Bull. is. Cem. 11 (

In consequence of this decision, many of the references in the index to volumes 1-20, 1816-26, of the Quarterly Journal of interleaved copy bear no correspondence to anything in the text Science and the Arts, published in 1826, in the possession of of the revised editions, the Royal Institution, has added in manuscript on its title-page Yet Faraday continued to add references between the dates "Made by M. Faraday", Since the cumulative index was of the second and third editions, that is, between 1830 and largely drawn from the separate indexes of each volume, it is 1842, One of these is in Section XIX, "Bending, Bowing and likely that the recurrent task of making those was also under- Cutting of Glass", which begins on page 522. It is listed as taken by Faraday. If such were indeed the case, he would have "Grinding of Glass" and refers to Silliman's Journal, XVII, had considerable experience in that kind of harmless drudgery, page 345, The reference is to a paper by Elisha Mitchell, dating from the days when his position at the Royal Institution Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy, &c. at the University of was still that of an assistant to William Brande. Carolina, entitled "On a Substitute for WeIdler's Tube of Safety, with Notices of Other Subjects" (11). This paper is frn nd t interesting as it contains a reference to Chemical Manipulation and a practical suggestion on how to cut glass with a hot iron . M. aaay, Chl Mnpltn n Intrtn t (11): Stdnt n Chtr, n th Mthd f rfrn Exprnt f ntrtn r f rh, th Ar nd S, iis, M. aaay as eoe ou ages o is ece wok o cemica oo, 82. maiuaio, o a accou o e meos o cuig gass wi a o 2. iae commuicaio om Ms, , Aeso, 6 uy 8. io. is iecios ae auae o e youg cemis, ecause ey . , Yn,tr ntrl hlph nd th Mhn ae aw ou io a miueess o eai, wic aoe ca make l Art, o. 2, oso, oo, 80, . 820. em o ay use a ye e as omie oe ecauio, wic I ae 4. Ao,, "oices esecig ew ooks", hl. M,, 82, ou imoa i cuig age ues, ias, ec, a o o makig 2 (r. 2, 866, e io oo o. I sou e eae o a eess aey isie i . Ibd., . 646. ayig. I i is sae, i e cause o iae a ew imes aou e 6. Ibd., .6 ue, aog e ack wee e iisio is o e mae, a a o o . Ibd., . 6 wae u uo e so, a sime acue, wiou sie aws, wi e 8. Ibd., . 666. oaie, . Ao,, "Cemica Maiuaio &c", trr Gztt nd rnl f th ll ttr, Art, Sn, &, 82, 22 (l 2, Faraday did not, however, include this tip in the third edition. 424. Another of these later references occurs in Section XIII, 0. Ao., "Cemica Maiuaio &c", Quart. J. Arts Sci., "Crucible Operations - Fusion - Reduction", which begins on 82, 24, 228. page 281, The reference is to a paper entitled "On the Existence . E. Mice, "O a Susiue o Wees ue o Saey, of Titanic Acid in Hessian Crucibles", by R. H, Brett and wi oices o Oe Suecs", Ar,. .S.Art, 80,,40. Golding Bird, published in The Philosophical Magazine in 2. . . e a G. i, "O e Eisece o iaic Aci i 1835 (12), Faraday noted on his interleaf: essia Cucies", hl. M,, 8, 6 (r. , .

