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Pacific Island Taro Market Access Scoping Study

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PACIFIC ISLAND TARO MARKET ACCESS SCOPING STUDY The EU-Funded Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade Project ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Date of Publication March 2011 Lead Coordinating Author Dr. Andrew McGregor | Managing Director, Koko Siga (Fiji) Ltd Contributing Authors Pousima Afeaki | Taro Exporter, Tinopai Farm, Tonga Dr. John (Jack) Armstrong | Quarantine Treatment and Market Access Consultant, Hawaii Amanda Hamilton | Agricultural Economist, Trinidad and Tobago Dr. Jim Hollyer | Taro Expert, University of Hawaii Roy Masamdu | Biosecurity and Trade Facilitation Officer, SPC Kevin Nalder | Market Access Consultant, New Zealand The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the inputs of Rajhnael Deo, Rob Duthie, Kelvin Kaiming, Rohit Lal, Dr. Vincent Lebot, Arthur Mar, Dr. Richard Markham, Kalara McGregor, Dr. Lex Thomson, Tuifa’asisina Steve Rogers and Sanfred Smith. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade (FACT) Project, funded by the European Commission (EDF 9) and implemented by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). The data presented, conclusions drawn and the recommendations made are the sole responsibility of the authors. CONTENTS ACRONYMS V 1 Introduction 01 1.1 Background and methodology 01 1.2 What is taro? 02 1.3 A summary of major findings 02 2 Taro as an internationally traded commodity 04 2.1 Global production 05 2.2 Global trade in fresh taro 06 2.2.1 Taro importers 06 3 The contribution of taro exports to Pacific Island economies and livelihoods 08 3.1 An overview 09 3.2 Pacific Island taro export industries 10 3.2.1 Fiji 12 3.2.2 Samoa 13 3.2.3 Tonga 16 3.2.4 Vanuatu 17 3.2.5 Solomon Islands 18 3.2.6 Papua New Guinea 19 4 The export markets for Pacific Island taro 20 4.1 New Zealand 21 4.1.1 Demand for taro in New Zealand 21 4.1.2 The New Zealand domestic industry 21 4.2 Australia 22 4.2.1 Demand for taro in Australia 22 4.2.2 The domestic taro industry 23 4.3 United States market 25 4.3.1 Demand for taro in the USA 25 4.3.2 The USA domestic taro industry 27 4.4 The Japan market 30 5 The pest disease status of taro exporting and importing countries: A preliminary review of the available literature 31 5.1 Pacific Island taro exporting countries 33 5.2 USA (Hawaii) 36 5.3 Australia 38 5.4 Caribbean taro exporters 38 6 Market access and quarantine 40 6.1 Taro import protocols and their application 41 6.1.1 Import requirements, recent history of interceptions and actions taken 41 6.1.2 A review of the justification of current taro import protocols and their application 58 7 Prospects for expanding taro exports if quarantine protocols were reformed and pathways improved. 61 7.1 Scope for expanding New Zealand’s taro market 62 7.2 Scope for expanding the Australian taro market 62 8 Some proposed improvements in the taro production and marketing pathways 63 8.1 The current taro pathway 64 8.2 Recommendations for pathway improvements 65 9 Identification and prioritisation of researchable issues for taro to improve market access. 68 9.1 Reform of the taro quarantine import protocols 69 9.1.1 Australia 69 9.1.2 New Zealand 69 9.1.3 Japan 70 9.2 Improvement of the taro production and marketing pathway 70 Bibliography 71 Annex 1 Scoping Study Terms of Reference 76 Annex 2. Notification of BA Emergency Measures forColocasia esculenta var. antiquorum 77 Annex 3: Report on Caribbean taro exports to the United States 79 Annex 4: An overview of recent quarantine issues relating to fresh taro exports from Fiji to New Zealand 92 Annex 5: Regulatory Overview: Importation of dasheen (taro) into the United States 97 Annex 6: International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures ISPM No. 29 Recognition of Pest Free Areas of Low Pest Prevalence 110 ACRONYMS ACIAR Australian Center for International Agricultural Research AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, DAFF BA Biosecurity Australia BCR Border Cargo Release (USDA -APHIS) BSA New Zealand Biosecurity Act (1993) CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute CEvA Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (Sato-imo, Japanese taro) DAFF Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia EU European Union FACT Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade Project – Implemented by SPC funded by the EU FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FEA Fiji Electricity Authority FQIS Fiji Quarantine Inspection Service OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States MAF Ministry Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand) NARD National Agriculture Release Program (USDA -APHIS) PHAMA Pacific Horticultural and Agricultural Market Access Program - AusAID HSNO Hazardous Substances New Organisms Act (New Zealand) PICs Pacific Island Countries PRA Pest Risk Analysis PPQ Plant Protection and Quarantine RIRDC Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement, WTO TGA Taro Growers Australia TLB Taro leaf blight (Phytophthora colocasiae) USDA-APHIS United States Department of Agriculture – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service