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SKAD Leś M., Fantastycznonaukowe Podróże W Czasie

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SKAD Leś M., Fantastycznonaukowe Podróże W Czasie Wydawca: Temida 2 Przy współpracy i wsparciu finansowym Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku Redaktor Naukowy Wydawnictwa Temida 2: Cezary Kosikowski Rada Naukowa Wydawnictwa Temida 2: Przewodnicz ący Rady Naukowej Wydawnictwa Temida 2: Emil W. Pły- waczewski Członkowie z Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku: Stanisław Bo żyk, Leonard Etel, Ewa M. Guzik-Makaruk, Adam Jamróz, Dariusz Kijowski, Cezary Kosikowski, Cezary Kulesza, Jarosław Ławski, Agnieszka Malarewicz-Jakubów, Maciej Perkowski, Stanisław Prutis, Eugeniusz Ru śkowski, Walerian Sanetra, Joanna Sie ńczyło-Chlabicz, Ryszard Skarzy ński, Halina Świ ęczkowska, Jaroslav Volkonovski, Mieczysława Zdanowicz Członkowie z Polski: Marian Filar (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w To- runiu), Edward Gniewek (Uniwersytet Wrocławski), Lech Paprzycki (S ąd Najwy ższy) Członkowie zagraniczni: Lidia Abramczyk (Pa ństwowy Uniwersytet im. Janki Kupały w Grodnie, Białoru ś), Vladimir Bab čak (Uniwersytet w Koszycach, Słowacja), Renata Almeida da Costa (Uniwersytet La Salle, Brazylia), Chris Eskridge (Uniwersytet w Nebrasce, USA), José Luis Iriarte Ángel (Uniwersytet Navarra, Hiszpania), Marina Karasjewa (Uniwersytet w Worone żu, Rosja), Bernhard Kitous (Uniwersytet w Rennes, Francja), Martin Krygier (Uniwersytet w Nowej Południowej Walii, Australia), Petr Mrkyvka (Uniwersytet Masaryka, Czechy), Marcel Alexander Niggli (Uniwersytet we Fryburgu, Szwajcaria), Andrej A. Novikov (Pa ństwowy Uniwersytet w Sankt Petersburgu, Rosja), Sławomir Redo (Uniwersytet Wiede ński, Austria), Ro ścisław Radyszewski (Uniwersytet im. Tarasa Szewczenki w Kijowie, Ukraina), Bernd Schünemann (Uniwersytet w Monachium, Niemcy), Sebastiano Tafaro (Uniwersytet w Bari, Włochy), Wiktor Trinczuk (Kijowski Narodowy Handlowo-Ekonomiczny Uniwersytet, Ukraina) Żadna cz ęść tej pracy nie mo że by ć powielana i rozpowszechniana w ja- kiejkolwiek formie i w jakikolwiek sposób (elektroniczny, mechaniczny), włącznie z fotokopiowaniem – bez pisemnej zgody wydawcy. ISBN 978-83-65696-23-6 ISBN 978-83-65696-23-6 Recenzenci: prof. dr hab. Dariusz Jan Kulesza (UwB) dr hab. Maciej Artur Wróblewski, prof. UMK Korekta: Zespół Skład, łamanie, projekt okładki: Ewa Frymus-Dąbrowska (Wyd. PRYMAT) Druk: Wydawnictwo PRYMAT © Copyright by Temida 2 Białystok 2018 Spis treści Wst ęp 7 I. Człowiek i czas – zarys problematyki 23 II. „Nieoswojona” temponautyka – racjonalno ść a paradoks 47 Temponautyka i „twarda” fantastyka naukowa 48 Typologia podró ży w czasie 75 Temponautyka fikcjonalna. Zarys historii 76 Wariant pierwszy – linearny 90 Wariant drugi – nieci ągły 105 Wariant trzeci – paradoksalny 114 III. Fikcja, narracja i emocje 137 Środowisko fikcjonalno-narracyjne 138 Obsesje i terapia 159 By ć „poza czasem” 174 Auktorialno ść „podejrzana” 181 Czas „wsteczny” 202 Przypadek i kompleksowo ść 216 „Poszerzona” tera źniejszo ść 219 Zadziwienie i nostalgia 235 6 Fantastycznonaukowe podróże w czasie Pami ęć autobiograficzna a temponautyczna narracja 250 Mentalne podró że w czasie 279 Zako ńczenie (otwarte) 293 Bibliografia 