51St Annual Meeting March 25-29, 2021 Virtual Conference

51st Annual Meeting March 25-29, 2021 Virtual Conference

MAAC Officers and Executive Board

PRESIDENT PRESIDENT-ELECT Bernard Means Lauren McMillan Virtual Curation Laboratory and University of Mary Washington School of World Studies Virginia Commonwealth University 1301 College Avenue 313 Shafer Street Fredericksburg, VA 22401 Richmond, VA 23284 [email protected] [email protected]

TREASURER MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Dr. Elizabeth Moore, RPA John Mullen State Archaeologist Virginia Department of Historic Resources Thunderbird Archeology, WSSI 2801 Kensington Avenue 5300 Wellington Branch Drive, Suite 100 Richmond, VA 23221 Gainesville, VA 20155 [email protected] [email protected]

RECORDING SECRETARY BOARD MEMBER AT LARGE Brian Crane David Mudge Montgomery County Planning Department 8787 Georgia Ave 2021 Old York Road Silver Spring, MD 20910 Burlington, NJ 08016

[email protected] [email protected]

BOARD MEMBER AT LARGE/ JOURNAL EDITOR STUDENT COMMITTEE CHAIR Katie Boyle Roger Moeller University of Maryland, College Park Archaeological Services 1554 Crest View Ave PO Box 386 Hagerstown, MD 21740 Bethlehem, CT 06751

[email protected] [email protected]

2020 MAAC Student Sponsors

The Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference and its Executive Board express their deep appreciation to the following individuals and organizations that generously have supported the undergraduate and graduate students presenting papers at the conference, including those participating in the student paper competition.

In Memory of Melburn D. Thurman Archaeological Society of Delaware Archaeological Society of New Jersey Archeological Society of Virginia’s Colonel Howard MacCord Chapter Archeological Society of Virginia’s Eastern Shore Chapter Archeological Society of Virginia’s Maritime Heritage Chapter Archeological Society of Virginia’s Massanutten Chapter Archeological Society of Virginia’s Peter Francisco Chapter Archeological Society of Virginia’s Upper James River Chapter Claude Bowen Council of Virginia Archaeologists Dovetail Cultural Resource Group Ethel Eaton and Tom Davidson Friends of Fairfax Archaeology and Cultural Resources Germanna Archaeology Brad Hatch Eric Larsen Lauren McMillan Glen Mellin and Lenny Truitt Montpelier Dr. Elizabeth Moore, Virginia State Archaeologist Carole Nash New South Associates Becca Peixotto Dennis J. Pogue Primitive Technologies, Inc. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Thunderbird Archaeology VCU Virtual Curation Lab

Additional 2021 MAAC Student Sponsors Archaeological Society of Virginia

President’s Message

Greetings all!

Welcome to the 2021 Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference (MAAC), coming through a computer near you!!! This last year certainly has been challenging for all of us on personal levels as well as members of MAAC. I took over the reins of the MAAC presidency from the very capable hands of Greg Lattanzi last year after the MAAC meeting that did not happen. We had hoped to meet again in person this year, but, alas, that is not the case. Thanks to the hard work of MAAC members and members of the MAAC Board, especially conference organizers and MAAC president-elect Lauren McMillan and Program Chair Crystal O’Connor, we’ve moved MAAC to a virtual conference this year. There will be the same great papers, a keynote by Stephen Potter, a film festival, a number of panels and workshops, and even some opportunities for socializing.

Next year we should hopefully again be meeting together in person, with a return to Ocean City, Maryland. Having a term as MAAC President that overlaps a pandemic is certainly interesting to say the least.

In the meantime, take a look inside these pages, find yourself a paper, or poster, or session, and join us later this month in cyberspace.

Cheers, Bernard K. Means President, Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference

MAAC 2021 Conference Committee

Conference Logistics Lauren McMillan (University of Mary Washington)

Program Chair Crystal O’Connor (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation) Program Assistance Soren Granger (University of Mary Washington)

Advertisements (2020) Brad Hatch (Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia)

Registration Greg Lattanzi (New Jersey State Museum) Elizabeth Moore (Virginia Department of Historic Resources) John Mullen (Thunderbird Archeology, WSSI)

Social media Lauren McMillan (University of Mary Washington) Lillian Salamone (University of Mary Washington)

Student paper/poster competition Elizabeth Crowell (Fairfax County Parks Authority)

Tech Admins Matt Bova (University of Mary Washington) Katie Boyle (University of Maryland) Brian Crane (Montgomery County Planning Department) Kerry Gonzalez (Dovetail Cultural Resources Group) Soren Granger (University of Mary Washington) Lauren McMillan (University of Mary Washington) Bernard K. Means (Virginia Commonwealth University) Elizabeth Moore (Virginia Department of Historic Resources) John Mullen (Thunderbird Archaeology, WSSI) Crystal O’Connor (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation) Robin Ramey (Fairfax County Park Authority) Delaney Resweber (University of Mary Washington)

MAAC Logo Update Allison Mueller (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation) Crystal O’Connor (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation) Ryan O’Connor (unaffiliated)

*= undergraduate student paper/poster competition **= graduate student paper/poster competition

Conference Events

Thursday, March 25

Welcome Happy Hour Where: Lobby When: 7:00

Friday, March 26

Student Committee Coffee Hour with the President and President-Elect Where: Lobby When: 11:00 AM-12:00 PM

MAAC Plenary Session with Keynote Speaker - Dr. Stephen R. Potter Where: Lobby When: 7:30 PM

Student Committee Archaeology Olympics Where: Floor 2 When: 4:15-5:45 PM

Saturday, March 27

Student Committee Social Mixer Where: Floor 2 When: 6:00-7:30 PM

MAAC General Business Meeting Where: Lobby When: 7:30 PM

Happy Hour Where: Lobby When: 8:30 PM

Friday Evening Keynote Address

The Archaeology of the Potomac River Valley: A View from the National Parks Stephen R. Potter, Ph. D. Regional Archaeologist Emeritus, National Park Service

In the late nineteenth century, William Henry Holmes and his associates began the first archaeological survey of the Potomac Valley. Almost one hundred years later, professors William Gardner, Robert Humphrey, and Charles McNett and their students followed-up and expanded on Holmes’ earlier efforts. Starting in 1995 and continuing to the present day, the National Park Service has been conducting Overviews, Assessments, Identification and Evaluation studies of 11 major parks in the Potomac River basin. These investigations were planned as a connected series of studies moving westward up the river from Prince William Forest Park to the terminus of the C&O Canal National Historical Park. Highlights from this research include the discovery of new prehistoric and historic archaeological sites spanning over 13,000 years of changing human lifeways and different cultures represented by campsites, villages, workshops, stone quarries, domestic sites, taverns, kilns, mills, armories, forges, fortifications, and battlefields.

Presentation of the Holmes-Gardner Medal to Dr. Stephen R. Potter

The Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference (MAAC) is pleased to award the inaugural Holmes- Gardner Medal to Dr. Stephen R. Potter on March 20, 2020 at the 50th annual meeting of the conference in Ocean City, Maryland. Dr. Potter is the Regional Archaeologist Emeritus, of the National Capital Region of the National Park Service (NPS), having served in that position from 1980 until 2016, for a total of 36 years.

The Holmes-Gardner Medal recognizes excellence in Middle Atlantic archaeological scholarship by archaeologists who have made enduring contributions to research and practice in the region throughout their careers. It is named after two foundational figures in Eastern North American archaeology, the 19th- century Smithsonian archaeologist William Henry Holmes, and the late-20th century Catholic University Professor, William Gardner, a founding member of the Conference in 1970. This medal was proposed by the late Melburn Thurman, an early member of MAAC.

Dr. Potter’s continuing research interests include both the archaeology of Native American cultures and historical archaeology of the eastern United States, the 17th-century Chesapeake frontier, the southern Algonquian Indians, the cartographic history of colonial America, the development and history of the American long rifle, and the archaeology and history of the American Civil War.

Dr. Potter has made sustained and major scholarly contributions to the field of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, and developed multiple, clearly articulated research programs that have broadly impacted the practice of Middle Atlantic archaeology. He presents regularly at this conference and has published broadly in venues recognized as authoritative. His innovations in the integration of theory and method have furthered the regional identification of the Middle Atlantic in national contexts and beyond. Furthermore, throughout his career he has mentored graduate students and young archaeologists to award-winning careers in public service. Dr. Potter was previously a recipient of the NPS’s highest honor for an individual archaeologist, the John L. Cotter Award for Excellence in National Park Service Archeology.

The author of numerous articles and chapters on a variety of topics, his books include Commoners, Tribute, and Chiefs: The Development of Algonquian Culture in the Potomac Valley and Archaeological

Perspectives on the American Civil War (co-editor and contributing author). In 2015-2016, he served as a Consultant to the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation for the special, temporary exhibit “Bartering for a Continent: How Anglo-Indian Trade Shaped America.” He is prolific in his appearances on video, radio, tv, newspapers, magazines, and on the internet.

Dr. Potter’s career started at the age of 16 when he was hired as a paid summer intern in the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution. After completing his undergraduate degree and a two-year stint in the Army, Dr. Potter enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he worked with Dr. Joffre Coe, focusing on the lower Potomac River valley. As the NPS Regional Archeologist, Potter was directly responsible for managing archaeological resources across 88,000 acres that crosscut geological, environmental and political boundaries in 35 separate park units within Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. He developed a multi-decade research plan used to prepare detailed historic and prehistoric contexts for the major parks in his region that served as park management tools and as frameworks for understanding the past across space and through time.

The Awards Committee of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference is delighted to present this well- deserved inaugural award to Dr. Stephen R. Potter.

Floor 1 Floor 2

Thursday, March 25 7:00 PM-8:00 PM Happy hour (Lobby)

Friday, March 26 Shattering Expectations: Analyzing Glass from New Research in the Potomac and 8:00-10:00 Archaeological Collections 8:00-10:15 Rappahannock River Valleys 10:00-10:20 Break 10:15-10:30 Break General Session: Historical General Session: Historical Archaeology in Maryland and 10:20-12:00 Archaeology in Virginia, Part 1 10:30-11:50 Pennsylvania 12:00-1:00 Lunch 11:50-1:00 Lunch Eyreville in the 17th Century - Panel: Working with Descendant Recent Analysis and 1:00-2:30 Communities Panel Discussion 1:00-2:40 Interpretations 2:30-2:50 Break 2:40-3:00 Break 2:50-5:00 MAAC Film Fest 3:00-4:00 Poster Session 1 11:00-12:00 Student Committee Coffee Hour (Lobby) 7:30-9:00 Plenary Session with Keynote Speaker (Lobby) 4:15-5:45 Student Committee Archaeology Olympics (Floor 2)

Saturday, March 27 Panel: In the Beginning: Foundations of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological General Session: Technology in 8:00-9:40 Conference 8:00-10:00 Archaeology 9:40-10:00 Break 10:00-10:20 Break Panel: Contributions of Special Analyses, Native American General Session: Archaeology of Participation and Public Outreach the Native Peoples of the Mid- 10:00-12:00 to Archaeology 10:20-12:20 Atlantic 12:00-1:00 Lunch 12:20-1:00 Lunch Panel: MAAC to the Future: Seeing 2020 2021 toward the Next Workshop: GIS StoryMaps and 1:00-3:30 50 Years 1:00-3:30 Archaeology 3:30-3:50 Break 3:50-5:00 Poster Session 2 6:00-7:30 Student Committee Social Mixer (Floor 2) 7:30-8:30 Business Meeting (Lobby) 8:30-??? Reception (Lobby)

Sunday, March 28 Archaeology on the Horizon: Looking at the Past, Present, and Future of Archaeology in General Session: Historical 8:00-9:40 Baltimore 8:00-10:00 Archaeology in Virginia, Part 2 9:40-10:00 Break 10:00-10:20 Break Archaeology on the Horizon: Looking at the Past, Present, and Future of Archaeology in Workshop: An Intro to Digging 10:00-11:40 Baltimore 10:20-12:20 Through Data

Friday Morning, March 26 Floor 1

SHATTERING EXPECTATIONS: ANALYZING GLASS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS

8:00 AM – 10:00 AM Session Organizers: Jenn Lupu (Northwestern University) and Nikki Grigg (University of Chicago)

Glass artifacts, from bottles and tableware to lamp glass, are valued for their ability to help date historic sites. While historical archaeologists share a relatively unified approach to glass typologies and tracing technological developments, there is less agreement on the next steps for analysis. This session brings together archaeologists with experience in government, CRM, and academia for a discussion of glass artifacts beyond dating. Papers explore glass from recent excavations, legacy collections, and bottle caches across the Mid-Atlantic to examine medicine and alcohol consumption, mass-production and advertising, and trash and recycling practices. Emphasizing the methods supported by different types of collections, this session will address how approaching research from these angles can help us better situate glass artifacts within sites and on a regional scale.

