No. 1 January 7, 1980 BEIJING *, a.A.rL A CHINESE WEEKLY OF REVIEW NEWS AND VIEWS

New Yeor Messoge o

Chino Condemns'Soviet lnvosion of Afghoniston ,$: *,+i -!u o s.' .,:

' -,u' A Report on Chinese ,k Educotion

,.#

filorch Kampuchean Gouernmenrt HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK Reorganized

A new political Iine has been lnlo the 80s With HoW pared by our correspondent, formulated in Democratic Kam- with interviews as well as facts puchea and its government re- Renrnin Ribao's (ieople's and figures, tries to shed light organized in an effort to Daily, the Party organ) New on these qriestions. (Page 17) broaden the forces of resistance Year editqrial takes stock. It to Vietnamese aggrcssion. This Iooks back at China's domestic Soviet Mailed Fist in is a significant development and international achievements both for the corrntry's national in 1979 and lists the nation's Atghanlstan Candemned cause and for peacr in Sorrtheast tasks in 1980. The 80s, it pre- Asia. (Page 9) dicts, will be bright and full of A Chinese government state- Premier Hua has sent a mes- hope as well as rigorous and de- ment condemns the latest mani- sage of greetings to the new manding. (Page 14) festation of Soviet hegemonism 'Sam- in Afghanistan and calls for the Prime Minister, Khieu withdrawal of its troops from phan, reiterating China's firm Cftina's Educatlon Frcm support. (Page 4) Kndergarten to University that couirtry. (Page 3) gs the old year rang out, the What type of men and women roars of Soviet tanks and gunfire does China aim to bring up? . rocked Kabul and'reverberated Will the educated young, throughout the world. Here's endowed with knowledge and yet another case of Moscow's technical skill needed to mod- ambitions and readiness to ernize the country, servg the tranrple underfoot the sovpreign people? Or will they become rights of other nations. (Page a=-- an elite class? A report pre- 10)

ln' Commemorotion of Stolin's Focts ond Figures 18 l00th Birthdoy BEIJING REVIEW All-Round Developmeni in Poce-Setters in the Modernizo- Primory School t9 tion Morch ' tL 4. [^.* Middle Schools: Lobourers With Sociolist Conscious- INTERNATIONAT 9 ness ond Culture 21 Vol.23, No. I Jonuory 7, 1980 Democrotic Kompucheon Gov- A Closs in o College: Both ernment Reorgonized Red ond Expert 24 Kobul: Mossive Soviet ln- CONTENTS vosion IHE LAND IT PEOPTE 28 Rhodesion Peoce Accord EVENTS II TRENDS 3 Chino' Supports the Zimbob- weon People CULTURE & SCIENCE 30 Chino Condemns Soviet Mili- tory lnvosion of Afghoniston Where ls Nicoroguo Heoding? BOOKS 31 Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister - Xinhuo Correspondents Summons Soviet Ambossodor ARTICLES AND DOCUMENTS COVER: Chen Dengming, o notionol model worker ond deputi leoder Support for Broodest United Usher Period of Front in Kompucheo in o. New of the Tiger Tunnelling Teom of Greot Achievements - "Ren- the Huoibei Cool Centre in Anhui Diplomotic Relotions With min Riboo" 1980 New Yeor's Province, is doing his best to hblp Ecuodor Doy editoriol 14 increose cool output os his con- tribution to the four modernizotions; Moo Zedong Thought: Product SPECIAL FEATURE of . Collective Wisdom Chino's Educotion: The Type Publlshcd every Mondoy by New Yeor Greetings to Our of People lt Brings Up Reoders Our Correspondent He Zuo- BEUING RA/lnA/, Beliins (37), Chino Holf o Million Letters From "Five Loves" in Kindergor- Post Office Rogistrotion No. 2-922, Reoders tens 17 Printed in the People's Republic of Chino CHINA EVENTS & TRENDS