297 Nota bibliograficzna 318 Indeks nazwisk 319 Wstęp W popularnym odbiorze science fiction kojarzy si ę z wy- obra żeniem przyszło ści. Na tym mniemaniu opiera si ę do ść zba- nalizowana rozpoznawalno ść tej konwencji. Uto żsamienie to jest na tyle wyraziste, że science fiction niestety funkcjonuje czasem jako ta mniej odpowiedzialna, frywolna siostra futurologii. Rela- cje mi ędzy tymi dwoma zjawiskami maj ą dług ą i interesuj ącą histori ę, ale, gdyby nie czynnik science skonfrontowany z fiction w literackiej konwencji, historia ta nie byłaby nawet w połowie tak ciekawa. Zanim fantastyka naukowa zaczynała zyskiwa ć odr ębno ść 1, wypełniała cz ęś ciowo funkcje protofuturologiczne. Owszem, fik- cjonalno ść gwarantuje odr ębno ść konwencji fantastycznonauko- wej, ale wci ąż powraca potrzeba jej mimetyzacji, a nawet udo- wodnienia praktycznej przydatno ści, dzi ęki której mogłaby si ę ona oddali ć od oskar żeń o „pust ą” gr ę wyobra źni pozbawion ą real- nych odniesie ń. Futurologia prze żywała zreszt ą podobne rozterki jako nauka badaj ąca co ś, co (jeszcze?) nie istnieje. Okazywała si ę cz ęsto przedsięwzi ęciem komercyjnym i koniunkturalnym 2. 1 Jako konwencja heterogeniczna – rozpoznawalna mimo wielu tradycji uczestnicz ących w jej krystalizacji. 2 Sław Krzemie ń-Ojak w encyklopedycznym przegl ądzie historii i metod prognostyki pisał: „Wiara w poznanie przyszło ści zrodziła nadziej ę, na- dzieja – koniunktur ę, czy wr ęcz mod ę: mno żyły si ę prognostyczne kadry, ośrodki, periodyki, wydawnictwa, szerzył zwyczaj korzystania z doradz- twa futurologów przy opracowywaniu rz ądowych i mi ędzynarodowych dokumentów planistycznych”, S. Krzemie ń-Ojak, hasło Prognostyka , w: Encyklopedia socjologii , red. W. Kwa śniewicz, Warszawa 2000, t. III, s. 216. 8 Fantastycznonaukowe podróże w czasie Obie dziedziny s ą jednak tak wewn ętrznie urozmaicone, że nie sposób uchwyci ć jakich ś schematycznych reguł rz ądz ących w pełni ich przemianami i wzajemnymi relacjami. Z pewno ści ą jednak obecnie zbli żaj ą si ę do siebie, gdy – z jednej strony – science fiction wyposa żana jest w wymiar ideologiczny, alego- ryczny lub podkre śla si ę jej ekstrapolacyjn ą metodologi ę budo- wania fikcyjnych światów, a – z drugiej strony – futurologia od- chodzi od prognostyki na rzecz badania hipotetycznych scenariu- szy rozwoju stanu rzeczy oraz wyobra żeń przyszło ści, tak że tych fantastycznych 3. Futurystyczno ść 4 nie jest bynajmniej jedynym aspektem temporalno ści fantastyki naukowej. Nie jest bodaj nawet najcie- kawszym. Istota i odr ębno ść tej konwencji nie ogranicza si ę bo- wiem do tematyki, si ęga gł ębiej – organizuje na swój własny sposób ludzkie do świadczenie czasu jako takiego. W pewnych aspektach jej metodologia i cele s ą podobne do tych znanych z realizmu, wliczywszy wszelkie stany po średnie i niuanse. W innych jednak rzuca wyzwanie mechanizmom fikcjonalno- -narracyjnym opisywanym przez poetyk ę zainteresowan ą głównie fikcj ą „minimaln ą”5 – w przybli żeniu realistyczn ą. Najpełniejsz ą demonstracj ą tych mo żliwo ści regulowania rozumienia są utwory po świ ęcone podró ży w czasie, a nawet te wykorzystujące owe podró że tylko instrumentalnie. Obie kategorie znajd ą si ę w cen- trum rozwa żań w niniejszej ksi ąż ce. 3 The Knowledge Base for Futures Studies , red. R. A. Slaughter, t. 1: Foun- dations , Hawthorn (Australia) 1996, s. XIX. 4 „Futurystyczno ść ” w kontek ście literatury i sztuki kojarzy si ę z futury- zmem, czyli awangardowym kierunkiem literacko-artystycznym rozwija- jącym si ę w pierwszej ćwierci XX w. Zob. np. J. Sławi ński, hasło Futu- ryzm , w: Słownik terminów literackich , red. J. Sławi ński, wyd. trzecie, Wrocław 1998. W niniejszej ksi ąż ce słowo to jest u żywane na oznaczenie wyobra żeń przyszło ści, jako pochodne od „futurystyczny”, nie od „futu- ryzm”. 5 M.-L. Ryan, Fiction, Non-Factuals and The Principle of Minimal Depar- ture , „Poetics” 1980, nr 4. Wstęp 9 Fantastycznonaukowa wyobra źnia temporalna 6 – zwi ązana jest z „uczasowion ą” kreacj ą, realizuje si ę w czasie, wykorzystuje świadomo ść czasoprzestrzeni jako nieomijalnego środowiska my ślenia i tworzenia wraz z oczywistymi ograniczeniami, które ono stwarza. W ramach tej wyobra źni czas podlega konceptuali- zacji, a autorzy potrafi ą si ę do tej konceptualizacji odnosi ć, defi- niuj ąc poj ęcie czasu, wyznaczaj ąc jego u żyteczno ść i zakres 7. Wyobra źnia temporalna okre ślana jest tak że przez wychylenia w kierunku innych typów wyobra źni i aktywno ści: w kierunku my ślenia futurystycznego, w kierunku wyobra źni technologicznej wykorzystuj ącej dyskurs naukowy (w ramach definicji science fiction , przede wszystkim w naukowym, ale równie ż pseudonau- kowym wariancie), w kierunku my ślenia hipotetycznego tak na- ukowego, jak tego realizuj ącego si ę w fikcji implikowanej przez czynnik fiction , w hybrydycznej definicji konwencji SF. Ze wzgl ędu na współobecno ść trzech, cz ęś ciowo pokrywaj ą- cych si ę, składowych: retorycznej 8, społecznej oraz konwencjo- 6 „Wyobra źnia” to poj ęcie o bogatej historii i niezwykłej por ęczno ści, bywa uzupełniane wieloma dookre ślaniami. Wyobra źnia bywa: „społeczna”, „zbiorowa”, „romantyczna”, „naukowa” itp. Co najistotniejsze, sama w sobie posiada wymiar temporalny, w „minimalnym” wariancie definio- wana jest bowiem jako „zdolno ść do przewidywania, uzupełniania, odtwa- rzania i przedstawiania sobie czego ś dot ąd nie widzianego”, zdolno ść ta „dotyczy przeszło ści i przyszło ści” – B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Wyobra źnia ja- ko poj ęcie , w: Dzieło chwali mistrza. Ksi ęga jubileuszowa dedykowana prof. dr hab. Irenie Popiołek z okazji 50-lecia pracy artystycznej oraz pra- cy pedagogicznej , red. A. Królikowska, M. Ł ątkowski, B. Topij- Stempi ńska, Kraków 2016, s. 197. 7 Nale ży przyj ąć , że samo poj ęcie czasu i jego rozumienie s ą paradoksalne – oczywiste, niedefiniowalne, wielorakie. Czas to „poj ęcie niejednolite” (K. G. Denbigh , Świat i czas , przeł. J. Mietelski, Warszawa 1979, s. 17- 18). Na bogat ą tradycj ę o charakterze wi ązki współistniej ących w ątków w pi śmiennictwie filozoficznym wskazuje chocia żby Filip Kobiela – F. Kobiela, Filozofia czasu Romana Ingardena wobec sporów o zmienno ść świata , Kraków 2011, s. 7, 15. 8 Ze świadomo ści ą napi ęć , które generuj ą dzisiejsze sposoby my ślenia o retoryce, wydobywaj ące (i czasem absolutyzuj ące) aspekty: perswazyj- ny, poznawczy, figuratywny i aksjologiczny. Z intensywno ści tych napi ęć 10 Fantastycznonaukowe podróże w czasie nalnej, konkretne fabularno-ideowe
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