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History of the English Language НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ Кафедра романо-германських мов і перекладу HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE для студентів зі спеціальності 6.020303 "Філологія" За редакцією автора КИЇВ - 2014 УДК 811.111: 93 (072) ББК 81.2 Англ я7 Б12 Рекомендовано до друку вченою радою природничо-гуманітарного ННІ Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України (протокол № 1 від “29” вересня 2014р.) Рецензенти: Бабченко Н.В. − кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, завідувач кафедри іноземної філології Університету сучасних знань Сидорук Г. І.− кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри іноземної філології Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України Бабенко О. В. Історія англійської мови. Навчальний посібник для студентів зі спеціальності 6.020303 "Філологія": — Видання друге, перероблене і доповнене. / О. В. Бабенко — К. : ВЦ НУБіП України, 2014. – 334 с. Навчальний посібник спрямовано на розкриття специфіки форму- вання та становлення англійської мови в діахронічному аспекті. Поряд з даними історичної фонології, граматики, лексикології англійської мови навчальний посібник також містить матеріал з синтаксису та за сучасними найбільш розповсюдженим діалектам англійської мови. До його складу входить короткий зміст лекцій, завдання для практичних занять, теми са- мостійної роботи, додатки. Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів та викладачів факу- льтетів іноземних мов вищих навчальних закладів. УДК 811.111: 93 (072) ББК 81.2 Англ я7 Б12 © Бабенко О.В., 2014 © НУБіП, 2014 2 Preface………………………………………………………..…… 5 LECTURE 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE “THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE” ……………….…… 6 LECTURE 2. ENGLISH ALPHABETS, PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING…………………………………………………………… 15 LECTURE 3. PHONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Old English Phonological System ……………… 27 LECTURE 4. PHONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY…………………………………….………………… 37 Middle English Phonological System ……………………………… 38 Modern (New) English Phonological System ……………………… 43 LECTURE 5. HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE………………………………………………………… 50 LECTURE 6. HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Verbs, Syntax) ……………………………………… 74 LECTURE 7. DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY AND WORD-BUILDING (OE Vocabulary) ………………………… 89 LECTURE 8. DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY. WORD-BUILDING (ME, EModE Vocabulary) …………………… 96 LECTURE 9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL LITERARY ENGLISH …………………………………………………………… 118 SEMINAR 1 ………………………………………………………… 135 SEMINAR 2. ………………………………………………………… 138 3 SEMINAR 3. ………………………………………………………… 148 SEMINAR 4. ………………………………………………………… 153 SEMINAR 5. ………………………………………………………… 158 SEMINAR 6. ……………………………………………………… 164 SEMINAR 7. ………………………………………………………… 170 SEMINAR 8. ………………………………………………………… 174 SEMINAR 9. ………………………………………………………… 178 Recommended literature …………………………………………… 182 Appendix 1 …………………………………………………………… 185 Appendix 2 …………………………………………………………… 255 Appendix 3 …………………………………………………………… 257 Appendix 4 …………………………………………………………… 259 Appendix 5 …………………………………………………………… 266 Appendix 6 …………………………………………………………… 308 Appendix 7…………………………………………………………… 327 4 PREFACE Significance of the manual lies in the development of communicative and professional competence as one of the key types of implementation of compe- tence approach in general. The history of English is a fascinating field of study in its own right, but it also provides a valuable perspective for the contemporary study of the language. The historical account promotes a sense of identity and continuity, and enables us to find coherence in many fluctuations and conflicts of present-day English language use. Above all, it satisfies the deep-rooted sense of curiosity we have about our linguistic heritage. People like to be aware of their linguistic roots. This training manual is intended for the 3rd year students at the Department of Romanic and Germanic Languages and taking the course the History of the English Language. It fully meets the requirements of the programme in the sub- ject. The purpose of this aid is to help students, as advanced learners of English, to extend their linguistic and professional competence by: presenting significant notions of the History of the English Language as a subject; helping students preparing for the seminars; providing them with some strategies for learning, theoretical and practi- cal materials; increasing their motivation towards further education; developing critical thinking. The training manual is divided into two parts focusing on theory and practice. The materials in the first part are organized to help the students sys- tematize the crucial points of the lectures. The