. Woaso o me i 8228 a essia cucies coaie iaae a aso a Cois cucies eseme em i a Sydney Ross is Professor of Chemistry at Rensselaer Poly- esec. technic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 and is the author of "Nine- teenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science". Again, Faraday did not carry this defense of Wollaston's priority into his third edition, although the fact that he entered it in an appropriate place in his interleaved coy of the text, indicates that at one time he had meant to do so. UNPUBLISHED LETTERS OF FARADAY One change, however, he deemed important for the third AND OTHERS TO EDWARD DANIEL edition, It consisted of introducing the terms of his own CLARKE coinage, "electrolyte" and "electrodes", into the section on voltaic electricity, instead of the terms he had used originally, Sydney Ross, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute namely, "imperfectly conducting matter" and "poles". It may seem surprising that so creative a worker as Faraday The letters printed here are part of a collection of autograph should have employed himself in so routine task as combing letters made by Edward Daniel Clarke (1769-1822) based on the printed literature for references with the diligence that these his own private correspondence. His biographer, William annotations display. Nevertheless, a copy of the cumulative Otter, wrote (1): 80 u, is. Cem. (

O is ies a coesoes i may e sai wiou e siges eaggeaio, a ey ome o icosieae oio o e esos wose eaig a geius ae se a use uo ei couy uig e as wey yeas, a is, o i oe eame oy, u i seea a i e a sew as muc ega o is ow ees, y akig coies o em, as e i o ose o oes, y eseig em, ey wou ae cosiue ogee a oy o coesoece as ieesig a isucie as ay wic as ee esee o e uic i ou memoy esies e emie ames o oso, a, a uey, wi . May a , ue, aeay meioe, ee aea i e eames o cassica a ioogi ca ieaue, M. aye Kig, , aie, , oomie, oes sos Mok a oee, . Kaye (iso o iso, M, Maias, M, Weso, Aceaco Wagam, &c, amogs esos isi guise y ae, o i e ie as, M. o awkis, M. Maus, o yo, M. Waoe, o Aeee, M. Squie, o aeia, M, Wikis, M. oouse, M. aks, M. ucka, . ee, Si W. Ge, M. amio, Mao ee, M, ea, &c. i cemisy, mieaogy, a aua isoy, , Woaso, wose ees ae aicuay ki a isucie, M, ea, Si , ay, M. Wae, , omso, e mieaogica oesso a Aeee, M, aisoe, , Mie, ea o Caise, oesso Ki o Oo, M. ome, M. u, M. esie, . ewse, M. ameso, Si W. Smi, M. ame, &c. o ese may e ae, M. Ege Ewa aie Cake wo, M. Wieoce, . icos, Aaic oesso a Oo (om a egaig y . Meye amogs oeiges, Ceaie, aas, ay, oee, &c, mos sikig caaces eogig o e Camige ie o a my Many of these letters were sold at auction on 27 May 1842 eay ime. e was ey eoque: I sou say e mos auay but at least one substantial block of material was not sold at that eoque ma I ae ea: a is, e gae o wa e sai a e time. The late Louis F, Gilbert of University College, London, cam a uecy, eaesess, a ie eiey cou gie, ie owned a large collection of letters addressed to Clarke, which ee o is meaig ai uo, wic oe cou o ea a cose he had purchased from Thomas Thorp, bookseller. These are eamiaio. e was o a eac o oou ma o sciece, u e the letters mentioned by Otter as pertaining to chemistry, a a goo kowege o wa was oig i e wo o sciece, a mineralogy, and natural history, They are bound into two large uaue couage i eeaouig o ake is sae i i. e ey volumes, which were consigned to the auction room by G ilbert' s eay ew imse o ieces oce o wice i is eeimes wi is widow and sold as lot 462 at Sotheby's on 19 July 1960, when oyyoge owie. e, o euig o e Uiesiy ae is they came into my possession. aes, ega o eie a couse o ecues o Mieaogy, wic We owe the preservation of these early letters of Faraday to wee ey aacie, o i em e iouce soies a iscussios Clarke's habit of retaining, as a part of his autograph collection, aou a a e a see a ea o i e couse o is aes. all letters addressed to him, which he then had bound together Amog oe igs e