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Michael Faraday, Chemist CHEMISTRY CHRONICLES Michael Faraday, Chemist This icon of modern physics was, in reality, a chemist by training and profession. Richard A. Pizzi any of the great pioneers of members of a Protestant Christian sect George Ribeau. He had previously run modern science in the 18th and called the Sandemanians. Originally estab- errands for Ribeau to help with the fami- M19th centuries have compelling lished in the early 18th century as dissenters ly finances, but by 1805 the family’s personal stories. Some toiled in obscurity, from the Church of Scotland, the Sande- economic situation demanded that Fara- while others were the toast of fashionable day work regularly. The apprenticeship society. The life of the famous English lasted for seven years, and while he learned scientist Michael Faraday is particularly the trade of bookbinding, Faraday also interesting, however, as he crossed many began his self-education in science. He different social and economic borders in read the scientific entries in the Encyclo- his career. He knew poverty and isolation pedia Britannica and perused many of as well as fame, and he gained respect in the texts that he bound in the shop. He elite social and scientific circles while was also particularly taken with Jean simultaneously maintaining membership Marcet’s book Conversations on Chemistry, in a small, often disdained religious sect. which inspired him to perform rudimen- The man who would plumb the very tary experiments and build his own elec- nature of electricity was one of the most trostatic machine. enigmatic of the world’s great scientists. Dealing with Davy Founding Faraday In 1810, Faraday joined the City Philo- Faraday was born on September 22, 1791, sophical Society, a group of men and in the village of Newington Butts, which women who met weekly to hear scientif- is now part of London. Faraday’s father, ic lectures and debate topics of current James, was a blacksmith from Yorkshire intellectual interest. An extension of his who had moved south with his wife efforts at self-improvement, the lectures Margaret looking for work. Michael was Michael Faraday, 1791–1867. on electricity, galvanism, and mechanics their third child, born soon after the fami- particularly excited him. While continu- ly relocated from northern England. These manians have been described as a “closed ing to broaden his understanding of early years were hard ones, as work was and tight-knit spiritual brotherhood.” In science through intensive reading and difficult to find. James was in poor health Faraday’s time, there were approximately debate, in 1812 Faraday was given tickets and barely made enough money to keep 600 Sandemanians in all of Britain, and to attend lectures by the renowned chemist the family together. only about 100 in the London communi- Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution. In his later years, Faraday recalled that ty. This small band of Christians made These lectures would, in more than one in 1801 when prices were particularly high, strict distinctions between themselves and way, change his life. he and his siblings were allotted one loaf nonmembers, demanding a great deal of Impressed by Davy’s brilliance, Fara- of bread each, which was meant to last an personal discipline and commitment from day took detailed notes of the lectures and entire week. His early education was equal- their adherents. All those who were not made careful copies of them afterward. He ly meager. He remembered that he learned Sandemanians were considered “unright- wrote to Davy and gave him copies of the only the “rudiments of reading, writing, eous”, and this included other Christians. lecture notes, which included meticulous and arithmetic at a common day-school.” Faraday’s Sandemanian religious beliefs drawings, and asked the prominent Most of his time was spent at home or in would shape his entire life, including his researcher for help in establishing a career the streets. The family lived in rooms above thinking on questions of science, as he in science. Davy arranged a meeting with a coach-house and struggled for basic sought to comprehend the “intelligibility, the younger man but had no position to sustenance. beauty, and symmetry of the divinely offer him. In fact, he warned Faraday away Amid all the difficulties of his youth, constructed universe.” from science, suggesting that its financial Faraday took comfort in his family’s strong At the age of 14, Faraday began an rewards were poor. His apprenticeship PORTRAIT: OF MEDICINE LIBRARY NATIONAL religious faith. He and his family were apprenticeship with the bookbinder complete, Faraday took full-time work as ©2004 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MAY 2004 TODAY’S CHEMIST AT WORK 39 CHEMISTRY CHRONICLES a bookbinder but continued to hope for natural philosopher Hans Christian a life in science. Oersted had discovered electromagnetism Less than a