second part deals with the practi- cal assignments which are aimed to brush up learners’ practical skills in all his- torical aspects of the language. The appendices contain 300 hundred multiple choice tests for self-control, themes for students’ self-study, sample module pa- pers, sample articles All-Ukrainian and International students’ scientific confer- ences on the historical aspects of the English language, some schemes and charts. The training manual is compiled by O. V. Babenko, Ph.D. in Philology, As- sociate Professor at the Department of Romanic and Germanic Languages, The Education and Research Institute of Natural Sciences and the Humanities, Na- tional University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv. 5 Lecture 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE “THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE” Plan 1. The subject, the goal and the main objectives / problems of the HEL 2. Methods of studying the HEL 3. Sources of studying the HEL 4. The connection between the HEL and the history of its people 5. The periodization of the HEL References: Obligatory: 1. Верба Л.Г. Історія англійської мови: навч.посібник для студ. вищ. навч. закладів. /Л.Г.Верба; за ред. Е.Ф. Рікко. – Вид.3, виправл. – Вінниця: Нова Книга, 2012.– на англ. мові, С. 6 –18. 2. Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка: Учебник/ Т.А. Расторгу- ева. – 2-е изд. стер. – М: ООО «Издательство Астрель»: ООО «Изда- тельство АСТ», 2003. [4 ] с. – на англ. яз, С. 10 –23. Additional: 1. Бабенко О.В. Курс лекцій з історії англійської мови. Навчальний посібник для студентів зі спеціальності 6.020303 "Філологія (Перек- лад)", Частина 1/ О.В. Бабенко. – Вид-но НУБіП, 2011.– на англ. мові, С. 6 –31. Internet resources: http://www.elib.bsu.by/handle/123456789/10663?mode=full http://www.ineu.edu.kz/data/course/25/course_326.ppt http://www.englishclub.com/english-language-history.htm http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/genintro.html http://bosworth.ff.cuni.cz/finder/3/maeg%C3%BEum 6 OUTLINE 1. The subject, the aim and the main tasks / problems of the HEL The goal of this course is to investigate the development of the system of the English language. Objectives of the course: to study different linguistic processes, to show causes and ways of formation of specific linguistic features of the EL. The subject matter of the course is the changing nature of the language through more than 15 hundred years of its existence. The course includes: historical phonology historical morphology historical syntax historical lexicology The history of the EL is closely connected with cognate languages. In the process of the development of the EL two main trends can be observed: 1) the appearance of new forms and words; 2) the disappearance of the obsolete forms. 1) Phonetics and spelling. English spelling is difficult because it is more traditional, more conventional than phonetics. The value of Latin letters differs from their value in other cognate languages, such as German or French: e.g. bite – 4 letters, 3 sounds; night – 5 letters, 3 sounds. Sound system changes rather slowly because it must constantly preserve the contrast between the phonemes that are essential to the differentiation between morphemes. 2) Grammar. During the historical development of the EL some grammat- ical forms appeared, others became obsolete and disappeared. Every language has an organized structure of grammar. Any changes meet all these requirements and correlate with the norms of the language. Some changes meet exceptions: a book – books, but a woman – women. Grammar changes very slowly because grammar structure provides frames and patterns for other systems of the language. 3) Word stock. It’s a part of the language that changes more rapidly. In the process of the English development a lot of words of French origin appeared in the EL. The fact that words of the French origin occur very often in the Eng- lish word stock proves that the process of borrowings is a characteristic feature in a language. Changes in the vocabulary can be observed during the lifetime of 7 one generation: borrowing of a coined word can appear as the result of achieve- ments in technological, economical, computer spheres of life. It is necessary to state that changes in the word stock are also caused by changes in the linguistic groups to which a language belongs. But all alterations in the word stock do not break up the language system, they support it and show how it works. Conclusion: A language is non-static. Changes are taking place all levels of the language. The nature of linguistic changes is mainly determined by its characteristics and its functions in the society (communicative, expressive, etc.). 2. Methods of studying the HEL Any language can be investigated with the help of two main scientific ap- proaches: 1)synchronic; 2) diachronic. According to the synchronic approach, all linguistic
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