soke o meeoic soes. e ceeae mass in chronological order, so that through the decades none o meeoic io wic aas a see i Sieia a a escie became detached and separated. Few letters of Faraday are i is Travels, a e ecey aw geea aeio o e suec. extant from this period, before his name was well known and Cake a o couse a eoy o e suec o ese soes. I o o even before the cult of collecting autographs had reached its kow i ayoe ow maiais a eoy. e e a as a later growth (2. susaces ca eis i a gaseous sae, e comoes o ese soes Edward Daniel Clarke, Faraday's correspondent in 1816, is mig occu, i a gaseous sae, i e ige egios o e eas well introduced in the following words of William Whewell amosee mig ee, owig o some aua ee o oe, (3): comie o couse wi eosie ioece, oise a ie, a mig e a o ea. I o o kow i is eoy mae may coes We I was a uegauae a Camige aou 8,I aee e some o us ceaiy auge a i a oe o my ies sai a i mieaogica ecues o e ceeae Ewa aie Cake, e seeme o im us as ikey a e ai sou o iscuis om ime us eue om is aes wic a eee om e aic o o ime i e eigouoo o a ou mi. e Cimea a e Meieaea, Ceaiy Cake was oe o e

u. is, Cem. ( 8

Another of Clarke's undergraduate auditors was Adam Sedgwick, who testified that "he kept us awake", high praise indeed for any lecturer (4), Henry Gunning of Christ's College described him as one who "often suffered his imagination to run away with his judgment" and related several instances, among which is an anecdote of how Clarke, spying a picture, covered with dirt, in a shoemaker's shop, persuaded himself that it was a portrait of Shakespeare (5), He put it into a magnificent frame and exhibited it in the University library, On the first day it was exhibited upwards of 3000 persons came to see it and Clarke wrote a small pamphlet proving it to be an original Shakespeare, Later, however, he changed his mind and made a present of it to the shoemaker from whom he had purchased it. On another occasion he was greatly excited to discover a model of the Flight into Egypt, which he declared, after removing the dirt with which it was encrusted, to be covered in precious stones, especially the reins of the bridle, and to be very valuable. The stones were judged later to be of no value. Evidently Clarke imbued all his experiences with romantic qualities. Clarke's results with the oxyhydrogen blowpipe led him to theorize that volcanic eruptions arise from the decomposition of water by geothermal heat and the subsequent pressurizing and recombination of its gaseous elements. Lord Spencer, expressing surprise at the noise and heat of the oxyhydrogen flame, remarked "It is like Etna." "Like Etna, m 'Lord!" Clarke replied, "Why it is Etna itself!" Clarke sent a written account of his first experiments with the oxyhydrogen blowpipe to a journal newly established at the Royal Institution, of which William Thomas Brande (1788- Cakes moiicaio o e ewmaooke oyyoge 1866) was the editor and Faraday, as Brande's assistant, was owie, icuig a saey sie o oecio factotum, or general dogsbody. Faraday wrote that (6): om eosios (.

We M, ae e oo i Augus [86], e gae e Quar- terly Journal i cage o me i as a ey muc o my ime a cae, a wiig oug i as ee moe aua wi me. I as, owee, aso ee e meas o giig me eaie iomaio o some ew oecs o sciece.

Among the early information received by Faraday was Clarke's report of his experiments (7), but many of his conclu- sions were received with reservation, especially his claims to have reduced barium oxide by heat alone to elemental barium, which had a vitreous rather than a metallic appearance; and to have obtained a metal "of a greater degree of metallic lustre and whiteness than the purest silver" [the italics are Clarke's] from silica. This latter metal, he admited, "I have not been able yet to re-produce in a manner altogether satisfactory," Particu- larly offensive, however. to Davy and his circle of admirers at the Royal Institution must have been Clarke's