Tesis Que Presenta GUILLERMO MONROY RODRÍGUEZ

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Tesis Que Presenta GUILLERMO MONROY RODRÍGUEZ CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y DE ESTUDIOS AVANZADOS DEL INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL UNIDAD ZACATENCO DEPARTAMENTO DE COMPUTACIÓN Uso del efecto Doppler para detección de obstáculos en desplazamiento peatonal Tesis que presenta GUILLERMO MONROY RODRÍGUEZ Para obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Computación Director de tesis Dr. José Guadalupe Rodríguez García CIUDADDE MÉXICO DICIEMBRE, 2016 Agradecimientos Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencias y Técnología, por la beca otorgada para realizar mis estudios de Maestría. Al Centro de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, por los recursos materiales y humanos que me proveyeron e hicieron posible obtener el grado de Maestro en Ciencias en Computación. A mi director de tesis, Dr. José Guadalupe Rodríguez, por el apoyo durante todo el proceso. A mis sinodales, Dr. Gerardo de la Fraga y Dr. Amilcar Meneses, por su disposición para la revisión de esta tesis. A la generación de la maestría 2014 del Departamento de Computación. Les deseo a todos éxito en sus objetivos. México puede ser mejor si hacemos cada día nuestras actividades pensando como el ente colectivo que somos. A mis padres, Blanca y Guillermo; a mi hermana, Yadira; a mi cuñado, Nicolás, por el apoyo, amor y respeto a mi forma de ser, que siempre me han brindado. Al amor de mi vida, Lizbeth. Tú que al estar conmigo, me colmas de amor, me apoyas, me consuelas, me reprendes, me haces feliz. Haces que sienta que todo es posible. A mi amigo José Luis Gudiño, con quien comparto inquietudes, anhelos, penas y éxitos, y de quien estoy agradecido por brindarme su amistad desinteresada. Quiero expresar mi admiración a todos los que me han enseñado algo, a los profesores que a través de sus cursos e investigaciones me han dado la pauta para comprender el mundo de la investigación; a los maestros, que a través de sus obras literarias, de sus tratados, de sus actos, de sus puntos de vista, de sus ideas, o simplemente de su existencia, aportaron belleza y conocimiento a mi vida. Estos maestros me han enseñado que el aquí y el ahora son el espacio y el momento precisos para cambiar el mundo, y que el camino es más importante que el destino. Índice general Resumen XIII Abstract XV 1 Introducción 17 1.1 Motivación.................................... 18 1.2 Planteamiento del problema ......................... 18 1.3 Propuesta de solución............................. 19 1.3.1 Hipótesis ................................ 19 1.3.2 Caso de estudio ............................ 19 1.4 Metodología................................... 19 1.5 Justificación................................... 20 1.6 Organización del documento ......................... 21 2 Marco teórico 23 2.1 Electromagnetismo............................... 24 2.1.1 Historia del estudio del electromagnetismo ............ 24 2.1.2 Formas de onda ............................ 26 2.1.3 Ruido sobre ondas........................... 27 2.2 Efecto Doppler ................................. 27 2.3 Radar....................................... 28 2.3.1 Espectro y bandas electromagnéticas................ 30 2.3.2 Funciones básicas de radar...................... 33 2.3.3 Clasificaciones de radares....................... 34 2.4 Muestreo de señales .............................. 35 2.5 Detección de objetos usando radar ..................... 39 2.5.1 Detección empleando un umbral de señal............. 40 2.5.2 Probabilidad de falsa alarma y detección ............. 41 2.6 Cómputo ubicuo y navegación asistida por el ambiente ......... 43 2.6.1 Wearable Computing......................... 44 2.6.2 Electronic Travel Aids ........................ 44 2.6.3 Sistemas de detección de obstáculos para navegación asistida . 46 v 3 Estado del arte 47 3.1 SONAR ..................................... 47 3.2 LIDAR...................................... 50 3.3 LADAR ..................................... 52 3.4 RADAR ..................................... 53 3.5 Ventajas y desventajas............................. 54 4 Propuesta de solución 57 4.1 Requerimientos para la detección de obstáculos.............. 57 4.2 Arquitectura del sistema ........................... 58 4.2.1 Consumo energético y portabilidad................. 69 5 Desarrollo 71 5.1 Hardware y software empleados ....................... 71 5.1.1 Sensor de microondas para movimiento .............. 72 5.1.2 Arduino ................................. 72 5.1.3 Software empleado........................... 75 5.2 Implementación................................. 76 5.2.1 Primera fase .............................. 76 5.2.2 Segunda fase.............................. 82 5.3 Prototipo final ................................. 91 6 Pruebas 93 6.1 Escenarios de pruebas............................. 