FOREIGN at the request of the Afghan REI.ATIONS Government. This sophistry can fool no one. But this aggressor's logic warrants close attention. China Condemns Soviet Military By its actions the Soviet Union shows that it is prepared to fol- lnvasion of Afghanistan low this logic and invade and occupy any country it wishes to The Government of the Peo- Islamic country of the third invade and occupy. The Soviet ple's Republic of China issued a wor1d." Union itself acted according to statement on December 30, 1979, this logic, and Viet Nam, under The statement continued: strongly condemning Soviet Soviet instigation, used the same remember how the military invasion of Afghani- "People pretext for its armed invasion Soviet Union pretentiously pro- stan. and occupation of Kampuchea. posed inadmissibility of the How could the people of the The statement said: hegemonism at this very session "Re- world fail to be.alerted by what cently, the Soviet Union brazen- of the U.N. General Assembly. is hidden behind the' Soviet ly made a massive military However, sclrcely did the Gen- . eagerness to srgn of invasion of Afghanistan, gross- eral Assembly adopt resolu- 'treaties a friendship and co-operation'?" Iy interfering in its intetnal tion against hegemonism when affairs. This armed interven- the Soviet Union, shedding all The statement said in conclu- tion wantonly violates all norms disguise, launched a naked mili- sion: "The current Soviet of international relations. It not tary aggression wantonly chal- armed aggression in Afghani- only encroaches upon the sov- lenging and flouting the United stan is a big show of Soviet ereignty and independence of Nations Charter and principles hegemonism. People have come Afghanistan but poses a grave of international law. to see more clearly the source threat to peaee and security in of the main threat to world Asia and the whole world. The "?he Soviet Union claims that peace and the true nature Chinese Government vigorously its armed intervention in Af- of this so-called 'natural ally' condemns this hegemonistic ac- ghanistan was undertaken in of the third' world. They tion of the Soviet Union and fulfilment of treaty obligations have also come to see more firmly demands the cessation of this aggression and intervention in Afghanistan and the with- drawal of all Soviet armed forces." Ghinese liceForeign ilinister $ummons Souiet lmhssador The statement' added: "The Soviet authorities have never had scruples in trying to realize Vice-Minister of Foreign mands that the Soviet au- their hegemonist ambitions, Affairs Zhang Halfeng sum- thorities immediately stop but this time they have moned the Soviet Aynbas- their aggression and interven- and acted most outrageously. From sador to China, J.S. Shcher- tion in Afghanistan withdraw all their armed pulling the strings and using bakov, on'December 31. forces from that country." surrogates, their method has At the meeting, the Vice- escalated to direct involvement "Afghanistan is China's Minister said: "The Chinese with their own troops, neighbour," Zhang Haifeng armed Government has issued a oecupation of a sovereign coun- stressed, "and therefore the statement on the Soviet in- of try and of its govern- Soviet armed invasion "h"rrg" vasion of Afghanistan and its that country poses a threat to ment by violent means. They intervention in the internal China's security. This caq- have extended the use of the affairs of that country. The not but arouse the grave con- 'theory of limited sovereignty' Chinese Government de- cern of the Chinese people." from their 'community of na- tions' to a non-aligned and