presumption, or perhaps only naiveté, in naming the metal from silica siticium, thus implying that Davy's silicon was not elemental but a sub- oxide of Clarke's silicium, and his renaming Davy 's barium as e ewmaooke oyyoge owie. plutonium "because we owe it entirely to the dominion of fire: 82 u. is. Cem. ( according to Cicero there was a temple of this name, dedicated to the God of Fire, in Lydia" (7). The selection of the same name for element 94 has a different history, One of Seaborg's original team, Dr. Nicholas Kemmer, suggested that the use of planetary names, started by Klaproth with "uranium"(element 92), named in honor of the then newly discovered planet Uranus, should be continued. Outward from Uranus is Nep- tune, so element 93 should be named "neptunium". The next planet is Pluto, and so element 94 should be named "pluto- nium". That Pluto is the god of fire is a pleasing coincidence, but not the reason for the name chosen for element 94 (8). The following letters from Faraday to Clarke have to do with the printing of Clarke's paper in The Quarterly Journal of Literature, Science and the Arts, The paper is entitled "Ac- count of Some Experiments Made with Newman's Blow-pipe, by Inflaming a Highly Condensed Mixture of the Gaseous Constituents of Water". To Faraday was delegated the task of seeing this paper through the press but, as we see from his letters, he undertook, with all due respect, to engage the author in questions of chemistry. So well did he do this that Clarke came to consider him an authority and evidently addressed various queries to him, to which Faraday's fifth letter is a reply. Faraday used little punctuation in his handwritten letters - to reproduce them in their original form in print would distract a reader and give a false impression of incoherence - for the William Thomas Brande purpose of this publication, therefore, occasional punctuation (From an engraving by L. Wyon) has been inserted: FARADAY TO E. D. CLARKE Royal Institution August 8th 1816 FARADAY TO E. D. CLARKE Royal Institution August 6th 1816 Sir - I have been to the Printer to ask him the time he can allow for making up Copy and he says that three weeks are as much as he can Sir - Mr. Brande is at present on the Continent but left directions with spare; in which time Sir if you can favour us with a paper of so much me before his departure for the management of the Journal. interest as the experiments or rather results you so briefly relate, The results obtained from the earths Barytes & Strontia independ- promise we shall be much indebted to you. ent of electrical powers must be interesting. From conversation with The printer is very willing & indeed prefers that you should Mr. Newman I have presumed that the experiments are in extension yourself correct the press but we have no means except the Post by of that first made by Sir H. Davy in which Oxygene & Hydrogen were which to send the impression down. But if when you send the copy burned from the new blowpipe. you also transmit other directions we shall strictly attend to them. I venture to return thanks on the part of Mr. Brande for any paper Mr. Newman appears to have been not sufficiently explicit in you may contribute to the Journal & promise that due attention shall detailing to you the history of the experiment in which oxygene & be given to it. hydrogene are burnt from his blowpipe. I presume that from the I am Sir, With great respect, Your humble Srvt interest you must feel in your present series of experiments you will M. Faraday. excuse me for giving a fuller account of it. The merit of having first burned oxygene & hydrogene issuing in John Newman (fl, 1816-1838) was an instrument maker mixture from a common reservoir belongs to an unknown Native of with a shop at 7/8 Lisle Street, Leicester Square, London. He Germany, who as far back as 3 years ago told Mr. Tatum of this City was the maker of the