8:00 Plastered and Sealed: Wine Consumption and Bottle Seals among Virginia's Colonial Gentry Laura Galke (DHR)

8:20 The “Patent Medicine Era,” Glass Bottles, and Interpretation in the Archaeological Record Eric L. Larsen (The Germanna Foundation)

8:40 Not to be Sold: Beer Bottle Styles and Stylizations of Citizenship in Washington, D.C.

Nikki Grigg (University of Chicago)

9:00 Beyond Just a Cheap Date: Using Bottle Artifacts for Volunteer Lab Days

Jennifer Lupu (Northwestern University)

9:20 From Bordeaux to Baltimore: The Wine Bottle Seal at Eutaw Farm

Jason Shellenhamer (Herring Run Archaeology Project)

9:40 Cataloging Early 20th Century Glassware of Fort Pickett

Jason Kramer (Virginia National Guard Curation Program)

Friday Morning, March 26 Floor 2

NEW RESEARCH IN THE POTOMAC AND RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER VALLEYS

8:00 AM – 10:15 AM Session Organizers: Julia A. King (St. Mary's College of Maryland) and Barbara J. Heath (University of Tennessee Knoxville)

This session highlights new research in the Potomac and Rappahannock river valleys, much of it being done by new and emerging scholars. This research, which ranges from individual sites to broader landscapes and from 10,000 years ago to the 19th century, draws on newly-conducted fieldwork, legacy collections, privately held collections, and documents. Pulled together, these materials are providing additional and different forms of information for interpreting the near and distant past in these two important river valleys.

New Research in the Potomac and Rappahannock River Valleys: Introduction Julia A. King (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

Lithics as a Window into Archaic Period Settlement Change: Ethics and Benefits of Engaging with Private Collectors to Recover Indigenous Archaic Period History Gail Williams Wertz (College of William& Mary)

Native Mobility in the Rappahannock Valley: A Lithic Analysis Rachel Bissett (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

Resource Depression and Rebound of Odocoileus virginianus: Prehistoric and Protohistoric Diets in Virginia McKenna Litynski (St. Mary's College of Maryland)*

Archaeological Investigations at a c. 1690-1710 Domestic Site on the Rappahannock Frontier Travis Hanson (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

Post-Contact Hand-Built Local Ceramics, or What Was Once Called Colonoware: Assemblages from the Potomac and Rappahannock Valleys Katie Gill (St. Mary's College of Maryland)

The Patawomeck Eel Pot: History, Survivance, and Culture D. Brad Hatch (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group)

Authority Through Architecture in The Royal Virginian Colonies Grant Zopp (St. Mary's College of Maryland)*

An Archaeological Examination of Intercultural Interactions at a 17th Century Courthouse Rebecca J. Webster (University of Tennessee, Knoxville)

A Lost History: Immigrant Irish Laborers on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Emily Becker (SMCM)*

Discussant Barbara J. Heath (University of Tennessee, Knoxville)

Friday Morning, March 26 Floor 1

GENERAL SESSION: HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN VIRGINIA, PART 1

10:20 AM – 12:00 PM Session Chair: Eric Schweickart (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

10:20 The Usage of Yard and Space at an 18th-century plantation context at the Oval Site, Stratford Hall Delaney Resweber (University of Mary Washington)*

10:40 The Elite Empiric: An Exploration of John Custis IV’s Medical Abilities and Knowledge

Emily Zimmerman (Colonial Williamsburg)

11:00 Material Expressions of Power and Ideology in a Plantation Context

Claire Ross (University of Mary Washington)*

11:20 Investigating the Overseer’s House Site at James Madison’s Montpelier: An Overview and Summary of the Initial Findings Christopher J. Pasch (The Montpelier Foundation), Matthew Reeves (The Montpelier Foundation), Terry P. Brock (The Montpelier Foundation), Mary Furlong Minkoff (The Montpelier Foundation), and Taylor W. Brown (The Montpelier Foundation)

11:40 The Tullitt Site Pit: Analysis of a Mysterious Early 18th-Century Feature in Williamsburg, VA Victoria Gum (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation), Eric Schweickart (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation), and DéShondra Dandridge (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

Friday Morning, March 26 Floor 2

GENERAL SESSION: HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN MARYLAND AND PENNSYLVANIA

10:30 AM – 11:50 AM Session Chair: Stephanie Sperling (M-NCPPC, Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Prince George’s County)

10:30 Exploring Rodent Caches as a Source of Archaeobotanical Data: Investigations from Bartram’s Garden, Philadelphia Alexandria Mitchem (Columbia University), Dr. Chantel White (University of Pennsylvania), and Dr. Naomi Miller (University of Pennsylvania

10:50 Restoring Cloverfields: A Fist Look at the Archaeological Investigations at Cloverfields, Queen Anne's County, Maryland. Zachary Schaller Andrews (Applied Archaeology & History Associates, Inc.)

11:10 That was...Memorable?: Public Programming in the Year of COVID-19

Stephanie Sperling (M-NCPPC, Dept. of Parks and Recreation Prince George's County)

11:30 Archaeology from Home: Working with Volunteers during a Pandemic

Andrew Webster (Anne Arundel County (MD) Cultural Resources Division)

Friday Morning, March 26 Lobby

11:00-12:00 Student Committee Coffee Hour

Friday Afternoon, March 26 Floor 1

PANEL: WORKING WITH DESCENDANT COMMUNITIES PANEL DISCUSSION

1:00 PM – 2:30 PM Session Organizers: Kristin Montaperto (M-NCPPC, Department of Parks & Recreation, Prince George's County) and Mary Furlong Minkoff (James Madison's Montpelier)

Archaeologists working with descendant communities are changing how archaeology is done, understood, and shared with the public. Panelists will share their experiences working with descendant communities, how this work has changed overtime, its impacts on their research and institution, and the impacts that go beyond archaeology. They will explore the effects of social justice movements that are changing the discipline of archaeology and the communities we serve.

Panelists: Adam Fracchia (University of Maryland), Brad Hatch (Patowomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia), Alexandra Jones (Archaeology in the Community), Julia King (St. Mary’s College of Maryland), and Matthew Reeves (James Madison’s Montpelier)

Friday Afternoon, March 26 Floor 2

EYREVILLE IN THE 17TH CENTURY - RECENT ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

1:00 PM – 2:40 PM Session Organizer: Brian Bates (Longwood Institute of Archaeology)

Eyreville, located along Cherrystone Creek in Northampton County on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and dating to as early as the 1630’s, has produced evidence of occupation throughout the most of the 17th century and well beyond. Recent analysis of glass beads, clay pipes, illicit trade relations with the Dutch and a brick foundation have produced interesting insights for the project. Results of these projects will be presented and discussed.

1:00 Preliminary Dating and Analysis of Pipe Samples from the Eyreville Site, Northampton, Virginia Griffyn Caires (Longwood Institute of Archaeology)

1:20 Origin of Blue Glass Beads Excavated on the Eyreville Site (44NH0507)

Megan Shipe (Longwood University), Angela Scarpa (Longwood University), and Lauren Johnson (Longwood University)

1:40 Identifying Seventeenth Century Illicit Dutch Trade Relations on Virginia’s Eastern Shore and in the Chesapeake Haley Hoffman (William and Mary)

2:00 A Mid-Seventeenth Century Dwelling at the Eyreville Site (44NH0507), Northampton County, Virginia: An Eastern Shore Hybrid Michael B. Barber (Longwood Institute of Archaeology)

2:20 Discussant

Mike Clem (Virginia Department of Historic Resources)

Friday Afternoon, March 26 Floor 1

MAAC FILM FEST

2:50 PM – 5:00 PM Session Organizers: Alexandra Jones (Archaeology in the Community) and Crystal O'Connor (The Thomas Jefferson Foundation)

Last year's challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic gave archaeologists the opportunity to branch out and do more digital outreach, including short films. This afternoon will consist of viewing submitted short films focusing on archaeology while covering a range of topics. After the screening, we will have a short Q&A with the film creators about logistics and impacts of these videos.

Introduction to the First Baptist Church-Nassau Street Archaeology Site Crystal Castleberry (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) and Jack Gary (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

Archaeology & Climate Change in the Patuxent Watershed Archaeology in the Jug Bay Complex Stephanie Sperling (M-NCPPC Dept. of Parks & Recreation Prince George's County)

Archaeological Remote Sensing at Barwick’s Ordinary: Locating the 18th Century Tavern at the First County Seat of Caroline County, Maryland Matthew D. McKnight (Maryland Historical Trust) and Zachary L. Singer (Maryland Historical Trust)

Jaw Harps at Monticello’s Site 6 Christine S. Devine (Thomas Jefferson Foundation)

Uncovering the Home Farm at James Madison's Montpelier Mary Furlong Minkoff, Jeni Spencer, Matthew Reeves, Terry Brock, Christopher Pasch, Taylor Brown, and Hannah James (All authors from James Madison's Montpelier)

Site Tour Saturday: Sukeek’s Cabin Patricia Samford (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab)

Virtual Virginia: CoVA’s Digital Outreach during the COVID-19 Pandemic Erin Schwartz (William & Mary)

Friday Afternoon, March 26 Floor 2

POSTER SESSION 1: BEYOND TRIAGE: COLLABORATIVE DECISION-MAKING AND METHODOLOGIES FOR PRIORITIZING RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 3:00 PM – 4:00 PM Session Organizers: Carole Nash (James Madison University) and Heather Wholey (West Chester University)

Environmental impacts associated with climate change threaten archaeological resources – documented and undocumented -- in all types of settings. Accelerated loss is documented for coastal and interior regions around the world, so that archaeologists are in the position of having to make difficult decisions about the types of resources and settings that should be prioritized for study. In addition to developing innovative methodologies that allow for rapid site assessment, Middle Atlantic archaeologists are finding new ways to collaborate with a broader community of stakeholders in the decision-making process. This session addresses known resources, areas with the potential to yield new information, and community well-being. The Water and the Land: How the Private Sector and Government Work Together to Plan for Climate Change Impacts to Cultural Resources Scott Seibel and Matthew Harris (AECOM)

Prioritizing Site Loss in the Delaware Bay, USA, Using Probabilistic Modeling

Heather Wholey, Daria Nikitina, Katherine Dowling, and Michael Powers (West Chester University)

Prioritizing What We Don't Know: Climate Change as a Catalyst for Upland Survey

Carole Nash (James Madison University)

Monitoring, Planning and Treating Archaeological Sites for Climate Change

Christopher L. McDaid, Patrick Barry (Fort Eustis/CSU), Courtney Birkett (Fort Eustis/CSU), and Scott Seibel (AECOM)

Discussion

Friday Afternoon and Evening, March 26

4:15 PM – 5:45 PM Student Committee Archaeology Olympics (Floor 2) 7:30 PM – 9:00 PM Plenary Session with Keynote Speaker (Lobby)

Saturday Morning, March 27 Floor 1

PANEL: IN THE BEGINNING: FOUNDATIONS OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

8:00 AM – 9:40 AM Panel Organizer: Carole Nash (James Madison University)

Participants will discuss the origin and early years of the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference. Topics include the impetus for starting the organization, leadership, archaeological topics, and experiences at the early meetings. Questions about how the "Middle Atlantic" was configured as a cultural region will play a central role in this discussion, as will the way in which the founding of the organization led to the MAAC that we know today.

