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A Heuristic Study of the Meaning of Suffering Among Holocaust Survivors

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A Heuristic Study of the Meaning of Suffering Among Holocaust Survivors A HEURISTIC STUDY OF THE MEANING OF SUFFERING AMONG HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS by HESTER MARIA SHANTALL submitted in accordance wilh lhe requirements for lhe degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in lhe subject PSYCHOLOGY at lhe UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF. C MOORE CO-PROMOTER: DR W J SCHURINK JUNE 19% ABSTRACT Is there meaning in suffering or ts suffering only a soul-destroying experience from which nothing positive can emerge? In seeking to answer this question, a heuristic study was made of the experiences and views of the famous Auschwitz survivor, Viktor Frankl, supplemented by an exploration of the life-worlds of other Nazi concentration camp survivors. The underlying premise was that if meaning can be found in the worst sufferings imaginable, then meaning can be found in every other situation of suffering. Seeking to illuminate the views of Frankl and to gain a deeper grasp of the phenomenon of suffering, the theoretical and personal views of mainstream psychologists regarding the nature of man and the meaning of hi.~ sufferings were studied. Since the focus of this research was on the suffering of the Holocaust survivor, the Holocaust as the context of the present study, was studied as a crisis of meaning and as psychological adversity. In trying to establish the best way to gain entry into the life-world of the Holocaust survivor, the research methods employed in Holocaust survivor studies were reviewed and, for the purposes of this study, found wanting. The choice and employment of a heuristic method yielded rich data which illuminated the fact that, through a series of heroic choices Frankl, and the survivors who became research participants, could attain spiritual triumph in the midst of suffering caused by an evil and inhumane regime. Hitherto unexplored areas of psychological maturity were revealed by these heroes of suffering from which the following conclusions could be drawn: * Man attains the peaks of moral excellence through suffering. Suffering can have meaning. Suffering can call us out of the moral apathy and mindlesness of mere existence. * The Holocaust, one of the most tragic events in human history, contains, paradoxically, a challenge to humankind. Resisting the pressure to sink to the level of a brute fight for mere survival, Frankl and the research participants continued to exercise those human values important to them and triumphantly maintained their human dignity and self-respect. Evidence was provided that man has the power to overcome evil with good. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The financial assistance of the Center for Science Development of the Hwnan Sciences Research Council (HSRC South Africa) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions anived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the Center for Science Development. Indebtedness is also expressed towards the University of South Africa for the granting of a Senior Travel Bursary which allowed the researcher to attend a three week course on the Holocaust at the Yad Vashem (Holocaust Memorial Musewn) in Jerusalem. tg:;;t~1TAlft'Mll•---- ~} t'-~ ~ .r::. .. ~~ t~ 2;:_~' l·'.:·~-:~' --- ,.. .. ~.:s;~,\RY !. ~.' ,/. .-:·.1,-.~:. ; ~:j~; ;i ' 155.935 SHAN ~ _.r'.C~('t; /:..Fn\·/ L~- 111111111~1iilllll11111 1661937 A heartfelt word of thanks is offered to Prof. Cora Moore and Dr Willem Schurink, who so loyally supported this research effort and who, in their role as mentors and promoters, expressed their confidence in me by not sparing me the rod of discipline and correction; Mrs Christa Barrish, who undertook the mammoth task of typing the manuscript in its many transformations till its final and present format; my husband, David Shantall, relentless but beloved critic and editor of my work; my children, Millie and Samuel, and dear fiiend, Mrs Yvonne Malherbe, and my colleagues at the Department of Psychology at U nisa, for their encouragement and support; my mother, Mrs Fien Botha, who has such faith in me and who has so keenly anticipated the completion of this dissertation. There is no adequate way to express my gratitude to the research participants: Mrs Esther Weisz, Mrs Magda Haydu, Mrs Sarah LelbowHz, Mrs Dinah Benedikt and Mr Don Krauz whose lives had so strongly impacted on mine. This dissertation is dedicated to them. I also honour Dr Viktor Frankl who, through his teaching and influence, has become a model of a man who has lived his life and has borne his sufferings on the dimension of Meaning. To the Unknown God, who is known among men through the image they bear of Him. CONTENTS ABSTRACT Foreword PART I: ORIENTATION CHAPTER l: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2 Research focus 2 A personal provocation to study the meaning of suffering 3 CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 5 PART II: THE MEANING OF MEANING 7 CHAPTER 3: WHAT IS MEANT BY MEANING? 