compressed-gas blowpipe, which he co- that he had burned a mixture of oxygene & hydrogene, propelled from invented with Henry James Brooke (1771-1857) (12). The use a bladder through a long narrow tube, at the end of the tube with safety of a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, in a ratio of two to one & without the inflammation passing up into the mass of gasses (9). He by volume, as the combustible gas was Clarke's idea, though considered the security of the experiment as depending on a strong Faraday was soon to inform him that he was not the first to have pressure given to the bladder. Whilst in conversation with Mr. Tatum tried it, & relating to him the singular experiment in which Sir H. Davy had u, is. Cem. ( 8 iouce oe o is ams io a eceie ie wi oygee & I ae o ye succeee wi Sie, Aumia, Magesia, a yogee gasses i e mos eosie ooios, e o me o e ime ue a y coeig eac o em io a Gass, aoe cicumsace u sai e a ee mae e eeime. I aewas meioe i o Si . ay ecause I cosie i o ee Yous uy E. , Cake o ose ey cicumsaces wic isue e saey o is miig Aesse o aaay [sic] oya Isiuio Aemae S am, M, ewmas owies wee mae o e is ime aou oo is eio & Si . ay immeiaey aie oe o em o e eomace o is eeime, I was ese i was mae wi my cauious eques & succeee eecy. aia was use & a ey AAAY O E. , CAKE iese ea oaie u oig moe was oe wi i. oya Isiuio Augus 2 [86] is I ae eey easo o eiee was e is ime e eei me was oe i Ega a eas o oe a mae i eoe i ay Si I se e ae y e Mai o is eeig o you aeaios. way coece wi e iomaio I ae us gie, I myse is e ie as comose a cosieae a o i, wic wi o M. ewma e esu meey ecause i a ee oe wi e owee e aee accoig o e coy you wi se ack, e susiuio o is ow ie o e oigia ae. e iome me wises o i as soo as ossie, A awig as ee mae o e aewas a e a meioe i o you a a you wise o owie wi is coesig syige & e sma ue a gie o usue i ae. I ea aso o . Woasos oecios & o e e engraver on wood. I wi e ace a e ea o e ae so a commuicaio a asse ewee you & Si . ay. a eeece o i i e oy o e ae mig e ageeae. Suc is e isoy o e case, A Gema is coceie e We you is meioe e eucio o e eas aya a eeime i e i o make i, Si . ay is mae i i Ega S oa i was oe so iey as o aow o may ous esecig & you Si ae e mei o ayig i so aiy & o e oaiig e accuacy o e eeimes & e esus. I am ga ese ae suc emakae esus, I sa is eeig see M. aum & make ee uy cosiee. eas i wou e wo wie o sae a ue equiies esecig e auo o is iomaio a i you eeime i wic e meas ae ee coee io eas agai, ae esious asmi i o you o a uue occasio, Iee so sigua is i a ey sou e a a emae i e I am Si, wi Gea esec, You y ume se amosee a e wo wi equie u oo a a is e case. M. aaay. ei acio o wae (aicuay a o uoium(. I sou Aesse o e. . Cake, ik wou e ey ioe. umigo See, Camige I you as ee you ae sai a you oaie e meas wiou e ai o cacoa u I suose e eucio was eece o y e ea aoe u wi e ai o some comusie mae as E. . CAKE O AAAY (0 oi, &c. e suosiio eaes meey o e eucio o e Camige, Augus 26, 86 oae esece o ay oe mea. I am Si, Wi Gea esec, You ume Se ea Si Wie ee is ime I coiue o a oe iscoey ae M. aaay aoe, eas, i you ae o se my Ms o e ie i wi e ee o eu i a I may make e aiios. I ae a is mome e Metal of Strontia eoe my eyes AAAY O E, . CAKE siig wi a e use a wieess o igy uise sie, oya Isiuio Augus 2 86 aoug i was oaie so og ago as as iay Moig om e Earth, I ecomes coee wi a eay owe someimes, u o Si I am ey soy a ay cousio sou aise i e eu o aways, we a soke o e ie iscoses a es ace o e Mea. you MS. I ae ee o e Oice wee i was ooke (y M. e Mea o Strontia is, i ayig, wie a moe ike sie a ewmas a a ey assue me i e ow a e same ime wi a o Barytes. e ee u accou o e cicumsace o is aeaig o e You wi ease o osee a i eucig ese Earths o e missig y suosig a e me ae eaye e eiey o e metallic sae, ey wee o oug io coac wi ay meaic aces o a ou o wo. suo, suc as Platinum. I use Cacoa a ou oesso o o my ow a I acy i oae a ey ae se i y e Cemisy [ames Cummig (86 eessig a ou wee Coac, oug iece o e Mai (a cicumsace wic I ue Cacoa mig o coai io eoug o cause suc aeaaces, sa someimes occus a I oe you ae eceie i og sice. e Eeimes wee eeae wiou Cacoa u e Metals wee ey omise o wie o ei age aou i immeiaey, oug ey oaie as eoe. I so eeyig as ee oe wic is ae o esiaio i sayig a you ae a i ee is. I you ae ecessay o emosae a ese Metals o Bartyes a Strontia ae o I sou e ga o kow immeiaey a e ue ecessay seeay eie om e Erth i ei ues sae, wiou e ses may e ake immeiaey. amissio o ay oe metallic oy wasoee. You iscoey o a mea i Siica suises me moe a ay 84 u, is. Cem. (

