2 The Second Downtown by Mary Schif/ett While providing Houstonians with one of the finest health-related complexes in the OF HISTORY IND CULTURE world, the Texas Medical Center (TMC) also contributed to the rise of a more diver sified economy for the city. This article provides an overview of the creation of the Vlllm2...... 1 TMC and its importance in Houston's history.
EDITORIAL STAFF cSJ Two Bachelors, a Vision, and the Texas Medical Center ' Joseph A. Pratt by Bryant Boutwell r Editor \' I The philanthropic contributions of two bachelors, George H. Hermahn and Monroe ; WJ1am H. Kellar I D. Anderson, made possible the growth of the TMC. Their generous spirit and ,:.. Guest Editor l vision laid the foundation for future expansion. Jenna Berger Managing Editor 20 Footpath of Faith by Jacquline Sarver Spiritual healing has always played an important part in physical healing. The author Christine Womack takes the reader on a journey to the Medical Center's various hospital chapels, as well Business Manager as the Institute for Religion and Health. Jamie Christy Assistant Editor /JO The Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library: A Notable Medical Athenaeum by Kimberly Youngblood Leigh Cutler Assistant Editor The availability of information about medical research and treatment has bee~ criti cally important in the improvement of healthcare. The HAM-TMC Library faced Marsha Van Horn numerous challenges as it expanded its role as a center of learning and information. Designer
ADVISORY BOARD /JO The Rise and Fall of Medical Psychology at M. D. Anderson, Audrey Crawford William Kellar 1951-1958 by James Olson Barbara Eaves Louis Marchiafava The author explores the difficult struggle to incorporate psychological services into Steven Fenberg Martin Melosi the treatment of cancer patients in the 1950s and 1960s. Competing visions and Cliff Gillock Mary Schiflett conflicting personalities hampered this effort. Will Howard Cary Wintz Harold Hyman &c:SJ Quentin Mease and the Creation of the Harris County Hospital District by Roger Widmeyer EDTIDRIAL POLICY This article looks at the important role that Quentin Mease played in the develop The Houston Review of History and Culture is ment of the Harris County Hospital District and the expansion of public healthcare published twice a year by the Center for Public in the Houston area. History at the University of Houston. We welcome manuscripts, interviews, and photographic essays 44 The Children's Art Project at The University of Texas on the history and culture of the Houston region, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center ...still growing, still giving, and broadly defined. All correspondence should be sent still all /ired up! by Gail Goodwin to The Houston Review, University of Houston, Department of History, 524 Agnes Arnold Hall, The Children's Art Project at M. D. Anderson has grown into a highly visible com Houston, TX 77204-3003 (713-743-3088 or bination of therapy for young cancer victims and fundraising for research. This arti 713-743-3087). The web site is cle examines the project's amazing growth and the role it has played in bettering the www.class.uh.edu/TheHoustonReview. We also wel lives of children fighting cancer. come ideas for topical issues; these can be sent to the above address or to [email protected]. ~k!T~ Subscriptions are $ 10 per year for students, These interviews and profiles focus on the contributions of individual doctors to the $15 per year for individuals, and $25 per year Texas Medical Center's development. The six doctors featured are representative of the for institutions. Single issues and back issues are efforts of thousands of others. available for $10. G 6 Benjy F. Brool~s, MD, Profile by Jenna Berger <02004 by the Center for Public History. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this issue or any portion I 6 Charles A. LaMaistre, MD, Profile by Mary Jane Schier of it is expressly prohibited without written permis sion of the publisher. The Center for Public I 0 Denton A. Cooley, MD, Interview by William H. Kellar History disclaims responsibility for statements of fact and opinions of contributors. 2 0 Katharine H.K. Hsu, MD, Profile by Timothy B. Kirwin POSTMASTER: Send address changes to University of Houston, Center for Public History, /14 John P. McGovern, MD, Profile by William H. Kellar 524 Agnes Arnold Hall, Mavis P. Kelsey, MD, Interview by William H. Kellar Houston, TX 77204-3003 47 2.no. l Houston's original downtown grew Street was described as the longest com Street's esplanade was all but eliminated steadily in the 19th century as the city rnercial tl-10roughfare in Texas. Unlike in one of Houston's first efforts to emerged as the regional center of trans numerous other towns, Houston was lucl
2, no. 1 page 3 built for Houston's citizens on a site at the one left by Hermann were central in mak even before that, Dr. Bertner had drearned south end of that park. By 1925, the new ing the Texas Medical Center a reality. of a modern "City of Medicine," such as Hermann Hospital opened its doors and One was a quiet, serious businessman, had been described in ancient Greek Houstonians had additional reasons to Monroe Dunaway A nderson; and the mythology as the domain of Asclepius: a motor down South Main.4 A large tract of other, a visionary doctor, Ernst W place where all can hope for the best of land bordered the new par!~ on its south Bertner, MD.6 medical l;mowledge and a reasonable boundary, malzing it possible for further Monroe Dunaway Anderson was not chance of extending good health. As Dr. growth and expansion if the city wished to born in Houston, but his love for the city Bertner loolwd at Houston, he believed he do so. 5 developed while he was a young man. had found a place where his dream might In late 1943, this city land-some Houston today owes much to his generosi become a reality. 134 acres between the boundary of ty of spirit. Anderson aslzed two friends, The three trustees of the M. D. Hermann Parb southward to what is now Colonel William B. Bates and John H. Anderson Foundation helped bring Dr. Holcombe Boulevard-was sought by the Freeman, to serve on his foundation's Bertner's vision to fruition. Colonel Bates M. D. Anderson Foundation for a new board when it was established in 1936. and John Freeman were both attorneys, project (See Bryant Boutwell's article in In an interview with Colonel Bates in the and they invited banker Horace M. this issue). The Foundation especially mid-l 970s about the beginnings of the Wilbins to join them as the third member lilzed the land since it was next to M. D. Anderson Foundation, he recalle.. d: of tl1e M. D. Anderson Foundation.8 All Hermann Hospital. They reached an .. .Monroe Du ~~wa~ Andersons fo;e~~st three had been long-time friends of agreement with the City of Houston to concern was that Jiis foundation would Monroe Anderson and had spent many "purchase that land in Novenilier of 1943 serve people in the very best sense of hours together in both business and social for approxirnately $400,000. Thus began what service to mankind truly meant. He gatherings. While each l-1ad a background the process that would soon bring to wanted to be certain, too, that its charita different from the otl-1er, in many ways, Houston international renown in a field ble purposes would not be outmoded by they were all typical of successful Texans: not even ren10tely connected to the leg future changes in conditions. 7 proud of their heritage, determined to endary oil and gas industry. This land Monroe D. Anderson died in August leave the world better than they had found would become the location on which the 1939. It took some time for his estate to it, and never doubting that they could Texas Medical Center would be built, and clear various tax and regulatory proce achieve whatever they set forth to do. ;a new collection of buildings would come dures, so the approximately $19 rnillion These three rnen-knowledgeable in t'ti fill the Houston skyline. The Medical he had designated in his will to go to the law and finance-were, to a great extent, Center emerged as a center of business M. D. Anderson Foundation had some self-made men. They were steeped in a~d activity, one rivaling the downtown time to grow. Meanwhile, the trustees con Houston's history and had a strong aware area as an example of Houston's "can do" sidered how it should be spent. ness of what Houston needed to do to attitude. Ernst W Bertner, MD, was a native become a great city. They took seriously the charge that Monroe Dunaway Giants in Vision and Spirtt Texan and received his medical degree from The University of Texas Medical Anderson bad expressed concerning l1is The aspirations and dreams of two men Branch in Galveston in 1911. As a young estate. With all that in mind, they guided who left legacies equally important to the man, he served General John J. Pershing the M. D. Anderson Foundation's philan as a staff surgeon during the First World thropy so that, with Dr. Bertner's vision War. When the war was over, he decided he wanted additional training and was accepted for studies at Johns Hopkins U niversity. Soon, he established an east coast practice, and many pr01ninent Houstonians, including Jesse H . Jones, toolz the train half way across tl-1e country for their medical appointments. Jones urged Dr. Bertner to return to Texas, asl1ing hin1 to become the house physician at the new Rice Hotel. Dr. Bertner accepted the post and lived at the Rice Hotel from then on. Shortly there after, plans began to build a beautiful state-of-the-art hospital-Hermann Hospital-and soon Dr. Bertner was named chief of staff. He also had a goal in mind that he hoped to bring to Houston. From the time he had been a young doctor with the Army in Europe, and perhaps
Z,no.] and the ;h ~ l~ of·~~ny others, H ouston became the home of the Texas Medical Center. DR. BENJY BROOKS Spectacular Growth by Jenna Berger When the three trustees of the Anderson r. Benjy Frances Brooks knew what Foundation determined that Houston she wanted to do with her life from should have a medical center, it was a dar D the early age of four. At an age when ing resolution. There were-and still many young girls would be happy playing with are- excellent medical facilities in their dolls, the young Benjy Brooks had Galveston, only some fifty miles away. something else in mind. Her mother mar They were aware that many nationally veled as she watched her young daughter per prominent doctors had trained there and form operations on her dolls using manicure its credentials were solid. A sizeable pro scissors. 1 That was just the beginning of a portion of Houston's doctors were UT brilliant career in medicine. Dr. Benjyfrances Brooks Galveston alumni. They had a strong loy Born in 1918 in the small north Texas (1918-1998) Courtesy alty to The University of Texas Medical town of Lewisville, Benjy 'Frances Brooks Texas Women's Holl of Branch, and many of them wanted no part never forgot her Texas roots. After receiving ~ Fame, Texas Woman's •. of any plan to challenge its status as the her MD from The University of Texas University . primary medical training center for south Medical Branch in Galveston, Dr. Brooks explored the world 9 east ~rn Texas. around her as she became well respected in the field of pediatric T hen, there was the obvious. Prior to surgery. She accepted positions at the University of the 1940s, Houston's medical "center" was Pennsylvania and Children's Medical Center in Boston, and part of the downtown business district. became the first woman to join the department of surgery at The multi-storied Medical Arts Building Harvard University. However, she longed to return home. . In was located there; the Baptists' Memorial 1958, she got her wish, becoming the first woman pediatric sur H ospital was next to the downtown library; geon in Texas. 2 She joined the staff of Texas Children's Hospital St. Joseph's large hospital was just south of in the Medical Center, four years after the hospital opened. the core of downtown; and a couple of In addition to her time spent with patients, she continued other older hospitals were fanned out in the research she began earlier in her career, focusing on the other directions, but still near the center treatment of burn victims as well as congenital defects, making of town. great advances in those fields. She often attributed her success to There were so many reasons that a good childhood, growing up in Texas with "its long history of favored starting something new and big in strong pioneering women."3 a completely different location that it is As if her plate was not full enough, she took on a volunteer almost impossible to list only one or two. teaching position at Baylor College of Medicine. Dr. Brooks' Most of the existing facilities were small resume continued to blossom, and by 1973, she joined the fac and aging; none had modern wiring or ulty at the newly established University of Texas Medical School plumbing for the new equipment that was at Houston. She established and led the division of pediatric becoming standard in the major medical surgery for ten years. centers in the North and East; and none Dr. Brooks has been praised for her work many times over. was air conditioned. Dallas had just fin Many awards have been created in her name. Even a philan ished air conditioning every building on its thropic foundation was established in her name by the grateful fairgrounds as part of the Texas parents of one of her patients. They wanted the Benjy Brooks Centennial Celebration, and in Houston, Foundation for Children to continue her legacy of exceptional the new Foley's department store was cen surgical care for childr~n. She is in the Texas Women's Hall of trally air conditioned, proving that people Fame and in 1994, received the honor of being one of would go shopping just to be where it was "Houston's Pioneer Women and Today's Leaders." Just as she had cool. The idea of building a major struc admired Texas' strong, pioneering women as a child, Dr. Brooks ture without air conditioning was quicl 'fl,., Hou5lon I\cvicw-volurnc 2, no. I page 7 Vision an~ e Texas Me ica Center By Bryant Boutwell, DrPH Monroe Dunaway Anderson (1873-1939) Oil portrait of George H Hermann (1843 -1914) painted by Emory A Filleau in 1915. Unless otherwise noted, all photos in this article ore courtesy McGovern Historical Collections, Houston Academy of Medicine Texos Medical Center Library ames like Jesse H . Jones, G eorge R. Virginia, and then moving on to New times attended to his schoolworl< .5 At age N Brown, Ima Hogg, and Roy Cullen Orlean s. Eventually they moved to Vera sixteen G eorge enlisted in the will for ever be a part of H ouston's history Cruz, Mexico, where three children were Confederate Army and served with and the very meaning of philanthropy and born including a son named G eorge. Company A, Twenty-sixth Texas Cavalry citizenship. H owever, when it comes to the Tragically, George would die in a hunt until it was disbanded on May l, 1865, at international success and renown of ing accident in the H ouston area in Sandy Ford (now Crystal Springs), Texas. Houston's Texas Medical Center (TMC), 1840.3 T hus, the George H . H ermann He returned to Houston to find both of two bachelors talw the spotlight- George we celebrate today was the second his parents had passed away during his H. Hermann and Monroe D. Anderson. G eorge born to John and Verina. absence. George's two brothers, John M. T he hospitals bearing their names John Hermann, his wife, and their and Louis, passed away in 1869 and serve as the cornerstones of the T MC first three sons (including the ill-fated 1872 respectively, leaving George with no complex. Born exactly thirty ye ars apart, George), arrived at Allen's Landing in Hermann relatives in the U nited States. both of these lifelong bachelors shared 1838 with $5 and a plan to open a bal< After inheriting all the property left compassion for their fe llow citizens that ery. Mrs. H ermann is said to have pawned by his parents, George teamed up with translated into tan gible assets that all her jewels to purchase flour and sug ar so WJ. and J.F. Settegast in th ~ cattle and H ouston and our global community the family balwry on Main Street between real estate business. The Settegasts enjoy t o this day. Each had a vision that Commerce and Franklin could open. The remained among his closest friends their personal fortunes could be used for H ermanns sold bread to the growing throughout his life. By 1884, he had the good of the community in the name Houston community and the many boats diverted his attention to real estate. His of healthcare. W hile neither was a physi lining Buffalo Bayou. As the balwry pros father's frugal example apparently made a cian, both had a personal interest and pered, John Hermann saved his money strong impression on George as he pur involvement in improving healthcare for and eventually bought the block sur chased town lots, rent houses, and busi- those in need. In turn, George H ermann rounded by Walker and McKinney and Monroe A nderson helped set in Avenues and Smith and Brazos Streets. motion changes that rewrote the text T he family home, now the site of City Hermann Hospital entrance, 1926. book on healthcare in ways they proba Hall's reflection pond, was built there in bly never imagined. 1843. Later that year, G eorge H enry Hermann was born.4 George Henry Hermann As a boy, G eorge Hermann much preferred the outdoors to schoolwork and books. He loved animals, especially hors eorge H ern1ann once said he never es, and was seen more often at Welch's married because he could not afford G Blacksmith Shop than at William a wife. His father, John H ermann, was A ndrews Private School, where he some- from Davos, Switzerland. Born in 1791 , John H ermann was living in Paris at the time of Napoleon. 1 He joined Napoleon's Army and fought in the Battle of Waterloo, receiving leg and wrist saber wounds that were a great source of family pride. Years later, at age 71, George Hermann would stand before a cheering crowd during the last months of his life at the site of H ermann Park, preparing to donate his land to the city. H is remarl:<'. s began with his proud memories of his parents along with mention of his The original Hermann father's battle wounds at Waterloo.2 Hospital as seen in 1926, bor After th e Battle of Waterloo, John dered by the outer loop and H ermann returned to Switzerland and unpaved Fannin Street at bot married Verina (Fannie) Michael. In tom. Forest behind hospital is 1825, the two immigrated to the U nited future home of the Texas States, first arriving in Norfolk, Medical Center. About Ille Aulhor: Dr. Bryant Boutwell is Associate Dean for Community Affairs and Professional Education at The University of Texas Medical School al Houston and The John P. McGovern, MD, Professor in Oslerian Medicine. He has worked in the Texas Medical Center the past 30 years. 'J'hc Houst.on Review-volmne 1, no. 1 page 9 ness property. He also bought what was Gray recalled that Hermann was very fond was to visit relatives in Switzerland. Along then considered marshland, about five of eggs and liked fresh eggs every morn the way, he wrote a highly detailed journal miles from downtown Houston where ing. One morning he announced he would that chronicles both his adventure and his Hermann Park and the Texas Medical not eat any more eggs for a while as he frugal nature.9 He visited Central Park in Center are located today. Rarely was he had passed through the city marl -ictd ...... -tld .of!h.i,pnoiMllon'• - !Wi,,..,.to...... i. 1o .,.i..c11yon U.. ~.- 1 '11e Houston Review-volmne 2 , no. 1 page 13 WJIK: First, tell us abaut. your ddys in '#1ed time learh about the human body. ica! school. Anatomy courses and things .lik~that including thenotion that anyone.who appealed to me the most. There were so DAC: As a young man growing up in dared to operate on the human heart many other subjects that were also fa~ci Houston, I had the greate.st respect for the would lose the respect of. his colleagu~s. nating tome, including physiology. And physicians in town. My father was a den Another at ~bout the turn of tl>e ~0th then, we got into pathology and the dis tist and I can recall very well being at century said that we have gone about as eases that affect the body. And it was a home and hearing him talk about the far as we can ever go with the treatment most enlighte~ing peri~d of a young tn.an's physicians in town. Even though he was a of heart disease. So, we had no experience life. It was just a new world to all of us. prominent and successful and slzillful with heart surgery. At that time, most of the surgeries dentist, he respected the physicians more I spent my first and second years, my that were being done were for removal of than he did his own branch of the medical freshman and sophomore years, in diseased organs. Excisional treatment, profession. So, my goal was to someday Galveston. While I was in my fourth or we called it. If a person had bad kidney become a doctor of medicine rather than fifth month of medical school, the failure or an abscessed lzidney, they following my father's request that I take Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on would tal Mary Jane Schier is a native Houstonian who covered me.dicine and health for The Houston Post from 1966 to 1984. Smee 1984, she has been the senior editor and science writer in pub lic affairs at The U niversity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. When I returned to Houston in 1955, it really established our hospital here, obtained about three days later. We main I created my own bubble oxygenator and particularly, St. Luke's and Texas tained his life for that period of time. We artificial lung. And so, this bubbler was Children's Hospital, as centers for heart had to go all the way up to Massachusetts so much more efficient. It was not prob surgery. to get the donor and we did the implant. ably effective for more than about 30- We became the most prolific heart cen Unfortunately, the patient rejected the 45 minutes of surgery, but it permitted ter in the country at the time. Whereas, implant for a number of reasons, but us to operate on children. In 1956, I did the other major institutions would be nonetheless it was, again, a first. my first open heart operation with a bub reporting 40-50 heart surgeries per year, Since then, we have been worbng with ble oxygenator. And that really opened we were up into the thousands. We had a all sorts of mechanical devices to accom up the way for surgery throughout the wonderful opportunity and I worked plish the same purpose. And some of world, although they were limited in how 24-hour days because I knew that we were these mechanical devices that we call long the operation could be conducted into a wonderful new era and I wanted to assist devices are now being used as a and so forth, and what size patient was a establish the Texas Medical Center as a bridge to transplantation or, more good candidate for such surgery. We were major center for heart surgery. recently, may even become a destination able to show that you could stop the For example, when the first heart trans therapy. I think that