8 Defining the term: meaning 8 The ways in which meaning is experienced 9 An essential description of the concept: meaning 16 The meaning of suffering 16 CHAPTER 4: THE EXISTENTIAL THEORY OF VIKTOR FRANKL 17 The basic tenets oflogotherapy 17 Dimensional ontology 19 Man's quest for ultimate meaning 24 The Transhuman dimension 24 Concluding statements 26 PART m: THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY FROM A MEANING PERSPECTIVE 28 CHAPTER 5: MAN ON THE PHYSICAL DIMENSION OF BEING 29 Introduction 29 The theories of J.B. Watson and B.F. Skinner 29 The theories of Watson and Skinner from a meaning perspective 30 A thwarted search for meaning: the life ofB.F. Skinner 34 Meaning in the lives of Watson and Skinner 37 Evaluation 39 Contemporary behaviorism 39 CHAPTER 6: MAN ON THE PSYCHOB!OLOGICAL DIMENSION OF BEING 41 Introduction 41 The Freudian theory of man 41 Freudian theory from a meaning perspective 46 A suppressed search for meaning: the life of Sigmund Freud 52 Meaning in the life of Sigmund Freud 62 Evaluation 67 Developments in psychoanalytic theory 68 CHAPTER 7: MAN ON THE PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSION OF BEING 72 Introduction 72 The humanistic view of man 73 Humanistic theories from a meaning perspective 92 A breakthrough into the dimension of meaning in the lives of Allport, Maslow and Rogers 104 Evaluation 125 CHAPTER 8: MAN ON THE PSYCHOSPIRlTUAL DIMENSION OF BEING 131 Existential psychology 131 Man's quest for meaning 137 PART IV: RESEARCH FOCUS: THE MEANING OF SUFFERING 138 CHAPTER 9: THE QUESTION OF SUFFERING IN MAINSTREAM PSYCHOLOGY 139 An evolving theory of man 139 The oblivion of peripheral being: the behavioristic option in dealing with human suffering 139 The sanity ofreason: the Freudian solution to the savagery of human emotion 143 The release of man's potential for goodness: the humanistic blueprint for a healthy society 147 A post-paradise commission to confront the question of evil and suffering: the existential position 154 CHAPTER 10: PRELIMINARY IMPRESSIONS OF THE MEANING OF SUFFERING 169 Aspects which have emerged in the contemplation of the meaning of suffering 169 The meaning of suffering in the context of the Holocaust 172 PART V: THE RESEARCH CONTEXT: THE HOLOCAUST 174 CHAPTER 11: THE HOLOCAUST AS A CRISIS OF MEANING 175 The Holocaust as a personal crisis 17 5 The Holocaust as a Jewish crisis 176 The Holocaust as a crisis of Western civilization 185 The Holocaust as a crisis of conscience 193 The Holocaust as a challenge to meaning 197 ~~~~d~d~ry m PART VI: THE LIFE-WORLD OF THE HOLOCAUST SURVIVOR. HOW CAN WE BEST STUDY IT? 205 CHAPTER 12: THE SURVIV()R SYNDROME 206 Suffering a trauma beyond imagining 206 A battle of the mind 207 Memory recall of survivors 209 The survivor1s will to meaning 213 The dignity of suffering 216 The unsung heroes 221 The hidden spirit of man 223 Beyond coping and hardiness 226 A new approach in the study of survivor experiences 227 A concluding statement of research intentions 229 CHAPTER 13: THE QUEST FOR A HUMAN SCIENCE 230 The methodolatry of radical behaviorism 230 The psychoanalytic plunge into the subjective nature of man 232 The hwnanistic revolution in science 232 New paradigm research 234 CHAPTER 14: THE HEURISTIC METHOD OF RESEARCH 23;] I Heuristic inquiry: the internal search to know 239 ( 1 The criteria of heuristic research 240 ! The heuristic research process 240 \ The question of reliability and validity 244 _j PART VII: A HEURISTIC STUDY OF THE LIFE-WORLDS OF FIVE HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS 249 CHAPTER 15: ENTERING THE LIFE-WORLDS OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS AND INITIATING THE RESEARCH 250 Introduction 250 The preparatory phase 250 A visit to the Holocaust museum in Jerusalem 252 The She'erith Hapletah: The life-worlds of the surviving remnant 253 Themes which are significant to Holocaust survivors 256 The concentration camps in which research participants were interned 261 Conclusion 264 CHAPTER 16: ACQUISITION AND EXPLICATION OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS' EXPERIENCES 265 ---i 265 I The acquisition of the data I The explication of the data 272 ! The scientific merit of the present research 275( Questionable metholological issues in the present research 280 ( CHAPTER 17: THE RESEARCH RELATIONSHIP WITH AND PORTRAIT OF -~ EACH RESEARCH PARTICIPANT 283 Esther: Eva Weisz 283 Malke: Magda Haydu 286 Sarah: Leah Leibovitz 289 Deborah: Dinah Benedikt 291 David: Don Krausz 297 Concluding thoughts 308 CHAPTER 18: A COMPOSITE PICTURE AND A CREATIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE DATA 309 Suffering as a watershed 309 Suffering as a challenge 310 A composite picture of the data 310 The cup ofFrankl's suffering 31 l Stories of choice: Similarities between the story of Frankl and the stories of the research participants 316 Optimal humanness: man on the dimension of meaning 331 The commission 339 PART vm: REFLECTWE REVIEW 340 CHAPTER 19: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34ll The research focus and rationale 341/ Research objectives 341'/ Limitations of the present study 345 ' Recommendations for further study 347 \ A closing reflection on the value of the present study 350 0 \ References 352 ADDENDUM: DATA ON AND PROTOCOLS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS 380 FOREWORD Heuristic inquiry, one of the new paradigm research orientations, is the method of research employed in the present study.
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