January 7, 7980 clearly that the Soviet hege- "In order to save the nation the invading Vietnamese forces monists are most truculent and and safeguard the countrY's in- on the battlefields in Kampu- adventuristic, that the Soviet dependence and sovereignty, chea will the aggressor troops aggressive ambitions are un- the Government. of Democratic be forced to pull out of that limited, and that Soviet actq of Kampuchea has over the last country, thereby paving the aggression must be stopped ef- year led all civilians and army- way for a just settlement Of the fectively. The perverse Soviet men in waging sustained guer- Kampuchean question. action has already aroused the rilla warfare in extremely dif- Afghan people to resistance and ficult conditions. They have caused the grave concern of all hit hard at the Vietnamese ag- Didomati,o l&thns countries and met with their gressor troops and checked the Uith Ecuador strong condemnation. The Chi- big and small hegemonists' ex- nese Government and people pansion in Southeast Asia, thus The Chinese and Ecuadorean will work tirelessiy with all making a major contribution in Governments have decided to countries and people who love safeguarding the peace and sta- esJablish diplomatic relations at peace and uphold justice to lility of this region. The Kam- the ambassadorial level from Irustrate Soviet acts of aggres- puchean people's just resistance January 2, 1980. This is the sion and expansion." to Vietnamese aggression serves first major event in the annals the common interestS of the of Sino-Latin American rela- people of all countries in op- tions in the 1980s. posing hegemonism and safe- $upport lor Broadest United Ecuador has now become one guarding world peace and'is Fronl in l[ampuchea of the fast developing countries understanding, winning the in Latin America. Since it be- sympathy and support of an Hua Guofeng sent a gan oil extraction on a large Premier increasing number of couritries SamPhan on scale 60s, economy message to Khieu and people." in tlre its December 28, warmly congrat- has developed quickly, the ulating him on his assumPtion .Rerwnin Riboo published an average annual rate of increase of the office of Prime Minister editorial on December 29 point- being 10.5 per cent from 1972 of the Government of Demo- ing out that the new political to 19?8. firus Ecuador has be- cratic Kampuchea. Premier Hua line of strategic importance and come a country with the high- reiterated firm support for the reshuffle made by the Gov- . est increasing rate in Latin the Government of Dem- ernment of Democratic Kam- America. Kampuchea and all puchea constitute a. step of ocratic The government .and people patriotie forces of Kam- major significance in uniting all the of the Republic of Ecuador have puchea in carrying through to the patriotic and democratic made unremitting efforts to de- the end their struggle against forc'es at home and abroad in fend their state sovereignty and Vietnamese aggression and for joint resistance against the develop their national economy. national salvation. Vietnamese aggressors. This, In particular, their firm stand the editorial added, will exert in defending their natural re- The message said: "We firmly a positive influence at home maritime rights believe that the Ggvernment of and abroad. sources and Demoeratic Kampuchea, guided over 200 nautical miles has won in action by the Political Prog- The Kampuchean people's the praise of many countries in ramme of the Patriotic and struggle, tire editoripl went on the world' Last August when Democratic Front of the Great to say, is not only one against the newly elected President National Union, will defeat the Viet Nam's regional hegemon- Jaime Roldos and his cabinet ism, but also one against Soviet Ecuadorean aggressors and win final victory assumed office, the big-power hegemonism. It Government pledged to carry the war of resistance against in serves to defend not only Kam- out and bold" re- Vietnamese aggression and for "prudent puchea's pational independence forms to turn Ecuador into "a national salvation uniting by and existence, but also peace in country with modern economy people the of all sfrata and all Southeast Asia and the Asia- and participatory democracy, the patriotic forces that can be Pacific region as a whole. integral justice atrd a spirit of united to form the broadest pos- Therefore, only by strengthen- solidarity." In external rela- sible national united front to ing, instead of weakening, sup' tions, the new' government persist in a protracted people's 'fort for Democratic Kampuchea advocates the establishment and war. and inflicting heavier losses on development of relations with