Panelists: Carole Nash, moderator (James Madison University), Michael B. Barber (Longwood Institute of Archaeology), Cara Blume (Consultant), Liz Crowell (Fairfax County Park Authority), Dennis Curry (Maryland Historic Trust, ret.), Daniel Griffith (Griffith Archaeological Consulting), Roger Moeller (Archaeological Services), and Faye Stocum (Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs)

Saturday Morning, March 27 Floor 2

GENERAL SESSION: TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHAEOLOGY

8:00 AM – 10:00 AM Session Chair: Matthew C. Greer (Syracuse University)

8:00 The Rabbit Gum: Slave Artifact We Never Find

Chris Espenshade (New South Associates)

8:20 Cobalt, Lead, and Borax: Preliminary Elemental Analysis of Late-18th to Mid-19th- Century British Refined Earthenware Glazes Matthew C. Greer (Syracuse University) and Brandi L. MacDonald (University of Missouri Research Reactor)

8:40 Remote Sensing Survey of James Barwick’s 18th-century Ordinary at Melville’s Landing and the Birth of Caroline County, Maryland Zachary L. Singer (Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology) and Matthew D. McKnight (Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology)

9:00 Skipton on Cohongoronto: Remote Sensing at the site of Thomas Cresap’s 18th- century Dwelling in Allegany County, Maryland Matthew D. McKnight (The Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology) and Zachary L. Singer (The Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology)

9:20 "Is the Column Moving?": Block Removal of an 18th Century Wood Post

Katherine Wagner (Colonial Williamsburg) and Adam Macbeth (Colonial Williamsburg)

9:40 John Custis IV, Williamsburg's Gentleman Gardener: Recent Excavations at Custis Square Megan Veness

Saturday Morning, March 27 Floor 1

PANEL: CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPECIAL ANALYSES, NATIVE AMERICAN PARTICIPATION AND PUBLIC OUTREACH TO ARCHAEOLOGY

10:00 AM – 12:00 PM Panel Organizer: Elizabeth Crowell (Fairfax County Park Authority)

Beginning in the third quarter of the 20th century, expansion of the application specialized analyses of materials recovered from archaeological contexts enhanced our understanding of the archaeological record. The introduction of scientific analyses, for example ethnobotanical analysis, faunal analysis, and forensic analysis, among others, allowed for a much more complete look at both prehistoric and historical lifeways. The inclusion of Native American participation in archaeological projects brought a different, more complete, voice to archaeological interpretation. Public outreach allows the findings of archaeological technical reports, articles, and books to be brought to the general public. The inclusion of these approaches to archaeology allowed for a maturation of the field. Each of the participants will discuss the contributions of their discipline to archaeological interpretation.

Panelists: Julia A. King (St. Mary's College of Maryland), Justine Woodard McKnight (Justine McKnight Archeobotanical Consultant, LLC), Edward Otter (Edward Otter, Inc.), and Douglas W. Owsley (Smithsonian Institution)

Saturday Morning, March 27 Floor 2

GENERAL SESSION: ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE NATIVE PEOPLES OF THE MID-ATLANTIC

10:20 AM – 12:20 PM Session Chair: Dana D. Kollmann (Towson University)

10:20 A Re-analysis of Late Woodland Pit Features in the Upper Delaware Valley

Justin M. Reamer (University of Pennsylvania)

10:40 Alliance Formation & Social Signaling: Village Interaction Among the Monongahela

Andrew R Malhotra (IUP)**

11:00 Preliminary Analysis of Late Woodland Hughes Site (18MO1) Skeletal Remains in the Yinger Collection. Dana D. Kollmann (Towson University)

11:20 "They cure the Pox": An Archaeological Investigation of Siouan Responses to Epidemic Disease Sierra Roark (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)

11:40 Archaeology near a Tidal Estuary: A Prehistoric Site Overlooking Stony Brook Harbor in Long Island, New York Lauren Lembo (Hunterdon County Cultural & Heritage Commission/presenting for RGA, Inc.)

12:00 Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) glass trade beads, aesthetics, and economy

Kaitlin LaGrasta (Cornell University)**

Saturday Afternoon, March 27 Floor 1

PANEL: MAAC TO THE FUTURE: SEEING 2020 2021 TOWARD THE NEXT 50 YEARS

1:00 PM – 3:30 PM Panel Organizer: Bernard K. Means (Virtual Curation Laboratory)

MAAC is celebrating its 50th anniversary and has transformed over the intervening decades from its roots as a small informal gathering of largely academic archaeologists interested only in pre-Contact archaeology. Today, MAAC hosts papers representing all time periods in the Middle Atlantic region presented by a broad spectrum of public and private sector archaeologists. MAAC also has developed an environment that encourages the next generations of archaeologists--the students. The assembled panelists will consider future trends that might influence archaeology in the Middle Atlantic region, and what the next 50 years might hold for the Middle Atlantic Archaeological Conference itself. We will consider how archaeology can contribute to addressing significant issues impact us today including climate change, social justice, and challenges to our democracy.

Panelists: Ellen Chapman (Cultural Heritage Partners), Ashley McCuistion (Fairfield Foundation), Bernard K. Means (Virtual Curation Laboratory), Elizabeth Moore (Virginia Department of Historic Resources), and Alisa Pettitt (George Mason University)

Saturday Afternoon, March 27 Floor 2

WORKSHOP: GIS STORYMAPS AND ARCHAEOLOGY

1:00 PM – 3:30 PM Workshop Organizers: Scott Strickland (St. Mary's College of Maryland) and Lauren McMillan (University of Mary Washington)

This is an interactive session with panelists who will serve to facilitate discussion about GIS StoryMaps. We will provide a brief overview of the purpose and usefulness of StoryMaps, panelists will present, demonstrate, and discuss their GIS StoryMaps, and we will provide a brief workshop demonstration on how to build a simple StoryMap. Presenters will emphasize public outreach and education, methods, and suggestions for future projects. There will be a question and answer portion of the session. We encourage participants to create a free ArcGIS Online account prior to the session if they wish to create their own StoryMaps.

Introduction Scott Strickland (St. Mary’s College of Maryland) and Lauren McMillan (University of Mary Washington)

Story Map for Maryland Archaeology Month 2020 Greg Katz (WSP USA) and Cassandra Michaud (Montgomery County Parks)

Engaging the Public in Cultural Resource Stewardship with Story Maps Exa Grubb (Prince George's County M-NCPPC) and Anastasia Poulos (Anne Arundel County Government Cultural Resources Division)

The Custis Family Migration Testing the Waters: An Expedition Down Well B at Custis Square Aaron Lovejoy (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

StoryMaps and Digitization of UMW’s Excavations 1 StoryMaps and Digitization of UMW’s Excavations 2 Matthew Bova (University of Mary Washington)

Digital Field Data to Digital Report: ArcGIS and Experience Builder Terry P. Brock (The Montpelier Foundation)

StoryMap Demonstration and Tutorial Scott Strickland (St. Mary’s College of Maryland)

Q&A and Workshop

Saturday Afternoon, March 27 Floor 1

GENERAL SESSION: POSTER SESSION 2

3:50 PM – 5:20 PM Session Chair: Amelia Chisholm (Anne Arundel County Cultural Resources Division)

The Identification and Preliminary Analysis of a Possible 19th-century Quarter Site In Stafford County, Virginia Lillian Salamone (University of Mary Washington), Lawrence King (University of Mary Washington), and Kathleen Keith (University of Mary Washington)

Cobble Reduction and Tool Production from Late Archaic through Late Woodland at the Elkridge Site on the Patapsco River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland

Robert Wall (Towson University) and Amanda Gaster

Lithic Technological and Socioeconomic Organization in East-Central Pennsylvania: The View from the “KU Site” Laura Zacharias (Kutztown University), Kha Nguyen, and Kahlan Tripp

Heritage in Crisis: Cultural Resources Vulnerability in the Jug Bay Wetlands, MD

Amelia Chisholm (Anne Arundel County Cultural Resources Division)

Geospatial Approaches to the Study of the Accretional Burial Mound Tradition of Western Virginia Brianne Alzamora (James Madison University), Thomas Dann (James Madison University), Sean Desmond (James Madison University), and Blake Morris (James Madison University)

Increasing Access to Zooarchaeological Data

Elizabeth Moore (Virginia Department of Historic Resources)

Discussion

Saturday Evening, March 27

6:30 PM – 7:30 PM Student Committee Mixer (Room 2) 7:30 PM - 8:30 PM Business Meeting (Lobby) 8:30 - ?? Reception (Lobby)

Sunday Morning, March 28 Floor 1

ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE HORIZON: LOOKING AT THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN BALTIMORE

8:00 AM –11:40 AM Session Organizers: Adam Fracchia (University of Maryland College Park), Esther Read (UMBC), Katie Boyle (University of Maryland College Park), Stephen Israel (Baltimore Archaeology Forum, Retired)

Baltimore is a City and metropolitan region with a rich and dynamic history. The City has been recently devalued as "rat and rodent infested" allowing for the devaluing of its present and past peoples and culture. This session focuses on the archaeology of Baltimore, including many new exciting archaeology and preservation projects, which bring to light an alternative history and heritage that can build community and collaboration. 8:00 Baltimore Archaeology in the late 1970s and 1980s: limited resources, unrealized potential and the continuing promise of the archaeology performed at four sites in the City. Kenneth J. Basalik, Ph.D. (CHRS, Inc.)

8:20 Two Industrial Transportation Tours of Baltimore's Past Manufacturing and Processing Establishments Stephen Israel (Baltimore Archaeology Forum)

8:40 Baltimore's Archaeological Legacy and Future: Notes from a Legacy City

Lauren Schiszik (Baltimore City Department of Planning)

9:00 The Future is Now: Preserving Underrepresented Narratives in Baltimore City

Katherine Boyle (University of Maryland)

9:20 A Backyard on Etting Street: Privy to an Overlooked History

Alexander Symonette (Morgan State University), Zihan Chen (University of Maryland, College Park), Dr. Adam Fracchia (University of Maryland, College Park)

9:40 Break

10:00 Public Archaeology and the Politics of Memory at Baltimore’s Historic Laurel Cemetery

Isaac Shearn (Coppin State University), Ronald Castanzo (University of Baltimore), Elgin Klugh (Coppin State University)

10:20 Tradition, Symbolism, and Anti-Semitism: the importance of the Lloyd Street Mikva’ot

Esther Doyle Read

10:40 The Ship Graveyards of Curtis Bay

Susan Langley (Maryland Historical Trust)

11:00 An Archaeological Exploration of the Northampton Iron Furnace

Adam Fracchia

11:20 Discussant

Jim Gibb

Sunday Morning, March 28 Floor 2

GENERAL SESSION: HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN VIRGINIA, PART 2

8:00 AM – 10:00 AM Session Chair: Eric Schweickart (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

8:00 The Powhatan Park Site (44WB0138): an Antebellum Agricultural Complex on the Outskirts of Williamsburg, VA Jessie Dick (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) and Eric Schweickart (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

8:20 A Forgotten Cemetery: Contextualizing Unmarked Graves Identified Under the P4 Parking Lot (44WB0139) in Williamsburg’s Historic Core Eric Schweickart (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) and Jack Gary (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation)

8:40 Back to our Roots: The Common Hackberry Tree as an Historical Site Indicator on Mulberry Island Patrick Barry

9:00 Combs, Beads, and Buttons: The Personal Artifacts from Three African American Schoolhouses in Gloucester County, Virginia Colleen Betti (UNC Chapel Hill)

9:20 Civil War Earthwork or Pile of Dirt? Recognizing False Earthworks at Fort Eustis, Virginia Courtney Birkett (Fort Eustis Cultural Resources)

9:40 Results on the 2019 Field Season at Salubria

Alison Hodges (Germanna Foundation)

Sunday Morning, March 28 Floor 2

WORKSHOP: AN INTRO TO DIGGING THROUGH DATA

10:20 AM – 12:20 PM Workshop Organizers: Elizabeth Bollwerk (DAACS), Jolene Smith (DHR)

Effective data management and preservation are particularly pressing for archaeologists because the data we create are often the only remaining record of the sites we excavate. This open workshop will provide a high-level introduction to best practices, tools, and challenges of working with data including cleaning, managing and analysis. It will introduce the concepts of Data Lifecycles and Management plans and provide resources for successfully completing these vital components of archaeological work. We’ll also review tools to clean, manage, and analyze data like OpenRefine, R and RStudio. This workshop will provide practical resources for getting organized, handling messy data, and reducing errors. We welcome participants with all levels of technical ability.

