 2017 Initiates List 2016‒17

Noah Shinn Bailey Miller Peter Murphy University at NY Craig Burton Angelo Visco Melanie Rex Gabriel Ponce Mayuka Sasaki Grace Corley Chase Zikmund Thomas Vogel Dillon Ramsey Christopher Wahl William Farner Christopher Renskers Matthew Jenkins South Dakota State Stevens Institute of John Robinson The George Washington Danielle King University Technology Dylan Switzer University Jordan Koeller Kyle Schroeder Nicolas Camporeale Joseph Tadros Andrei Afanasev John Lewis Jonathan Eugenio Nicole Tomei Dartagnan Howell Jingqing Yang Southeast Missouri State Katrina Guido Rubab Ume Obinna Ome Irondi University Christian Haddad Trevor Wager David Plotnick Truman State University Prajita Bhattarai Samuel McClung Tristan Wilkinson Tiffany-Rose Sikorski Tatsuya Akiba Tebra Essner Evan Rzeznik Cameron Ziegler George Younes Mridul Bhattarai Emily Koballa Chen Yang Bayley Zubler Kara Zielinski Daniel Miller Colten Peterson Varun Sadaphal Stockton University SUNY - Oneonta The Johns Hopkins Tufts University Nicholas Branco Ryan Crean University Cassidy Driscoll Southern Illinois Alexis Di Mercurio Thomas McNamee Robert Barr Lisa Fantini University Carbondale Alyssa Prince Michael Russo Lance Corbett Sydney Holway Daniel Dilley Alexander Roubos Andrew Schlottman James Damewood Taiyi Hua Justin Ramsey Bryan Scheeler Eian Trenkle Austin Hopkins Thomas Keller Edward Li Justin Tze Tsun Lee Southwestern Oklahoma Stony Brook University SUNY - Plattsburgh Brent Page James McDowell State University Evan Arena Narges Iraji Wenzer Qin John McGowan Sushant Bhatta Gordon Arrowsmith-Kron Matthew Jenkins Derek Reitz Jed McKinney Jaxon Taylor Anthony Bassante Lynn Stanwyck Peter Riley Boubacar Wane Gabriel Bello Portmann SUNY - Potsdam Chenxiao Zeng William Simon Daniel Bhatti Jillian Dolder Daniel Spencer Spelman College Douglas Browne The Ohio State Emily Van Milligen Ashlee Gordon Robert Bruce Susquehanna University University Glenn Vanwinkle Christopher Oakley Zhihua Cheng Ciara Whipp Ethan Andersen Charles Eder Mark Caldwell Union College St. John’s University Catherine Feldman Tarleton State University Salah El-Sadek Tuan Pham Claire Alvine Jasmine Garani Jack Erspamer Suren Gourapura Jason Turner Ryan Cooney Gayle Geschwind James Florence William Hoffer Jacob Zipkin Zacarias Imperial Sean Jeffas Colby Larue Nicholas Kyriacou Seychelle Khan Thomas Krahulik Kassie Marble Benjamin Sipe Union University Frank Obermeyer Joshua Labounty Jace Willis Dallas Abraham Richard Rios Yakov Landau The University of Cole Le Mahieu Derrick Schaefer Rina Lim Texas A&M University - Scranton Amy Murdaugh Tetyana Skazko Amanda MacInnis Commerce Christian Anderson Seth Thibado Michael Solis Shameran Mahmud Zach Auringer Matthew Collier Sabrina Margetic Madelyn Cox Daniel D’Agostini United States Air Force St. Lawrence University Sravan Munagavalasa Joseph Doke Joseph Delmar Academy Claire Albrecht Yue Ni Christopher Dupuis Nicholas DePierro Kuo-Liang Cheng Isabel Bogacz Rourke Sekelsky Klay Fuller Dawn Dorris Sean Chi Ellis Curtis Aaron Seymour Arun Sharma Christopher Gasper William Cook Morgan Doyle Max Stanley Tyrone Sheehan Megan Glassell Prayant Hanjra Alan Idelkope Stephen Tschudi Bradley Hodousek Eli Harmon Stephanie Johnson Zhe Wang Texas Lutheran Peter Kulick Alia Lemm Emma Kitchner Brandon Yalin University Benjamin Loya Liza Matson Dustin Ramsay Teng Zhang Michael Pokornik Richard Olechna Tristan Naranjo Malakia Takane Yu Zhong Campbell Saint-Vincent Matthew Reynolds Kirk Olson Alexandra Wagner Michael Wall Noah Riggenbach Brandon Pierce SUNY - Fredonia Joshua Zadoyko Joshua Reding St. Olaf College Sean Dempsey-Gregory Texas State University Donald Sakowicz Sam Bender Jacob Nosbisch Colin Donnelly Towson University Christopher Tulip Kieran Berton Shamus O’Connor Salomon Gallegos Hamna Ali Jeremiah Wells Nellie