4 Beiiing Reuiew, No. 7 CHINA EYENTS & TRENDS

all countries in the world'and continues tO follow the policy New Year Greertirags to of non-alignment and the policy of irrpporting the third Our lReaders world coirntries. , As we ehter the 80s, world tension is mounting. China is carrying out modernization programme China and Ecuador have its under the menace of war. The Chinese people always maintained friendly re- are determined to work together with the people of the whole put lations. In recent years, trade, . world to off the outbreak of another world war and safeguard peace. culJural and sports exchanges world In this respect, undbrstanding and goodwill peo- between China an{ Ecuador among the ples are essential. It is the task of Beiling Revleto promote have developed steadily. The to such understanding, to make friendly relations and co-opera- the world understand better both China's progress and problems. tion between the two countries and the friendship between the In the past year, many readers have sent us letters of two peoples will grow further ehcouragement along with criticisms and suggestions. We are after the establishment of dip making some changes beginning with this issue in the hope . lomatic relations. that they will satisfy the needs of most of our readers. China wishei to promote . Our much welcomed Speciol Feoture, which aims at friendship and co-operation putting a specific problem into some sort of perspective, will, with more Latin American we hope, have a greater readability. It will, in general, ap- countries. With the establish- pear in every other issue. We shall publistr at the same time ment of diplomatic relations political and theoretical articles and documents for the ben- between China and Ecuador, efit of thoSe among our readers who need them. the friendly relationship be. o Culture onil Science, hitherto appearing every two tween China and Latin Ameri-. weeks; wili become a regular weekly ieature, and will be can countries surely de- will reinforced by a new column, Books, introducing publications 'velop in the 1980s. in China. T.he former On the Home Front will appear under a new heading, The Land and People, giving a more graphic POLITICAI coverage of the various facets of life in our country. Chron- icle will cease to appear since many readers find it either incomplete or too "protocol-ish." ilao Zedong lhought o Eor the sake of clarity, coverage on world. events will Producl ol Gollectiye henceforth appear in a special section entitled lnternational: Reports anil Comrnents. Uisdom We heartily welcome your comments on these changes, In an publish- article recently and we sincerely hope you will introduce Beijing Reoieut to ed in all the major newspapers people you know. in China, the Party history research section of the archives A Happy New Year to, you all. department of , the Central Editorial Board Committee of the Communist BEIJING REVIEW Party of China introduced some manuscripts by Comrade Mao Zedong concerning the Marxist Leninism theory of knowledge and the with the eoncrete Marxism-Leninism in the rev- practice of the,Chinese revolu- concept of Mao Zedong olution of the Chinese people. principle Thought. tion as the guiding for all its work. Comrade Mao Comrade Mao Zedong's at- The article pointed out that Zedong was the most prominent titude towards his own theoret- since its founding in 1921, the representative of thiS integra- ical views was extremely strict Communist Party of China has tion, and Mao Zedong Thought and prudent.. For a long time always taken the integration of is the crystallization of the ap- he had objected to suggestions the universal truth of Marxism- plication and development of to publicize Mao Zedong