ig you a eoe oe, ecause o e sog esumie oos we ace o i acuo a we ca scacey eeai a ou o is aoe y Si . ays eeimes a e asis o Siica was o usiiiy a some emeaue a i we a ee see cao as a mea u a iammae susace aaogous o oo. I is ey cacoa we sou o ae ee muc suise a e iea o imeie i me o sugges ay ig u e gea issimiaiy iamo omig wi meas iiiae susaces. Cao as ewee siica a e oe eas a e aaogy ewee i & someig ecuia i is comiaios, I eiss u i sma oo oacic aci [i.e. oo ioie], o ae ewee ei ases we ios i see ye causes a gea cage i e oeies o e io eae wi e uoic comous, omises o oe some ey comie wi i_ I eiss i eaoigy (sic) ig ooio i cuious iews i is eame o cemica sciece, aicuay i umago ye si eaes i ossesse o may meaic caaces, I Siica is e oie o a mea, i oig iicu i e iea o eieig a i may om wi e e iees o you eeimes augmes aiy & wi make you eay meas a iiiae comou. ae a auae aiio o ou oua. I is iicu o om a oiio o you seco quey wiou M. ewma esies me o say e as ea you ee o e 24, kowig eey cicumsace o e case a ey ca oy e oey I am Si wi muc esec, you ume Se asceaie y e oeao. e esece o eaeous susaces, M. aaay e iiicaio eoe soke o, e moe o ess eec eucio & may oe cicumsaces may e ese & ee a ey eesie iuece. I e mea wic eses ose cageae aeaaces AAAY O E. , CAKE is caae o eig iiie wiou e aiio o oe susaces oya Isiuio Se 86 a ae ese e ee is sog easo o eiee a e aiae aoaces o is sae cause e aeaaces. Si I ae us eceie you ee o yeseay a esiae o a I mus owee Si eg you ao o ouig you wi mae mome i wiig scacey a aswe o i u a ackowegeme so uimoa a so a emoe i is aue om [a] wic you o i. Iee you Queies aea o e suc as ca oy e aswee equie u I ca oy ese i ecuse my igoace o ose y eeimea iesigaios, o I am o awae o ay iomaio aicua acs a iee o sciece i geea. a ca e quoe, i.e. aw om asceaie kowege, a ca I am Si Wi gea esec ay o em oug, as my sma sock o cemica sciece eces You Oe. ume Se. saiy eaes uouce may imoa aces, i is ey oae M. aaay a aswes o you queies may e kow o some oug ukow o me, Aesse o e. . Cake, oesso o Mieaogy, &c &c &c, As owee Si I uge om e imo o you commuicaio Camige you eec a aswe om me, I sa eue a ew oseaios o e suec. I as ee my ieio o some ime as o eea A few letters from other correspondents are pertinent to the some oyou eeimes u I ae o ye ocue a ow ie om questions discussed in Faraday's letters: M, ewma a ae eeoe ee oige o ee em. o aig see e eeimes i is ossie I may make a wog ugeme o em, o ee ae may ie cicumsaces & cages W. T. BRANDE TO E. D, CLARKE wic aise i e ogess o a eeime wic maeiay assis [Uae, u eay 8] us i omig a cocusio. Aowig a cacoa causes e iiicaio o meas i is My ea Si I ae us eue om e Coie o sou ae eie a i mus e owig eie o a cage i e sae o e mea, se a eaie aswe o you may auae commuicaios. I eg o o e ecomosiio o e mea, a iiiae oy eig e, o o ak you o aig se em o e oua o is isiuio, a o a comiaio o e mea wi some oe susace omig a cogauae you o ei imoace. iiiae comou. o aig see e eeimes I ae o I ae succeee i mos o you meos o usio, u ae o suicie meas o ugig, sice eecs may ae ee ouce i ye ee ae o oai aium, o as you ae ame i "uoium", em wic ae ew u easoig om e ais o e meas as I o Soium. e ea uses, us, a eaoaes. You wi ae me wi em I sou o ik a e ue mea was iiie eeoe muc oige me i a you eisue you wou gie me suc o ecomosey e owes you ae aie o i a i e oows iecios egaig your meo as may eae me o aai e esu a i as comie wi some ig, I sikes me iee a you esie. I oe you wi osecue you equiies a ee em. ae ome a caue & i a is e case a caue may e My assisa aaay as I oe ace coomay o you wises i iiiae, oug e ue mea is o. I ae oe oug o e a a egas e oos o you ae. oae cages wic cacoa mig uego a e ea you You ow coies wi e owae i a ew ays. ossess e meas o ocuig, i is comiaio wi oygee cou Yous my ea Si ey aiuy e iee. I some eeimes mae wi e oweu oaic Wim. os. ae. oya Is, Sauay aaaus ee ee wee aaey eieces o is oaiiaio u, is, Cem. ( 8