is an interesting heart, you could work inside of the heart, plant was done in Capetown, South term. We call it destination. People may and if you did it efficiently and precisely, Africa, by Christiaan Barnard in 1967, I be using this assist device to maintain you could expect survival. Those their life permanently. Much like early operations in Minnesota carried the concept of pacemakers, which a rather high mortality. By showing have become so commonplace, they that patients could survive the short are put in now and people may look periods of open heart condition, I forward to 10-20 years of life on was sort of credited with showing that the support of that pacemalzer. So, open heart surgery was practical and these assist devices are in that sort that it could be done with low risk. of concept. So, that is pretty much And from that time on, many devel where it is going. opments have occurred. Of course, the real brealzthrough We experimented with various sub in producing increased life stances like potassium ion that could expectancy has come with the coro really be injected into the heart. Once nary bypass operation, which came you stopped the flow of blood, you into vogue in the late 1960s and injected this into the coronary circula 1970s. And today, of course, coro tion and actually stopped the heart so nary bypass is the most common that the surgeon could operate in a heart operation that is done, and completely quiet and bloodless field maybe 750,000 of them will be for the first time, without having the done throughout the world. In our heart beating and being obscured by own hospital here, we have done blood. Then, in the early 1960s, I was about 75,000 coronary bypass able to show that we did not need to procedures already. have a lot of blood to prime the sys In our operating rooms today, we replace all the components of the tem that was used. I showed that we Dr. Cooley perjonning surgery. Courtesy McGovern Historical Collections, could use what we called an elec- Houston Academy of Medicine·Texas Medical Center Library heart available and we replace the trolyte solution, a glucose solution, so valves in the heart. We replace the you were not as dependent upon the blood was determined to establish our position partitions in the heart. We use the pace bank to collect all of this blood. It used to in this new field of cardiac transplanta makers to support the conducting mech be that we had to collect 8-10 units of tion. I had the opportunity in 1968 to anism of the heart. And then, in our blood on the day of surgery and then do perform the first successful heart trans hospital, we do about 50 heart trans the surgery that day. But after we showed plant in the United States. And then, in plants a year. We have done close to that you could do it with this glucose 1969, we implanted the first total artifi 1,000 heart transplants in the Texas solution, we would be able to operate on cial heart, which we did as a step-we Heart Institute up to this time, one of the Jehovah's Witnesses tfiat would not even called it a staged transplantation. For largest programs in the cardiac trans permit any kind of blood transfusion. So, example, we had a patient who would have plantation in the country or in the world, that was really, I think, a major contribu died in the operating room, but we had a for that matter. So, all of these things tion that I made with my team here, that bacl~up from a total artificial heart, and we have talzen place during my 50 years here surgery could be done in a very practical used that heart as a stage to transplanta as chief of surgery at the Texas Heart and reproducible way with disposable tion. In other words, we preserved this Institute. equipment and so forth. That was our man's life by putting in this artificial heart, WHK: That is absolutely marvelous! major contribution to heart surgery. And and put out a plea for a donor, which we page 18 "I'!1c Ilonslon Review-volume 2, no. l members of the f acuity but it occurred to all of us and then against the dean as time progressed that it. and so forth. It was was really the beginning demoralizing to most of of modern heart surgery. us. We were worried that as That was in November hard as we were working as 1944. Now, it is July students to become physi 2004, 60 years later, and cians, our diplomas might I have been privileged to not be recognized, since be not just a witness, but a our school might be placed participant in a whole new on scholastic probation. field of endeavor. Sure enough, it was 1Jti Heart disease today is mately put on probation one of the real challenges because of this. for surgeons, and it has I decided that it was gone on and progressed by time for me to tran sf er to leaps and bounds since another school. I very qui that time, from the days etly applied to Johns that we were able to first Hopkins University in stop the heart and substi- ~ Baltimore. I went to ask !!lliilitilllii&iil<!l..lil!i.J9~;.I o tute for the heart and the the advice of my mentor, _..,._ILllLlllJ I~ lung functions-some- Dr. E.W. Bertner, who I 8- thing we call cardiopul think was really the brains ~ monary bypass. behind the creation of the Cl. I had the opportunity to Texas Medical Center. He §, go up and witness two of 0 advised that I transfer up ] the early pioneers in open a... heart surgery, both of them to Johns Hopkins. And so, over at the pediatric service area of applied there and because my grades I Hopkins was loobng for a way to correct in Minnesota. One of them was Dr. were good, was accepted. left Galveston I I the problem with the blue babies, which Walton Lillehei at the University of in February of and transferred up 1943 were born with a condition where the Minnesota. They were doing heart surgery to Johns Hopkins for the last two years of blood returning to the heart and to the by cross-circulating blood between the my medical school. lung was diverted back out into the cir mother or sometimes the father, and the At Johns Hopkins, I found a new sort of culation. It never went through the lungs child. And the real purpose was that the element going on, an interest in heart sur to become oxygenated. Oddly enough, best oxygenator that has ever been devised gery. My chief, my mentor, the professor Dr. Blalock had been working on another and ever will be devised is the human of surgery, a man named Alfred Blalock lung. And they could therefore use the aspect of the pulmonary circulation was worl~ing on several things to do with where he was trying to overfill the lung parent to oxygenate blood for the infant circulation. He was not necessarily with blood to see if he could create or child while this open heart repair was involved with heart disease originally, but hypertension. Oh yes, he could easily being done. he was interested in things like surgical connect the artery to the artery of the Over at the Mayo Clinic, (it is only shock or traumatic shock and was inter lung. So, they decided that they would try about 45 miles from Minneapolis and I traveled over there) a doctor named John ested in circulation of the lungs and what this in a patient. Kirkland had taken a machine that had made some patients develop high vascular Sure enough, the procedure worked first been used at Jefferson College in pressure in the lungs. Dr. Blalock was very well. I was in the operating room Philadelphia by a man named John working with a man named Vivien myself. I was an intern on the case and Gibbon. He worked on this device for Thomas who was a black man who had a just happened to be there. When they about years before he ever was able to high school diploma. Thomas had joined took the clamps off the vessels and the 30 try it in the human patient. He had a dif Dr. Blalock when he transferred from blood began to go through the lungs, the Vanderbilt up to Hopkins, and was work cardiologist standing at the head of the ferent bnd of a mechanical oxygenator ing with Dr. Blalock as a lab technician, table howled, "The baby's lips are a bril where they just spread the blood over a working on shock and pulmonary circula liant, rosy color." The lips were the color screen with the exposure to oxygen in the tion. They had worked on the technique of your blue shirt there beforehand. They screen. It was not very efficient, but it connecting one of the arteries, arterial would oxygenate blood. While I was on opened this artery and things just system, with the artery to the lung, changed immediately. I have always that same trip, I was in their laboratory attempting to create a model for pul thought that that was the dawn of mod there at the University of Minnesota and monary hypertension. saw the use of a bubble oxygenator, which ern heart surgery and I was privileged to At the same time, a woman who was a be present to witness it. I did not fully just bubbled oxygen through a column of cardiologist for congenital heart disease realize the importance of it at the time, blood to oxygenate it. 1"he Hou;."lon l~cview-volmne 2, no. l page l 7 the Institute moved into its·own building ' enry Wadsworth Longfdlow said with a tall tower thafmade it visible fj "... into every li/e some rain must fall... " throughout much of the Medical Center. and when it falls it is often difficult Until the 1970s, the Institute was greatly to find our way through the deluge. involved in the spiritual life of the TMC, Knowing that in hard times our paths are but the overwhelming growth and evolu lined with stepping stones to help keep our tion of healthcare caused individual hos feet dry and our heads high is often the pitals to create spiritual ce~ters of their one thing that can be counted on. We own. This change of focus did not dimin each face difficult challenges, but one that ish the Institute's role in healthcare, but is common and perhaps inevitable for rather strengthened it. most is a trip to the hospital. In Houston, As medical technology has advanced, we are fortunate to have the Texas Medical so has the question of medical ethics. The Center at our doorstep, and to have access Institute has led the way in recruiting and to some of the most talented and revered sponsoring worlzshops and seminars on medical minds of our time. various topics. The current executive Talent, however, is not always enough. director of the Institute, The Reverend Another essential aspect of medical health John E. Fellers, has strived in the face of and well-being is the spiritual one. The this revolution of thoughts and ideals to Texas Medical Center (TMC) deals with maintain the quality of service offered by this need through the presence of its many the center. The Institute expanded its chapels and prayer rooms. Comprising name in 2002 to reflect this evolving about 675 acres, the TMC has often been responsibility, and it is now officially "The called a "city within a city" and as such, it Institute for Religion and Health." The is certainly one of the best spiritually rep Institute serves its purpose well, as a bea resented cities in Texas. There are nine con and guidepost for the spiritual side of major chapels/sanctuaries within its the TMC. Unfortunately, it has met boundaries and dozens of prayer and med hardship as well. In June 2001, tragedy itation rooms. The Institute for Religion struclz Houston and the Medical Center in The lns•e for Religion and Heahh and Health, a foundation formed solely to the form of Tropical Storm Allison. Due address the spiritual and ethical questions Most important paths have a marlzer or to the extensive structural damage sus raised by modern healthcare, stands as a beacon. Without them weary travelers tained by the Institute, it was forced to beacon lighting the way for the footpath may not lznow that a path exists that will find a new home. Now located just out of faith etched into the Medical Center. malze the going easier, and others may side the Medical Center near the intersec In considering each location as a mistalze important paths for switchbacks tion of Kirby and Greenbriar, the Institute stepping stone in this footpath of faith or dead ends. This is the very reason that continues in full force its three-pronged and a stop along the way of spiritual and the Institute of Religion was founded. In mission to the Medical Center: service, mental healing, we gain an understanding 1955, a group of medical, business, and research, and education. of how important this concept is in our religious leaders in Houston recognized lives, and in the worlzings of the Texas that the spiritual as well as the physical The Children's Chapel Medical Center. Learning about each needs of patients needed to be satisfied. Texas Children's HosPital sanctuary gives insight into the spiritual After careful research they determined It is difficult to imagine what kind of a forethought that many of Texas' great phi that "an accredited program for residencies room would offer peace and comfort to a lanthropists have demonstrated by donat and other forms of service in the Medical child or a family in the throes of a med ing their money, talents, and names to Center," should be established, which ical crisis ... until you visit the Children's these chapels. This short "wallzing tour" of would serve as a connection between the Chapel at Texas Children's Hospital. the Medical Center's spiritual footpath medical and spiritual realms of care. 1 The room has no sharp angles, no over will give you a picture of the importance They appointed their first director, The powering colors or themes, no abrupt that each hold in the healing of minds, Reverend Dr. Dawson Bryan, to charter "notice me" decorations. Inside there are hnrliPo Anrl on11 lo +1-w n~+h A~ +hio nom ino+ih,+iAn Tn 1 afin nnlv r11rvPo ;rnrl 011hrl11Prl lidhtind Tt io I DAC: Well, it has been a wonderful time. important part, of course, are digitalis patients. Patients used to die of diseases In 1962, I conceived the idea of creating which goes back 200 years. It comes from such as streptococcal diseases and so forth a new institution called the Texas Hearl the foxglove leaf, but it has a very impor that were so devastating-diphtheria and Institute. I thought, at the time, we were tant role in cardiac function. And doctors some of those infectious diseases. These the leaders in heart surgery in the world, have used that for treating heart failure once devastating diseases today can be and I thought we ought to identify not just for ce~turies. It is being gradually replaced corrected very quickly with appropriate as St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital or the by other drugs and the pharmaceutical antibiotics. And there are many other Texas Children's Hospital-we ought to industry has been busy providing all sorts things that have come along. Right now, identify ourselves as a specialty institu of new drugs to help the treatment of our scourge that is part of aging is arte tion. That is when I had the name Texas heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias and riosclerosis, which is mostly a disease of Heart Institute and the concept chartered things like that. So, a big industry has long life. There are certain elements that with the two purposes of research and been developed in pharmacology and lead up to it. Now, we are beginning to education. of course, our interest was also every day, we see new drugs introduced for show that infection or inflammation, we on heart surgery and cardiology, but the various purposes. will say, is a forerunner to arteriosclerosis. Texas Hearl Institute has those two objec And I have a belief myself that so much of WHK: What about the drugs that help tives-research and education. arteriosclerosis begins in childhood. All of prevent the body /ram rejecting transplants? the diseases that we thought were normal WHK: Could you talk for a couple of minutes That has been kind of an evolution, too, hasn't childhood diseases such as measles, about the role of the development of new drugs it? mumps, and whooping cough, now chil in concert with this developing technology and DAC: Well, in those early years of trans dren do not have to be subjected to those surgical skills related to the heart? plantation, say, in the late 1960s and the illnesses. But I think that things like DAC: Drugs have been an important part 1970s, rejection was a real problem. We measles and so-called sore throat or strep of all of our advances. Just for example tried a number of drugs at that time, some tococcal disease actually scarred our cir we could not do open heart surgery today of which were biological drugs. I remem culatory system and that has led to some if the drug known as heparin had not been ber drugs almost like vaccines that we of the atherosclerosis that occurred in introduced, and that was introduced would give to patients to prevent rejection. later life. And I think the reason we are around 1920. But nobody knew at the Some of the other drugs that were used living longer actually than our previous time that it would be that essential to the were not very effective, but they could generation is because we are spared some development of heart surgery. You could slow down the rejection process with the of those illnesses of youth. And if we can not do all of this manipulation of the cir introduction of a drug called cyclosporine, ever get a means of preventing or curtail culation if the blood would clot, and this which came in during the early 1980s. ing the onset of arteriosclerosis, we can heparin would prevent clotting. So, we With cyclosporine, it was first possible to extend life even longer. could put this in the patient and therefore, do transplantation of almost all the WHK: Could you talk about one last thing for their blood would not clot and we could organs with much better control of the just a minute, and that is changes in the way manipulate the circulation around rejection process. So, that reinstated doctors approach patient care over time? through these extracorporeal units. So, interest in organ transplantations-the without heparin, our predecessors could cyclosporine, and a number of other drugs DAC: Well, today, doctors can converse not have had that opportunity to do open today which are used in transplantation, with their patients. Their patients are heart surgery. But then, if you prevent but the big problem still in transplanta much better educated than they have been clotting, you cannot survive unless you tion is the problem of tissue rejection. I in the past. They have access to the inter have some clotting tendency, so they had have always said from the beginning that net and all this information that so much to invent another drug which we call the only time you do not have to worry of our television and radio informs Protamine. It is interesting where these about tissue rejection is if the donor is an patients about illnesses. And I do not drugs come from. They are both biologi identical twin. think that my parents or my grandparents cal. They are not synthesized. Heparin had that kind of information at their dis WHK: Is there something really significant comes now primarily from beef lung, posal. But nowadays, doctors are encour that you envision coming in the next 20 years sometimes they use pork lung, but mostly aged or almost forced to tell patients in a or so that will have a huge impact again on beef. And then, Protamine, the antidote very honest way what threats are to their medicine, especially in terms of the heart? to restore the ability of the blood to clot, life, what they can do to improve their comes from fish sperm. Can you imagine? DAC: Well, I think that if we can get bet lifestyle, and so forth. And when tragedy Of course, there are many other drugs ter antirejection drugs, if they discover hits and that patient develops cancer, now, available that made heart surgery what it them, they will certainly revolutionize the doctor is compelled to tell the patient is. The potassium ion, which physiologists transplantation. There are so many other what his life expectancy is, what his out or pharmacologists have shown you can drugs that are present today that have look is and so forth, and what he proba stop the heart with, has been very basic to helped so much in medicine. Nothing can bly ought to do about it to prolong his heart surgery. Other drugs such as adrena compare with the antibiotics, that cut life. It is a different world now, with a lot line or epinephrine are major stimulants down so importantly the infectious dis of communication between the doctor for the heart. Other drugs that played an eases that plagued previous generations of and his patient. • The Houston Review-volume 2, no. 1 page 1 9 remains: Some o t . e igm: .. e e on ehl!h si~. glass has been transpla:qted into the n((w wall:, opposite the entry, is a chapel along withmarbli;; from the origi relie.f. At first gl.:mce, it is mere y ecora nal altar and the hammered bronze tive aftwork, but a close~. insl?ec doors that grace the entrance. Rick tion reveals a detailed scene of Smith, Manager of Chaplaincy at Noah's Ark, a dove can:ying an Memorial Hermann Hospital, feels olive branch, and a rainbow. This that "people need a place to express scene relays perfectly the messages their faith, regardless of circum of this room: Hope and stances" and this makes places of Endurance. Never give up. worship and meditation essential, This chapel is truly impres especially in a hospital setting.2 sive, both in its grandeur and in With a brand new chapel facility its subtlety. Altbough it is close dedicated and in use, the public can to the cafeteria, the foyer that once again enjoy a place of peace leads to tl-1e chapel muffles all and tranquility at Memorial outside noise, making it a perfect Hermann Hospital. ly peaceful place. The atmospbere is one of acceptance and toler The Muslim Praver cemer- ance. Many patients at M. D. The Methodist Hospital Anderson are too ill to make it Althougb many bospitals in tbe down to tbe chapel, but still desire Texas Medical Center have Muslirn a quiet place of contemplation. prayer rooms, Metbodist also has a These are provided throughout Muslim Prayer Center. Tbe over tbe bospital in tbe form of small wbelming sense tbat surrounds this prayer and meditation rooms. area is that of community. As with Eacb room can comfortably all the spiritual centers in the accon1modate one or two people, Medical Center, the Muslim Prayer but this is enough to feel tbe Center is a place of welcome for prompting of the spirit and con many international visitors wbo tinue tbe healing process. Tbe come to Houston. On any given hospital also bas a Muslim prayer day, both before and after scheduled When the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center room and a pediatric spirituality center. prayer times, you will find a group of visi opened its doors in 1954, tbere was not a Tbere is no question tbat medicine and tors wbo have discovered a borne away chapel in the building. Since it was con spirituality have joined forces in the heal from home, a place witb familiar names sidered a research center and school, as ing process at the M. D. Anderson Cancer and words. Generous gifts from local well as a hospital, space was just too scarce. Center. business and cmnmunity leaders made tbe In the early 1970s, tbe Lutheran Hospital Wiess Memorial Chapel center possible, and it opened its doors on Association decided tbat rather than build The Methodist Hospna1 the first floor of the Brown Building in their own hospital, a pavilion and chapel Many visitors who come to this bospital 1996. for the world famous Cancer Center remember only one tbing about tbe build The room's architecture is based on would be developed. 