Januarg 7, WBA Thought. In his reply to a let- document: "Many of our These letters dealt with a ter in 1943, he said: "I feel eddres are apt to consider variety of subjects, ranging from that my thought (Marxism- therpselves alwaYs in the right. critisisms of bureaucracy and Leninism) is not mature yet. I One of the. reasons for this privilege-seeking by some still have to learn, I must not, mentality is that theY don't cadres to suggestions for carry- make any claims ... becaise knolr the Marxist theorY of ing forward the Party's fine my system is not f-nature." knowledge. Therefore, it is ex- traditions and developing the tremely necqssary to nation's industry and agricul- When the Seventh National Publicize this theory untiringlY."' ln the ture. Some letters expressed oP- Congress of Communist. the same directive he laid em- position to anarchism and called Party of China in 1945 wanted to phasis on the princiPle of "from attention to the sabotage of the incorporate Mao Zed.ong the masses and to ttte masses" normal social order by a hand- Thought into the new Party and on the thesis of , knowing ful of persons. Sometimes the Constitution as the guiding Prin- and testing the truth through paper received shoddy Products ciple for all its work, Comrade practice. He also said that along with letters asking for the Mao Zedong was opposed to and "suPerstitions" on to any unrealistic conception re- "dogmas" complaints to be Passed prevailing among some com- There garding Mao Zedong Thought, the factories concerned. rades should be eliminated, and outcome were also demands to set right insisting that it was the pointed out that whoever de- struggle of the wrongs dating back to the Cul- of "the collective viated from the correct theorY and the peoPle." tural Revolution. Party of knowledge, then "the higher In 1948, on the eve of nation- his position, the le$s truth he Last year the PaPer received wide liberation, when President will have." 300,000 letters fewer than in North China UniversitY cases of the The futl text of the above- 1978, mainly because many Yuzhang intended to Wu mentioned article will be of wrongly charged Persons had change Mao Zedong Thought Pub- lished in our next issue' been corrected and the PeoPle's into Maoism at a meeting mark- democratic rights were better ing the beginning of a new The nation's Papers also car- guaranteed. Meanwhile, the year, Mao Ze- the school Comrade ried on their front Pages number of letters on how to dong expressed his disaPProval. prefaces to the two rural in- strengthen the socialist legal sys- He said: "It i3 imPerative to call vestigations ,written bY Com- and ensure its steadY on the students to studY the rade Mao Zedong in Ningdu in tem Prog- .of markedlY. theories Marx, Engels, Lenin east China's Jiangxi Province ress has increased experience he and Stalin dnd the in 1931. In these Prefaces Last August, the PaPer Pub- Chinese revolution." BY the imPortance, in of the undertcored lished a letter entitled "What experience he meant, policies, of making this deciding Does Xiong Yifu's Death among other things, "PamPhlets scientific investigations, of seek- told the inside story written by the Chinese Com- ing truth from facts and of in- Mean?" It death of a in Si- munists (including Mao Zedong) tegrating theorY with Practice. of the Peasant on the basis of the theories of chuan Province in southwest were of the Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin AII these Part China. The letter Produced 86th as well as documents which activities marking the strong repercussio4s from read- (December 26) of define the line and Policias of birthday ers, who wrote thousands of Mao Zedong. the Party Central Cominittee." Comrade letters to Renrnr.n Ribao. The the Mao Zedong detest- Ietter not onlY PromPted Comrade in- ed attempts by Lin Biao and llall a tllillion Letters local government to make the c'ase the gang of four to "deify" him Fron Readers vestigations and handle out of ulterior motives. In in earnest, but also aroused the Renmi,n Ribao, organ of the 1966, when the Cultural Revolu- attention of leading cadres in PartY of China, began, he expressed in Communist other provinces. tion than half a manuscripts his objection to handled more from readers last Some letters were sharP and using such epithets as million letters "the paper received an outspoken, demanding that the highest" and peak" to year. The "the average of 2,000.1etters a daY. It departments concerned should describe Mao Zedong Thought. also received a dailY average of criticize themselves and correct In'1964, Comrade Mao Zedong over 50 written petitions or com- their mistakes. For instance, a wrote the following on a plaints from visitors. cadre in Hebei Province criti-