. . W. ESCE O E, , CAICE o ake ace i a ue 80 o a ic i iamee & ices og & [Uae] was goig o ecomme o you o measue e aeue oug wic e eosio a asse. ea Si I ae aeay euse, wi aious aeio, e ey Wi esec o oo, is susace aoys wi aium & oe eaoiay Saeme o you amaig eeimes i aes meas, I oce susece a i was a meaic ooie u ceaiy oua. I am ay o see a e ei Socy as distinguished ise sou ee ae coceie a i cou ae ee eie i a y is omiue i iicaig a sese o e imoace o you seam o oygee gas. iscoeies a e oe aou wic i ei osecuio as e I ca ay suose a e ieece o 80 & 60 o a ic you o ey moe a oiay age. ca make suc a ieece i e esus. A eas y imiisig e Pardon me, i as a Meme o e oya Socy I eess something mass o mae a equa ea oug o e ouce, likeregret a ei asacios a o o aouce o e Scieiic I ca immeiaey gie you a a y wic a ossiiiy o wo suc woeu esus (oug e uic wou ae suee age is aoie & wi wic you may use tubes o ay iamee y e eay u e eioica wok o a iiiua (owee you ease, ae wo comessig oes mae uise wi wo ecee seems o me a eice uwoy [o e] magiue o e sococks wi iamees so aage a oe may eie wice as iscoey. muc gas i a gie ime as e oe i oe wi comesse I wie i e umos ase ay ao me, yogee e oe wi comesse oygee e e wo sococks Yous ey uy, .,W. esce emiae i a commo uc o ue o ie gass. You aouce a e ea ouce y e comusio o .S. I ae a ey eaoiay e. o uy a oicia i oo oygee & yogee is soge a a o e mos oweu o sew you i you ca uis me wi a es o ey og ocus, and oaic aey. I ou is. I wou equie ey accuae & miue a sunny morning. es o comaiso o oe i. I ae o ou a e owie wi oygee & yogee wi oe a useu isume & e cemica wo wi ae oigaios UMY AY O E. . CAKE o you o aig sow e owe o i, ay ays iisosiio 2 Quees Squae, a Oc. 28 [86] as oug me ee, Se coiues uwe u I oe e a waes wi eec a cue. My ea Si I ae se e summe i e o o Ega Wi esecs o Ms. Cake i wic ay ois me, ea Si, iciay amogs e coa mies eoyig e ieessie eas ey siceey yous, . ay. ue o seeig my ams eeywee emoye i eseig e I sa e ga o see you ae o e . Sociey & wi wi gea mies om age. You ee aoucig you es wi ew easue oe my suggesios uo i. mas owie misse me i is is aess & as sice oowe me sou, I ae is ay eceie you seco ee. References and Notes a I see you commuicaio o e Quaey oua o Sciece eoe i was uise I sou ceaiy ae cosiee i . W. Oe, The Life and Remains of Edward Daniel Clarke, a ac o iesi as we as uy o ae egge o you o ecosie o. 2, oo, 82, . 22. may as o i& a a ees o ae aee e om i wic ceai 2. A. , . Muy, The Cult of the Autograph Letter in England, esus wee aouce. Ao ess, Uiesiy o oo, oo, 62, . 2. Amogs e meas o e eas aium o e mea o ayes . I. oue, William Whewell, D. D., Master of Trinity is e oe wic I oaie i e mos uequioca mae y e College, Cambridge: An Account of His Writings with Selections aey & i goues suiciey age o eamie. I oes o ea from His Literary and Scientific Correspondence, o, 2, Macmia, ee a momeay eosue o e ee ai & amagamaes eaiy oo, 86, . 8. wi mecuy. 4. . W. Cak a . McK. uges, The Life and Letters of the You eas ae o awae a aya as a sog aacio o Reverend Adam Sedgwick, Camige Uiesiy ess, Camige, oygee, a i eaiy asos a icie & a e eoie 80, o. 2, . 4. aiy oiaes & issoes aium. I am sogy isose o . . Guig, Reminiscences of the University, Town, and eiee a e metallic ims you oaie ae om aium a a County of Cambridge, from the Year 1780, o. 2, e, oo, ee issoe & eie & I am coime i is susicio y wa 84, . 2022, you say o e acio o cacoa i occasioig a iiicaio o e 6. Quoe i . ece oes, The Life and Letters of Faraday, meas o e eas. e eoie o aium issoes oe meas 2 e,, o., ogmas, Gee & Co,, oo, 80, , 2020, as we as aium. I sou ecomme i o you eeoe o use o . E. . Cake, "Accou o Some Eeimes Mae wi meaic susace as a sa o you eas. ewmas owie, y Iamig a igy Coese Miue o Wis I was wiig you i ee was oug o me. I was us e Gaseous Cosiues o Wae", Quart. J. Lit. Sci. Arts, 1817, 2, goig o aswe o you seco a I was ceai a eosio cou 042. 86 Bull. Hist. Chem. (1991)