USP University of the South Pacific WTO World Trade Organization Exchange rates per unit of foreign currency (mid-market rate Oct 25th 2010) USD AUD NZD JPY FJD 0.537 0.550 0.717 43.8 WST 0.427 0.437 0.570 34.8 TOP 0.519 0.532 0.694 42.4 Source: Universal Currency Convertor 01 INTRODUCTION The EU-Funded Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade Project 1.1 BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY This scoping study hereafter referred to as the “the study” was initiated by the SPC/EU Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade (FACT) Project in response to the high rejection rate of taro exported to Australia during the first half of 2010. The study reviews the taro import protocols for the four major markets for Pacific taro (United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand), together with their justifications, applications and impacts on taro imports. The aim of the study is to understand the constraints and opportunities related to fresh taro exports from PICs. The study undertakes a comparative analysis of quarantine requirements of the major markets for fresh taro and includes an evaluation of the domestic taro industries of Australia, USA (including Hawaii) and Japan. The study also reviews the Caribbean taro export industry because the region is a major supplier of taro to the United States. Ultimately, the study provides a basis for facilitating regulatory reforms that result in uniform import requirements based on scientific merit. A detailed analysis is undertaken of the present and potential export markets for Pacific island taro. Although New Zealand is the primary market, Australia and the United States are also important markets and Japan offers significant potential for sato-imo taro. A review of the disease status for taro exporting and importing countries has been undertaken based on available literature. The emphasis is on diseases of quarantine concern and possible quarantine concern, in particular viruses and taro leaf blight. While considerable literature was found to be available on pest and disease status of taro in PICs and Hawaii, similar literature for Australia and the United States mainland was less comprehensive. This marked difference is likely a reflection of the importance of taro to the Pacific Islands and Hawaii and its minor importance in Australia and the USA mainland. Fiji, Tonga and Vanuatu were found to have a relatively favourable pest and disease status, with no records of taro leaf blight and the major viruses of concern. Taro leaf blight is a major disease in Samoa. Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands have the least favourable pest and disease status. The study was coordinated by Andrew McGregor, Managing Director Koko Siga (Fiji) Ltd. The team comprised Pousima Afeaki (taro exporter, Tinopai Farm Tonga), Dr John (Jack) Armstrong (Hawaii and New Zealand based quarantine treatment and market access consultant), Amanda Hamilton (Trinidad and Tobago based agricultural economist, Dr Jim Hollyer (University of Hawaii taro expert), Roy Masamdu (Biosecurity & Trade Facilitation Officer, SPC), and Kevin Nalder (New Zealand based, market access consultant). The inputs of RajneelDeo, Rob Duthie, Calvin Qiu, Rohit Lal, Dr Vincent Lebot, Arthur Mar, Dr Richard Markham, Kalara McGregor, Dr Lex Thomson, Tuifa’asisina Steve Rogers and Sanfred Smith are gratefully acknowledged. The data presented, conclusions drawn and the recommendations made are the sole responsibility of the authors. 1.2 WHAT IS TARO? Edible aroids or ‘taros’ are members of the family Araceae, the most common being species of Colocasia, Alocasia, Amorphophallus, Cyrtosperma and Xanthosoma. In the Pacific Islands the most important taro species are: • Taro (Colocasia esculentum) – taro, talo or dalo in Fiji • Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium)- dalo ni tana in Fiji, talo futuna in Tonga, talo palangi in Samoa • Giant swamp taro (Cyrtosperma merkusii)– via or viakana in Fiji, pula’a in Tonga, babai in Kiribati • Giant taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos) – kape in Tonga and ta‘amu in Samoa Two botanical varieties of Colocasia taro have been recognized: C. esculenta var. esculenta, commonly known as dasheen, and C. esculenta var. antiquorum (CEvA), commonly known as eddoe. Dasheen varieties have large central corms, with suckers and/or stolons, whereas eddoes have a relatively small central corm and a large number of smaller cormels (Purseglove 1972). Pursglove (1968) suggested that the English names taro, dasheen, and cocoyam be used for Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta while eddoe be used for Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum. However, many references tend to use cocoyam mainly for Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Manner and Taylor 2010, Lebot 2009). 01 Whatever the edible aroid tuber is called (taro, dasheen, cocoyam, eddoe), the various genera of taro provide a high carbohydrate vegetable to millions of consumers worldwide. The market demand is such that taro may be produced, consumed, and exported by the same country that also imports taro.
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