Abstracts

Alzamora, Brianne (James Madison University), Thomas Dann (James Madison University), Sean Desmond, (James Madison University), and Blake Morris (James Madison University) Geospatial Approaches to the Study of the Accretional Burial Mound Tradition of Western Virginia Shenandoah Valley historian, Samuel Kercheval, wrote in 1833 of “melancholy regret” over the destruction of burial mounds by Euroamerican settlers in the Virginia uplands, and since that time, scholars have attempted to document the surviving portions of these sites, which are mortuary features of the Monacan and Manahoac peoples. This presentation demonstrates the role of remote sensing technologies, coupled with a close reading of archaeological studies, as a method for evaluating original mound size, current condition of the sites, and setting relative to natural features. The findings support the efficacy of non- invasive approaches for collaborative projects on ancestral spaces.

Andrews, Zachary Schaller (Applied Archaeology & History Associates, Inc.) Restoring Cloverfields: A Fist Look at the Archaeological Investigations at Cloverfields, Queen Anne's County, Maryland. The 2018-2019 archaeological investigations at Cloverfields in Queen Anne’s County, Maryland yielded the artifact assemblage of a thriving plantation home dating to the early 18th to the late 20th century. Led and funded by the Cloverfields Preservation Foundation (CPF), a multidisciplinary team of specialists was assembled to investigate and document the historic resources at Cloverfields and to restore the Cloverfields house and landscape to c.1784. Archaeological investigations have guided the restoration and reconstruction of the house and grounds. Over 370 features were identified, including structural evidence of former porches, outbuildings, the original terraced garden, and a servant’s wing. The investigations have significantly expanded our understanding not only of the historic development of Cloverfields, its grounds, and the lives of the people who lived and worked there, but a broader understanding of early colonial and post Revolution life on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and the wider Chesapeake tidewater region.

Barber, Michael B. (Longwood Institute of Archaeology) A Mid-Seventeenth Century Dwelling at the Eyreville Site (44NH0507), Northampton County, Virginia: An Eastern Shore Hybrid Eyreville, with its buried array of colonial and American structures, is found on an embayment of Cherrystone Creek on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. While most of the excavations at Eyreville have focused on the earlier 1630 earthfast structure(s), a brick foundation was recorded during the field season of 2017. Further examined over the following two seasons, the building was found to be 32' long by 18' wide with a brick rubble filled basement running from the south end for 24'. The basement walls were plastered, the floor sealed with three foot square sandstone slabs, and the lowermost bricks in the primarily domestic brick foundation were two head-to-head yellow Dutch bricks. A bulkhead entrance was recorded at the southwest corner facing the Chesapeake Bay. Debate over date of occupation, building function, and relation to historic figures will be considered in this paper.

Barry, Patrick BACK TO OUR ROOTS: THE COMMON HACKBERRY TREE AS AN HISTORICAL SITE INDICATOR ON MULBERRY ISLAND "Here at Fort Eustis, a military installation with 233 know archaeological sites in southeastern Virginia, we are in our 12th year of our site monitoring program. After year four, we began to look at our sites on a much broader level for any sort of patterns emerging from the data collected during our monitoring visits. We began noticing that on a majority of our sites that have the Common Hackberry tree, there was usually brick in close proximity. In this paper, we will address the correlation between the Celtis occidentalis or hackberry tree and historic sites on Mulberry Island. We shall cover briefly in the first section of this paper, common plants as historic site indicators. The second section of this paper will describe the general characteristics and uses of the Celtis occidentalis or hackberry tree. The third section of this paper will present the raw data of archaeological sites containing hackberry trees from our many years of site monitoring here on Mulberry Island. The final section of this paper will be to present some possible explanations to what we believe to be a pattern emerging between hackberry trees and historic sites here on Mulberry Island. By going into detail about what we have learned from the many years of data gathered from our archaeological sites with Hackberry trees, we hope to provide an overlooked tool in discovering historical archaeological

30 sites to other installations, organizations, and archaeologist in southeastern Virginia and other areas of the country where the Hackberry is present.”

Basalik, Kenneth J. Ph.D. (CHRS, Inc.) Baltimore Archaeology in the late 1970s and 1980s: limited resources, unrealized potential and the continuing promise of the archaeology performed at four sites in the City. Urban archaeology was still in its infancy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. At that time much of the archaeological work was descriptive, documenting variability in the lives of individuals and neighborhoods in cities across the nation. This paper will touch upon work performed at sites from four different Baltimore neighborhoods between 1978 and 1988. The paper will review the theoretical and political constraints on the work performed, the data collected, the limitations of each project, and the promise of the information collected.

Becker, Emily (SMCM) A Lost History: Immigrant Irish Laborers on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal The 184.5 mile long Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, located in Maryland, was important in the local community for providing jobs and for transporting goods throughout the state. It was an engineering feat whose construction was riddled with challenges and dangerous conditions. The Canal Company employed Irish laborers to construct the canal, who were subject to dangerous conditions and long hours. However, their history has been largely lost, so the purpose of this project was to research these laborers using documentary archaeology to learn about their experiences, especially regarding incidences of violence. One goal is to understand why these incidents are occurring. Another goal is to apply an anthropological perspective to their history using critical theory.

Betti, Colleen (UNC Chapel Hill) Combs, Beads, and Buttons: The Personal Artifacts from Three African American Schoolhouses in Gloucester County, Virginia "Schoolhouse archaeology has traditionally been focused on the architecture of the schools rather than artifacts relating to daily life due to the predominance of architecturally related artifacts found at schoolhouse sites. Excavation of three African American schoolhouses dating from the 1880s- 1950s in Gloucester County, Virginia has shown that while there is an abundance of architectural artifacts, there are still many objects relating to daily life and education at these schools. This paper looks at the personal artifacts found, how these changed through time, and what they can reveal about daily life in post- Reconstruction African American schools."

Birkett, Courtney (Fort Eustis Cultural Resources) Civil War Earthwork or Pile of Dirt? Recognizing False Earthworks at Fort Eustis, Virginia Fort Eustis, a military installation in southeastern Virginia, contains a number of earthworks dating to the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War. It has also been the location of extensive bulldozer training, which has left behind anomalous mounds of soil. Because of this, more than one site has been erroneously identified as a Civil War earthwork. By examining aspects of these sites such as the shape and location of the earthen feature, its appearance on old maps, and its visibility on Lidar, it has been possible to determine whether a feature is a true earthwork or the result of more recent military bulldozer training.

Bissett, Rachel (St. Mary's College of Maryland) Native Mobility in the Rappahannock Valley: A Lithic Analysis "The study of lithic artifacts is essential for understanding Native American lifeways throughout history, including mobility and migration, trade and exchange, site function, and settlement practices. This paper presents an analysis of lithic artifacts from the Rappahannock River Valley in Virginia. Using lithic data collected from over 30 sites dating from 7000 BC to 200 AD, information on mobility, migration, and trade between groups along the Rappahannock is revealed. This paper discusses how Native Americans along the Rappahannock moved west to east during the Archaic period. "

Bova, Matthew (University of Mary Washington) StoryMaps and Digitization of UMW's Excavations

UMW’s Archaeology Lab holds a large sum of archaeological collections and records collected by student and staff excavations. Combining these records with our GIS data, lab aides have assembled Esri StoryMaps that show a portion of the archaeological data held. The intention is to show the history of UMW’s involvement in the archaeology of the region, and to better share the findings with the public. Creation of StoryMaps takes our GIS maps, excavation records, and background research to create engaging displays that show both the findings and the process of archaeological research.

Boyle, Katherine (University of Maryland) The Future is Now: Preserving Underrepresented Narratives in Baltimore City The future of Baltimore City archaeology lies in the present. In recent years, there has been a push in archaeology to assist communities in preserving their heritage. Archaeology and historic preservation together are particularly suited to community engagement efforts and would be especially useful in Baltimore City, where many histories have been muted in the City’s historic narrative. It is the responsibility of those working in preservation related fields to use their tools of the trade to uplift these narratives. This paper will examine preservation challenges in Baltimore City and some recent efforts made in preserving heritage in underrepresented and underserved communities using archaeology and historic preservation methodologies.

Brock, Terry P. (The Montpelier Foundation) Digital Field Data to Digital Report: ArcGIS and Experience Builder In 2020, The Montpelier Archaeology Department did its first full field season conducting archaeological survey and unit excavation using tablets, and collecting data using ArcGIS Collector. As a result, their archaeological data was ready to use and distribute in real-time to the public, and could quickly be collated, analyzed, and put into an archaeological report. To do so, Montpelier used one of ESRI’s newest web app tools, Experience Builder. Similar to StoryMaps, Experience Builder provides a more robust set of applications and customizations to build more interactive sites, dashboards, and stories using GIS data. This presentation will quickly review Montpelier’s use of Collector, and then show the resulting online report for the 2020 field season in Experience Builder.

Caires, Griffyn (Longwood Institute of Archaeology) Preliminary Dating and Analysis of Pipe Samples from the Eyreville Site, Northampton, Virginia Following from new archaeological discoveries at the Eyreville site in Northampton County, Virginia, questions about the excavated features have been raised. Samples of tobacco pipe fragments have been recovered from excavations, which the author uses to attain mean dates of occupation for the site’s features. It is hypothesized that if the dating methods are accurate, then the mean dates will track with known historical occupation of Eyreville. Some length is taken to explain the relevant information known from Eyreville’s historic record and how it might relate to the pipe samples. The author reviews the literature and evaluates the strengths and limitations of known and accepted pipe stem-bore dating techniques. Preliminary results find that the sample means contradict the historical records of occupation: for the imported samples, it is determined that the material context they were found in is related to a later occupation of Eyreville than previously believed relating to a repurposing of how the site was used, and for the locally made sample it was determined that the dating method used may not be applicable because of a lack of standardization in the production of locally made pipes. Further research at Eyreville is likely to corroborate these findings.

Castleberry, Crystal (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) and Jack Gary (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) Introduction to the First Baptist Church-Nassau Street Archaeology Site In this video, Colonial Williamsburg Director of Archaeology, Jack Gary, introduces the archaeological project on the original site of the First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, a congregation founded in 1776 by free and enslaved Black worshippers. This video provides a virtual tour of key locations on the site where portions of the mid-19th century church building are exposed, along with the remains of an earlier structure that may have served as an worship space prior to the construction of the church. This video is one of several that were made during the Covid-19 pandemic with the intention engaging with guests who have been unable to visit in person. It also provides a partial record of the archaeological project that can be

32 used by the First Baptist community and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation to help tell the story of our partnership in fully interpreting this historic site.