$ Beijing Reaieto, No. 7 CHINA. EVENTS & TRENDS cized the provincial leadership ln Gommemoration of $lalin's and problems in economic con- for its formalistic style of work struction which had been going in the tree-planting movement l00th Birthday on for more than 30 years and without paylng attention to the A Chinese edition of the Se- for the first time pui forward effects. When the criticized or- lected Works of Stalin has been the basic economic law of so- gan gaye .only an ambiguous published by the Bureau for the cialism as a science. reply, the paper published an- Translation of Marx-Engels- On the Draft Conqtitution ot other letter together with an Lenin-Stalin's Works of the ,he U.S.S.R. analyses the con- editor's not0 criticizing the C.P.C. Central Committee, in ditions of the classes in the So- leading organ for its perfunctory commemoration of Stalin's 100th viet Union after socialism was attitude towards criticisms. birthday on December 21. in the main realized in that The selection contains 58 arti- country. Report to the It has been a tradition of the cles in two volumes, covering Eighteenth Congress o,t the Communist Party to encourage Stalin's revolutionary and C.P.S.U. (8.) on the Work of the the people to air their views aid theoretical activities in the Central Cornmittee (excerpts) is handle letters from readers in a various periods. a theoretical discussion of the proper way, bec'ause issue of Soviet intellectuals and this is im- Prominence is given to works portant to strengtherring a refutation of views hostile to the ties whieh Stalin wrote in defence of parff them. between the and the Ler{nism. Among these writ- masses. The letterc are a mani_ ings are The Founilations of To commemorate an{ stqdy festation of the people,s concerrr Leninism, The Octobq Rersolu- Stalin, the Institute of Philoso- for the Part5r, the state and the tion and, the Tactbs of the Rus- ptry under the Chinese Academy collective and an expression stan Communists anii On the of Social Sciences and other of jointly their trust i3 the party. Problems of Leninis-m. units sponsored a forum in Changchun, northeast China, The selection includes a num- The special column on the philosophical thinking of of letters ber of articles on socialist eco- from readers The participants dis- of Renmin Ribao nomic constrtrction and cultural Stalin. was cussed the formation of Stalin's abolished during the Cul_ endeavours in the Soviet Union.. world outlook and its different tural RevolutiOn, and was re_ Some deal with the theories, periods, Stalin's main contribu- sumed in September lg7?. It has principles and policies for state tion to Marxist philosophy and since become a favourite industrialization and agricul- section the problems that existed. In. for the readers. Renmin Ribao tural collectivization in the So- Beijing, the Chin_a Society for devotes a full page viet Unipn, some call on cadres to these let_ Studying the Works of Marx, ters'once to master technology be- a week. There are and Engels, Lenin and Stalin and the come specialists own similar columns in the other in their Beijing Society on Scientific So- fields as well as to train skilled papers. cialism jointly held a discussion personnel, and some criticize' meetlng on Stalin's thoughts on With petty-bourgeois a circulation of 6.2 the concept of economy, philosophical thebry million socialism and point out the copies a day, Renmin that and legality. Articles on Stalin's Riboo is the biggest daily. in the building of socialism can be ac- works were printed in the na- complished only after the devel- nation. It has a special depart= tion's newspapers. opment the social productive ment for handling letters and of forces together with an abun- receiving visitors who have sug- dance of goods, and high gestibns or complaints a to make. standard of living for the la- Its members and correspondents bourers .and a high cultural in variotrs parts of the country level. always make investigations to The selection also includes cheek thb accuracy of the criti- Stalin's last impottant work, cisms, and give they whole- Economic Problems oJ Socialisrn hearted support to ratibnal in the U.S.S.R. In this work, he proposals and criticisms'- that set forth in theoretical terms tally with the facts. the Soviet Union's experience lanuarg 7, 1980 their efforts to the training of held towards the 6nd of last t4" younger generation, and September when 222 national primary and middle school model workers and 118 advanc- Pace$ellers in lhe teachers who have dedicated ed enterprises in the industrial, themselves to the bringing up com'munications and capital ilodernization tarch of the youngsters. There are construction departments were also technical innovation trail- given awards. The brightly lit Great Hall of blazers in the various trades, the People burst into thunder- , pea.sants who are working hard Guofeng, Deng Xiao- ous applause as the model work- for'the modernization oi .gri- ping, Li Xiannian and other ers and representativ€s of culture, and commercial work- -' P_atty and state leaders attended personally advanced . red the meeting and units, with ers and managerial . personnel flowers pinned on their jackets, wtro have made outstanding gave the awards' joyfully mounted the rostrum achievements at their ordinary Li Xiannian's Speech. Li Xian- to receive rnedals, certificates posts. selected from^ among nian spsks at tie meeting. He and citations in acknowledge- hundreds of millions of peonle meht of their contributions to in various parts of ;+;;;il the modernization drive. they have been acclaimed as ilLHlh:-:ffi':l,"if'; trr.ilpr" of the whore country, and that all other work must from now on centre around it. The basic criterion by which.a unit or an iirdividual is judged will henceforth be contributions to.the four moderaizations. The better 6ne works for the societY and the people and the greater his contribution, the m.one respect and award will he get from the people. Li Xiannian called upon the Party and governrnent organiza- tions at various levels to sum up and popularize in earnest the experience of the model workers and advanced units and give full supPort to their Hua Guofeng, Deng XiaoDing, Li Xiannian and other Ieadlng initiative and creativitY. He comrades giving awards. expressed the hope that all those who have received awards will At this year-end award- pace-seiters in socialist modern- break new ground and make giving meeting convened on ization. still greater contributions to the Decernbel 28 by the State four modernizations. Among the model workers Council, 340 people were and advanced units, minoritY honoured as national model nationalities account for 12 workers and 351 groups won Per cent and women, 21 Per cent. the title of national advanced units. The Communist PartY of Govern- Among the model workers are China and the People's old and middleaged scientists ment attach great importance who have made great contribu- to lhe vanguard role of model tions to the rhodernization of workers in socialist construction. science and technology in China, The meeting was the second of professors who have devoted its kind in 1979. The first was