4 Tbe chapel and ing: the chapel. It is located off tbe main Islamic design and also incorporates an pavilion were completely funded by private entrance in the Dunn Lobby. Tbis is a inviting touch of Texas earth tones. Rieb donations and loans, both from individu cbapel that really looks lil page 22 ~no. only peace and hope. On one side of the room stands a tree: The Tree of Hope. The directives for the tree, written on a small placard near the wall, are simple: Children, young and old, big and small, everyone is invited to add prayers, poems, quotes and drawings to the Tree of Hope. The tree, a symbol of growtl1 and strength, stands to provide a silent place for comfort and rest. Help our tree bloom in richness of color by seeding it with your prayers of anguish and compassion, thanksgiving and sorrow, faith, hope and love. L et the Tree of Hope embrace you. Adorning the tree are many pastel pieces of paper, each with a thought, prayer, or cry of thanl Tl.c Houston lxcview-volmnc 2, no. 1 page 21 with tile lo1by outside are sev sentations of the different hJ:anches of the eral stained glas13 panels; military and of many different religions, Thesl':! panels are in simple rise above the podium. There are three on earth tones, in waves and each side rising in increments to the arches, without harsh corners vaulted ceiling as they near the center or bold intrusions. The only point. There is a seventh window on the religious symbol in the room wall to the right of the entrance displaying is near the front o± the chapel. the flag of the medical corps. It is a small statue of Jesus, The ambiance of the VA hospital is holding a lamb and feeding unique among those in the Medical several sheep. Near the door a Center. It is a place of lifetime medical stand holds many pamphlets treatment, where veterans return time and religious study guides. after time on a regular basis, for hospital Many have found this ization as well as basic medical care. This room in the early mornings, difference is reflected in the overall after long nights spent in the atmosphere of the hospital. It is not a emergency room, hoping and quiet place, with a serene lobby and a few praying that their loved ones people sitting around waiting to visit a would be alright. One such loved one. It is a place of constant action. Chabad House-Texas Medical Genter woman related her story of The revolving doors into the front lobby Although technically not within the being overcome with grief, not just for her seldom stop, and the noise level in the boundaries of the Medical Center, it son's physical ailments as he lay in inten lobby is usually a few decibels higher than would be remiss to omit the Chabad sive care, but for his spiritual well being in the average playground; it is an upbeat House at the Texas Medical Center and the wake of the incident, which placed him place. The chapel reflects this atmosphere 7 the services it offers to the Jewish commu in that position. As she wandered the in a pleasant and unobtrusive manner. nity. The word "Chabad" is a Hebrew halls of the hospital, this unassuming Located on the second floor, near the acronym for the three intellectual faculties room drew her in. Finding a chapel in a main elevators and a large seating area, of: chachmah-wisdom, binah-comprehen hospital such as Ben Taub, where life and the doors to the chapel are seldom closed sion, and de'at-knowledge.6 In 1992, death are commonly traded, gave her the and the hall is seldom quiet. Hospital Rabbi Lazer and Rochel Lazaroff saw a strength she needed for the next round of workers as well as patrons come and go on need for closer access to Chabad by battles. "I have been to other hospital a regular basis, bowing their heads for a patients and staff at the Texas Medical chapels in the past but none has touched few minutes, kneeling in prayer, then it is Center and the house was opened to meet me in my hour of need the way this one up and on the go again. The evenings are that need. Located a stones throw from has. It has no false front, no bravado, just much quieter, and many patients find the the Medical Center on University the pure love of God." This woman, lil page 24 "fl.e Flm1slon Review- volume 2, no. 1 dedicatory plaque reminds us of the benevolence of one of Texas' great phi lanthropists, Hugh Roy Cullen. The plaque dedicates the chapel "To the glory of God and in memory of Roy Gustav Cullen." Roy Gustav was the only son of Hugh Roy and his wife Lillie. He died tragically in an oil refinery fire in 1936 at the age of 31.5 Hugh Roy Cullen .made his fortune as a Texas oil wildcatter and it is fitting that this dedication, and the many others that he has made in the name of his son, reminds all where Texas first made its millions, and first lost its native sons. The Cullen's loving presence and sense of family shine through this magnificent chapel. The chapel is decorated in a some what contemporary theme, but its purpose and function are clear. The alcove and pulpit areas are the focus of the room, adorned with a large cross behind an ele gant, but simple stand that holds an over sized Bible. The room is graced with a baby grand piano, and white hymnals dot the velvet-covered chairs. Throughout the room are symbols of most major religions, and a stand near the door provides written prayers and devotionals of every faith. of the room, four more stained glass pan invitation to "sit and thin!< a while." Visitors are invited to sit or lmeel and els grace the walls, each depicting a saint The chapel itself has an understated there are no time limits irnposed-faitb, or biblical scene. Additionally, many of beauty. The hospital opened in 1954, hope, and tears cannot be measured by a the panels contain symbols of other reli and the chapel has been a mainstay of tlie stopwatch. gions, announcing that all are welcome in hospital community since that time. The this place of worship. All of the chapel accoutrements are here: the pulpit, the nicb.es, and the alcoves. This is tl1e kind of chapel that invites brides to wall< down the aisle, and indeed many l1ave. The Wiess Chapel makes it easy to remember that life goes on, in spite of the pains and heartacl1es that bring us to the hospital in tb.e first place. As a stepping stone along the footpath of faith, this is a stronghold. Cullen Memorial Chapel- St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Lil IIonsfon I\.1c·new-vol1Tn1e2, no. 1 page 23 l Katharine H.K. Hsu, MD /1 By Timothy B. Kirwin In May 1994, Baylor College of Medicine tuberculosis control program and identi-· President William T. Butler bestowed to fied her as an ideal candidate for such an . Katharine Hsu, MD, the Service undertaking.7 This was quite a prestigioua Recognition Award for her forty years of position for a female doctor at the time,. dedicated employment.1 Distinguished Tuberculosis control was personaL, as research, teaching, patient care, and schol well as professional, for Hsu. She previ arship describe Dr. Hsu's long career at the ously had dealt with the loss of her Houston medical school. She initiated younger brother and sister and then ma'ny groundbreaking medical research that rev of her own patients. Addressing the reason olutionized the protocols used by the med for her attention to tuberculosis, Dr. Hsu ical community to identify and treat stated, "I had a drive to conquer it [tuber tuberculosis (TB) in children. She made culosis] and find a solution that would advances in asthma therapy and estab save others from this suffering."8 In the lished standard lung function measure early 1950s, Houston certainly qualified ments in children, standards that remain as a place where many suffered from in place today. The impact of Dr. Hsu's tuberculosis, ranking high among U.S. medical initiatives has indeed reached cities in tuberculosis cases.9 According to a international significance. December 4, 1953, The Houston Post Katharine Hsu arrived in the United article, the disease considerably impacted ing Union Medical States from her home country of China in public health. The article cited the poten Hege, MD degree October 1948 to complete a yearlong tial number of tuberculosis cases through erred by State pediatric fellowship at the Cincinnati out the city and discussed the lac!< of 2 iversity of New York, Children's Hospital in Ohio. Dr. Hsu resources committed to its management: 39 hoped to learn the latest United States For the past two years, there has not treatment procedures, but discovered that even been a pretense of a children's the Cincinnati Children's Hospital admit tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment ted few TB patients.3 She arranged a clinic in Houston, although the most P~king Union Medical conservative estimates are that at least transfer to the Henry Phipps Institute for ollege, Internal 6,000 and probably 10 times that Tuberculosis Research at the University of edicine, 1939-1941 many have been infected or danger Pennsylvania.4 The outbreal< of the ously exposed to the disease by the 'ef Resident in Korean War and the suspension of diplo known 2,300 tuberculars who are · atrics at Shanghai matic relations between the United States walking around uncontrolled in · dren's Hospital, and China prevented Dr. Hsu from Houston.10 1-1942 returning home after she completed her Houston's population stood a consid American Society of Pediatric Research erable risk of contracting tuberculosis if 5 fellowship. In 1951, she secured a posi the disease continued untreated. Dr. Hsu tion in the United States at the accepted the position in Houston and Pennsylvania State Hospital, Mont Alto, maintained a dual role as BUCM pediatric where she continued her medical focus of faculty member and as director of the City 6 caring for cl-1ildhood tuberculosis. of Houston's Children's Tuberculosis In 1953, Dr. Russell J. Blattner, Clinic. In these capacities, she became Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics at instrumental in formulating a medical the then Baylor University College of agenda for combating tuberculosis' wide Medicine (BUCM), contacted Dr. Hsu spread contagion in Houston. The chal about joining the faculty of the medical lenge of tuberculosis abatement posed a school. Dr. Blattner informed his col demanding challenge for the pediatrician. league of Houston's need to implement a First, Dr. Hsu needed a facility where ABOUT THE AUTHOR Timothy Kirwin received o BA in History from the Un1vers1ty of Dayton in 1996 ond o MA in Publ ic History from the Un1vers1ty of Houston in 200 l Currently, Mr K1rw1n 1s attend ing the Un1vers1ty of Houston Low Center page 26 Houston Kev1ew-.volun1e 2, no. l this a realicy., The room is a small, 1ut comfortable sanctuary nestled on a side · .'1hallway be.tween the {;ont desk and the ~fehah and physical therapy room. TIRR, t;r its very nature, is a diffexent ~ind of ~pspital than roost in the Medical Center. B~tients who come here generally have e:i1;:perienced a sudden, life changing event an't! roost are in for a lengthy stay. The chapel here, more than at many other hos- pital[s, has become a refuge for many as they seek to come to terms with the hand that life has dealt them. There are many stegs to recovering from a spinal cord or brain injury, not the least of which is com i~g to terms with what has happened and being prepared to discover a new way to live your life. Having a chapel at TIRR has provided not only a spot for personal meditation, but also a sense of normalcy chaplaincy services. Harris County in lives that have suddenly been turned Many drive for miles to tend to the needs Psychiatric Center, which its very upside down. of their flocks and always feel refreshed by nature cannot have private prayer or med The doors to the chapel, like all the by the journey. The Reverend R.A. Etzel itation rooms, has two chaplains on staff. doors at TIRR, open extra wide and all the oversees a medium-sized flock in They conduct services in the public areas furniture inside is moveable. This is a Centerville, Texas, which is about midway 10 of the hospital, and spend a great deal of place that knows how to accommodate between Houston and Dallas. Usually time counseling patients and family. The wheelchair and bed ridden patients, and the church's members go to local hospi tals, but when a serious need arises they Shriners Children's Hospital is another the chapel is very accessible. The only that does not have a chapel, but that no decoration in the chapel is found behind are often sent to the Texas Medical by means is an indication of the lack of spir the podium: a small stained glass panel Center. Reverend Etzel notes: "Hospital ituality within its walls. Most of Shriners' with an impressionist design and shape. A doctors and nurses have a great under patients are seen on an outpatient basis, small cart in the back of the room holds standing of how important spiritual heal and those that do stay in the hospital are bibles and other religious materials. ing is to the injured and I have always felt surrounded by the very essence of what Missing are any sharp angles or tight cor welcomed and appreciated by them and by the Shriners stand for: help and healing ners. Since many of the patients in the the hospital chaplains as well. I know I can depend on the hospital chaplains to be without limitations. hospital are in for an extended and tumul there for my parishioners when I cannot When the rain that Longfellow pre tuous stay, Reverend Charles E. Brown, dicted falls into the lives of many, they interim director of Chaplain Services, be and that gives great comfort." Most visiting chaplains are aware of the chapels find help and comfort on the footpath of puts a special emphasis on routine in the in the Medical Center and the Institute faith of the. Texas Medical Center. chapel.9 Every Sunday a minister or reli for Religion and Health, but have visited Whether it be in the shape of a chapel, a gious leader from the community is invit only one or two. They can most often be silent place of prayer and meditation, or a ed to conduct a service, and usually a found in waiting rooms with anxious fam visit from the clergy, the necessity of spiri choir or an ensemble perform as well. ily members, or in quiet conversion at a tuality in healing is clear. It is an essential The silent and spoken words in this room patient's bedside. part of the process of life, and these oases are re-affirming for those who visit. The issue of ethics is not an easy one of peace provide a way for patients, family, From the quadriplegic who gives thanks in our day of technological advances. For and staff of the Medical Center to make it that today he moved a finger, to the thera one day and one step at a time. Behind pist who gives thanks for every step a this reason, ethics and ethicists have every doctor, nurse, and medical techni patient takes, the presence of this chapel become partners of sort with the many chaplains in tl1e Medical Center. M. D. cian are spiritual edifices and representa reminds us all that life does go on. Anderson Cancer Center and many of the tives of peace, hope, reflection, and most AFew Pebbles on lhe Pith other hospitals have ethicists on staff of all, healing. • Clergy by the hundreds visit the Texas whose job is to help patients and physi Medical Center. Most of them come with cians weigh the moral and spiritual values ABOUT THE AUTHOR a specific goal in mind, a specific patient of life changing decisions. Jacquline Sarver is a graduate of the University of to meet, but many spend countless addi Not all of the hospitals in the Texas Houston and currently is an Academic Advisor al tional hours aiding hospital chaplains in Medical Center have chapels and prayer College of the Mainland and a graduate student at visiting those who request in-room visits. rooms, but they all have chaplains and/or University of Houston-Clear Lake. what became known as "INH Preventive Isoniazid at the earliest detection of Therapy," Dr. H su noticed striking tuberculosis infection halted the progres results.2° An April 18, 1956, Houston sion of the disease and further prevented Chronicle article reported on a speech Dr. any future reactivation. Specifically Hsu made to the membership of the regarding pulmonary tuberculosis, Dr. H su American Academy of Pediatrics. stated, "lsoniazid containing drug regi Addressing the crowd of 1,000 pediatri men" had the effect that it "not only cured cians, Dr. H su chronicled the effects of pulmonary tuberculosis but also prevented her two-year pilot program. She detailed dissemination."23 Moreover, "in the how prescribing the drug to children who H ouston study, there was not a single case showed positive skin tests, but had not yet of reactivation. The striking absence of developed any outward symptoms of the adolescent reactivation strongly suggests disease, prevented the disease from matur the possibility of a permanent cure for 2 ing. Dr. H su told the audience, "From our pulmonary tuberculosis. " • These results Dr. Hsu explains child centered investigation results we feel this drug is effective in pre proved extremely significant. Dr. H su procedures to a patient's Jamily. Courtesy Baylor venting the child with primary tuberculo showed that drug intervention could cure College of Medicine Archives sis from getting sicl~ with the serious com tuberculosis and keep the disease from plications." 21 returning. the Children's Tuberculosis Clinic provid To substantiate her initial findings, The second theory that Dr. H su ed the environment for Dr. H su to initiate Dr. Hsu und e rt oo l~ an unprecedented advanced concerned the identification of her most noteworthy medical research. course. She studied the effects of Isoniazid TB hosts. Before the 1950s, the identifi While operating the clinic, Dr. H su intro drug treatment for thirty consecutive cation of tuberculosis revolved around the duced two theories that altered the ways years, following a generation of children adult, but Dr. H su changed the methods the medical community confronted tuber to adulthood. It took Dr. H su three and instituted a comprehensive means to culosis control and prevention. In 1953 , decades to validate her hypothesis that identify the source of the child's tubercu she began prescribing the recently discov Isoniazid functioned as a preventive med losis infection. Essentially, tracing how a ered drug Isoniazid as a preventive meas ication and ascertain that the TB germ did child contacted tuberculosis would lead to 22 ure to stop T B germs from becoming a not reactivate later in life. an infected adult who provided the origi destructive disease. Isoniazid, approved for In 1984, Dr. Hsu published her final nal infection. In the late 1950s, the Fort use in the U nited States in 1952, was the study relating the remarkable outcome of Worth Star-Telegram detailed the innova first drug that destroyed tuberculosis Isoniazid treatment in The Journal of the tion of child contact investigation in an bacilli. 16 Previous treatment protocols American Medical Association. The study article entitled, "New Approach Used to dictated bed rest in combination with sup involving nearly 2,500 patients from Find Tuberculosis." Dr. Hsu explained the pressive drugs, which produced varying 1953-1983 confirmed that initiating advantages offered by child-centered and uncertain outcomes depending on the patient's response. After many years, some patients would improve, but others, espe cially cl1ildren, often died from the dis ease. Dr. H su advocated administering the medication based on positive skin tests prior to active signs of TB appearing. Reflecting on her decision to use lsoniazid she said, "I felt that Isoniazid, if adminis tered as soon as TB germs were detected in the body, might prevent the disease from developing." 17 Underlying the use of Isoniazid stemmed from her philosophy that "you don't wait until a house is half burned down before you try to put out a fir. e." 18 Dr. Hsu's hypothesis that Isoniazid might prevent a full-blown condition of tuberculosis was considered radical in the 19 50s. Many in the medical community scoffed at her notion of using the drug before the manifestation of symptoms, Dr. Hsu tests a child 's lungfun ction using a sophisticated device called a Spirometer. Courtesy Baylor - before patients became ilJ. 19 College of Medicine A ~chives In just over two years after beginning page 28 'fl1c Houston I~cview~volmne 2, no. l The photograph below shows a crib held together with medical gauze, 1953. Courtesy Kothorine HK Hsu, MD Mrs. Ethel Smith." Dr. Hsu cussed the clinic and presented photo opened Houston's first graphs of the problems that required children's tuberculosis attention. Smith then visited the clinic to clinic in July 1953.12 At survey the situation firsthand. After see the official opening cere ing the vast needs of the clinic, Smith mony in December, agreed to fund all of the renovations. The Mayor Roy Hofheinz refurbished facility enabled Dr. Hsu and touted the positive impact of such a facili her staff to increase patient loads and to The photograph above demonstrates the ty stating that "the children's clinic is the maintain sanitary medical conditions.14 physical hazards of the building's interior, beginning of a new effort in tuberculosis Dr. Hsu recalled the impact of Smith's 1953. Courtesy Katharine HK Hsu, MD 13 prevention. n generosity saying, "he wrote one checl;: to Even though the opening of the cover everything- furniture, cribs, beds, Cl1ildren' s Tuberculosis Clinic offered a equipment. Without his support, Houston she could examine and treat patients, but meaningful step in disease control, its might not have had a TB program for a finding a suitable location presented an placement in the Autrey Building imme long time to come. "15 obstacle. Houston had only one TB hospi diately proved insufficient to meet the Despite its initial physical problems, tal, a further indication of the city's inade expanding needs of her patients. The quate allocation of resources to the dis dilapidated building, with its crumbling ease. Unfortunately, the TB hospital walls and broben floors, made sanitary located on Shepherd at West Dallas cared conditions arduous if not impossible to for adult patients only and the pediatri sustain. Furthermore, basic furnishings cian required a place to see children. 