Chisholm, Amelia (Anne Arundel County Cultural Resources Division) Heritage in Crisis: Cultural Resources Vulnerability in the Jug Bay Wetlands, MD "Current changes in the climate are impacting the cultural resources of the Chesapeake Bay region. Along the Jug Bay stretch of Maryland’s Patuxent River, significant erosion of features and artifact degradation are due to a greater frequency of extreme high tide episodes in conjunction with a higher water table, increased groundwater salinity, and increased rainfall-induced surface runoff. Rich in natural resources, the area has seen continuous Native American activity over the past 13,000 years as the environment changed from riverine to estuarine following the end of the last Ice Age. With a shoreline erosion rate of eight feet per year [1993-2010] along portions of Jug Bay, documenting new archaeological sites and assessing the condition of known sites is critical. A Cultural Resources Vulnerability Index was developed to create a predictive model that will allow for more effective risk assessment, providing mechanisms for evaluating resources and prioritizing response options."

Devine, Christine S. (Thomas Jefferson Foundation) Jaw Harps at Monticello’s Site 6 Excavations of Monticello’s Site 6, an early 19th-century quarter site for enslaved field laborers, produced a variety of small finds including four jaw harps. This video focuses on the significance of the jar harp assemblage from Site 6 in terms of what it tells us about enslaved laborers’ access to goods and possible social stratification within the enslaved community at Monticello. It also highlights the importance of music in the lives of enslaved people.

Dick, Jessie (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) and Eric Schweickart (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) The Powhatan Park Site (44WB0138): an Antebellum Agricultural Complex on the Outskirts of Williamsburg, VA This summer the Department of Archaeology at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation conducted phase III excavations at the Powhatan Park site, an agricultural complex associated with the Basset Farm plantation near Williamsburg. This site mainly consisted of a large artifact scatter in plowzone with only a few, ephemeral features to provide evidence for the locations of buildings and activity areas. In this paper we draw upon the spatial patterning of artifact distributions and soil chemistry analysis to interpret the spatial layout of this complex and re-construct the daily routines of the individuals who lived and worked at this site.

Espenshade, Chris (New South Associates) The Rabbit Gum: Slave Artifact We Never Find This paper provides a discussion of the use of rabbit gum traps by enslaved Africans in the Middle Atlantic and Southeast regions of the United States. The basic technology is described, and a sampling of mentions in slave narratives is offered. It is argued that many characteristics of trapping with a rabbit gum made it a sensible means by which slaves could augment their foodstuffs. The rabbit gum was inexpensive and easy to build. Gum trapping did not require access to firearms. Once set, a gum continued to work 24/7 until it caught prey. The gum trap augmented the slave diet with rabbits, opossums, and raccoons. Such trapping helped reduce varmint losses to subsistence gardens. A gum trap-line could be set and checked by a single person after the day’s labor had been completed.

Fracchia, Adam (University of Maryland) An Archaeological Exploration of the Northampton Iron Furnace "In the Fall of 2019, the Northampton Furnace Archaeology Project conducted an archaeological survey of the outbuildings associated with the Northampton Furnace. The iron furnace was in operation from 1761 to 1827 and was reliant on the labor of slaves, convicts, and indentured servants of the Ridgely family of Hampton. The furnace was also the main source of the Ridgely's early wealth during this period and supplied the iron for cannon using during the American Revolution. This paper details the preliminary findings of the University of Delaware archaeological field school which sought to better understand the lives of the people forced to work at the furnace through a study of the landscape and excavations."

Galke, Laura (DHR) Plastered and Sealed: Wine Consumption and Bottle Seals among Virginia's Colonial Gentry Identity was performed through sociable drinking, a popular license among Virginia’s ‘newly-elite’ colonial families. Personalized wine bottle seals amplified messages of gentility in a domestic setting. Such seals materialized identity, class, and gender, allowing planters a material way to demonstrate refinement, pedigree, and taste. The aspiration for individualized or family seals expanded at a time when demand for tavern-, inn-, and coffee house-seals diminished. Refined entertaining countered popular European beliefs which maintained that colonists were rustic. Hundreds of seals curated at the Department of Historic Resources inform this analysis that, together with the Culture Embossed website, provide comparative data for thoughtful analysts throughout the Mid-Atlantic Region.

Gill, Katie (St. Mary's College of Maryland) Post-Contact Hand-Built Local Ceramics, or What Was Once Called Colonoware: Assemblages from the Potomac and Rappahannock Valleys Colonoware is a hand-built, unglazed, low-fired ceramic produced in European forms usually by Native Americans or Africans/African Americans. Colonoware fragments from Maryland and Virginia were examined to determine temper, surface treatment, and form. Chemical analysis using x-ray fluorescence was further performed on samples from seven sites in the Rappahannock River Valley. The sites included in the study represent each of the groups that have been associated with Colonoware, including Native American, enslaved African American, and colonial households. This work reports the results of this study including the distributions of Colonoware attributes in an effort to link these distributions to various learning communities.

Greer, Matthew C. (Syracuse University) and Brandi L. MacDonald (University of Missouri Research Reactor) Cobalt, Lead, and Borax: Preliminary Elemental Analysis of Late-18th to Mid-19th-Century British Refined Earthenware Glazes Late-18th to Mid-19th century British refined earthenwares are found the world over, yet these have rarely been analyzed using archaeometric techniques, and almost everything we know about differentiating and dating these ceramics comes from written documents. Through a preliminary LA-ICP-MS analysis of 25 refined earthenware glazes (five each from creamware, pearlware, whiteware, yellowware, and ironstone), we discuss a possible way historical archaeologists can expand our knowledge of these important ceramics. Specifically, our results suggest that the five most common refined earthenwares can be distinguished based on their chemical composition. Furthermore, this data allows us to engage with the existing literature in novel ways that can provide new insights into late-18th to mid-19th-century refined earthenware glazes by assessing (dis)similarities between their colorants and fluxes.

Grigg, Nicki (University of Chicago) Not to be Sold: Beer Bottle Styles and Stylizations of Citizenship in Washington, D.C. From September 2016 to May 2017, the Shotgun House Public Archaeology Project excavated a frame shotgun-style house inhabited by German immigrant tenants from the early 1850s to the 1960s. The site, located in Washington, D.C.’s Capitol Hill neighborhood, contained a number of mid-19th to early-20th century glass beer bottles. Functional objects sharing a relatively standard form, beer bottles are typically studied based on variations of their presence and absence from an archaeological site. This paper reconsiders these mass-produced artifacts through a stylistic analysis to examine the practices entangling beer and access to citizenship. In late 19th century Washington, state and industry regulated glass beer bottles through branding, recycling, and policing. This paper follows the circulation of empty bottles through cellars, middens, washing facilities, and breweries. I demonstrate how beer bottle styles operated in public and private contexts to influence stylizations of citizenship in the nation’s capital.

Grubb, Exa (Prince George's County M-NCPPC Archaeologist) and Anastasia Poulos (Anne Arundel County Government Cultural Resources Division) Engaging the Public in Cultural Resource Stewardship with Story Maps Anne Arundel County’s Cultural Resources Division, in partnership with multiple non-profits, developed several story maps to inform the public about local history, as well as raise awareness on the existing

34 archaeological and historic resources in the County. Currently, there are two ways to create and publish an ArcGIS StoryMap: (1) the open sandbox of Java coding and web hosting (requiring programming skills beyond the average user) and (2) ESRI’s user-friendly but creatively limited Story Map Builder. Over the past few years, the County’s Story Map teams have addressed numerous technical and data challenges in developing content, collaborative interfaces, and in presenting sensitive information – all while maintaining archaeological site security. This presentation will discuss how we approached these challenges, as well as the technical lessons learned over the past few years. We will share how we developed coding workarounds in style and organization to customize these maps, present examples for those not so familiar with coding on how to expand the utilities within ArcGIS StoryMap Builder, and raise considerations on sharing sensitive information.

Gum, Victoria (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation), Eric Schweickart (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation), and DéShondra Dandridge (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) The Tullitt Site Pit: Analysis of a Mysterious Early 18th-Century Feature in Williamsburg, VA Last fall, while conducting an archaeological survey of an early 19th-century church in Williamsburg, we came across a feature filled with early 18th-century wine bottles, ceramic sherds, and animal bones. Further excavation revealed that the feature was approximately 4 feet deep with an unusual and irregular shape. In this paper we draw upon the documentary record related to the property, the artifacts found within the feature, and comparisons with other archaeological features to interpret the purpose of this feature and the activities which took place on this property in the first few decades of the 18th century.

Hanson, Travis (St. Mary's College of Maryland) Archaeological Investigations at a c. 1690-1710 Domestic Site on the Rappahannock Frontier The Hastings Site, a c. 1690-1710 English colonial site located in King George County, Virginia, was tested in the summers of 2018 and 2019 by archaeologists from St. Mary’s College of Maryland. A combination of shovel testing, test unit excavation, and remote sensing surveys were used to investigate the site. The artifacts and features recovered from the site include Native American and Colonial ceramics, tobacco pipes, and a series of circular anomalies, one of which was revealed to be a barrel ring. The combination of both Native and early colonial artifacts in the recovered assemblage suggest some level of interaction with Native communities just downriver. The archaeological investigations sought to clarify who was living at the site. This paper presents the preliminary findings from this research and provides insight into how the site fits into the history of the Rappahannock River Valley during this period.

Hatch, Brad D. (Dovetail Cultural Resource Group) The Patawomeck Eel Pot: History, Survivance, and Culture Traditional crafts associated with Virginia Indian tribes have drawn the attention of colonizers, collectors, anthropologists, and material culture researchers for hundreds of years. The vast majority of these crafts have a connection to traditional foodways systems and serve as major aspects of tribal identity and continuity from the pre-invasion period to the present day. One of these crafts that is intertwined with the culture of the Patawomeck people is the white oak eel pot, a specific type of woven eel trap. This paper examines the history of these objects, their role as an object of survivance, and their cultural implications from the perspective of a material culture researcher, archaeologist, and the last traditional maker of these traps within the tribe. The critical engagement with the materials and histories of Patawomeck eel pots ultimately reveals a broader understanding of changing Patawomeck communities and identities from the pre-invasion era until today.

Hodges, Alison (Germanna Foundation) Results on the 2019 Field Season at Salubria Salubria is a colonial estate constructed in 1757 for Reverend John and Butler Brayne Spotswood Thompson in Stevensburg, Culpeper County, Virginia. The estate has dwindled in size throughout its history, from 350 acres in 1757 to 19 acres today, but was continuously occupied from its construction until the 1930s. In 2019, a shovel test survey and unit excavations were completed by the Germanna Foundation to understand more about the history of the estate, as archaeology on site had been sparse. This paper details the results of that field season.

Israel, Stephen (Baltimore Archaeology Forum) Two Industrial Transportation Tours of Baltimore's Past Manufacturing and Processing Establishments This presentation highlights two industrial tours and documentation on two of Baltimore's past transportation corridors organized as public tours in 1992, 1993, and 1995; along the former Streetcar Route 26 describing 54 19th and 20th century industrial sites along the 12 mile trolley route and today's Light Rail Line along former Annapolis & Baltimore Short Line, Northern Central, and the Baltimore & Susquehanna Railroad routes describing 44 19th and 20th century industrial sites along the 17.2 mile former railroad routes. The two tours open to the public were organized by the Baltimore Industrial Museum and members of the SIA Baltimore Benjamin Latrobe, Jr. Chapter. The goals of the two public tours were to establish an educational resource base and promote appreciation and broader awareness of Baltimore's former unique and rich industrial heritage.

Katz, Greg (WSP USA) and Cassandra Michaud (Montgomery County Parks) Story Map for Maryland Archaeology Month 2020 The authors collaborated on a Story Map for Maryland Archaeology Month 2020. The map can be found here: https://mdarchaeology.github.io/Annual-Field-Sessions/ . We (the authors) are archaeological practitioners and not web-map gurus or coders, and we took an open-source Story Map approach using Leaflet and GitHub that was user-friendly and free, and might be good for a number of applications in archaeology, including use by students and non-profit / advocacy organizations. In our opinion, the Leaflet and GitHub approach that we employed has strengths in its versatility and ease-of-use, and it is well suited to online collaboration and community map-making.