Brovold Noel Gamez Bryan Augstein Shawn Willis Jaehong Choi SUNY - Geneseo Kevin Krouse Grant Burgess Emma Dawson Zachariah Barfield Kimberly Moreland James Coyne United States Military Sage Fulco Alexander Belles Katrina Vermillion Sethanne Howard Academy at West Point William Gustafson Louis Caves Nicholas Kudsieh Matthew Anderson Ian Sutherland Euichul Chun Texas Tech University Crystal Mannfolk Marcos Arroyo Marcus Converse Deven Bhakta Samuel Neubauer Jonah Blas Stephen F. Austin State Julia DiBernardo Ganesh Chaulagain Brian Sears Christina Bouvier University Brendan Fitzpatrick Aashish Gupta Zachary Steelman Ian Greer Kaleb Fields Isaac Garcia Cassani Taylor Rhyan Lucas Webster Michael Lee Michael Flowers Xiaobai Guo Rachel Smith William Zimmerman Peter Meyers Daniel Orea Brian H Anvar Szulczyk Calvin Nguyen Marlon Walls Alexis Irwin Ceren Uzun Trinity College Thomas O’Connell Steven Kostick Tasha Adams Jacob O’Neill Stetson University Ari Kramer The Citadel, The Military Louis Cappucci Garrett Simon Paige Benson Joshua Lehman College of South Prawesh Dahal Anand Dwivedi Jamie Levinson Carolina Akrit Mudvari United States Naval Patrick Goetz Connor Mack Hayden Fry Dana Wensberg Academy Samantha Harris Nicholas Maineri Michael Bundas Holley Lynch Raymond McBride The College of Trinity University Kenneth Hicks Brandon Mehlenbacher Brockport, State 28 Radiations Fall 2017 Initiates List 2016‒17 Emily Kilen Denver Philip Rund Saleem Iqbal Michael Sagan Steven Bates Sigfredo Soto-Diaz John O’Brien Samuel Shalov Courtney Fleming Michael Wolfe Brady Spears University of Rochester Lowell Hanson Yuxuan Cao University of Alabama - Bryan Kleine University of Maryland - University of North Mattison Flakus Huntsville Neil Quines College Park Carolina at Asheville Alexis Klimasewski Jackson Albright Evan Shapiro Shreya Anand Magen Byrd Joseph Majesky Juan Alonso Guzmãn Phurba Sherpa Brandon Grinkemeyer Daniel Gallimore Logan Meredith Jackson Beasley Dionysus Tavernero Siddhartha Harmalkar John Kiffmeyer Haejun Oh Mackenzie Beck Andrew Thrapp Kerry Kidwell-Slak Drew Navratil Joshua Rosser Elliot Codd Rosa Wallace Christopher Libelo Aisling Power Ryan Rubenzahl Joseph Davis Jamie Weiss Victor Meszaros Jean Weill Christopher Garcia Paul Neves University of North Tyrell Jemison University of Roxana Popescu Carolina at Charlotte University of San Diego Kelly Manning Connecticut Colton Treadway Nitish Chandra Quinn Pratt Jennifer Miller Emerson Dang Kevin Dunnill Moriah Morehouse Matthew Ennis University of Yasunori Furukawa University of San Jessica Pascadlo Jacob Hastings Massachusetts - Lowell Larkin Hipp Francisco Joseph Rea Charles Maher Zackary Morelli Sara Moein Austin Bushree Peter Rish Alexander Mercaldi Kevin Sargent William Raburn Ian Cone Alison Rudzinski Christopher Oldham Jain Swati Wenyi Gao Christina Sharp Patrick Pierce University of Michigan - Raiven Smith Jillian Rastinejad Ann Arbor University of North University of South Alexander Ziemecki Fernando Rodriguez Polina Abratenko Carolina at Wilmington Florida Andrew Sanchez Xinyi Chen Jonathan Dempsey Joseph Cuozzo University of Arkansas Christopher Stewart Brian Cook Matthew Fair Maggie Kingsland Brett Bonine Sadhana Suresh Jacob Curtis Patrick Regan Collin Brown Kaitlin Fisher Nicholas Sterling University of Southern George Brown University of Dallas Brandon Freudenstein Mississippi Samuel Erickson Sophia Andaloro Alec Josaitis University of North Andrew Giovengo Erin Farmer Steven Block Ezra Lesser Georgia Jeremy Kirksey Jake Hoffman Francis Cavanna Cyrus Nikolaidis Amber McHenry Robert McGrath Erik Benjamin Monson James Frisby Rebecca Peterson Hall Thomas Norris Megan Payne Alexander O’Brien Theodore Morin Reid Pinkham Brandon Scoggins Blake Palmer John Schaefer University of Tennessee - University of California, Tessa Rosenberger University of