8. G, Seaog, h rnrn Elnt, Yae, ew ae, C, 8, . , . aaay was o weiome o e isoy o e oyy oge owie, o a ue accou see E. , Goae, "oca e Sao a e Oyyoge owie", ll. t. Ch., 1989, 4,. 0. , A. , ames, e,, h Crrpndn f Mhl r d, o. , e Isiuio o Eecica Egiees, oo, , ,4. . aaay a sae o wie r, u cage e caia o a caia o ltn. e aeaio is ey eie, 2. . Usic,] ooke, "esciio o a ew owie", Ann. hl., 1816, , 6 a . ewma, Qrt .. S. Art., 1816, ,666. A eame o ewmas owie ca e see i e Sciece Museum, oo, see A, acay, ndb f th Clltn Illtrtn r Chtr, rt II, rptv Ctl, Sciece Museum, e Maesys Saioey Oice, oo, , . 62. . E. . Cake, hG lp, r Art f n b rnn th G Cnttnt f Wtr vn th tr f th hl phlApprt dnntd nd th rf f Anl n t Oprtn t th tr f ln, Cae a aies, oo, 8.

Sydney Ross is Professor of Chemistry at Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 and is the author of "Nine- teenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science". Cisia o Gouss not begin until 1800, when Volta's account of the so-called "pile" was published (2, This device, and developments that rapidly followed, provided for the first time a source of E AWAY O E AWS O continuous, reasonably steady, and comparatively large a- EECOYSIS mounts of electricity, As Faraday was to point out later, the then well-known static or "common" electricity is character- John T. Stock, University of Connecticut ized by high intensity but very little quantity. Nicholson read Volta's communication before its publication, with the result Michael Faraday has a massive physical monument - the vast that a pile was constructed and used to prepare hydrogen and number of books, papers, and general articles that have sur- oxygen by the electro-decomposition of water (. From this veyed virtually every aspect of his life and work. This paper deceptively simple experiment sprang the vast and diverse is the result of looking at a limited but important aspect of this field of electrochemistry (4), monument. Although the fact of the electro-decomposition of water As a life member of the oya Institution of Great Britain, was obvious, a satisfactory explanation of the mechanism I spent part of a sabbatical leave under the direction of Profes- involved was not, despite various efforts over several decades. sor Ronald King, At that time, he was planning the Faraday In the long-studied area of "common" electricity, beliefs were Museum in the basement of the Institution. I had the opportu- in the existence of two forms of electricity, positive and nity of reading some of Faraday's manuscripts, giving me a negative; "like signs repel, unlike, attract"; and "action at a feeling of looking over his shoulder as he planned his next distance", governed by an inverse square aw. These beliefs experiment. To mark the 150th anniversary of the 1834 were the inheritance of early workers concerned with voltaic publication of the Second Law of Electrolysis, I set up a electricity. In attempting to explain electro-decomposition, commemorative exhibit in one of our departmental wall cases. this inheritance was largely a handicap. Included was a display that cyclically highlighted some of In 1801, Johnann Wilhelm Ritter (1776-1810), a German Faraday's contributions to chemistry (1). physician, used V-shaped tubes to re-examine the electro- Although the histories of both chemistry and electricity go decomposition of water (. This shape prevented transfer of back to ancient times, electrochemistry as we know it today did matter from one pole to the other by convection or agitation. To