King, Julia A. (St. Mary's College of Maryland) New Research in the Potomac and Rappahannock River Valleys: Introduction The storied Potomac and the relatively under-studied Rappahannock river valleys were both important sites in the longue durée of American history. How, then, does a growing body of evidence deriving from new and old fieldwork and private collections serve to shape and reshape the stories told about these important places? How do digital technologies move the ball forward? Perhaps most importantly, what happens when a new generation brings their skills and creativity to the study of these two important river valleys? This paper provides the context for the papers in this session, including a brief history of archaeology in the two river valleys and the methods and theories shaping that earlier work.

Kollmann, Dana D. (Towson University) Preliminary Analysis of Late Woodland Hughes Site (18MO1) Skeletal Remains in the Yinger Collection. The Hughes site (18MO1) is a Late Woodland palisaded Keyser village located on the north bank of the Potomac River in Montgomery County, Maryland. In the late 1930’s, avocational archaeologists Nicholas and Roy Yinger conducted site excavations that resulted in the identification and removal of many features, including human burials. These commingled and largely unprovenienced remains were found represent at least 22 individuals. Although most skeletons are incomplete, skeletal pathology and trauma is significant and includes conditions such as osteomyelitis, possible rickets, and blunt force trauma resulting in death. The most significant finding, however, is possible evidence of intentional dental intervention likely in response to a carious lesion. While these investigations are ongoing, preliminary data suggests similarities to dental intervention reported for a site in the southern Chesapeake region of Virginia.

Kramer, Jason (Virginia National Guard Curation Program) Cataloging Early 20th Century Glassware of Fort Pickett "In 2006 the Conservation Management Institution of Virginia Tech documented four archaeological sites during a Phase I survey project of area B to support Fort Pickett’s Forestry Program. One of these sites, 44DW0349, produced a large assemblage of bottles, jars, and other glass containers near the foundation of a small tenant-type farmhouse. The Virginia National Guard has curated this collection at its Fort Pickett Curation Facility, and it was recently inspected and rehoused by interns supported by an Institute of Museum and Library Services Inspire! Grant in 2020 - 2021. During this rehousing effort, the Curation Facility began work on a type collection of the different glassware beginning with Site 44DW0349 to illustrate their identifying features and maker's marks to help determine what the container’s original contents were. This will provide future researchers with knowledge about late 19th - early 20th century glass containers in the Fort Pickett area."

LaGrasta, Kaitlyn (Cornell University) Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) glass trade beads, aesthetics, and economy Analyses of glass trade beads from Indigenous North American archaeological sites often focus on typological identification, relative dating, and identifying European manufacturers. These approaches are helpful for understanding site chronologies and mapping trade relationships, but they can center narratives of European influence and minimize discussion of Indigenous perspectives. This paper draws upon Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) aesthetics and metaphysics to analyze the domestic context glass bead assemblages from the Seneca Ganondagan-White Springs-Townley Read site sequence (1670-1754). Haudenosaunee color symbolism is applied to this analysis, with attention to the significance of red, white/light, and black/dark. These findings are then compared to published data from contemporaneous Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga sites to identify regional and temporal patterns of glass bead color preferences across the Five Nations. This approach draws attention to Haudenosaunee economic and aesthetic motivations for wearing and exchanging glass beads in the late 17th century to mid 18th century.

Langley, Susan (Maryland Historical Trust) The Ship Graveyards of Curtis Bay "From WWI cargo ships to an early experimental concrete vessel to famous steamboats, and even to Baltimore's own version of a Mary Celeste schooner, Curtis Bay and Curtis Creek hold all of these. This presentation addresses three clusters of vessels among many more isolated remains throughout this industrial area."

Larsen, Eric L. (The Germanna Foundation) The “Patent Medicine Era,” Glass Bottles, and Interpretation in the Archaeological Record It can be argued that the Era of “Patent” (or better Proprietary) Medicines roughly corresponds with what literary historians and others have termed the “long 19th century” (roughly the 1780s -1910s). This was a period of increasingly formalized commodification of medicinal practices. These were processes that culminated with the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the hegemony of professionalized medicine. Harpers Ferry, WV, provides a case study for the second half of the 19th century. Archival records and local newspapers have been used to develop a localized market context. Two collections from late 19th- century privies provide an opportunity to evaluate proprietary medicines within a changing environment of medicine’s practice. Proposed is a way for archaeologists to interpret medical assemblages at a household level.

Lembo, Lauren (Hunterdon County Cultural & Heritage Commission/presenting for RGA, Inc.) Archaeology near a Tidal Estuary: A Prehistoric Site Overlooking Stony Brook Harbor in Long Island, New York The Avalon NE site, which straddles hillslopes and an idyllic bluff overlooking the Stony Brook Harbor, contains archaeological deposits representing resource procurement and processing activities during the Late to Terminal Archaic, as evidenced by microwear analysis and the recovery of lithic debitage, fire- cracked rock, expedient tools, and a variety of stemmed projectile points and formal tools. An archaeological data recovery of the Avalon NE site has resulted in additional information regarding Native American lifeways in the region and reinforces the vulnerability of coastal settings impacted by climate change, and the dire potential for accelerated archaeological site loss.

Litynski, McKenna (St. Mary's College of Maryland) Resource Depression and Rebound of Odocoileus virginianus: Prehistoric and Protohistoric Diets in Virginia This study analyzes the rebound and depression of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) resources using faunal data from 17 archaeological sites in Virginia. Steady low abundances of white-tailed deer are reflected during the Paleoindian, Early Woodland, and early Middle Woodland periods. Higher abundances of white-tailed deer occur during the late Middle Woodland and early Late Woodland assemblages. Faunal assemblages suggest a decline in white-tailed deer resources during the end of the Late Woodland period. Protohistoric assemblages provide evidence for a major rise in white-tailed deer. Variations in white-tailed deer populations as represented in archaeological contexts provides evidence for Native American cultural,

37 demographical, and technological shifts; food preferences; and/or socio-political conditions including the protohistoric deerskin trade.

Lovejoy, Aaron (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) StoryMaps and the Custis Square Archaeology Project The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s department of archaeology has the twofold purpose of researching Williamsburg’s material culture as well as educating the public about past lifeways in colonial Virginia. StoryMaps allow archaeologists to reach a wider audience than previously possible and provide those following the Custis Square Archaeology Project with a wealth of supplemental information on a wide range of research topics. They are easy to create, easy to share, and grant the ability to illustrate complex ideas in a user-friendly way with members of the community who have access to internet. This presentation focuses on two StoryMaps in our Custis Square series which employ creation tools in contrasting ways. One illustrates history and geography in an area spanning the Atlantic Ocean, and another provides an in- depth analysis of a single complex feature.

Lupu, Jennifer (Northwestern University) Beyond Just a Cheap Date: Using Bottle Artifacts for Volunteer Lab Days Bottle artifacts are often used archaeologically to provide an accurate date for the stratum in which they are uncovered. However, when bottles are found in unprovenienced deposits or are part of orphaned archaeological collections where provenience data may be lost, they are often considered less valuable. This paper presents a methodology for using bottle collections with public volunteers at open lab day events. During the lab days, volunteers documented bottles from the Halcyon House collection and helped to rehouse the artifacts to prevent future breakage. The Halcyon House site was excavated in 1985, but artifact processing was never completed. I will discuss the cataloguing worksheets I created, which were designed so that even inexperienced volunteers could accurately document bottle artifacts Through the open lab days, the bottle artifacts became valuable tools for teaching volunteers about archaeology, while at the same time enabling future research and study of the archaeological collection.

Malhotra, Andrew R. (IUP) Alliance Formation & Social Signaling: Village Interaction Among the Monongahela A general trend among many farming societies has been the growth of political complexity, and thereby alliance formation. Recent studies on the Monongahela culture seek to characterize the growing political complexity of the Monongahela during the Late Monongahela period (A.D. 1580-1635). This research expands on their ideas and argues that during the Late Monongahela period and the Terminal Middle Monongahela (post 1400 A.D.). The Monongahela were not just increasing in political complexity within individual villages, but they were also forming alliances and trading across multiple villages. This study seeks to understand this by showing how scalloped lip ceramics, charnel houses, and trading can be used as an indicator of alliance formation and village interactions. Using several theoretical frameworks, such as the agency theory, social signaling, and the formation of social inequality, along with spatial and statistical analysis.

McDaid, Christopher L., Patrick Barry, (Fort Eustis/CSU), Courtney Birkett (Fort Eustis/CSU) and Scott Seibel (AECOM) Monitoring, Planning and Treating Archaeological Sites for Climate Change Fort Eustis is a peninsula of 8,000 acres bounded by Skiffes Creek, the Warwick River, and the James River. The installation has 233 identified archaeological sites. Thirty-one sites are subject to erosion by the surrounding waterways. Beginning in 2010, the installation instituted a site monitoring program to document the status of the sites. Data from that program revealed many sites were being impacted by erosion. The installation developed a system to quantify current and potential future erosion damage for the thirty-one sites being damaged, as well as a system to prioritize and triage the sites for future study and treatment. Since developing the system, the installation has recorded erosion data to verify the model, worked to identify sites warranting stabilization, and stabilized significant sites. Additional analysis of the types of sites being threated indicate a disproportionate number of Woodland period sites (1200 B.C.E - 1600 C.E) being impacted by erosion.

McKnight, Matthew D. (The Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology) and Zachary L. Singer, (Maryland Historical Trust) Archaeological Remote Sensing at Barwick’s Ordinary: Locating the 18th Century Tavern at the First County Seat of Caroline County, Maryland In 2019 and 2020, the Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology conducted a remote sensing survey to locate the site of an 18th century tavern/ordinary owned by James Barwick. Barwick's Ordinary was part of a complex on the Choptank River that served as the first county seat of Caroline County. This video presents the results of the remote sensing survey.

Mary Furlong Minkoff (James Madison's Montpelier); Jeni Spencer, Matthew Reeves, Terry Brock, Christopher Pasch, Taylor Brown, and Hannah James (All authors from James Madison's Montpelier) Uncovering the Home Farm at James Madison's Montpelier "This video will share Montpelier Archaeology’s efforts to turn our research and interpretive efforts away from the Main House toward the Home Farm and the people who lived, worked, and were held in bondage there. The home farm was the center of life for the Montpelier plantation, consisting of enslaved quarters, a white overseers’ house, a black smith shop, barn, and other buildings yet to be discovered. The Montpelier Archaeology Department is collaborating with the Montpelier Descendant Committee to use metal detecting surveys, archaeological excavation, historical documentary research, artifact analysis, and descendant community collaboration, to uncover the stories of Montpelier’s Home Farm. Using these discoveries, our collective team is bringing the past out of the ground through the digital and physical reconstruction of the buildings and landscapes in order to change the narrative of life on the Montpelier plantation. "

Mitchem, Alexandria (Columbia University), Dr. Chantel White, (University of Pennsylvania), and Dr. Naomi Miller (University of Pennsylvania) Exploring Rodent Caches as a Source of Archaeobotanical Data: Investigations from Bartram’s Garden, Philadelphia "As the oldest surviving commercial botanical garden in the United States, Bartram’s Garden possesses a unique history of North American plants exported to Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During recent architectural restorations of the Bartram family home, a rodent cache containing preserved organic material was found under the attic floorboards. The cache contained a variety of materials from the Bartram household and garden, including botanical remains such as gnawed seeds and nutshell, newspaper and parchment fragments, cloth fragments, faunal bone, and rodent fecal pellets. While specific challenges exist in analyzing rodent cached materials, there are also unique advantages. The Bartram’s Garden cache offers the rare opportunity to study well-preserved botanical remains linked to an historic garden, most notably the plant species that may have been omitted from or mislabeled in commercial seed catalogues dating to the mid-1700s. In this paper, we will investigate the formation processes of rodent caches and will address issues with dating these assemblages, in order to explore the cultivated spaces of Bartram’s Garden and how they were experienced by various early Americans. "

Moore, Elizabeth (Virginia Department of Historic Resources) Increasing Access to Zooarchaeological Data Zooarchaeological analysis of animal remains from archaeological deposits has the potential to contribute to our knowledge of a variety of topics: diet, resource extraction, trade, socioeconomics, symbolic and sacred behavior, wildlife management, and more. Too often, zooarchaeological data is still relegated to an appendix rather than incorporated into and adding to the nuance to broader site interpretations. For zooarchaeologists wishing to examine comparative data, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to find primary data sources, particularly in the grey literature where archives and libraries may hold the main body of a report but not necessarily the appendices or report volumes beyond Volume 1. There are several recent online efforts that attempt to assemble zooarchaeological data into searchable databases that provide access to online datasets, including one in development for the Middle Atlantic region. This poster will discuss these projects and provide information on how you can contribute data to this data sharing effort.