11 such as cribs, examination tables, beds, Initially, she used a small building on and other equipment were absent or in the grounds of the TB hospital for evalu disrepair. ating and treating children. Ange/ of Dr. Hsu recognized that ameliorating Mercy, Dr. Hsu's boob with writer Valerie the deplorable environment of the clinic Waller, described the accpmmodations: would require substantial financial assis "On the grounds of the hospital was a tance. The Children's Tuberculosis Clinic dilapidated building called the Autrey received such support from devoted House. Katharine was given permission to Houston philanthropist, R.E. "Bob" Katharine Hsu views the portrait of RE "Bob" use one room on the first floor of that Smith. Dr. Hsu's fellow pediatrician at Smith, which hangs in the Vivian and RE "Bob" house for a children's TB clinic .. .with no BUCM, Dr. Dora Chao, arranged a visit Smith Medical Research Building at Baylor College more than borrowed tables and chairs for at the home of Smith and his wife, of Medicine, 2001. Courtesy Baylor College of furniture, and the assistance of one nurse, Vivian. During the visit, Katharine dis- Medicine Archives TlO. page 27 The Houston Academy of Medicine Texas Medical Center Library: A Notable Medical Athenaeuni by Kimberly Youngblood he Texas Medical Center (TMC) in providing medical knowledge to the med Library" or "the Med Center Library."2 THouston, Texas, with forty-two mem ical community. The Medical Center The HAM-TMC Library's story ber institutions and thirteen hospitals, is Library is a dynamic member of the TMC began in 1903 with the formation of the the largest medical center in the world that offers a unique story and history. Harris County Medical Society (HCMS), with some of the world's best doctors. The The name of this institution has which sought to improve public health and TMC stands as an example of innovative endured as many transitions as the medical standards for the Harris County healthcare and major medical accomplish library itself. Over the years it has been community. In the early 1900s, Houston ments because its institutions and doctors called the Houston Academy of doctors had to deal with devastating con offer a network of lznowledge, skill, and Medicine Library, the Texas Medical tagious diseases such as typhoid, malaria, expertise that is remarlzable. Undoubtedly, Center Library, the Houston Academy of tuberculosis, and yellow fever with little any doctor would say that access to lznowl Medicine Library for the Texas Medical semblance of sanitation or health stan edge is the basis of his or her expertise. At Center, and finally in 1970 it was given dards. Shortly after the inception of the the Texas Medical Center, the Houston the name it is lmown as today. 1 Besides HCMS, it became clear that member Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical the library's official name are its com physicians required resources and books to Center (HAM-TMC) takes the lead in mon names such as the "the Jones increase their lmowledge in certain aspects View of the front of the Jesse Jones library in 1954 shortly after its completion. Unless otherwise noted, all photographs in this article are courtesy McGovern Historical Collections, Houston Academy of Medicine - Texas Medical Center Library ABOUT THE AUTHOR : Kimberly Youngblood is an Academic Advisor in the Scholars' Community program at the University of Houston . She has a MA in Public History and presently is working on a PhD in Environmental History at the University of Houston. 1 • investigation: "We have found in the last three and a half years that if we trace tuberculosis from the infected child to his home, we will find many cases among adults and siblings in the family and among the child's playmates," a situation that Dr. Hsu described as "TB nests."25 Testing family members, neighbors, and close friends of a lrnown TB case led to the discovery of many additional infec tions. Dr. Hsu also stated "this method of finding tuberculosis is about one hundred times more effective than mass x-ray sur vey, because attention is focused on the families which are known to have tubercu losis and those which are being exposed to tuberculosis lmowingly or unknowingly. "26 Dr. Hsu authored a pamphlet entitled "Tuberculosis in Children and Finding Tuberculosis Through Examination of Contacts" in 1958. The booklet was dis tributed nationally with approximately 70,000 copies circulated and outlined for health care professionals the procedures Medical students are shown chest x-rays and taught to look for signs of tuberculosis. Courtesy Baylor involved in conducting child contact College of Medicine Archives investigation.27 The combination of drug intervention and child-centered contact investigation steadily reduced the spread Asthma Clinic at Jefferson Davis tance of this discovery remains significant of tuberculosis. Hospital, Dr. Hsu sought to determine the today as medical students, residents, and From 1964-1968, Dr. Hsu brol~e "normal" lung function of children. "One pediatricians reference the data compiled new ground once again by becoming the of the difficulties in diagnosing and treat on lung functions, which are published in first Director of Tuberculosis Control for ing the asthmatic child has been the textbooks and physician handbooks.34 the City of Houston. In this capacity she absence of documented normal lung func In May 1994, Dr. Hsu received expanded her research base to include the tion standards for races other than white," another prestigious honor-the entire city as well as Harris County.28 Dr. Dr. Hsu stated in a Baylor College of Distinguished Achievement Award from Hsu and staff mapped each reported case Medicine newsletter.30 "I have noticed that the American Thoracic Society. This of tuberculosis and created a TB registry. the normal black or Mexican American international society, composed of over AB she had done at the Children's child has a lung capacity distinctly differ ten thousand members, recognized Dr. Tuberculosis Hospital, Dr. Hsu imple ent from the normal white child ... we've Hsu for her four decades of medical con mented preventive therapy in combination been treating these groups based on stan tributions.35 This award stands as one of with child contact investigation through dards that simply don't apply to them and, the most significant achievements of her out Houston.29 These tools allowed for a consequently, the treatment has some career and highlights the international more accurate and comprehensive count times been less than perfect."31 importance of her worl<. of the number of tuberculosis cases in To correct the protocols, Dr. Hsu Throughout her lengthy career, Dr. Houston while also pinpointing the loca approached the Houston Independent H su devoted efforts to improving the lives tions of tuberculosis clusters. This School District about testing a large of children by advancing the therapies approach allowed for proven treatment number of normal children. Testing used to treat tuberculosis and asthma. Her procedures to be enacted on a grander approximately 2,500 first through twelfth investigations developed new protocols in scale while simultaneously allocating grade children in six public schools yield the identification and treatment of tuber resources to the areas most affected. ed results that formulated new standard culosis and led to the establishment of By the 19 70s, whe"QJ tuberculosis no lung function measurements for the three normative values of child lung functions. longer represented a considerable public predominant races, Caucasian, African The ramifications of her medical discov health threat, Dr. Hsu transitioned her American, and Hispanic.32 Her finding eries cannot be overstated. Even today, as medical research and achieved significant showed that all three races had different the numbers of tuberculosis cases again strides in the field of asthma 'and respira lung function measurements. Therefore, rise, health care professionals can look to tory disorders. At the time, these disorders in making a diagnosis of asthma and in the advances made by Dr. Hsu and be accounted for large numbers of school evaluating treatment results, a race-specif confident in the arsenal available to fight absences. While operating the Children's ic standard must be used.33 The impor- the re-emerging disease. • "rlie Houston I;;eview-volume 2, no. l p_a.ge 29 The Houston Academy of Medicine Texas Medical Center Library: A Notable Medical Athenaeutn by Kimberly Youngblood he Texas Medical Center (TMC) in providing medical bnowledge to the med Library" or "the Med Center Library."2 THouston, Texas, with forty-two mem ical community. The Medical Center Tbe HAM-TMC Library's story ber institutions and thirteen hospitals, is Library is a dynamic member of the TMC began in 1903 witb tbe formation of the the largest medical center in the world that offers a unique story and history. Harris County Medical Society (HCMS), with some of the world's best doctors. The The name of this institution bas which sought to improve public bealtb and TMC stands as an example of innovative endured as many transitions as the medical standards for the Harris County healthcare and major medical accomplish library itself. Over the years it has been community. In the early 1900s, Houston ments because its institutions and doctors called the Houston Academy of doctors had to deal with devastating con offer a networb of bnowledge, sbll, and Medicine Library, tbe Texas Medical tagious diseases such as typhoid, malaria, expertise that is remarbable. Undoubtedly, Center Library, the Houston Academy of tuberculosis, and yellow fever with little any doctor would say that access to bnowl Medicine Library for the Texas Medical semblance of sanitation or health stan edge is the basis of his or her expertise. At Center, and finally in 1970 it was given dards. Shortly after the inception of the the Texas Medical Center, the Houston the name it is lrnown as today. 1 Besides HCMS, it became clear that member Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical the library's official name are its com physicians required resources and bool~s to Center (HAM-TMC) tabes the lead in mon names such as tbe "the Jones increase their lrnowledge in certain aspects View of the front of the Jesse Jones library in 1954 shortly after its completion. Unless otherwise noted, all photographs in this article ore courtesy McGovern Historical Collections, Houston Academy of Medicine - Texas Medical Center Library ABOUT THE AUTHOR : Kimberly Youngblood is an Academic Advisor in the Scholars' Community program at the University of Houston . She has a MA in Public History and presently is working on a PhD in Environmental History at the University of Houston . page 30 1 an auditorium, and study and meeting accommodate its burgeoning collection of rooms.13 The ivory colored four-story books and journals. The library facilities building made of Texas shell limestone had become inadequate for a complex the would sit on 3.34 acres, and would be size of the Texas Medical Center and its called the Texas Medical Center Library. ever-expanding number of students, doc During the initial planning and con tors, and faculty. The Houston Academy struction of the main library building, of Medicine went into action, designing Jones and Fairchild formulated an plans to build a new $3 million, fourteen expansion plan to accommodate the story building addition that would include library's future growth. This plan includ supporting columns for an underground ed appending fourteen floors to the main parking garage. The plan also called for a building whenever the library outgrew its four-floor addition adjoining the existing 14 original space. · and new buildings. The new foundation In fact, throughout the construction could support additional floors that might of the library, Jones conducted regular be needed in the future. The Houston Construction of the new library addition begins, building inspections. Dr. William Fields Academy of Medicine hoped this plan 1974. recalled one of these inspections that would resolve the issue of space for the demonstrated Jones' dry sense of humor. made on the library to accommodate those library. In 1973, the garage construction In the spring of 1954, Jones, Cameron in the medical profession. Without the began, and by 19 7 4, the construction of Fairchild, Dr. William Fields, and Lemuel implementation of some sort of support the library addition was in full swing. Bottoms (the construction superintend group to aid the library monetarily, it When the addition was successfully ent) toured the construction site. would be impossible to acquire the much merged to the original building, the According to Fields: needed books, journals, programs, and library's usable space practically tripled to The restrooms which are in the front of activities that are required of a distin 71,059 net square feet.20 the building on the /irst f/oor have win guished medical center library. '·7 The library experienced other signifi dows going from the top to the bottom of Additionally, contributions from the cant changes in the 1970s. In 1971, for the building. When one entered either Friends of the Library allowed the library example, the library implemented an auto restroom, there was nothing between "him to establish an archive for collections of mated circulation system. The next year it or her" and the sidewalk outside. One rare books and materials from significant received its first federal grants to aid with could look directly into the mens restroom individuals. In this way, the Friends library programs and efficiency. MED and see the urinals. Mr. Jones took one enabled the Texas Medical Center Library LARS, an off-line access reference serv look and said, "Fairchild, is this the way to expand its services, and begin its great ice, was replaced by MEDLINE, its new you have it at home?" Fairchilds face est contribution, the John P. McGovern on-line version. MEDLINE combined became bright red and he did not know Historical Collections & Research Center. with INDEX MEDICUS allowed access what to say.15 The archive officially opened in to 2,300 indexed medical journals for Of course, blinds were installed on September 1977 as the Special library users. 21 the windows, and today the bushes and Collections Department, and after a few Unfortunately, the 1970s marked a trees planted in front of the windows add · name changes it has rested upon its pres tragic event in the history of the HAM extra privacy. Considering all of Jones' ent namesake for very good reasons. 18 Dr. TMC Library, the devastating flood of support and input, it was fitting that the John P. McGovern had an enormous June 15, 1976. Damages exceeded new facility was named the Jesse H. Jones interest in American medicine and also in $200,000, convincing President Ford to Library Building. The Texas Medical Dr. William Osier's historical collection declare the Texas Medical Center a disas Center Library moved into its new home and writings as a pediatrician. So, in ter area.22 It seems that a major culprit for on September 9, 1954. 1985, Dr. McGovern began donating part the flood was a large drainage ditch con structed in 1949 to link the TMC to Friends of die Ubrarv of his personal collection to the archive. Much of what he donated pertained to his Brays Bayou. An underground conduit With the library established, supporters interest in topics such as allergies, bio later replaced the ditch; however, it was decided to form a group to support its medical classics, and William Osler, as not large enough to handle all of the programs and activities. The Friends of well as books and reference materials heavy rainfall from that storm.23 the Texas Medical Center Library would regarding the history of medicine. Fortunately, the water from the flood be independent of libr~ry administration, Additionally, in 1996, the library's Board began to seep into the street level (base and could provide additional funds for of Directors established the McGovern ment) of the library in the afternoon, library programs and activities they Endowment to preserve and process the when employees were still at work. This 16 deemed appropriate. In 1958, the group historical collections in the archive. 19 enabled library employees to salvage mate sent out invitations to 10,000 rials that otherwise would have been lost. Houstonians to join in support of the ANew Era During the 1970s, the library stored its library. They realized that as medical sci By the 1970s, the HAM-TMC Library collection of rare books on the lower ence progressed, more .demands would be desperately needed additional space to shelves of the stacks in the street level, page 3 2 Tire Houston Review-volume 2, no. l space had reared its ugly head again. Since the founding of the Texas Medical Center, officials recognized the need for a permanent and larger building to ensure the quality of a great medical center library. Their goal was to build a first class medical library that would offer a selection of books and journals covering every aspect of medicine. A 1944 cam paign for a Library Building Fund collect ed almost $100,000 from HCMS mem r bers, dentists, the Women's Auxiliary to the HCMS, and others.9 Yet, this was only a fraction of the estimated $1.25 million cost of the new library building sought for the Texas Medical Center. Even after the approval of the plans, the location, and the costs of the new facility, it took almost ten years to finish raising the funds need ed to begin construction. A generous $300,000 gift from the M. D. Anderson Foundation would not cover the entire cost of the new building. A project of this magnitude required mul tiple large donations and a person with vision to bring it to fruition. Jesse H. Jones, a well-lmown Houston financier and philanthropist, stepped forward and played an instrumental role in assuring The addition of nearly 72,000 square feet in the 1970s helped to alleviate the library ~ growing pains. the completion of the medical center library. Many agree that if it had not been 5 of medicine. Th ey also needed a place to according to published statistics. for his charitable contribution, the library store and to use these materials-a Yet, even bigger and better changes as it is !mown today would not exist. In his library. were on the way. The trustees of the M. D. autobiography, Leopold Meyer declared, "I In December 1904, the HCMS Anderson Foundation, decided to estab admired Jesse Jones for his willingness to 6 formed a committee to arrange a location lish a cancer research center. At the same lend his name as an endorser of any wor for a library. The legal issue of how to time, the Baylor College of Medicine thy cause." 10 In fact, Jesse Jones not only attain and own real property stymied the (BCM) was loobng for a new location for lent his name, but he contributed committee's progress until 1915, when it its medical school. BCM, along with their $600,000 toward the financing of the organized a holding company, the medical library, chose to move to the library. 11 Meyer described Jesse Jones' 3 Houston Academy of Medicine. The Texas Medical Center in 1943. philanthropic nature: "No one would chal Society's library was funded and main All those involved quicl DR. JOHN P. MCGOVERN Philadelphia. "I was debat is one of Houston's ing between those two uni twentieth-century medical versities because pioneers. He has dedicated I l '111e Houston l~eview~volmne 2, no. 1 _page 3 3 Che Rise anJ .c;:,aii o# _lfleJieai Pstidwio9q ~t _!fl.~- JnJ~on~ 1951-1958. By James S. Olson *Copyright James S. Olson, February 26, 2004. "The Oahs," Captain James Baher's home at 2310 Baldwin St., housed the new M. D. Anderson hospital from 1942 to 1954 until a permanent facility could be built. .::Jn 1946, when R. Lee Clark arrived His grandfather helped found Texas talked about higher education-raising in Houston as the new head of M. D. Christian University in Fort Worth, and more money, building more buildings, Anderson, the five-year-old hospital was his father orchestrated the beginnings of recruiting more students, and hiring more still in its infancy, occupying temporary Midwestern State University in Wichita faculty. Poet Rainer Maria Rill ABOUT THE AUTHOR: James Olson is Distinguished Professor of History at Sam Houston State University. He is the author, co-author, or editor of over twenty books, including The Ethnic Dimension in American History; Saving Capitalism: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the New Deal, 1933-1940; Catholic Immigrants in America; Winning is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945; Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945 to 1990; and Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History. He is currently finishing a history of The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. page 36 T1w Houslon l~eview~volmne 2, no. ] firmed the identity of the commaI1ding in the Department of Pediatrics and on his initial visit to Houston was at the figure on the wall, Sir William Osler. Adjunct Professor. of Allergy in the Texas Medical Center Library. "I have Davison proceeded to tell McGovern Department of Microbiology and always been very interested in libraries, about Osler and his own experience study Immunology. He als.o made arrangements particularly medical libraries," said Dr. ing under him as a Rhodes Scholar. But to rent the space in the office on McGovern, "and particularly the archival the time allotted for the interview was Montrose, the first step in establishing the and .the rare book sections. My hobby is quickly running out. Finally McGovern McGovern Allergy and Asthma Clinic. history and philosophy of medicine and blurted out, "Dean Davison, when are you McGovern insisted on being non-salaried collecting old and rare medical books." going to interview me?" He told the dean faculty. "I could do all the teaching I McGovern became an honorary curator of about his low grade in an organic chem wanted and all the research I wanted, the rare b()oks in the library. Eventually, istry class, thinking that perhaps he also because I liked that. I really did. I loved he donated his personal collection of rare had sunk his chance to be admitted to academia, but I loved my freedom." In this medical books and also his collection of medical school. But Davison had already way, McGovern could teach and do writings by Sir William Osler to the discussed McGovern's grade with the research, while not being obligated to library's History of Med,icine collection. chemistry professor. The dean informed serve on faculty committees. With a new In time, he also provided financial support McGovern that he would be accepted clinic to run, he would have little time for for what became the Houston Academy of for the next term. "That was the highlight committee work too. As he said later, "It Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library. of my life," said McGovern. But Davison worked out just great." In recognition of his support, in 1996 the had an assignment for McGovern. He Library created the John P. McGovern said, "I want you to go get a copy of Historical Collections and Research Aequanimitas," a collection of essays writ I don't liL~e to be called a Center, which houses the History of ten by Osler, "and read it." This was philanthropist. I would rather just Medicine collection along with photo McGovern's introduction to William graphs, papers, and artifacts detailing the Osler. A few weeks later, he received a be known as Jack McGovern or history of the Texas Medical Center and formal acceptance to Duke University Dr. McGovern, a fellow who did an extensive collection of other historical Medical School in the mail. Along with medical literature. the letter was a note from the dean, a good job in his research and Reflecting upon his long career in "Jack, I hope ... you enjoy Aequanimitas teaching and patient care. medicine, McGovern once said, "You as much as I did. -WC. Davison." lmow, medicine is work, but it is really not McGovern studied at Duke Medical if you are in the right place for yourself. I School and graduated in 1945. From Shortly after he formally opened his just loved working with patients and I there he interned at Yale-New Haven practice, McGovern established the loved teaching. I didn't go into medicine Medical Center. Eventually, he received an Junior League Allergy Clinic, which and teaching and research with any idea of appointment to teach at Tulane operated out of Texas Children's being a philanthropist or making a lot of University in New Orleans. During those Hospital. For the next eighteen years, money." years, McGovern did research, taught his McGovern provided the doctors, medical McGoverh will be remembered for assigned classes, and became interested in staff, supplies, and serum, to treat chil these reasons and also for his philanthro pediatric allergy. Sometime during the dren with allergies. py. His name is attached to many institu spring of 1956, he gave a presentation at His medical practice began to grow tions and programs he has supported in the Triangle Medical conference in and so did McGovern's academic career. the Texas Medical Center including the Beaumont, Texas. After the evening ban In time he would publish over 252 arti McGovern Historical Collections and quet, McGovern visited with friends who cles and some twenty-six books, which he Research Center, the McGovern convinced him to explore the possibility wrote or co-authored. He held faculty Commons, the McGovern Campus (old of a move to Houston. He located a con appointments to more than twenty uni Nabisco Building) of the Texas Medical verted house on Montrose Boulevard, versities, as well as hospital staff and clin Center, the John P. McGovern Museum owned by a local allergist's widow. The ical appointments at fourteen hospitals. of Health and Medical Science, the downstairs had a desk, small examining Along the way, in 1961, he established McGovern Professorship at The rooms for patients, and everything the John P. McGovern Foundation. It University of Texas Medical School at McGovern would need to begin a practice. seemed that McGovern, a child of the Houston, and the McGovern Center for He called his friend, Dr. Grant Taylor, Great Depression, had a talent for invest Health, Humanities, and Human Spirit, who was head of pediatrics at M. D. ing. In time, the McGovern Foundation which opened in September 2004, also at Anderson Cancer Center. Taylor told became one of the major philanthropic The University of Texas Medical School him, "Come on down. Houston is wonder foundations in Houston. Over the years, at Houston.