93 6.2 Plataforma de pruebas............................. 94 6.3 Análisis de resultados ............................. 95 6.3.1 Pruebas para la primera fase..................... 95 6.3.2 Pruebas para la segunda fase .................... 99 7 Conclusiones y trabajo futuro 103 7.1 Conclusiones................................... 104 7.2 Trabajo futuro .................................105 Acrónimos 107 Bibliografía 109 vi Índice de figuras 1.1 Metodología para el desarrollo de tesis ..................... 20 2.1 Línea del tiempo de descubrimientos importantes en el campo del electro- magnetismo ..................................... 25 2.2 Efecto Doppler para un observador y una fuente en movimiento . 28 2.3 Bandas del espectro electromagnético, imagen de IEEE............ 31 2.4 Diagrama de conversión directa e inversa.................... 36 2.5 Diagrama a bloques de un ADC......................... 36 2.6 Conversión analógico digital ideal........................ 37 2.7 Muestreo periódico de una señal analógica................... 38 2.8 Función de densidad de probabilidad normal ................. 42 2.9 Área de investigación para resolver el problema de la detección de obstáculos 45 2.10 Aproximaciones de los sistemas para la detección de obstáculos . 46 3.1 Diseño de NavBelt................................. 48 3.2 Prototipo del proyecto FIU............................ 49 3.3 Cinturón con sensores ultrasónicos........................ 49 3.4 Diseño de alto nivel del prototipo de la EPFL................. 50 3.5 Prototipo vOICe .................................. 51 3.6 Prototipo del proyecto Virtual Acoustic Space................. 51 3.7 Prototipo del proyecto de la universidad de Stuttgart ............ 52 3.8 Prototipo NAVI y voluntario probando el sistema............... 53 3.9 SmartVision. (a) Diagrama de proyecto SmartVision, (b) SmartVision en exteriores con etiquetas RFID........................... 53 3.10 Usuario que navega con el uso del sistema SLAM............... 54 3.11 Cronograma de trabajos wearables bajo ETA ................. 54 4.1 Arquitectura del sistema para la detección de obstáculos: vista lógica . 60 4.2 Arquitectura: vista de despliegue ........................ 61 4.3 Arquitectura: vista física o de Hardware .................... 62 4.4 Diagrama de bloques y dispositivo físico del Sensor HB100......... 63 4.5 Etapa de amplificación para HB100....................... 64 4.6 Etapa de amplificación para onda intermitente ................ 65 4.7 Detalle para el bloque procesador de señal................... 67 vii 4.8 Aplicación de un cancelador de ruido...................... 67 4.9 Umbralización de muestras............................ 68 5.1 Plataformas Arduino ............................... 72 5.2 Partes de la plataforma Arduino ........................ 73 5.3 Montaje del módulo de amplificación de la señal ............... 78 5.4 Interfaz de visualización para sistema basado en HB100........... 80 5.5 Diagrama de diseño para acondicionar la señal del sensor HB100 . 85 5.6 PCB para HB100.................................. 85 5.7 Montaje del prototipo en la fase 2........................ 86 5.8 Sistema wearable para detección de obstáculos ................ 91 6.1 Escenario de prueba sin obstáculos ....................... 94 6.2 Escenario de prueba con entrada......................... 94 6.3 Escenario de prueba sin obstáculos ....................... 95 6.4 Archivo ejemplo de datos en la prueba del escenario 1 en la fase 2 . 96 6.5 Tres muestras caso de espacio libre fase 1 ................... 97 6.6 Tres muestras caso de apertura en el camino fase 1.............. 98 6.7 Tres muestras caso de espacio cerrado fase 1.................. 98 6.8 Muestra en escenario de espacio libre......................100 6.9 Muestra en escenario parcialmente cerrado................... 101 6.10 Muestra en escenario cerrado........................... 101 viii Índice de tablas 3.1 Comparativa de los prototipos.......................... 55 4.1 Características de peatones............................ 58 4.2 Tiempos de respuesta necesarios para el sistema de detección . 58 Índice de códigos 5.1 Función para la generación de trenes de pulsos................ 76 5.2 Conversión de señal analógica a digital..................... 77 5.3 Muestreo y almacenamiento de las señales recibidas............. 78 5.4 Función para calcular frecuencias de entrada analógica........... 79 5.5 Filtrado para detectar objetos que se aproximen o alejen a velocidad peatonal 80 5.6 Función setup() de la interfaz de visualización................. 81 5.7 Función draw() para la interfaz de visualización................ 81 5.8 Función para crear la rejilla............................ 82 5.9 Control de modo.................................. 83 5.10 Funciones para calibrar frecuencia Fx y ancho de pulso........... 84 5.11 Muestreo
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