Nash, Carole (James Madison University) Prioritizing What We Don't Know: Climate Change as a Catalyst for Upland Survey

The upland forests of the Appalachians are among the most diverse natural communities in the temperate world, providing the setting for a study of change and flexibility as an essential feature of existence, both for pre-contact and historic cultures. However, upland archaeology has lagged due to the long-held belief that upland sites have limited signatures and are thereby less likely to provide significant information on cultural processes. Currently, archaeological sites here are compromised by climate change processes such as drought and high winds that create conditions for frequent wildfires, as well as extreme precipitation events that lead to severe erosion, flash flooding, or rapid mass wasting. The lack of research makes it difficult for decision-makers to develop prioritization plans in the face such threats. A GIS-based analysis of settings that are most likely be impacted by catastrophic climate-related events, coupled with archaeological models of pre-contact site locations, provides a process for identifying areas in the greatest need of survey. Such work is being carried out in Shenandoah National Park, where archaeologists ground truth the geospatial analysis to further refine decision-making for future work.

Pasch, Christopher J. (The Montpelier Foundation), Matthew Reeves (The Montpelier Foundation), Terry P. Brock, (The Montpelier Foundation), Mary Furlong Minkoff (The Montpelier Foundation), and Taylor W. Brown (The Montpelier Foundation) Investigating the Overseer’s House Site at James Madison’s Montpelier: An Overview and Summary of the Initial Findings The Montpelier Archaeology Department has recently conducted several phases of survey and excavations at the Home Farm and Overseer's House. These are part of a multi-year project--funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities--to examine the primary agricultural complex at Montpelier. This presentation will provide an overview of the project, as well as some preliminary results of the phase II excavations, including: site components, features, and artifacts. Additionally we will discuss some of the ways we hope to better understand and interpret the overseer, overseer household, as well as the lifeways, landscape and power dynamics of the larger Home Farm. Finally we will discuss plans for future excavations and research development.

Read, Esther Doyle Tradition, Symbolism, and Anti-Semitism: the importance of the Lloyd Street Mikva’ot The separation of church and state is guaranteed in the United States Bill of Rights. During the early nineteenth century, the state of Maryland did not allow Jews the same rights to worship or participate in state government. Between 2000 and 2010, UMBC conducted excavation at the Jewish Museum of Maryland in Baltimore. Our excavations were part of an interdisciplinary study exploring the story of an immigrant community who kept their religious traditions alive, while simultaneously assimilating American cultural values. The latter would have an effect on some traditions, but the presence of a matzah oven and several Mikva’ot in the basement of the synagogue point to the continued importance of religious traditions within the community. These same items still have important symbolic value that resonates within local and international Jewish communities. This paper explores the importance of these traditions during periods of anti-Semitism during the nineteenth and twenty-first century.

Reamer, Justin M. (University of Pennsylvania) A Re-analysis of Late Woodland Pit Features in the Upper Delaware Valley Pit features are nearly ubiquitous on Late Woodland sites in the Upper Delaware Valley (UDV). While these pits were initially interpreted as refuse features because of their material contents, the consensus is now that many of these features were used, at least initially, for storage in some capacity. The debate over how long food was stored in pits, however, is still debated, with Moeller (1992) arguing for short term crop processing storage and Kraft (1975) arguing for long term storage. In this paper, I propose to develop a new typological framework for analyzing pit features in the UDV to help resolve this debate. I will combine statistical analysis of pits excavated within the Minisink National Historic Landmark, with descriptive analysis of their contents to re-classify pit features into a comprehensive typological framework. In doing so, I aim to elucidate the intended usage of these features.

Reeves, Matthew (James Madison's Montpelier) Montpelier Descendant Community For the past 20 years, Montpelier has been working with the Montpelier Descendant Community to make its archaeological research and interpretation relevant to the community's needs. Recently the Montpelier

Community has developed into a formal institution and we are seeking to engage the community through Dr. Michael Blakey's Clientage Model. This model recognizes that community members have a critical voice in their representation and seeks to have archaeologists interact with the community in more of a service model than a strictly academic model. The presenter will discuss how this relationship is being activated at Montpelier through its research program.

Resweber, Delaney (University of Mary Washington) The Usage of Yard and Space at an 18th-century plantation context at the Oval Site, Stratford Hall The Oval Site (44WM80) is an 18th-century archaeological site located on the grounds of Stratford Hall Plantation in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Excavated by the Department of and Center for Historic Preservation at Mary Washington College/the University of Mary Washington between 2001-2014, this archaeological site is comprised of four structures that are a component of a larger plantation context. Currently, these buildings are interpreted as an overseer’s house, a barn, a kitchen, and an unidentified building. Using GIS distribution analysis, I will be examining the relationship between these buildings, and by extension the relationship the inhabitants had with each other and their landscape, through the use of methods developed in landscape archaeology studies. This research aids in highlighting and expanding the narrative of historically excluded and underrepresented groups in studies that focus on 18th-century plantation sites in Virginia.

Roark, Sierra (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) "They cure the Pox": An Archaeological Investigation of Siouan Responses to Epidemic Disease This paper addresses Native American experiences and responses to epidemic diseases through an analysis of archaeological data collected from the University of North Carolina’s Siouan Project. Started in 1983, the Siouan Project is a long-term endeavor of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology aimed at understanding Native lifeways before and after European contact in the North Carolina and Virginia Piedmont. The Siouan Project has resulted in a wealth of data, making it a viable study for identifying archaeological evidence of the impacts of the shatter zone. This paper analyzes archaeobotanical and ceramic assemblages and briefly looks to community organization and mortuary patterns to address how Siouan communities encountered and responded to the physical, social, and cultural components of instability resulting from epidemic disease.

Ross, Claire (University of Mary Washington) Material Expressions of Power and Ideology in a Plantation Context "The plantation house at Sherwood Forrest Plantation (44ST615) was home to two gentry-class white families in the latter portion of the 19th-century, the Fitzhughs and the Harts. During the seasons of 2015, 2016, and 2017, the University of Mary Washington’s summer field school conducted an archaeological investigation of the Antebellum slave quarter and American Civil War Union Army encampment that were also associated with the Sherwood property. Through these investigations, various artifacts associated with the plantation owners were also uncovered, including fragments porcelain figurine, Rockingham ware vessels, and a child’s “Reward of Merit” cup. The presence of these artifacts, in addition to other items of “bric-a-brac,” indicate that at least one of these two families were participating in the home decorating trend of conspicuously displaying decorative objects. The possession of, and choice in, these objects could signal the social class, cultural literacy, and cultural capital of a 19th-century individual or family. In this paper, I will further explore this relationship between constructed identity and material possessions."

Salamone, Lillian (University of Mary Washington), Lawrence King (University of Mary Washington) and Kathleen Keith (University of Mary Washington) The Identification and Preliminary Analysis of a Possible 19th-century Quarter Site In Stafford County, Virginia Students in the introductory archaeology class at the University of Mary Washington conducted a preliminary shovel test pit survey of the site currently referred to as Little Falls-Norton Property in March and April 2018 and March 2019. These investigations were undertaken at the request of the landowners, who discovered archaeological material while doing yard work. The site is currently a residential lot, near Little Falls Plantation, which is on the Rappahannock River in southern Stafford County, Virginia. The analysis and interpretation of the site was undertaken by the authors for a class project. Analysis of the artifacts, combined with archival research, indicates the site was likely an Antebellum slave

41 quarter/Postbellum tenant site. This mid-19th-century site was likely an outlying field quarter associated with the larger Little Falls Plantation. This paper will detail the historical and archaeological evidence uncovered during the course of this project and outline suggestions for future research.

Samford, Patricia (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab) and Alice Merkel (Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab) Site Tour Saturday: Sukeek’s Cabin Site Tour Saturday - Sukeek's Cabin. Join archaeologist Kirsti Uunila as she discusses the archaeology done at a late 19th-century tenant homestead located in Calvert County, Maryland at Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum. Park staff worked with descendants of the site's residents, using archaeology as well as oral histories and documentary research to learn more about tenant farmer's lives during this period.

Schiszik, Lauren (Baltimore City Department of Planning) Baltimore's Archaeological Legacy and Future: Notes from a Legacy City This paper covers the recent history and current state of archaeology in Baltimore. Charm City is a case- study through which to explore political, social, economic, and temporal factors that can impact archaeological stewardship at the local government level in a legacy city. The establishment of the Baltimore Center for Urban Archaeology in 1983 marked Baltimore as a forerunner in urban public archaeology, and this innovative program led excavations that engaged thousands of people until its closure in 1997. After a lull of of two decades, a confluence of factors has revitalized archaeology in Baltimore. There are excavations sponsored by non-profit organizations, universities, and local community organizations, there is now regulatory archaeological review at the local level, and there is greater interest in archaeology from City officials. There are lessons to be shared from grass-roots, governmental, and institutional efforts, and insights about potential futures for archaeology in Baltimore.

Schwartz, Erin (William & Mary) Virtual Virginia: CoVA’s Digital Outreach during the COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged archaeologists to develop creative strategies for fieldwork, analysis, and outreach while prioritizing health and safety. To bring work across Virginia to the public, the Council of Virginia Archaeologists (CoVA) began a video series, “Meet a Virginia Archaeologist,” where archaeologists discussed topics from their first field school to their strategies for working during the pandemic. This short film illustrates the process of making our video series as well as our favorite interview answers and insights.

Schweickart, Eric (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation); Gary, Jack (The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) A Forgotten Cemetery: Contextualizing Unmarked Graves Identified Under the P4 Parking Lot (44WB0139) in Williamsburg’s Historic Core In September 2020 the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s Department of Archaeology identified over 20 historic grave shafts beneath a parking lot in Williamsburg, VA during a mitigation project. Both oral histories and previous archaeological studies indicate that these graves are likely the southernmost portion of a larger cemetery. All graves were unmarked and no documentary information about the affiliation of the cemetery or when it was in use have come to light so far. In this paper we compare the location, orientation, and size of grave-related features to other cemeteries in Williamsburg to make preliminary interpretations about the nature and use of this historic site.

Shearn, Isaac (Coppin State University), Ronald Castanzo (University of Baltimore), and Elgin Klugh (Coppin State University) Public Archaeology and the Politics of Memory at Baltimore’s Historic Laurel Cemetery Laurel Cemetery was incorporated in 1852 as the first nondenominational cemetery for African Americans in Baltimore, quickly becoming a popular place of burial across Black Baltimore’s socioeconomic spectrum. After changing ownership several times, the last owners failed to maintain the property and declared bankruptcy in 1952. The cemetery was demolished in 1958 to make Floor for the development of a shopping center amid controversy and outrage from the African American community. It is now clear that a small group of Baltimore City lawyers and politicians profited from the destruction of Laurel Cemetery and the ensuing land deals. University of Baltimore and Coppin State University faculty and student researchers

42 found conclusive evidence from excavations and GPR that burials still exist at the original site. Ongoing research focuses on the lives of those buried at the site, the apparent corruption that led to its closing, and plans for constructing a memorial.