• ful...it is hot as hell but everything is ait McGovern has supported worthy causes conditioned." in education, medicine, substance addic Information for this profile article came During his visit to Houston, he tion research, public parks, and the from a series of interviews with Dr. accepted an appointment at Baylor Houston Zoo. John P. McGovern by William H. Kellar College of Medicine as Clinical Professor One of John McGovern's first stops during the spring of 2000. Ouentin Mease and the Establishment of the Harris County Hospital District By Roger Widmeyer In 1948, the Young Men's Christian take a look. They M~ed what he had to Street, five miles south of downtown. Association (YMCA) was fairly well offer, and shortly after, Mease accepted As Mease became increasingly established throughout the United States. this new challenge. involved in civic affairs, the need for Most large northern cities typically had Quentin Mease spent the next fifteen better health care for Houston's indigent several branches of the "Y," with always at years in Houston building the South population became evident. To meet least one branch just for African Central YMCA into a successful branch. increasing patient demands, a second American members. By the early 1960s, the Y had become an public hospital opened in the Texas That same year, important part of Houston. The new facil Medical Center in 1963. Ben Taub Quentin R. Mease, a ity was quite large, with meeting rooms General Hospital was named after the young graduate of that could accommodate sizeable confer dedicated chairman of the governing the University of ences and meetings. It was the most uti board of Jeff Davis Hospital. In the Iowa, had become lized building in the city for Houston's early 1960s, Houston's public hospitals active in the YMCA Negro businessmen. Most importantly, the and the delivery of health care to the and the National Y hosted regular meetings that were inter city's needy citizens began to come under Association for the racial, attended by many of Houston's intense scrutiny. News stories began Advancement of Colored People business leaders from both races. Houston, appearing about overcrowding at the (NAACP), a flourishing organization after all, had always been a city of com hospital. Jan de Hartog, a Dutch novelist concerned with legal rights for the merce, an entrepreneurial city, and no residing in Houston, wrote The Hospital, Negro. Mease found limited opportuni savvy business person would let color get a book based upon the experiences he ties while in Iowa, and longed for a big in the way. The business people Mease met and his wife had while volunteering at city, at least larger than his hometown of at the Y meetings would play a critical role Jeff Davis Hospital. The book's portrayal Des Moines. Hoping for greater chances in his coming involvement in the creation of a hospital that was overcrowded, to break the color barrier, he chose of the Harris County Hospital District. understaffed, and very unsafe, created a Chicago as his destination.1 When he first came to Houston in sensation. Arriving with a master's degree in 1948, segregation was evident in build The city-county "partnership" in pub social work in hand, he was soon enam ings throughout the city, marked by com lic health had not worked. Neither the city ored by big city life. "Chicago was a won mon "Colored Only" signs. Houston's nor the county had ever wanted to become derful city," Mease reminisces, "like New only public hospital also bore the brand involved in indigent health care. There York, but without the congestion." of the pervasive racism of southern cities. was a poor plan to utilize tax dollars, and Mease's interest in the YMCA-and Named after the president of the for years there were few people in the city the long hours he put in-was quickly Confederacy, the original Jefferson Davis willing to serve on the hospital's board. noticed. It was not long before he was Hospital was a 150-bed facility, opened The Texas State Legislature had contacted about helping the Y with build in 1924 on Elder Street, just a few already passed a law allowing any of ing campaigns in cities across the United blocks northwest of downtown. It quickly Texas' counties to create a hospital district States. Los Angeles, Detroit, Louisville, became severely overcrowded and in board of managers and to set a tax rate to and Houston were cities where Mease's 1936, the new Jefferson Davis Hospital, support a public hospital. This could be skills could be utilized, Y administrators a 500-bed facility, opened on Allen done by the voters simply passing a refer believed. All but Houston had fairly suc Parkway. The location was not particular endum, but by 1964, referendums to cessful Negro branches. In Houston, the ly convenient for the indigent population establish a unified hospital district in Y in the south-central part of the city met of the Fifth Ward and East End, nor was Harris County had been defeated by the in rented spaces. Hoping that Mease it convenient for the doctors and resi voters four times. For the fifth try-in might be able to help them expand and dents of Houston's new medical school, November 1965-it would be necessary solidify their services, the Houston Baylor University School of Medicine, to have virtually everyone with any kind YMCA paid for Mease to fly down and which was located at the end of Fannin of political muscle in the city behind the ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Roger Widmeyer has most recently served as Communications Analyst for Mayor Lee P. Brown . From 1996-2000, he served as managing editor of Texas Medical Center News. He was director of public affairs and patient affairs for the Harris County Hospital District, 1989-1996. He has taught college English and speech in California, Massachusetts, and Texas. page 38 Tl1c Houston Review-volume 2, no. 1 J Hogg Foundation for Mental Hygiene in picked up on the interest. Suddenly, Austin. Clarl~ agreed to serve on her dis Cobb's research enjoyed real cachet. Lee sertation committee and provide office C l arl~ craved media attention, not so space at M. D. Anderson. 2 much for himself as for the hospital, and In February 1951, after graduating Cobb delivered, boosting his campaign to from North Texas State College and toil put M. D. Anderson on the medical map. ing fifteen years as a secretary, public In April 1953, she addressed an school teacher, counselor, and UT gradu American Cancer S ociety conference of ate student, Beatrix Cobb arrived at M. D. science writers, discussing the economic, Anderson. At first, she felt intimidated. gender, and educational variables affecting Knowing little about cancer, Cobb found patients and their treatment. The AP and herself surrounded by people who knew a UPI picked up the story. Within days, great deal on the subject. "Within six Cobb's name, and M. D. Anderson's, sur months I should know a lot more than I faced in newspapers throughout the coun do about cancer, which is certainly Beatrix Cobb working with a patient who'.s looking try; Newsweek and Time covered her; mandatory, " she wrote to her doctoral at a Rorschach image, 1953. Courtesy Historical prominent psychologists trekked to advisor. But she was not unduly con Resources Center, The University of Texas M. D. H ouston to meet her; and the American cerned. "There are many challenging Anderson Cancer Center Cancer Society and National Cancer problems here ... [but) the people are won Institute took notice. 5 Chauncey Leake, gram for psychologists interested in med derful...already I feel myself falling in love head of the UT medical school in ical settings; directing a research program with M. D. Anderson." Cobb made good Galveston, wanted in on the graduate that focused on the emotional impact of use of her year in Houston, finishing the training program. Cobb seemed destined hormonal treatments; and explaining why dissertation-"A Social Psychological for a brilliant future.6 patients missed appointments, delayed or Study of the Cancer Patient" -and Edna Wagner thought differently. refused treatment, and sought non-med receiving the PhD. She read human nature like Albert ical sources for assistance. Cobb estab At the time, Clark needed a new psy Einstein fathomed the cosmos, and in lished an advisory council consisting of chologist. His first hire had not worl~ e d Beatrix Cobb she saw a disaster waiting to M. D. Anderson physicians, UT Austin out. In fact, Ross Cumley, head of scien happen. According to Wagner, Cobb was psychologists, and representatives from tific publications at M. D. A nderson, and "neurotic" and potentially "dangerous" the H ogg Foundation. With their advice Edna Wagner, director of social work, when working "directly with sick, helpless and counsel, she designed a training pro described the first psychologist as a "dud," people, because, sooner or later, she [will gram consisting of a twenty-five lecture a psychologist with such virulent cancer not be able) to resist the urge to use and survey of cancer by types and treatment, a phobias of her own that she would invent exploit these people to satisfy some of fifteen-lecture sequence on the anatomy reasons and excuses not to interview [her) neurotic needs. Miss Cobb's neurotic of the central nervous system and role of patients. Cobb was just the opposite, a need for attention is so terrific that she stress in its functioning, and a series of woman who relished being around even entertains the technicians, stenogra twenty-five lectures on endocrinology. 4 patients. When the Hogg Foundation phers and clerks with lurid stories about Beatrix Cobb's career shot up like a agreed to fund her $ 6 ,000 annual salary, her cases." Also concerned with Cobb's bottle rocket on the Fourth of July. C l arl~ hired Cobb. 3 behavior, Cliff Howe, head of the Psychologists throughout the country had He charged her with providing psy Department of Medicine at M. D. become infatuated with the psyches of chological services for patients; developing Anderson and one of her early supporters, cancer patients, and science writers had a graduate and postgraduate training pro- confessed that she was "hopped up on the subject of sex." Early in 1952, a patient remarked, "Me and that red-headed woman shore is talking about familiar things ... but you know these red-headed women. " 7 Cobb was a unique individual, flighty and unpredictable, a professional woman who sported unfashionably long hair for the 1950s, tinted its streaks of gray with regular applications of deep mahogany red, and occasionally, for effect, released it from the constraints of berets and bobby The M. D. Anderson Foundation fulfilled its promise to provide the cancer hospital with a new facility in the pins. She was a diva who could not sing, a Texas Medical Center, with construction finally being completed in 1954. Since then, they have treated woman given to grand entrances, grand nearly 500,000 patients. Courtesy McGovern Historical Collections, Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical exits, and grandiloquence-flourishes that Center Library Continued on page 50 111e rlouston Review~volmrtt' 2 , no. 1 page 3 7 mittees reflected those areas of concern- fiscal, buildings and properties, personnel. Personnel issues were a big problem. Quite a few of the hospital staff were there because of their political connections. One of the l qualifications. n Baylor's doctors and resi- dents worl ~ ':;~·!~~~~\, : , ~-- i HOuSrON .CHRONICLE. SUDdB)', .Nove.mber H, 1965 ~ Paie G; sktion 3 ~:': Ben Taub Handles 4500 Emergency Cases:a Month BY -DICK RAY~m :T ~ by rich elldpoor a!ike.' Houst:m ~ dtspm!!tng ~ The emergency room at Ben admitted _to the hospitals pay improving" charily hospltab In ~:Tb~ ~: if~h't~'''il'~'li~n Taub I ~l ' s a , suite. o_l . -JS special flee. says 85 percent of '.emer- Taub"ls 'Just" on~ _parf of- ~~ for t;~aj~en _t_: ~~4: /Tledl<:!ne . ac- _!Qis"area. · ~ · . e Gi!ii~r ' tos ltaJ•s - emergencyll'?<'ms, Jncluding t_wo_ w~~~e gency:ambulance - call~ are sen\ Houston-Harris County system cording to l!'e s1Ze of their_!am· The hospitals had requested ;roorir:&re b~in ahii:tvs. . · surgeons operate. on anyone, to Ben Taub because ol 113_ab!l, -~f cberlty. hospitals, which also ily and their jncome. an $8.9 niillion budget for ·1965 i"l:li ', • ,;, "4 m•i " • •,>=•, "'"" • oom '" », """' - """"''' D"" - •oo •• 001 """"' "'' mlUloo - '.· b 05p"lta1. Within its well.J.,..·!11nck rn River ?•ks to . a pc.r- at any. hour. ~•""". tal . at 1801Jolf~• A!!en Prkwy. JI? sletr"'~~••.1c, · pediatric,m . and page 40 Tl1e I-Iousto:n l~eview-volmne 2, no. 1 effort. The new chairman of the Harris tb.e independent school district boards. executive director of tb.e YMCA and County Republican Party, George H. W A few days later, as Mease was leaving respected community leader. Bush, happily posed for a newspaper pho a meeting at tb.e Y, he was summoned to a Mease recalls: "We faced enormous tographer as he deposited his ballot sup nearby telephone. It was tb.e Houston challenges. At that first meeting, we all porting tb.e b.ospital district creation into Chronicle seel~ing b.is response to being felt a little overwb.elrned at tb.e task tb.e ballot box. Tb.e referendum passed, narned to the Harris County Hospital ahead of us. But we went about the nec barely. District Board of Managers. The banner essary business, determining the one Now, the Harris County b.eadline in that evening's paper read, and two-year terms (because we b.ad to Commissioners Court would need to "Court Names Blue Ribbon Panel for the have staggered terms), the various corn appoint an inaugural board for the new First Board." And it was a board witb. rnittee m emberships, and identifying the Harris County Hospital District. A selec impressive credentials. immediate needs. n tion committee was first appointed to On November 25, 1965, in a con Because neither the city nor the identify candidates. Leon Jaworski, who ference room at Ben Taub Hospital, tb.e county had wanted to spend nwney on the b.ad cb.aired the committee tb.at supported board b.eld its first public meeting. The two hospitals, the budget picture was very tb.e referendum, and Joe A llbritton, chair members included Gerald Hines, a real grim. The very first order of business for man of the Baylor board, convinced estate developer; Daniel C . Arnold, se n the new board was to take a hard lo o!~ at Quentin Mease to allow them to put his ior partner at Vinson, Ell~ins, Weems & the district's financing. Commissioners name before Commissioners Court. Searls law firm; Aaron Farfel, an inter Court had allotted an initial budget of $ 7 Mease did not like the idea of an national financier and investor; Robert million for the new district; the money appointed board and strongly suggested Gillette, an attorney for Hum.ble Oil was gone by November-in a fiscal year that the Legislature permit an election of Co.; Winifred Wallace, the sole woman that went through March! The board went hospital district board members. He felt on tb.e board wb.o had worl~ed tirelessly back to Corn.missioners Court and there was too much of a possibility that organizing women throughout the city received another $3 million for the tb.e members would become political in support of the referendum; Don A. remainder of the fiscal year. appointees, instead of citizens elected by Horn, executive secretary of the Harris "Our primary concern was getting the the people they would serve- much like County AFL/CIO; and Quentin Mease, hospitals in shape," says Mease. "The corn- The Hou;;lon Review-volume 2, no. l page 39 raised the cost of medical care. People economy and different manufacturing and cannot be deprived of these advances in many other things. medicine, even when they cannot pay for When I was young and early in my prac them. This puts pressure on the cost of tice, cancer, once diagnosed, was consid health insurance, which has gone from ered virtually incurable. If they could $100 or so a year for families, to now, I remove it surgically, that could be done. just recently saw that health care would be By the late 1940s or early 1950s, they up to $ 15,000 a year per family, and still were using radium inserts for treatment of not cover everything. cancer, especially cancer of the cervix, and One reason that there was not much they had some success with that treatment need for insurance and the like was and x-ray treatments. This was the begin because it was very limited what people, ning of various l Interviewer: William H. Kellar, PhD, from the Center for Public History at the University of Houston Date: July 191 2004 WHK: Lets start by talking about changes World War II1 and the antibiotic treat in medicine over time. ment for infections expanded to be a major part of medicine today and saved thought it was mighty expensive when I MPK: Well my life span covers the 1 millions and millions of lives. One of the went over there to get some pills that cost days from the horse and buggy doctor to ironic things about it is that here is a about $10 to $20 a piece. They put me in the high degree of technology we have great discovery-the antibiotics-and my place right away when they showed me today. My grandfather was a doctor and I over time bacteria have developed a this paclzet for $750! rode in the buggy with him on house calls 1 resistance to antibiotics. And now they There is no telling what will happen to in the early 1900s. I watched the devel 1 have to try to find new antibiotics all over the expense of medical care, which has opment of antibiotics which was one of 1 again. increased dramatically in the past 7 5 the most dramatic changes in medicine I was at a drug store the other day and years, especially in the last 2 5 years. For that occurred in the late 1930s and the they showed me a paclzage for the latest example, medication and the diagnostic early 1940s. The first one was the sulfa antibiotic. This paclzet was $ 7 50 for tests that are so important and so neces drugs. And then Sir Alexander Fleming 1 about a four to five day treatment. I sary are extremely expensive and have developed penicillin1 which was used in Located just outside the Medical Center, the brand new, 250,000 square foot Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, Main Campus Building, opened in 1999. Photograph by Tom Fox, Courtesy The SWA Group M. D. ANDERSON CANCER CENTER Children's Art Projeet™ by Gail Goodwin when they are dealing with cancer. That's created- classes funded by proceeds from where M. D. Anderson's Children's Art the project itself. The Children's Art Project at Project steps in. The art project worl,s to That was then ... help add an element of normalcy to tl1ese It began with a volunteer's wonderful The University of Texas young lives. idea-art deemed pretty enough to be put M. D. Anderson Caneer Center At The University of Texas M. D. on a holiday greeting card. This idea was Anderson Cancer Center, the Children's ... stiH gowin~ stiH §vin~ and presented to the dynamic Director of Art Project is a virtual Santa Claus, fund Volunteer Services, Paige Lawson, and the stiH aH fired up! ing many programs that make life better program took off from there. The for children living with cancer. The office Children's Christmas Card Project, now alls bouncing. Kids laL~ g hing ." Kids of the art project is one of those places called the Children's Art Project, was born drawing. Kids studymg. Videos where it's Christmas all year long. from that inspiration in 1973 at The Bplaying. Kids cooking. Kids having Summer camps, college scholarships, sl ~ I j I I I All photos in this article are courtesy The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center The M. D. Anderson Cancer Hospital, er tried to do all kinds of surgery; for gall WHK: Did you think in the 1940s and which was in temporary quarters when I bladders, appendix, thyroid while also early 1950s that a cure would be found for arrived in Houston, was on Baldwin Street delivering babies and doing general cancer within, say, a decade or so, especially at "the Oaks," the old Baker residence. Dr. obstetrics, and being a psychiatrist and all. a/ter M. D. Anderson opened? R. Lee Clark was the newly appointed Today, they call this form of medicine pri MPK Well, people have always searched director of the hospital. Since then, they mary care. And these doctors doing pri for a cure for cancer. At first, the idea was have built a hospital in the Medical mary care usually do not do any surgery that there would be one cure that would be Center which is today, I believe, the largest except for the very most minor things and found and, as time went on, we found out cancer hospital in the world right here in seeing their patients. ·- that there are many different types of can Houston, along with the Medical Center, When I started in practice, I did practi cer, many different causes of cancer, so which is also said to be the largest medical cally everything in medicine except major this business of finding one cure for can center in the world. surgery while I was in the Air Force up at cer has been relegated to the trash pile. We Another important advance which is so the Aleutian Isles during World War II. now are trying to find cures for the several dramatic is the use of hormones, especial There were not any women there so I did hundred different cancers or varieties of ly treatment with the corticoadrenal hor not deliver any babies. cancer. The treatment for one is totally mone, adrenal steroid hormone, cortisone. Now, the board of certification is different than the treatment for another. This was one of the major advances in another advance. When I first graduated So, the constant search for curing cancer medicine. I know that Dr. Philip Hench at from medical school, there were no boards goes in many, many lines-hundreds of the Mayo Clinic first gave cortisone to for certification. And now, probably sev different lines. Hematology-diseases of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and eral dozen boards certify physicians for the blood. Neurology-cancer of the they had remarl_,able improvement. But different specialties: internal medicine, all brain. Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. they found out the side effects from large the branches of internal medicine and the These all have different causes. doses of cortisone were harmful. But subspecialties. The same is true for sur We also have a lot more interest in pre meanwhile, through the years, they devel gery, neurology, and psychiatry. And this venting cancer today. We know, for exam oped many corticosteroid drugs which, has been a great help for medicine because ple, a lot about the causes of cancer. We when properly used, have been a great we have raised the standards of practice by know that many environmental factors are advance in medicine. And other drugs having these boards, which certify doctors causing cancer. At one time, we did not have been developed that are of a similar to be qualified. have any idea about the cause of cancer. nature for treatment of arthritis and many WHK: Could you comment a little about We just said, the cause of cancer is diseases. space medicine? We have gone from the horse unknown, and no one even expected to WHK: What do you think about the ten and buggy to being able to have medicine for find a cause for cancer or causes for can dency towards increased specialization in medi astronauts in space. cer lil_,e we found today. We continue to cine as opposed to the family practitioner? discover drugs and habits and foods and MPK When they first started flying other things that influence the develop MPK The knowledge of medicine has airplanes, we realized that the human ment of cancer or even the cure of cancer expanded to such degree that no doctor body was subject to many changes from or the prevention of cancer. It has opened can be a Renaissance Man, so to speak, gravity, low oxygen at high altitudes, ear, up a wide field of research, a wide field of and know all there is to know about medi nose, and throat symptoms from low treatment that I think no one ever sus cine. The result has been specialization. atmospheric pressure. The specialty devel pected when I came to Houston in 1949. There has been specialization for a long oped. It was first called aviation medicine. time but even those specialists had to have Now, we have the space program and there WHK: What about some of these diseases general training. But now, medicine repre are many different challenges for people that seem to be new diseases like AIDS or sents such a vast field of knowledge that who travel in space and the whole system things like this SARS virus? doctors have to divide their interests. has now been called space medicine. And MPK We have discovered new diseases. There is still a place for the general prac one of the most important things is the There had been a time when numerous titioner who can take care of the usual effect of the loss of gravity, which has birth defects, hereditary diseases, were all events, health events, that people have, and caused innumerable changes in the human lumped together. We began to break down can refer them to proper specialists when physiology. The space program is limited, and find out these dozens of different dis the time comes to do so. of course, to very few doctors because the eases-many of them genetic in origin When the specialists, starting in the space program is such an expensive pro and hereditary-are due to mutations in 1950s and 1960s, started taking over gram with only a few space ships in action the line. We also have new diseases from medicine, the general practitioners fell all over the world. However, a lot of doc infectious origin that we did not have way behind and their status was declining. tors want to get into it but there is just not before. For example, AIDS-Acquired Now, we have begun to realize the impor room for many of them. There are a lot of Immunodeficiency Syndrome. I can tance of having the people who do general advances that have to be carried out in remember when the first one of these dis practice, which today is different from space medicine and the future of space eases was pointed out and at that time, we general practice 100 years ago or even 75 medicine, the future of space travel and years ago. Back then, a general practition- all, is yet to be determined. Continued on page 55 'fl1e Hnushm Review-volume 2 , no. I page 43 cards in all bank branches. Texas project. The first Valentine collection fol Consignees such as church groups, banks, Commerce Bank (Chase Bank in 1998) lowed in 1996. gift shops, and individuals also take an was first to send mini brochures in bank Keeping up with business trends, in assortment of inventory to sell and return statements. Corporations licensed designs 1997 CAP launched its Web site, all monies to the project. for corporate use-beginning with Scott www.childrensart.org, and established an The Children's Art Project opened its Paper producing napkins and placemats. online store. By 1998, the business gen first full retail establishment in the fall of Pizza Hut sold cards in its restaurants erated a record $1 million in proceeds for 2000. In space generously donated by and printed card coupons on boxes. allocation to M. D. Anderson patient pro Uptown Park Shopping Center, the art Today, print partners, corporate shippers, grams. The same year, CAP published its project sells its full line of products and retailers, and other community friends first-ever children's book called Bunnies in inventory. The store, called the Children's continue to support the Children's Art my Head. Written and illustrated by Art Project Boutique, opens its doors Project. award-winning author Tricia Tusa, the from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monday through One of the most significant influ book features an afterward by Barbara Saturday. ences on the growth of the project, howev Bush and was marketed as a special CAP From a community/professional/staff er, was the offer of donated floor space for 25th anniversary keepsake. task force established in 1998, a strategic holiday product sales by Randalls grocery Though CAP staff members have plan was developed for the art project. It stores in 1986. With the success of this increased from three in 1985 to the was obvious to all involved that while program, CCCP applied to the University twenty-seven on staff today, volunteers CAP was holding on to its big heart, it Cancer Foundation in 1990 for a are still the heart, soul, and backbone of had also become big business. Today, the $400,000 loan to hire a marketing con the CAP work force. They are involved in Children's Art Project is known around sultant to help build the project's presence every aspect of the project-from taking the world as one of the oldest, largest, and in the grocery industry. product orders, shipping packages, assist most loved charitable card projects. Today, cards and gift items are sold in ing with accounting, and taking invento The spirit of giving has been the suc more than 2,500 retail outlets in Texas, ry, to curling ribbons for special giveaway cess of the Children's Art Project. As Louisiana, 0 klahoma, and Florida and a card packages. Some work almost full CAP has grown, so has the progress in few locations in Colorado, Kansas, and time and have their own desks, offices, treating pediatric cancer. Today some New Mexico. Grocery stores, including and telephone lines. This core group of 70% of children with cancer will survive. Albertson's, Fiesta, HEB Grocery volunteers is supplemented by corporate That makes CAP's mission of providing Company, Kroger, Publix Supermarkets, and community groups who come in to emotional, educational, and social support Randalls, Safeway, Texas CVS, and Vons work on special projects during holidays. even more important as these children chains, display fixtures stocked with cards Across the country, volunteers deliver grow up to lead productive adult lives. and other paper products. Other types of products to retail outlets, sell products at Today, through worldwide sales of retailers, including Foley's, Palais Royal, no profit at their stores, and promote the young cancer patients' original artwork Bealls, and a number of area car washes, project through the media and word-of featured on seasonal note cards and gift also have these fixtures. The fixtures are mouth-all adding up to the fact that items, the project has funded millions of monitored through the Adopt-A-Store CAP volunteers are responsible for 90% dollars of programs that benefit cancer volunteer program, which helps to keep of the work accomplished by the project. patients and their families. them tidy and stocked with products. In 2003 alone, volunteers donated The Children's Art Project is still Retailers who carry the Children's Art almost 505,794 hours to the project growing, still giving, and still all fired up. Project cards and products make no prof the equivalent of more than 240 full It is a celebration of volunteers, individu it. Their store space is donated and they time employees. als, community partners, and corporations consider this a community service. In addition to retail outlets, the working together to make life better for Now R's die Children's Ari Proiect Children's Art Project attends off-site children fighting cancer. • whal's going on ... shows all over Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama to sell their cards and gifts. Gail Goodwin is a Senior Communications As the project grew, it naturally expanded Here, too, volunteers are an important Specialist at The University of Texas M. D. into a year round program. In 1991, aspect of the success. Those who worl~ the Anderson Cancer Center where her pri CCCP unveiled "Spring Things," the first shows set up, sell and take down, and pack mary responsibilities are with the Children's Art Project and the Department of Volunteer everyday greetings collection. Art from up the remaining products. The project Services. Prior to her current position, Gail pediatric patients at M. D. Anderson also holds an increasing number of "Table Orlando was introduc@d into the holiday was the editor of two local parenting publi Top" events-displays and sales in private cations, Our Kids Magazine and Houston collection in 1993 and retail and direct homes to introduce a community to M. D. Family Magazine. She remains an involved mail sales in Florida were launched. With Anderson and the Children's Art Project. community volunteer. A graduate of The the addition of the spring line, a new In the project's own backyard, prod University of Texas at Austin, Gail is mar name was in order. The Children's Art ucts are sold in all M. D. Anderson gift ried and has three grown children. Project (CAP), along with a brand new shops and through special employee task logo, was unveiled in 1995 in order to force sales-all staffed by volunteers. better reflect the year round nature of the page 46 Il1e l lonslon R eview--volrnne 2. no. 1 During the first holiday season, volunteers project began. The first holiday brochure used hospital gurneys as worl< tables, was printed in 1979. It was a far cry hand-packaging Christmas cards with from the 36-page catalog now printed brown paper and string for sale to M. D. each year for the holidays, but it was a Anderson employees. From the beginning, great start. CCCP graduated to mass mar these helpers had their hands in almost keting in 1980 when it produced its first every element of the project, and were television public service announcement, proud to sell 9,000 cards that first holi featuring Lady Bird Johnson. day season. They sold three different card A logo for the project, then still designs in 1974. Although these simple called the Children's Christmas Card cards used minimal color, they sold out Project, first appeared in 1981, but the within a week, returning $588 in profit to appearance of computers in the office in M. D. Anderson programs. 1983 really sent the project in a whole The project captured the imagination new direction. The donation by Arthur of everyone who learned about it, and sales Andersen of five computers, staff training quickly expanded beyond the institution to use them, and a 1-800 phone number walls. In fact, in 1976, President and added for customer orders, brought CCCP Mrs. Gerald Ford's Christmas card came into the twentieth century. from CCCP. Support from other national The project has always benefited from figures such as President and Mrs. George community support. In past years, the has grown into a full-fledged business that H . W Bush, Lady Bird Johnson, Houston Salwwitz department stores donated space each year funds patient-focused programs Oiler Earl Campbell, dancer/choreogra in four stores to sell cards, the Glassell at M. D. Anderson, most of them benefit pher Tommy Tune, baseball great Nolan School of the Museum of Fine Arts, ing pediatric patients. Ryan, author Erma Bambeck and actress Houston, provided art volunteers, and The volunteers from back in 1973 Sissy Spacel< continued to increase the Ninfa's restaurant provided refreshments would be amazed to discover that the idea visibility of the project in Houston, for bcl<-off parties. has grown into a more than $6 million, throughout Texas, and around the country. Cards were sold in area banl ers have maintained their original names. The list has grown to over forty member institutions of the Texas Medical Center, but the mission has always been to provide the best in not-for-profit healthcare for patients, the best in academic training for health professionals at all levels, and to support medical research. With its charter registered, the Texas Medical Center began making gifts of land from its original acreage. Often, recipients of the land found that the M . D . Anderson Foundation was ready to con tribute substantial funds for their building programs. A major grant was even given to Hermann Hospital to support its expan sion plans at the same time that other hospitals were given money to come build a facility nearby. From the beginning, Texas Medical Center member institutions had a spirit of competition and coopera tion that worl Tlie Houston Review-volume· 2, no. l page 4 7 made her popular in the pediatric ward but complete [your] old research projects." in Clark's opinion, to even justify use of often a spectacle in other settings. For all Clark loathed the jargon in her proposals, the term "prograrn." 11 of Cobb's psychological training, she was complaining on one occasion that "the In other ways, Cobb's hobby horses blissfully ignorant of how others perceived language and viewpoint is that of psychol struck Clark as lunacy. In December her. In 1956, for example, she addressed a ogy rather than medicine, biochemistry or 1955, she urged on him an "executive group of science writers that Ross Cumley physiology. As a matter of general reaction development program"-weekly Cobb-led had assembled in Houston. Intended as a it is too much so! With excess 'wordiness' group therapy sessions for the hospital's serious presentation of current psychoana and verbiage that seems to be an attempt leading physicians. She wanted Clark, lytic theory, her speech dripped at elaborateness rather than a simple Cliff Howe, Gilbert Fletcher, Bill Russell, "Freudianisrns" like a wet sponge, and the explanation of what is proposed. The [pro J.B. Trunnell, Ed White, and Grant writers found it hilarious and impossible posals] are obscure and the definite goals Taylor to constitute the first group, with to suppress laughter. In the agony of sti remote." Eleanor Macdonald, head of epi Clark taking the lead: "You are strong fling themselves, they grew red-faced and demiology at the hospital, complained that enough and well adjusted enough to start teary-eyed, emitting raspy, roof-of-the some of the proposals corning out of med the ball rolling by accepting some respon palate nasal grunts. When Cobb finished, ical psychology suffered from serious sibility for the situations which have left the room, and was out of sight, they design flaws. Edna Wagner claimed that caused some frustration ... with the leader unleashed waves of spontaneous, uproari Cobb had mastered "the psychological ship of a skilled group therapist, you would ous guffaws that rippled down the hall. phrases and terminology, but applying very soon get to the reasons that underlay Cobb heard the noise, misinterpreted it as them is a very different proposition." Not the excuses often given for failure to co applause, and returned for an encore.8 surprisingly, when Cobb scored with an operate or follow through." Clarl< could Although Cobb was well meaning article in The Journal of Pediatrics, she left think of better ways to l_. ill a few hours a and big-hearted, sincere as well as silly, no stone unturned making sure Clark week than plumbing the catacombs of Ed floating through the corridors looking for knew about it. 10 White's Id and uncoiling the tangles in good deeds to perform, she also possessed In addition to research shortcomings, Gilbert Fletcher's Superego. He rejected an innate, unintentional talent for Cobb's medical training program for psy the proposal. 12 annoying some people. Like a schoolgirl chologists never blossomed. She failed to Cobb also promoted the virtues of with a crush, she buried Clark in letters, secure final approval from the psychology psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in clin memos, and requests, demanding more department at UT Austin. Widely known ical settings. Cancer patients, she was and more of what little time he owned. across campus as a political quagmire, the convinced, suffered from a variety of She showered him in praise, earning a UT psychology department would have emotional maladies, including a "loss of reputation among the staff for syrupy tested the skills of the most consummate self-respect," "self-pity," "fear of death," sycophancy. In a 1951 memo, Cobb told politician, and if anything, Beatrix Cobb and the anxiety disorders and depression Clark, "I do wonder if you realize just how was not a politician. She had made ene accompanying them. All but peripatetic in deep and sincere is the love and reverence mies there over the years, not the least of her clinical energies, Cobb would, in with which the people of M. D. Anderson whom was Carson McGuire, her thin Edna Wagner's words, "lie in wait for new I regard you and your leadership .. .You have skinned PhD advisor who had tired of her patients that are adrnitted ... [she] goes to the very rare ability of inspiring people by and concluded that the physicians at see them immediately, although she has just being yourself." Clark had little need M. D. Anderson had treated him badly no idea what plans have been made." for ego transfusions, and her excesses during his service on the advisory council. Without addressing psyches, Cobb insist I soon wore thin. "A little bit of Beatrix Cobb told Clark that McGuire's opinion ed, the hospital would never fulfill its went a long way," remembered a colleague. of M. D. Anderson had degenerated into a mission of treating the whole patient. In In October 1954, when Marion Wall, combination of "wounded innocence and 1954 and 1955, as patient loads j Clark's executive assistant, passed on the biting hostility." To salvage the program, increased, Clark acknowledged her as the latest of Cobb's requests for an appoint she tried to work out an arrangement with hospital's chief psychologist and hired new ment, Clark curtly noted, "Make it per the University of Houston, even though professionals to augment the staff. He tain to cancer." At first, Clark and the she knew that there was a "time when we even permitted some initial forays into 1 staff tolerated Cobb's idiosyncracies; were opposed to aligning ourselves with clinical, in-house psychotherapy. some even found them endearing, affec the University of Houston because of the Complaints from clinicians soon 1 tionately referring to h~ r as "Bizz" or newness of our own program and the cal derailed the program. Sigmund Freud, "Beazy." And the training program she iber of work there." Nothing came of the after all, had spent nearly a decade in 1 envisioned for psychologists seemed preg proposal, and in her 1957-1958 report weekly sessions psychoanalyzing his own nant with potential.9 to Clark, Cobb confessed that only one daughter, Anna. Weekly psychoanalytic Soon, however, Cobb lost political post-doctoral fellow had participated in sessions for thousands of patients would traction. A frustrated Clark told her to the educational program, bringing the overwhelm institutional resources. "show a good performance of activity seven-year total to three pre-doctoral and Clinicians also complained that the psy under the present administration [and] two post-doctoral fellows, hardly enough, chologists were consuming too much of page 50 Tl-ie H ouston Review-volume 2. n o. 1 TEXAS MEDICAL CENTER GROWTH 1963-2002 1963 1973 1983 1993 2002 Patient Visits 806,656 1,252,268 2,200,000 3,087,664 5,100,000 Licensed Beds 2,641 3,486 4,520 6,694 6,176 Students 2,011 5,002 4,520 11,200 19,332 Employees 9,031 17,586 28,633 54,774 61,030 Sou rce: Texas Medical Center Public Affairs do best. From the beginning, all board Dr. Wainerdi, who has watched the Bush, who called the Texas Medical members for the Texas Medical Center Texas Medical Center during its extended Center "Houston's gift to the world." It is served without remuneration and most of growth, mal:'.es dozens of speeches every a gift that was made possible first by the thern served for many years. The names year to groups wanting to l 'fhe Hon~lon Review-volume 2, no. 1 page 49 Finally, he insisted, to the delight of clini of the lack of graduate affiliation, began cians, that "medical diagnosis, final dispo to decline, due perhaps, most of all, to sition and management remain the personality differences." Ever the optimist, responsibility of the referring physician." 