Northern Chattanooga Irvine University of Minnesota Iowa Evyn Hawkins Ying Jin University of Dayton Aaron Hamann Cai He Alexandra Waters Joyce Kim Matthew Labadie Alexander Igl Jake Parks Xinjie Lan Nicholas Maertz Jacob Weber University of Texas - Aaron Lunt Nathaniel Miller University of Mississippi Jingyi Wen Austin Jiarun Mao Jonathan Pittman Anne Dattilo University of Idaho Daniel Pompa University of Notre Lex Davis University of Cincinnati Brian Carter Justin Ryan Dame Margaret Duncan Sarah Baker Daniel Barabasi Melissa Morris Madelyn Leembruggen University of Kansas University of Missouri Sean Brudney Viyang Shah Monika Pikhartova James Ballard Amrit Bal Benjamin Cote Emily Strickland Kyle Slagh Clara Bernauer Jonathan Becker Eoghan Flanagan Frank Stubbs Jonathan Bush Michael Dotzel Brendan Jones Christian Tatum University of Colorado Thomas Ezell Blake Goehman Jeffrey Marino Justin Yudichak Boulder Eilish Gibson Peter Kampschroeder Brandon Roach Yasser Albarakat Hannah Gibson Madison Schwinn Elliott Runburg University of Texas - Toby Bollig Alexander Kolomaya Sarah Van Hoesen Rosalyn Tan Dallas Susan Born Christopher Rooney Abigail Warden Melanie Bowler Julianna Bourgeois Trevor Scheopner University of Pittsburgh Matthew Titsworth Weiyu Chen Melinda Townsend University of Missouri - Alli Behr Yechun Cheng Michael Woofter Kansas City Ian Cooper University of Texas - San Brooks Christensen Jeremiah Cote Brett Heintz Antonio Kerrie Dochen University of Louisville Ryan Doucette Joshua Kephart Dale Bobar Deion Fellers Tyler Clark Cash Hauptmann Noah-Kee Marks David Cadena Atakan Firat Dustin Cox Lauren Higgins Aaron Miller Diego Fausett Patrick Flynn Melanie Dieterlen Kevin Keyser Seth Roffe Leopoldo Hernandez Charles Golden Nicholas Duong Gabrielle Lambton Nicholas Suarez Sean Nesloney Kathleen Hanley Brianna Mills Zöe Lemon Anthony Zummo Marcus Thomas Jacob Hermann Asha Nagaiya Dalton Slanaker Nicholas Hooker Conrad Smart Whitney White University of Puget University of the Margaux Krahe Brandi Tungett Sound Cumberlands Dylan McNally University of New Jordan Fonseca Daniel Enge Eric Minor University of Maine Hampshire Molly Hazlehurst James MacPherson Andrew Montoya Oliver Adams Tyler Chapman Kyle Miller Kevin McCracken Juliet Pilewskie John Goulet Cielle Collins David Raftrey Dage Spinning Fredy Ramirez Hannah L. Stetson Morgan Allison Daly Justin Richman Cameron Flynn University of Richmond University of the Maximilian Ruth University of Maryland - Nicholas Joseph Lajoie Arsalan Adil Sciences Justin White Baltimore County Evin Charles O’Shea Alexander Balsamo Kacy Catalano Matthew Winchester Natalie DeNigris Wyman Smith Chris Fryer Frankie Coffman Adam Goad Anthony M. Velte Syed Jibran Haider Luke Conover University of Colorado Greg Huxtable Alex Wright Samiullah Malik Gerard Jennings Connor Mooney Kirtley Karpodinis University of New Claude Raffin 29 Radiations Fall 2017 Mexico Initiates List 2016‒17

Melissa Lamberto Brandon Harris Kaydee Stratford Sarah Anne Troise Katee O’Malley Tobias Nelson Katrina Wright Linden Walus Wheaton College Kenneth Wong Rachel Schornak Kenneth Zia Eric Wirth April Futch University of Vermont University of Wisconsin - Vanderbilt University Washington University Whittier College Yu Jiang Platteville Joseph Eilbert in St. Louis Kelsey Bailleul Conner Winkeljohn Jesse Lueschow Yuhan Guo Pengning Chao Philip de Castro Jocelyn Jackson Fan Chen Noah Garcia University of Virginia University of Wisconsin - Gordon Kiesling Thomas Dvergsten Maryam Hami Ilya Andeev River Falls Peter Kim Justin Finkel Su Min Kim Andreas Butler Mitchell Ahlswede Patrick Kunetz Dennis Kelly Justin Kottinger Nicholas Ferraro Roman Alvarado Muhammad Nazarudin Kater Murch Kathleen Lee John Hack William Anderson Elijah Ray Michael Seitanakis Bryceton Scurr Thomas Hefele Tyler Baker Robert Saskowski