Shellenhamer, Jason (Herring Run Archaeology Project) From Bordeaux to Baltimore: The Wine Bottle Seal at Eutaw Farm In 1824, a successful London wine merchant named William Eade died, leaving behind an extensive and coveted collection of the finest Bordeaux wines. Eade’s private stock was worth over half a million dollars in modern currency. Almost two hundred years later, a seal from one of those bottles was discovered in a wine cellar of a former mansion house in a northeast Baltimore park. This paper presents the strange journey of a wine bottle seal from Eade’s cellars in France to a burned-out basement in Baltimore and what this single small glass disc reveals about the people who owned it and its own place in history.

Shipe, Megan (Longwood University), Angela Scarpa (Longwood University) and Lauren Johnson, (Longwood University) Origin of Blue Glass Beads Excavated on the Eyreville Site (44NH0507) This study is intended to explore the possible manufacturing origin of blue glass beads excavated at the Eyreville archaeological site. Eyreville is a seventeenth to nineteenth-century archaeological site and all the beads were discovered in a single seventeenth century context. Origin is discussed and analyzed by use of academic literature and chemical characterization using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Methods follow both archaeological standards as well as chemical analysis. Results indicate a potential new method of origin determination and the study provides an additional, comparative collection for future bead research. My hypothesis is that the beads are of Dutch origin. This research is important as it may lead to future methods of standardization for glass bead origin determination as well as provide a reference collection for further glass bead research. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation and supported by Longwood University’s Institute of Archaeology.

Singer, Zachary L. (Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology) and Matthew D. McKnight (Maryland Historical Trust-Office of Archaeology) Remote Sensing Survey of James Barwick’s 18th-century Ordinary at Melville’s Landing and the Birth of Caroline County, Maryland During the summers of 2019 and 2020, the Maryland Historical Trust - Office of Archaeology carried out a tri-partite geophysical remote sensing survey near Smith’s Landing on the Choptank River. The survey made use of a magnetic susceptibility meter, a fluxgate gradiometer, and a ground penetrating radar system to examine and document sub-surface anomalies situated in a small field where the property owners had previously encountered colonial artifacts. An area just under a half-acre was examined using one or more of these techniques. Several clusters of magnetic anomalies were identified, along with at least seven discrete radar reflections suggestive of buried architectural elements. Examination of the property owners’ artifact collection, coupled with archival and land records research suggests that this site is the location of James Barwick’s 18th-century ordinary: a tavern that was part of a small complex of buildings that served as the first county seat of Caroline County.

Sperling, Stephanie (M-NCPPC, Dept. of Parks and Recreation Prince George's County) That was...Memorable?: Public Programming in the Year of COVID-19 Archaeologists with Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, Department of Parks and Recreation in Prince George’s County, Maryland established a vibrant and diverse public archaeology program decades ago. As soon the pandemic hit and it became clear that 2020 would be a year like no other, it was time to improvise and made due. With varying degrees of success, we produced short videos, implemented virtual summer camps, conducted social media blitzes, and held interactive conversation circles. In the end, this challenge inspired creative new programming that will be used and modified for years to come.

Sperling, Stephanie (M-NCPPC Dept. of Parks & Recreation Prince George's County) Archaeology & Climate Change in the Patuxent Watershed This three-minute video explains the partnership between the Archaeology Office and park planners who are restoring stream valleys damaged by decades of extreme weather events. The team records small sites

43 upstream that might otherwise be overlooked, like Native camps or slave cabins, while also protecting larger village and town sites downstream from sedimentation and nutrient intrusion. It's a win-win!

Sperling, Stephanie (M-NCPPC Dept. of Parks and Recreation Prince George's County) Archaeology in the Jug Bay Complex Dozens of pre-Contact archaeological sites have been uncovered in and around the Jug Bay section of the Patuxent River, and some have been continually occupied for at least 10,000 years. Archaeologists have spent decades investigating these resources and have discovered much about the lives of the Native people who once called this rich and biodiverse area "home". This video was created for the October 2020 Virtual American Indian Festival and discusses discoveries in the "Jug Bay Complex", including ancient camps, feasting areas, and large villages that were occupied by countless families for thousands of years.

Veness, Megan (Colonial Williamsburg Foundation) John Custis IV, Williamsburg's Gentleman Gardener: Recent Excavations at Custis Square The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation’s Department of Archaeology began a five-year extensive archaeological research project in March 2019 on Custis Square, a four-acre lot south of the main streets of Colonial Williamsburg. John Custis IV (1678-1749) was a prominent landowner, politician and gardener in Colonial Williamsburg and the surrounding areas from 1717-1749. This large-scale project will investigate Custis Square for evidence of outbuildings, planting beds, pathways and other garden features using a combination of traditional excavation methods and remote sensing techniques such as ground penetrating radar, and magnetometry. This paper will discuss the results of the remote sensing and the 2019 through 2020 excavations.

Wagner, Katherine (Colonial Williamsburg) and Adam MacBeth (Colonial Williamsburg) "Is the Column Moving?": Block Removal of an 18th Century Wood Post In July of 2020 the archaeologists at Colonial Williamsburg discovered a partially intact 18th century wood post during the Custis Square excavations. In conjunction with conservators, the archaeologists devised a plan to perform a lift procedure on the fragile post to allow for stabilization with the goal of conserving the post for future analysis and exhibition. As this post was the first of its kind found at Custis Square, a future exhibit about the Custis-era formal landscape hinged on a successful recovery. In this presentation we outline the process of organizing and performing the lift procedure, and discuss the lessons we learned about the shoulds and should nots of attempting to remove large, fragile artifacts intact.

Wall, Robert (Towson University) and Amanda Gaster Cobble Reduction and Tool Production from Late Archaic through Late Woodland at the Elkridge Site on the Patapsco River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland This poster illustrates the process of cobble reduction and stone tool manufacturing on the Elkridge site in the lower Patapsco River Valley. The site spans a time frame from the Late Archaic through Late Woodland period and consists of a series of hearth-focused occupations used for more than three millennia. The site appears to have been used for acquiring and reducing quartz and quartzite cobbles into usable tool forms. A description of the raw material source, the reduction process, and use of non-local raw materials is presented. Similar cobble reduction processes have been demonstrated for several other coastal plain sites in the Middle Atlantic region.

Wallace, Jourdan (Morgan State University), Alexander Symonette (Morgan State University), Zihan Chen (University of Maryland, College Park), and Dr. Adam Fracchia (University of Maryland, College Park) A Backyard on Etting Street: Privy to an Overlooked History Fall 2020, prior to the renovation of 1905 Etting Street in West Baltimore, excavations were carried out on the backyard of the rowhouse. Built in the late 1880s and located in the heart of the historically Black neighborhood of Upton, 1905 was home to Sarah McGill and her family for over forty years. After almost fifty years vacant and recently slated for demolition, last year, the local nonprofit Black Women Build purchased several buildings on the block. Rebuilding them to provide affordable homeownership. Faculty and students from several local universities partnered together to salvage the archaeological record of the lot and began documenting the history of the rowhouses and neighborhood. Through extensive field work

44 and research, the team of archaeologists strive to reconstruct a picture of what life was like for the previous residents, and to understand how that life informs the broader image of our society’s past and present.

Webster, Rebecca J. (University of Tennessee, Knoxville) An Archaeological Examination of Intercultural Interactions at a 17th Century Courthouse Intercultural interactions between European and Indigenous individuals in Maryland during the 17th century had previously been treated as occasional, short-termed exchanges between individuals living within the same colonial landscape. However, the lives of Indigenous groups and European settlers were constantly entangled. It was these entanglements upon which the colonial Maryland landscape and colonial identities formed. In this paper, I analyze documentary records associated with European-indigenous interactions and archaeological evidence recovered from two areas with high concentrations of indigenous artifacts at St. Mary’s City’s Country’s House site (18ST1-13) in order to better understand how the organization of a European courthouse help to demonstrate the formation of colonial identities during the 17th century.

Webster, Andrew (Anne Arundel County (MD) Cultural Resources Division) Archaeology from Home: Working with Volunteers during a Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged archaeologists to change the way we normally do things. Over time, many institutions developed creative programs and procedures in order to continue doing archaeology and engaging the public while adapting to the ever-changing public health situation. In Anne Arundel County, Maryland, archaeologists from the county’s Cultural Resources Division have created an “Archaeology from Home” program, complete with curbside artifact pickup, in which trained volunteers are given take-home lab kits to process artifacts away from the lab. This talk discusses the changes we have made to our labwork and volunteer program, and reflects on the program’s successes and challenges for those who may be considering something similar.

Wertz, Gail Williams (College of William& Mary) Lithics as a Window into Archaic Period Settlement Change: Ethics and Benefits of Engaging with Private Collectors to Recover Indigenous Archaic Period History In this paper I discuss long-term change in Native American settlement in Virginia's Rappahannock River Valley. Previously unstudied, private lithic collections from two sites along the Rappahannock River gave evidence of demographic and settlement-pattern change from the Middle to Late Archaic Periods. I present a new way to determine the reliability of private landowner lithic collections in order to use the archaeological information they contain with confidence. Validated collections were analyzed as a proxy for relative human population demographics over time and space, and interpreted in conjunction with geospatial analyses of site characteristics to evaluate why different locations were selected for settlement at different times. I also discuss the ethical importance of identifying unreported private collections, initiating collaboration with collectors, and documenting the archaeological information contained therein so the information is not lost to descendant communities and the archaeological record.

Zacharias, Laura (Kutztown University), Kha Nguyen, and Kahlan Tripp Lithic Technological and Socioeconomic Organization in East-Central Pennsylvania: The View from the “KU Site” In 2003-2004, Kutztown University students collected artifacts from pedestrian survey and (minimal) excavation at the “KU Site,” a Late Archaic through Early Woodland site located on campus property. Most of the artifacts collected from the site are lithics; however, they were subjected to minimal analysis at the time. Here, we present the results of a more extensive analysis of the lithic assemblage from the KU site. We address questions of site use and occupation span, as well as toolstone procurement and conveyance. Together, our analyses illustrate how the analysis of even small lithic assemblages can contribute to an understanding of technological and socioeconomic organization in east-central Pennsylvania ~6000-3000 years ago.

Zimmerman, Emily (Colonial Williamsburg) The Elite Empiric: An Exploration of John Custis IV’s Medical Abilities and Knowledge John Custis IV (1678-1749) an elite planter and gardener of Williamsburg VA, held considerable interest and experience in medicine. In his Commonplace Book (CPB) he recorded over 180 home remedies for various ailments. I will explore the kinds of ailments Custis was treating and will examine remedies that he

45 pulled from other sources. Ultimately, I aim to compare his practice, method, and associated material culture with those of doctors, apothecaries, barber-surgeons and midwives. Who or what are the sources he utilizes, and what theories do they follow? What ailments was he trying to treat? Answering these questions will help to place Custis in a more refined medical context, while revealing theoretical and physical trends in medicine in 18th century Williamsburg. This research allows us to better understand Williamsburg’s archaeological assemblages associated with Custis, Apothecaries and other medical practitioners.

Zopp, Grant (Student and writer) Authority Through Architecture in The Royal Virginian Colonies Domestic architecture in the anthropological field is typically considered physical or social space but rarely looked at through a political lens. In this research project I will be identifying how domestic architecture was used by members of the Virginia Council of State to establish their political status and authority in the everyday landscape. I will consider house form and size, decorative architectural choices and spaces for enslaved people to consider how these publicly displayed choices were used as a means of conveying power and wealth looking through the lens of the costly signaling theory. The royal elite of colonial Virginia used interior and exterior ornate decorative architectural additions, separate hosting buildings, slaves, and expansive ornate gardens to portray their wealth and power onto the surrounding landscape in order to gain and solidify social power.