year later, he got what he and opened a new field of research that desired. In early 1813, one of Davy’s labo- was growing in popularity. Faraday was an ratory assistants at the Royal Institution enthusiastic participant in these explo- was fired for fighting with a co-worker. rations. Working in his basement labora- Davy soon hired Faraday to replace the tory in the late summer of 1821, Faraday man. For much of the next two decades commenced a series of experiments that Faraday would work at the Royal Institu- led to his discovery of electromagnetic tion, first for Davy and then under his rotation. This had great practical signifi- replacement William Thomas Brande. But cance, as it would prove to be the princi- between October 1813 and April 1815, ple behind the development of the elec- Faraday accompanied Davy and his wife tric motor. Faraday published his findings Jane on a tour of continental Europe. in the October 1821 issue of the Quar- Davy lectured to appreciative audiences, terly Journal of Science. and Faraday had an opportunity to meet During the decade following his some of the most important scientists in discovery, Faraday worked principally in the world. He encountered Ampère in the field of chemistry. His most impor- Paris and visited Volta in Milan. Although tant achievements during this period were he was Davy’s lowly assistant and was treat- the liquefaction of chlorine in 1823 and ed as little more than a valet by Davy’s the isolation of benzene in 1825. He also wife, this grand tour broadened Faraday’s worked extensively on the production of cultural and scientific horizons. optical glass. As important as any research When he returned to London in 1815, project to Faraday’s public reputation, Faraday reassumed his position as a chem- however, was his founding in 1826 of two ical assistant at the Royal Institution. Most lectures series: the Friday Evening Discourses of his work was that of a technician— and the annual Christmas lectures for performing chemical experiments in the adolescents. He lectured more than 140 laboratory for his superiors, but he also times in these two series from 1826 to the began lecturing on chemical theory at the early 1860s and was considered the Philosophical Society and published his premier scientific lecturer in Britain. Both first paper (on caustic lime) in 1816. Fara- lecture series continue to this day. day worked primarily for William Brande, but he also helped Davy with the devel- Electrifying Progress opment of the miner’s safety lamp in In August 1831, 10 years after his discov- 1816–1817, and he assisted surgical instru- ery of electromagnetic rotation, Faraday ment maker James Stoddart in his attempts discovered electromagnetic induction. He to improve the quality of steel. The labo- demonstrated that a magnet could induce ratory at the Royal Institution was one of an electrical current in a wire, and he was the best-equipped in the world, and Fara- able to convert mechanical energy into day benefited from close association with electrical energy. This discovery was truly the premier scientists in England. revolutionary, for it paved the way for the creation of the electric transformer and His Wife and Work generator, practical technologies that The year 1821 was one of the most signif- would profoundly change modern life. icant of Faraday’s life, both personally and Faraday continued his work on elec- professionally. In June, he married Sarah tricity for the remainder of the decade. He Barnard, whom he had met in the Sande- developed a theory of electrochemical manian church. Later that he year, he action and coined, with William Whewell, made his “confession of faith” in the now-familiar words like electrode, elec- church. He also received a promotion at trolyte, and ion. He also worked on a new the Royal Institution, where he was named theory of static electricity and electrical superintendent of the house. induction. Faraday ultimately rejected the Since his early days at the Institution, old theory that electricity was a fluid. He Faraday had worked primarily on chem- concluded that electricity was a force that ical experiments. But in 1821, this passed from particle to particle of matter. changed, as he returned to one of his early In February 1833, Faraday was named interests: electricity. In 1820, the Danish Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the 40 TODAY’S CHEMIST AT WORK MAY 2004 www.tcawonline.org CHEMISTRY CHRONICLES Royal Institution. He was awarded an in the first part of the decade, but he honorary degree from the University of recovered enough to renew his research Oxford and received two awards from on electricity. the Royal Society. Faraday had been previously elected to the Royal Society The Faraday Effect in 1824 over the objections of his As a result of new mathematical devel- mentor Humphry Davy, who was then opments in the field by William Thom- president of the Society.
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