Daniel Wasserman Benjamin Hillman Evan Ballard Andrew Thibeault Widener University Martine Lokken Andrew Fowler Xiaojia Xu Wayne State University Joey Betz Colin Mitchell Dylan Frikken David Zhang Prisca Abraham Kiarra Garcia Robert O’Reilly Negin Ghanean Peter Dahl Caleb Moretz Steven Stetzler Mustafa Halim Virginia Military Conor Daly-Seiler Adam Summers Benjamin Heiniger Institute Dillon Fitzgerald William Jewell College Juan Velasco Barboza Joel Leonard Mawulolo Bolouvi Kristiaan Hector Megan Anderson Lukas Martinez Alexander Dedousis Eric Hedquist Justin Blevins University of Washington Michael Newberg Mehmet Kilinc Karl Kratkiewicz Jacob Dice Dylan Austin Riandro Vogt Alyssa Messner Ian Langford Justin Burau Joseph Wananda Virginia Polytechnic Robert Morgan Dalton Nelson Felix Leeb Grace Zeit Institute and State Hailee St. Louis Denver Strong Isaak Nanneman University Macy Tush Yujin Park University of Wyoming Jacob Adams West Chester University Valerie Yeutter Spencer Peters Ericka Chorniak Mark Almanza Haley Buckner Jacob Watkins Adam Kacmarsky Alexandra Bosh Joshua Carlson Wittenberg University Justus Kornkven Andrew DellaFera Amy Cavanaugh John Michael Long University of Washington Kathleen Oolman Wenzheng Dong Eric Herrmann Bothell Nathan Galliher Connor Johnston Xavier University Tyler Gilbert Ursinus College Linjie Gu Benjamin Jordan Andrew Bryan Holly Gummelt Jacob Bigelow Rebekah Hawkins Nicholas Pachella Mario Cribari Connor Leupold Sean Gregory Matthew Hill Burhan Qaddoumi Brennan Cull Katherine Reyes Jacob Paul Shengchao Li Samuel Steele Andrew Fisher Matan Peleg Kenneth McLarney Wahida Toomey Matthew Suggs University of West Veronica Sanford Riya Nandi Rebeka Yocum Florida Ralph Romero Xavier University of Patrick Fowler Utah State University Tulasi Subedi West Virginia University Louisiana Kevin Francis Brett Adair Daniel Vowell David Buch Marloes Booker Bryan Nonnemaker Maile Burnett Josh Weiss Collin Flood Miyah Davis Twymun Safford Vanessa Chambers Michael Mingyar Maliq de Pina David Smith Jake Christensen Wake Forest University Ike Tan Khoranhlai Anjulique Jones Michael Taylor Erika Christensen Shengcheng Chen Kobi Jones Andrew Truman Joshua Hibbard Daniel Griffin West Virginia Wesleyan Clarenisha Layton Katrina Humble Zoe Hurtado College Ferralita Madere University of Wisconsin - Marcus Jackman Laura Jennings Caitlyn Baicar Edelmy Marin Bernardez Eau Claire David King Mary Kinney Eleni Brick Darshanetta Munson Nathan Baughman Tyler Kippen Zach Lamport Kaylee Burdette Emeka Nwoke Connor Feltman Jordan Lee Josiah Low Randy Corathers Taylor Sanders Emily Gullerud Pattilyn McLaughlin Gabriel Marcus Kimberly Culver Barry Sevalia Brendan Kwick Jonh Mojica Decena David Ostrowski Rebecca Davis Riley Smith Mara Reed Brett Mortenson Linqi Shao Allison Haertter Kayla Strong Luogen Xu Walter Muhwezi Jack Treadwell Angela Meyer Muhammad Wally Windy Olsen Jiajie Xiao Mackenzie Robatin Clark Washington University of Wisconsin - Alexander Pierson Olivia Rycroft Bruana Williams La Crosse Trevor Rasmussen Wartburg College Eric Wooten Nicolle Dexter Erin Rickenbach Jakob Hamilton Evan Dowling Brant Smith Michael Zhang Western Illinois University Washington & Jefferson Angelica Strack College Theodore Kioussis Western Kentucky Ashley Knoerdel University Lottie Murray Rebecca Brown Rajan Plumley Carson King Andrew McGuffey Washington and Lee Stefan Stryker University Ryder Babik Westminster College Efrosyni Daskalakis John Clark Abigail Dorward Tyler Heintz New Sigma Pi Sigma initiates from the University of Washington Rossella Gabriele Ava Hoag Bothell. Photo Credit: Holly Gummelt. Bennett D. Hermann Antonio Troese MacKenzye Leroy Kirsten McMichael 30 Radiations Fall 2017 31 Radiations Fall 2017 Radiations American Institute of Physics 1 Physics Ellipse College Park, MD 20740

32 Radiations Fall 2017