19 Cobb's last letter to Clark expressed Both Dr. Dorothy Cato and Cobb "appreciation for your many courtesies chaffed at being part of the Department of during the seven years we have worked Medicine and yearned for independent together.. . especially your backing during status. Psychiatry, they recommended to the past two stormy years." She then left Clark, should be liberated from medicine Houston for the psychology department at and given its own departmental status, Texas Tech. Other members of the staff equal to medicine, surgery, and radiology. landed on their feet as well. Robert Psychology too should secede and enjoy Lansing joined the psychology faculty at autonomous departmental status as a basic UT-Austin; Fred Damarin headed off to Dr. R. Lee Clark, President, M. D. Anderson science, on a par with physics, biochem the U niversity of Illinois; and Alan Cancer Center and W Leland Anderson, M.D. Krasnoff accepted an appointment at the Anderson Foundation Courtesy McGovern Historicol istry, and biology. "I would not continue to Collections, Houston Acodemy of Medicine-Texos Medical request this status with the lmowledge that Washington University School of 22 Center Library you do not want to grant it," Cobb said, "if Medicine in St. Louis. I could see any way at all of operating an Annihilating the program, however, I plasms." McGuire graciously offered co effective program the way it is ... physics, did not mean that Clark had abandoned authorship to T runnel and Howe, but they biochemistry, and just recently biology interest in the emotional needs of cancer begged off, wanting nothing to do with operate with administrative autonomy, not patients. "We believe," he wrote in 1958, what they considered to be a hodge-podge under clinical supervision."20 "that the cancer patient must be consid of clinically unsupportable jargon. Clark The proposal collided head-on with a ered in his entirety, and the impact on the too backed away and left to Cobb the dirty brick wall of entrenched attitudes among mental attitudes of both patient and fami business of mending fences with her men scientists and clinicians, and Cobb knew ly ... We would be most remiss if we did not tor. "The consensus of opinion (at M. D. it. "I am aware of your administrative consider that the patient had a mind, as Anderson] is against release of the paper, problems in making a decision on this well as the possibility of fatal disease." or any other promulgation of theory at score," she wrote Clark. In the eyes of What he had done was eliminate a dys this time," she wrote. Clark then made his M. D. Anderson's most influential physi functional department. Clark promised feelings about cancer personality theory cians, especially the surgeons, the only the Hogg Foundation that he would even abundantly clear, telling Cobb to change thing worse than a psychiatrist, or a cock tually jumpstarl the program, this time the name of her section, dumping the title roach, was a psychologist. At Clark's under the supervision of a medical doctor "Section of Psychosomatic Medicine" for request, surgeon E d White minced few trained in psychiatry and neurophysiology. 18 "Section of Medical P sychology." words expressing his disdain. "It has been "We could then obtain the necessary coop Early in 1957, Clark began sorting well stated," he told Clark, "that ten min eration from the clinicians to re-imple out the relationship between the section of utes of the treating physician's time spent ment our program gradually, bringing in medical psychology and the Department in answering the patient's questions and the psychologists as the need developed."23 of Medicine, and in June he issued a blunt bringing assurance to him is worth more A generation would pass before any memo to the hospital's professional staff. than hours of psychiatric study or psycho body at M. D. Anderson again perceived Psychiatric or psychological evaluation of logical testing." M. D. Anderson's "money, the need. Not until the 1970 s, when patients would take place only at the time, personnel, and space would better be improved cancer survival rates left many request of a referring physician; psycholo devoted to other fields." Finally, he con people with full lives to live, did Lee gists would confine themselves to testing temptuously dismissed psychology and Clark and his successor Charles and evaluation, not diagnosis, and would psychiatry, citing the "wholly unsatisfacto LeMaistre reconsider the merits of med only treat patients under the direct super ry position of this field as a science and as ical psychology as a significant compo vision of a psychiatrist. "Intensive long an art in medicine to-day."21 nent of patient care, and then only in the term psychotherapy," Clark continued, "is Weary of the biclming, in July 1958 context of rehabilitative medicine-how, not considered appropriate in this setting." Clark delivered a death sentence to med for example, a child with an amputated Patients needing long-term psychotherapy ical psychology and psychiatry, terminating limb or a woman with a mastectomy could would be referred to "appropriate individu hospital services in both areas. In a dam restore a sense of normalcy to their lives. als or agencies as recommended by the age control letter to Robert Sutherland of In the 1980s and 1990s, medical psy Psychiatrist." Finally, he set new limits on the Hogg Foundation, he explained the chology at M. D. Anderson would medical psychology; henceforth, staff psy decision, citing Cobb's failure to secure reemerge, focusing not on mystical chologists would help patients adjust emo backing for the medical training program notions of cancer-prone, debilitated per tionally to their illness and its treatment in Austin and the fact that "support from sonalities, but on the behavioral dimen and manage ~ immediate personal prob our own medical staff, which would have sions of cancer prevention, rehabilitation, lems arising from, or complicated by, one made Cobb's program productive in spite and improved survival time. • or both of the above," but nothing more. page 52 111e Houston Review-volume 2, no. l their time trying to get an emotional han life, as the price of medical care." 16 dle on patients, exacerbating the tradi Cobb and her staff pursued cancer tionally strained relations between the personality theories relentlessly. At an two disciplines. Finally, to many it advisory council meeting on April 9, appeared that Cobb was trespassing on 1953, they raised the possibility of study sacred ground, blurring the fault line ing "precursor psychological stimuli" to dividing psychologists and physicians; cancer. In another memo, Cobb talked of some even accused her of masquerading the need to explore the ~interaction as a "real" doctor. "Miss Cobb has consis between the psychological aspects and tently and grossly misinterpreted her physiological aspects of an individual role," complained Edna Wagner. 13 Edna Wagner, director of social work, at the annual which might give a clue to the instigation Cancer personality theory, however, research conference dinner, ca. 1958. Courtesy of cancer growth." She circulated claims drove the real wedge between clinicians Historical Resources Center, The University of Texas M. D. that "stress and separation anxiety," along Anderson Cancer Center and psychologists, revealing the true with feelings of "hopelessness," "helpless source of Carson McGuire's animosity achieve normal orgasm. Aversion to sex, ness," and feeling "lost" triggered and spelling doom for Beatrix Cobb's he argued, was carcinogenic. Reichian psy leukemias and lymphomas, and that can career at M. D. Anderson. In the 1940s chotherapy would liberate cancer patients cer patients in general appeared to possess and early 1950s, the rage in psychothera from the bondage of sexual repression, personalities that "thrive on dependency."17 py circles was the New York-based, and orgone-replacing stints in his accu Smoldering tensions ignited in Austrian-born, and Sigmund Freud mulators would help cure them. Most 1953. Cobb had organized a session trained Wilhelm Reich, who claimed to physicians considered Reich a nut, label "Medical Psychological Study of the have identified a link between "orgastic ing him the "prophet of the better orgasm" Cancer Patient"-for the San Antonio 14 potency" and personality disorders. Men and the "founder of the genital utopia." meetings of the Southwestern Psycho and women who had experienced difficul In 1954, the Food and Drug logical Association. McGuire delivered a ty moving through the "genital stage" of Administration went after Reich. When paper entitled "Behavior Research Theory childhood, Reich claimed, were more like FDA scientists asked him to explain the and Investigations Under Way." John B. ly to find themselves deficient sexually, biology and physics of orgone energy, he Trunnell, head of experimental medicine unable to achieve "orgastic potency." After petulantly responded that they were not at M. D. Anderson, also presented at the immigrating to the United States, Reich sophisticated enough to understand his session, as did Dorothy Cato, an claimed to have discovered "orgone ener work. He refused to defend his treatments Anderson psychiatrist. Both knew gy," an ethereal force in the universe that or provide data proving their efficacy. The McGuire well because they had served animated the movement of subatomic FDA secured a court order prohibiting together on the advisory council, but they particles and manifested itself in human Reich from selling accumulators, but he took exception to his cancer personality beings by controlling sexual drives and ignored the injunction. Federal courts theories. governing "orgastic potency." Such sexual found him in contempt and sentenced Later in the year, McGuire turned his forces, if lost, could trigger chronic ill Reich to two years in the federal peniten presentation into a prospective article and nesses; healing could only come through tiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, where he grant proposal, listing R. Lee Clark as 15 Reichian therapy, which restored orgone died in 1957. second author and Beatrix Cobb as third. energy. Conveniently for Reich's pocket The notion of a "cancer personality," Trunnel, Cato, and Cliff Howe warned book, patients had to purchase time in his however, survived in Beatrix Cobb's med Clark about the paper's weak, controver "orgone accumulator," a simple, cardboard ical psychology section. "In her neurotic sial hypotheses. McGuire suggested that contraption that looked more like a rick desire to please," argued one staff member, "overt 'personality patterns' appear in set[s] ety outhouse than a laboratory. "she has a tendency to make patients fit of patients with a common cancer syn Cancer patients occupied center stage the theory." Following the trend lil 'fl1e Houskm Review- volume 2 , n o. l p age 5 1 As design on the new hospitals ty services at Jeff Davis, surgical services Hospital opened in the Texas Medical began, the district was notified of an at Ben Taub- proved to be financially Center. existing, relatively new facility, just east of wise. Now, with the two new hospitals, On the evening of January 13, Ben Taub that might help alleviate some there would be a duplication of services. 1990, Quentin Mease sat bacl: and of that hospital's over-crowding. Just a But it could not be helped. breathed a sigh of relief and satisfaction. few years before, the Central Church of There was little chance in 1990 that One of the largest building campaigns in Christ had built a four-story facility as a the replacement hospital for Jeff Davis the history of U.S. public health care home for the aged, but with declining would carry the name of the was completed. During the course of the revenues, the church was forced to close Confederacy's president-even though a next few months, the "bugs were worlxed .. the facility. The building would require vocal contingent of the Daughters of the out." U.S. Interstate Highway 10 served I little remodeling because it was essentially Confederacy addressed the board on sev as a basic line of demarcation: residents a health care facility. eral occasions. Because of his dedication north of 1-10 would utilize LBJ Hospital Mease's colleagues on the hospital district board surprised him with the sug gestion that the new facility be named after him. Mease pointed out that he under stood naming a building after someone usually hap pened fallowing that per son's death-so he was opposed to this idea. The other me,mbers insisted, however, because their board chairman had ushered the district through trying times and challenges. Quentin Mease Community H ospital opened in 1983 and became primarily a geriatric and psychiatric facility. It also houses the district's Martin Luther King H ealth Center, which provides health care The new Ben Taub Hospital, an acute-care facility, opened in 1990 and is one of the nation's busiest trauma centers. services to its neighborhood residents. The new affilia- tion the district had with the two medical to civil rights and endorsement of and the community health clinics in the schools would impact the new hospitals. Medicare, President Lyndon Johnson's north part of the county, and residents For over a decade, Jeff Davis had been the name was chosen for the new hospital. south of 1-10 would utilize Ben Taub district's maternity h ospital, staffed by Most importantly, the Lyndon Johnson and the remaining clinics. Baylor physicians; all the district's OB General H ospital would be located in the Hospital district staff at LBJ worlxed patients went there to have their babies. north part of the city, close to the cross alongside the doctors and residents of The Most of the staff spoke of the hospital as roads of Highway 59 and the North University of Texas Medical School with a wonderful place to work, full of babies Loop 610. It was an area that for years just as much vigor and camaraderie as they and happy families. In the early 1980s, had been medically underserved. had with the Baylor medical staff. LBJ's between 17,000-18,000 births occurred On the morning of June 2, 1989, emergency center opened and promptly at Jeff Davis annually. the move of n10re than three lrnndred became the second busiest ER in the But the two new hospitals, each patients-including one hundred new county, just behind Ben Taub in number staffed by a different medical school, borns- from Jefferson Davis H ospital of emergency visits. would require OB services. In addition, to the new 324-bed Lyndon Johnson Quentin Mease remained chairman Ben Taub had served as the district's pri General Hospital began. Ambulances of the board of the "new" Harris County mary emergency center and surgical facili traversed the eleven miles throughout Hospital District for several more months. ty. That, too, would have to change in the day. A mixture of excitement and After serving the district for twenty-four order to ac.commodate the teaching pro sadness filled the hospital staff. A very years, on October 29, 1990, he formally grams of both medical schools. The sepa new chapter had opened. Barely six retired. • ration of services under Baylor-materni- months later, on January 12, 1990, the new 578-bed Ben Taub General page 54 'l'hc Houston Review-volume 2, no. l Quentin Mease & The Establishment conHnued from page 40 Winifred Wallace-both members of the trict has been outstanding, and that is the on a plan to float bonds that would pay district's clinic committee-were reason we want you on the Baylor board'. for the construction and new state-of approached by the residents of the I've remained on it since then ." the-art medical equipment-estimated Settegast cornmunity in far north During Quentin Mease's first ten to be around $ 2 40 million for both hos H ouston. People in the community had years as the board chairman, tall< contin pitals. Board member and banker Marc long felt medically underserved. G etting ued about building replacement hospitals. Shapiro designed a bond package that to the outpatient clinics at Ben Taub Nearly everyo ne understood the need to wo n approval. required a fairly lengthy bus trip, with two replace Jeff Davi s; it was fifty years old In 1972, The U niversity of Texas transfers. The Settegast representatives ancient by hospital standards. There was established a health science center in proposed a clinic in their community that considerable questioning of replacing Ben H ouston, comprised of the dental school, would handle much of the outpatient Taub. Built in 1963, most people still nursing school, and school of medicine. needs. To Mease, it was a wonderful idea, considered it a fairly new facility-even Now, H ouston had two medical schools. but the district had no funds for a free though it did not meet hospital code stan UT established an affiliation for teaching standing clinic. However, they were deter dards on the day it opened. Another purposes with Herrnann Hospital, but the mined to make it happen. thought was that when one hospital in the school needed the clinical training facili With the help of an Office of medical center had an abundance of ties that a public hospital could provide. Economic Opportunity grant and a fund vacant beds, the hospital district should There was intense pressure on both the raising effort by the Settegast community, contract with that hospital for inpatient hospital di strict and Baylor to include UT the first of the district's Community service. Within days, other hospitals pro in the district's future. A proposal was put Health Program clinics opened in a store posed contracting with the district for forth that would forrn an "affiliated med front location on O ld Settegast Road in inpatient care. ical services," a single unit representing the spring of 1967. O ver the next fifteen This was soon recognized as a bad both medical schools' clinical teaching years, ten more clinics were opened at idea. It would wreak havoc on the teaching practices for the district to contract with. strategic locations throughout the county, rnission of the hospital district and Baylor. Years before, Mease had put together including Acres Home, Baytown, Doing such a thing would never allow the the original Baylor-hospital district agree Pasadena, and Humble. real issue to be addressed-replacing the ment, free of charge. This new agreement By the early 1970 s, it was clear that out-of-code hospitals. It would have to be outlining the obligations of UT and "fixing up" Jefferson Davis and Ben Taub done sooner or later. Baylor-in the end, a document the size hospitals was no longer feasible. Neither Mease and the board worl Tl1e Houslon 1\.,,,.;,,w-volurnc 2, no. l page 5 3 ENDNOTES The second Downtown 15 More inform ati on about the member institutions and 15 W Bryant Boutwell and John P. McGovern, a brief account of how each became a part of the Conversation with a Medical School: The University of Marilyn McAdams Sibley, The Port of Houston: A Texas Medical Center may be found in the chronolo Texas- Houston Medical School 1970-2000 (Houston: History (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968). gy section of Monroe Dunaway Anderson, Hi's Legacy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at 2 "The Town that Built a Port that Built a City" was a 137-241. This part covers many events, year by year Houston, 1999), 71. comment first heard by the author in the late 1970s from 1936-1993 , and was prepared by Mary 1 6 M acon, Monroe Dunaway Anderson, 2 5 . in a talk given by Floyd Martin, then director of pub Schiflett. It serves as the second half of the book by 17 Ray Miller, Ray M1Jler's Houston (Austin: Cordovan lic relations for the Houston Chamber of Commerce. N. Don Macon to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Press, 1982), 114. Congress voted in 1910 to He referred to it as an early Houston slogan. An the Texas Medical Center. approve a H ouston plan for completing and main extensive search by the research staff at the Greater 16 Current information about the entire Texas Medical taining the Houston Ship Channel. Houston Partnership, which absorbed the Chamber of Center campus and about each of the member insti Commerce, at the Houston Public Library and at the tutions is included in two publications, "Facts & 18 N. Don Macon, Mr. John H. Freeman and Friend,,: A Port of Houston Authority have not turned up the Figures of the Texas Medical Center" and "Brief Story of the Texas Medical Center and How It Began name of the person who coined the phrase. Descriptions," which are issued each year by the public (Houston: Texas Medical Center, 1973), 19 . Mr. Ben Clayton had joined the firm in 1905 making fo ur 3 Gordon Turrentine, "Cavalcade of Main Street-or affairs office of the Texas Medical Center. Both items partners. By the 1930s, the firm would have 800 the Years Bump On; New Pavement's a Marvel-But may be requested without charge by contacting the employees. That Was Back in 1916," Houston Press, December 7, public affairs office of the Texas Medical Center. 1939. A more extensive narration (accompanied by 19 Macon, Monroe Dunaway Anderson, 34. numerous photographs) of early downtown Houston Dr. BeniV Brooks 20 T.V Thompson and Burt Schorr, "The Story of M. D. is by John L. Davis, Houston: A Historical Portrait 1 Texas Women's Hall of Fame Honorees, Texas Anderson," Houston Press, June 24, 1958, 7. (Austin: The Encino Press, 1983), 5. Woman's University, http://www.tmu.edu!twhf/tw 21 Susan Thompson, "The Man Behind the Na me," 4 Information about the beginning of Hermann Park is brooks.htm. Anderson Messenger, 1980, 1. based on documents from the office of the Friends of 2 "50 Years: Texas Children's Hospital," http://www.tex 22 William B. Bates, "History and Development of the Hermann Park, 6201-A Golf Course Drive, aschildrenshospital.org/Web/50years/patients.htm. Texas Medical Center," in Proceedings of the Texas Gui/ Houston, Texas 77030. The request from George Coast Historical Association s First Annual Meeting, Hermann that some of his estate be used to create a 3 "Benjy Frances Brooks," Changing the Face of Houston, Texas, 1956, 3. city park and to build a hospital was verified by infor Medicine online exhibition, National Library of mation checked by Beth Satori, director of public Medicine, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingtheface 23 Ibid., 4. relations for Memorial Hermann Healthcare System. ofmedicine/physiciansibiography _ 44 .html. 24 N. Don Macon, South /rom Flower Mountain: A 5 N. Don Macon, South /rom Flower Mountain: A 4 "Pediatric surgeon Brooks di es at 79; she was a leader Conversation with William B. Bates (Houston: Texas Conversation With Wiffiam B. Bates (Houston: Texas in the field," Houston Chronicle, April 4, 1998, sec. A, Medi cal Center, 1975), 37; John H. Crooker, Jr., Medical Center, 1975), 62; N. Don Macon, Monroe 32. Fulbright & Jaworski: 75 years, 1919- 1994 (Houston: Dunaway Anderson, His Legacy: A History of the Texas Fulbright & Jaworski, 1994). Medical Center (Houston: Texas Medical Center, nvo Bachelors 2 5 Macon, Mr. John H. Freeman and Friend,,, 16. 1994), 88-90. Naomi S. Foster, A Factual History of George H. 26 Ibid., 17. William B. Bates was called "Colonel" out 6 Biographical information about Monroe Dunaway Hem1ann and Hermann Hospital 1925-1975 of affection and respect and not for his military serv Anderson and Dr. Ernst W. Bernier is based on (Houston: Hermann Hospital Estate, 1975), L ice. John Freeman recounted that Bates had been in archival files housed in the public affairs offi ce of the 2 Ibid., 1. law school at The University of Texas with Dan Texas Medical Center. Moody who ran for governor in 1926 and won. 3 Ibid., 2. 7 ~ .. M onroe Dunaway Anderson's forem ost concern ..." Upon taking office, Governor Moody conferred upon is a quotation from an interview witb John H. 4 Gretchen E. Weis, "George H. Hermann, A Profile," William B. Bates (who had served as his campaign Free1nan conducted by N. Don Macon in preparation Horizons, 1980, 4. manager) the honorary title of "Colonel" as a token of for a book titled John H. Freeman and Friend,,, pub 5 Foster, A Factual History, 3. honor and appreciation. lished by Texas Medical Center in 1974. Macon 6 Ibid., 5. 2 7 Bates, "History and Development of the Texas wrote several book-length biographical accounts of Medical Center," 14. the lives of those who were the early pioneers in the 7 Gail Rickey, "The Legacy of George Hermann," 28 Ibid., 24. Mr. Bates recalled in this address on Texas Medical Center. Other titles include Clark and Houston Business Jou rnal, September 2, 1985, 16. November 20, 1956, that "He [Mr. Anderson] did The A nderson, A Persona/ Profile (Houston: Texas 8 Weis, "George H . Hermann", 4. not believe in personal charity for the individual Medical Center, 1976); and two already referenced, 9 George Hermann Papers, H ermann Hospital Estate except for those that are afflicted. In his opinion, an South /ram Flower Mountain and Monroe Dunaway Archives, Hermann Professional Building, Houston, individual sound in body and mind who sought or Anderson, His Legacy. Texas. In 1998 these archives were dosed and placed accepted charity was not worthy of it. But he did 8 Biographical information about Colonel William B. into storage when H ermann Hospital became part of beljeve in improving the opportunity of the unfortu Bates, John H. Freeman, and Horace M. Wilkins is the Memorial Hermann Health Care System. The nate to help himself, and in giving comfo rt and reme based on archival files housed in the public affairs future home of this archive has yet to be determined. di al relief to the sick and afflicted .. .lt was these simple office of the Texas Medical Center. 10 Everett Collier, "George Hermann Remembered," rules of conduct and thought that guided his life and 9 Macon, South /rom Flower Mountain, 61-62. Houston Chronicle, May 14, 1951, sec. A, 24. enabled him to create his great fortune and motivated him in establishing the M. D. Anderson 10 Macon, Monroe Dunaway Anderson, 8 7. 11 "Who was George Hermann?" Watchem Column, Foundation .. ." 11 Macon, South /rom Flower Mountain, 63 -64. Houston Chronicle, May 14, 1967. 29 James Greenwood, "Monroe Dunaway Anderso n: 12 The selection of the early directors and the decisions 12 George Hermann Papers, Hermann Hospital Estate Benefactor of Medicine and Mankind," Tex;. Stale made during the first few Jilleetings of the Board of Archives. Jouma/ of Medicine 61 (1965): 416. Directors for the Texas Medical Center corporation 13 Sigmand Byod, "Relative Remembers George 3 0 Ibid., 5. are found in the Minutes of those meetings. The Hermann," Houston Chronicle, October 12, 1962, complete Minutes of all Board of Directors' meetings 12. Mr. Byod's article features Chris Landi, grand 3 1 Boutwell and McGovern, Conversation with a Medical 73. are retained in the Executive Offices of the Texas nephew of George H . Hermann, who among other &hoo/, Medical Center corporation. Swiss relatives of H erm ann, unsuccessfully contested 32 Macon, South /ram Flower Mountain, 27. The 13 Macon, South /rom Flower Mountain, 65-66. the will for nearly a decade. University of Texas Board of Regents accepted the proposal of the M. D. Anderson Foundati on in 14 Archival information retained by Texas Medical 14 N. Don Macon, Monroe Dunaway Anderson, His August 1942. Center corporation. Legacy: A History of the Texas Medical Center (Houston: Texas Medi cal Center, 1994), 3. 33 Boutwell and McGovern, Conversation with a Medical page 56 ]'lie Houston I~cvicw-v<;lmnc 2, no. 1 thought that this was a limited number of bly the thing that has been the most dra WHK: How has medical education cases. There are some of those first AIDS matic for saving lives is the advent of the changed? diseases that were not related to the AIDS antibiotics. MPK: Well, I am not in touch with virus, and we thought that was all we Another great thing that has happened medical schools like I should be, but earli would find. But we had discovered what is vascular surgery. I can remember that er I was mentioning physical diagnosis and AIDS was. And then, all of a sudden, we during my medical education, especially in doing a careful examination. In medical began to see it spreading around and we surgery, the professors would tall<'. about school, they teach it but they do not have found out that it is also being caused by a things that we could never do anything any professors that can show them how to virus and this started to overwhelm us about. And one of them was the heart. do it. And now, they are using actors. I do L. because a virus infection, the HIV virus, They said, "Nobody is ever going to be not know whether you saw that recently. started spreading and we started learning able to operate on the heart. It is in con They hire actors to go in for medical stu more about it. stant motion and you cannot do anything dents to examine instead of having actual It really overwhelmed the medical sys about it." They were curing stab wounds if patients with disease or going in with a tem. It is still overwhelming it. There are it was not too bad and it did not have too physician who carries the medical student millions of people with it. We still have much blood loss and shock. Surgeons, down the ward and picks out patients. not found a cure for it. The virus appar many times, would go in and sew up stab And we are doing it on mannequins of ently alters itself and is very hard to con wounds while the heart was pulsating. As a different forms and do all kinds of exami trol and, as everyone knows, there are cer matter of fact, I saw Dr. Albert Singleton nations on them, do all kinds of treat tain parts of the world-Africa and Asia, do that in Galveston while I was a medical ments on them. Like, they teach people for example-where millions of people student. People thought that would be the how to do emergency CPR. are now ill with AIDS. And in this coun limit of heart surgery. But we all know All that is so much more expensive. try, we have treatments that reduce the what has happened since then. We have I was told that it costs $200,000 a year seriousness of the disease and let people been able to have artificial circulation and per student in medical school at The live a lot longer and probably not spread also bring the heart to a stop and do sur University of Texas at Galveston. When the disease as much. And we have, to some gery on it and repair arteries or even we were in medical school, I know I did degree, some control of AIDS in this repair the muscular structure or valve some research on it-the budget for the country. problems, and have the heart beating medical school in Galveston-during the For the world in general, it is still a again, restore the circulation. There have depths of the Depression, during one year runaway situation. Some people think that been literally millions of people operated when I was there, was a little over one AIDS came about when some people were on. When I was in medical school, this half million dollars. I mean, $500,000 exposed by some way to a virus that was said to be impossible. I remember or so was the appropriation from the state involved apes or monkeys or something some doctor saying we had reached the to run the medical schools. Now, they are that got into man. Other people believe limit of what we could do in surgery. This asking for billions of dollars. You can see and I believe that AIDS is an ancient dis has turned out to be totally untrue. We what has happened. It is just absolutely ease of humans. I think it has occurred keep developing things every day that we mind boggling to see the tremendous repeatedly in the history of the world. could not do before. I am not a surgeon, changes that are taking place. • When you study the different epidemics in and things have advanced so much that I the world, some of them fit very well with am not very well qualified to tell you Dr. Kelsey retired from his medical practice in 1986 at age AIDS. Then, they would finally run their much about it. seventy-three. He had practiced medicine for fifty years and course. Let's hope that that will be what New technology has also brought many co-founded Houston's first multi-specialty clinic, the Kelsey will happen with AIDS. At least, if we changes. Now they are doing virtual sur Seybold Clinic. He once told me that he felt that the years of l cannot find a cure for it, we had better gery, they call it. They are doing remote his practice had also been the "golden age" of medicine. It hope that it i~ a virus that will run its surgery. They are manipulating a view they had been a time of great advance in medical science and I course. have on a screen to operate on the patient. also a time when doctors could still do their "doctoring" And they are not even at the patient's bed. WHK: In your long qareer, is there something based upon their patients' needs. Medicine has changed A robot is doing the surgery, in a sense that you find now, as you look back, that greatiy since Dr. Kelsey first rode with his grandfather to that they are controlling it with the hands maybe was the biggest surprise to you in medi make house calls. Today, with so much emphasis on technol on a panel or something lil~e a computer cine? ogy and on the "business" of medicine, perhaps it is useful panel and doing surgery. Apparently, some to recall the words of the famed medical educator, Sir MPK: I have been asked that question surgery done that way is a lot more effec William Osler: "The practice of medicine calls equally for the before in different ways. I cannot answer it tive because they operate using small inci exercise of the heart and the head." because I cannot say one thing that is sions, so there is less morbidity and less more dramatic than others. I think proba- time for recovery. Tl1c Houston Review--volumc 2, no. ] page 55 > ~ - ~ ENDNQTES - . ' Twenty-Five Years of The University of Texas M. D. 1956): 7 46-51. Professional Personnel, June 13, 1957, R. Lee Clark Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute (Houston: The 11 Beatrix Cobb to R. Lee Clark, n.d.; Beatrix Cobb to to Beatrix Cobb, June 13, 1957, RLC Papers, MDA, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and R. Lee Clark, June 5, 1956; Medical Psychology MP; anonymous interview. Tumor Institute, 1966), 157. Section, "Annual Report 1957-58," RLC Papers, 20 Beatrix Cobb to R. Lee Clark, n.d.; Beatrix Cobb and 4 "Advisory Council Agenda and Total Program MDA,AF, MP. Dorothy Cato, "Recommendations Pertaining to l Overview," September 1953, RLC Papers, MDA, 12 Beatrix Cobb to R. Lee Clark, December 1, 1955, Future Organization," n.d., RLC Papers, MDA, MP. AF,MP. RLC Papers, MDA, AF, MP. 21 Department of Surgery, "Psychiatric and j 5 "Emotion, Sex, and Behavior," Time, August 30, 13 Edna Wagner to R. Lee Clark, March 25, 1952, Psychological Service," RLC Papers, October 2, 1954, 45; "Why Go to a Quack?" Time, August 16, RLC Papers, MDA, AF, SS. 1959, MDA, MP. 1954, 40. 14 Wilhelm Reich, The Cancer Biopathy (New York: 22 Beatrix Cobb to R. Lee Clark, August 2 7, 1958; 6 W. Likely, "Cancer and the Emotions," Science News Orgone Institute Press, 1948); Myron Sharif, Fury Beatrix Cobb to Joe E. Boyd, July 8, 1958; R. Lee Letter 63 (June 13, 1953): 366-68; San Francisco on Earth: A Biography of Wilhelm Reich (New York: St. Clark to Gilbert H. Fletcher, Clifton D. Howe, and Ch ronicle, April 24, 1953; The Milwaukee Journal, Martin's Press, 1983), 298-303; Samuel J. Kowal, E. C. White, August 10, 1959, RLC Papers, MDA, April 24, 1953; Chauncey Leake to Robert "Emotions as a Cause of Cancer: 18th and 19th AF, MP. Sutherland, June 9, 1953; Clifton R. Read to Beatrix Century Contributions, " Psychoanalytic Review 42 23 R. Lee Clark to Robert L. Sutherland, September Cobb, June 15, 1953, RLC Papers, MDA, AF, MP. (1955): 217-27. 19, 19 58; R. Lee Clark to Gilbert H. Fletcher, 7 Edna Wagner to R. Lee Clark, March 25, 1952, 15 New York Times, November 3, 1957. Clifton D. Howe, and E. C. White, August 10, 1959, RLC Papers, MDA, AF, SS. RLC Papers, MDA, AF, MP. 16 Edna Wagner to R. Lee Clark, RLC Papers, March 8 Eleanor McDonald Interview; Richard Martin 26, 1952, MDA, AF, SS. Interview. Quendn Mease 17 "Minutes of the Advisory Council Meeting for the 9 Beatrix Cobb to R. Lee Clark, February 21, 1951; Medical Psychology Training Program," April 9, Sources cited in this article include Quentin Mease, Marion Wall to R. Lee Clark, O ctober 28, 1954, 1953; "Psychological Factors and Neoplasia Panel," interviews by author, May 2003; Quentin R. Mease, RLC Papers, MDA, AF, MP; Eleanor McDonald February 1954, RLC Papers, MDA, AF, MP. On Equal Fooling, ed. Shannon Davies (Austin: Eakin Interview; Richard Marlin Interview. Press, 2001); Jan De Hartog, The Hospital (New York: 18 "Theory and Design of Cancer Patient Behavior Atheneum, 1964); N. Don Macon, Monroe Dunaway 10 R. Lee Clark memo, December 11, 1956; Eleanor Research" and "Symposium"; Beatrix Cobb to Carson McDonald to R. Lee Clark, April 30, 1956; Beatrix Anderson, His Legacy, A History of the Texas Medical McGuire, n.d.; Heflebower memo, September 21, Center (Houston: Texas Medical Center, 1994); Cobb to R. Lee Clark, December 5, 1956, RLC 1954, RLC Papers, MDA, AF, MP. Papers, MDA, AF, MP; Beatrix Cobb, "Psychological Harris County Hospital District Annual Reports, Impact of Long Illness and Death of a Child on the 19 Beatrix Cobb and Dorothy Cato to Department 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, HCHD, Family Circle," The Journal of Pediatrics 49 (December Heads, January 7, 1957; R. Lee Clark to All Houston. Houston's Medical Heritage-Waiting to be Explored! John P. McGovern Historical Collections & Research Center Preserving the Past to Serve the Future Hundreds of collections from local physicians and Houston's hospitals, along with extensive reference collections on the history of Texas healthcare, are available for your research. Guides to many collections may be viewed at http://mcgovern.library. tmc.edu/ Research Hours are 8:00 am to 5:00 pm Monday thru Friday Email mcgovern@ li brary.tmc.edu for reference. Houston Academy of Medicine - Texas Medical Center Library 1133 John Freeman Blvd. Houston, Texas 77030 713-799-7141 or 713-799-7145 page 58 The llousl:on I~cvicw-volmnc 2, no. 1 ENDNOTES &hool, 68. 11 Angel of Mercy, 26. 5 R. Lee Clark Collection, 'The Library of the Houston 34 "Vote for the Texas Medical Center," The Houston 12 Angel of Mercy, 26. Harns County Medical Society Academy of Medicine, 1915-1953," John P. Post, December 13, 1943, 13. Bulletin, October 1974, 7-8. McGovern Historical Collections & Research Center, Box 55, 1952 Committees. 3 5 Walter H. Moursund, A History of Baylor Um'versity 13 'New TB Facilities Get Quick Approval." College of Medicine, 1900-1953 (Houston: Gulf 6 N. Don Macon, South From Flower Mountain: A 14 Angel of Mercy, 30-32. See also photograph caption Conversation wit/1 William B. Bates (Houston: The Publishing Company, 1956), 121. Dean Moursund in The Houston Post, October 24, 1954, sec. 4, 2. brought part of bis faculty lo Houston after a very Texas Medical Center, 1975), 57-60. unpleasant parting of the ways that left the other half 15 Quoted in Sherry Scull, 'Erasing the Threat of 7 Moursund, Medicine in Greater Houston, 199. lo eventually become The University of Texas Childhood TB," Inside Baylor Medicine (a newsletter 8 Ibid., 200-3. Southwestern Medical School in Dallas. In published by Baylor Coll ege of Medicine), January Moursund's words, "Attempts (in Dallas) lo embarrass February 1974, 3. 9 R. Lee Clark Collection, Box 55, 1952 Committees. the college were directed towards creating unfriendli 16 Angel of Mercy, 22. 10 Leopold L. Meyer & Newell E. France, The Days of ness and non-cooperation among the members of the 17 Quoted in B.J. Almond, "30 Years Brings Landmark My Years: Autobiographical Reflections of Leopold L. Houston medical profession. Since time has already Achievement: Researcher Completes Tuberculosis Meyer (Houston: Universal Printers, 1975) 178-79. written the history of both schools, the writer has no Study with Proof of Prevention, Cure," Baylor 11 Houston Ch ronicle, September 1 954. desire to record any more of the unfortunate events of Medicine (a newsletter published by Baylor College of 12 Meyer & France, The Days of My Years,1 78-79. the period of confusion." Medicine), April!May 1984, 6. 13 "Funds Raised for Medical Library Start," Houston 36 Macon, Mr. John H. Freeman and Friends, 48. The M. 18 Ibid. D. Anderson Foundation deeded the land to the Chronicle, January 7, 1952. Texas Medical Center, Incorporated, along with all 19 Ibid. 14 "Proposed Addition to the Jesse H. Jones Library the previous agreements the foundation had made for 20 The shorthand medical reference for lsoniazid is !NH. Building in the Texas Medical Center," Houston donations of land. The new entity, Texas Medical See Angel of Mercy, 34. Academy of Medicine, 1966. Center, Inc., was dedicated on February 28, 1946, at 21 Quoted in ' Drug for Latent TB Cases Claimed," 15 William S. Field s, MD, To and Through the Texas a gathering of 650 people in the Rice Hotel. Houston Chronicle, April 18, 1956, sec. B, 1. Medical Center: A Personal Odyssey (Austin: Eakin FooQJath Of Failh 22 Katharine H.K. Hsu, MD, "Thirty Years After Press, 1995), 186. lsoniazid," The Journal of the Amen'can Medical 16 Maurice C. Leatherbury and Richard A. Lyders, "A Brief History of the Institute for Reli gion and Association 251 (March 1984): 1283-85. 'Friends of the Library Groups in Health Science Health," The Institute for Religion and Health, 23 Katharine H.K. Hsu, MD, interview by author, June Libraries," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association http://www.ifrh.org. 30, 2003; Hsu, MD, "Thirty Years After Isoniazid," 66, no. 3 (July1978): 315. 2 Rick Smith, interview by author, January 2003. 1285. 17 Loretta Lambroussis, "Friends of Medical Center 24 Hsu, MD, "Thirty Years After lsoniazid," 1285. Library O rganize to Enlarge Membership," The 3 Interview by author, January 2003. Houston Post, September 6, 1961, sec. 2, 5. 4 The Lutheran Hospital Association Review, vol. 10, 4. 2 5 Quoted in "New Approach Used to Find Tuberculosis," Fort Worth Star-Telegram, ca. 195 7, 18 Texas Medical Center Annual Report, 1978. 5 "UH Through Time," University of Houston 18. 19 "Dedication of the John P. McGovern Historical Libraries, http://info.lib.uh.edu/ sea/digital/time/. 26 Katharine H.K. Hsu, MD, "Finding Tuberculosis in Collections and Research Center," a pamphlet by the 6 Chabad House at Texas Medical Center, the Community Through Examination of Children," Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center http://www.chabad.org. San Jacinto Lung 34 Collection, Papers by Dr. Library. 7 Interview by author, January 2003. Katharine H.K. Hsu, John P. McGovern Historical 20 Hitt and Lyders, "New Library Buildings," 269. 8 Veterans Affairs Medical Center Review, 2000. Collections and Research Center, A-9. 21 "HAM-TMC Library," Hams County Medical Society 9 The Reverend Charles E. Brown, interview by author, 27 Angel of Mercy, 102. Bulletin, May 1973, 6-13. January 2003. 28 Ibid., 36-37. See also, "Dr. Hsu to Head TB 22 Larry Willis, "Flash Flood," The Flash, no. 16, July 10 The Reverend R.A. Etzel, interview by author, Program," The Houston Post, April 2, 1965, sec. 4, 1. 22, 1976. November 2002. 29 Ibid. 23 Fields, 'To and through the Texas Medical Center," 3 0 Quoted in Kathleen Terrell Carter, ' In the Clinic, In 84. Dr. ICatharile H.K. Hsu the Community Making Asthma Attacks a Little 24 New Titles and News, Houston Academy of Medicine Katharine H. K. Hsu, MD, with Valerie L. Wa ll er, More the Exception," Inside Baylor Medicine (a Texas Medical Center Library, No. 45, August 1976. Angel af Mercy, (unpublished manuscript, Houston, newsletter published by Baylor Coll ege of Medicine), 25 HAM-TMC Library, The Flash, no. 16 (July 22, T x), 94; "Baylor Salutes Anniversaries," Inside December 1976/January 1977, 2. 1976). Information (a newsletter published by Baylor College 31 Ibid. 26 'A Brief History of the Library," Houston Academy of of Medicine), June 22, 1994, 4. 32 Angel of Mercy, 76. Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library, 2003, 2 Angel of Mercy, 19-20. 33 Carter, 2. http://library.tmc.edu. 3 Ibid., 21. 34 Angel of Mercy, 77. 27 Lambroussis, "Friends of Medical Center Library," 5. 4 Ibid. 35 Ibid., 82. The Rise and Fall of Medical Psvcholouv 5 Ibid., 19. 6 Ibid., 22. Houston Academy of Medieine-Texas Mavis Kelsey Interview; Eleanor Macdonald Medical center lllrarv Interview. James S. O lson conducted all the inter 7 Angel of Mercy, 25. Baylor University Coll ege of views cited.in this article. Medi cine separated from Baylor U niversity in Waco Samuel Hitt and Richard A. Lyders, "New Library 2 Carson McGuire to R. Lee Clark, May 4, 1951, and in January of 1969. The newly independent school Buildings: The Houston Academy of Medi cine-Texas was renamed Baylor College of Medicine. Carson McGuire to R. Lee Clark, February 29, Medical Center Library," Bulletin of the Medical Library 1952, R. Lee Clark Papers, The University of Texas 8 Quoted in Candi Cushman, ' Living Faith," Physician, Association 65, no. 2 (April 1977): 268. M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Administrative File, July/August 1999, 20-23. 2 Ibid., 268. Medical Psychology (hereafter cited as RLC Papers, 9 Harris County Medical Society Bulletin, October 1974, 3 Walter H. Moursund, Sr., MD, L.L.D., Medicine in MDA, AF, MP). 7. Greater Houston 1836-1956 (unpublished manuscript, 3 Beatrix Cobb to Carson McGuire, February 15, 10 "New TB Facilities Get Quick Approval," The Houston), 186. 1951; Carson McGuire to A. B. Brogan, February Houston Post, December 4, 1953, sec. 8, 1. 4 Moursund, Medicine in Greate r Houston, 192-93 29, 1952, RLC Papers, MDA, AF, MP; The First "fl1e Houston Review-volume 2, no. l page 5 7