8 Beijing Reuietn, No. 7 ITffiNATIONAL REPORTS & COMMENTS

Democratic Kampuchean carise of the Kampuchean people's resistance. Government Reorganized The joint conference also decided that the Constitution of R'HIEU Samphan has been national defence. Some Democratic Kampuchea would rL appointed Minister ministers retained hime have their cease to function and the draft former posts and some new of the newly reorganized of the Political kogramme of Democratic ministers have been appointed. Government of the Kampuchean Patriotic and Kampuchea Former Pripe Minister PoI Democratic Front of Great The decision to reorganize Pot is Chairman of the Supreme National Union would become Commission and Commander- provisional basic decree. the government was made at a the joint in-Chief of the Armed Forces; recent conference of rep- Answering a question about resentatives of the Permanent Speaking about the signil- what role Samdech Norodom Committee of the People's icance of the government Sihanouk would play, Ambas- Congress of Kampuchea, the reorganization, the Ambassador sador Pich Cheang said: Government, the national army of Democratic Kampuchea to Samdech Norodom Sihanouk and government ministries. The China, Pich Cheang, said it opposes the Vietnamese invasion conference summed up the would help in two ways: of Kampuchea, and he has developments in the past year, uniting more broadly all demanded the withdrawal of formulated the new and nationalist forcix at home a4d Vietnamese troops from Kam- strategic political line and abroad to resist Vietnamese puchea so that it can become decided to reshuffle the aggression and defend the an independent and sovereign government and other state country, and developing state. President of the Presid- organs. friendly relations with other ium of State of Democratic countries irrespective of ideol- Kampuchea Khieu Samphan has Ieng Sary remains in his ogy and politieal tendencies sent a message to Samdech post as Deputy Prime Minister and winning their sympathy Norodom Sihanouk recommend- in charge of foreign affairs and and support. He predicted that ing-._ttrat ' tre be appointed Son Sen continues as Deputy the reorganization would have Chairman of the Kampuchean Frine Minister in charge of a salutary effect on the just Patriotic and Democratic Front of Great National Union and ilead of State. On the significance of Kampuchea's. current war against Vietnamese aggression and the role the United States should play, the ambassador said: Viet Nam?s aggression in Kampuchea is iinked with Soviet, expansionism. Moscow's aim is to control the Strait of Malacca linking the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. In the war against Soviet and Vietnamese ir' . ;r:', iu."+q*",:,&Sy aggression and expansion, ail "- r9"{l1,su. {+.u "i " .:i l.: .r :l ' t! peace-loving countries have a *"".__!4*;"ti : -* ; r^"i common interest. In this respect, the United States can Khieu Simphan, Prime Minister of Democratic Kamplrchea,-' with national army fighters in the Jungles, play a role.

Jarutary 7, 1980 Kabul aircraft keep flying overhead round thp clock. Mossive Soviet lnvosion It was reported that on De- cember 28, the day after the rnHE massive Soviet ihvasion In this incident, the Soviet Soviets directly intervened in I of Afghaniitan, coupled Union has unnasked itself by Afghanistan and overthrew the with a violent change in the trampling underfoot all interna- Afghan government, the Soviet Afghan political regime, con- tional norms. No longer can it Government informed some stitutes another grave inter- pass itself off as an angel countries of the situation, national incident following the championing world peace, nor describing its military inter- Soviet .armed occupation of can it absolve itself from the vention as "a small contin- Czechoslovakia in 1968. crime of direct military in- gent of Soviet troops" "sent on tervention to overthrow a the invitation of the Afghan This is the first time the foreign government. authorities"" It even went so far Soviet Union has committed as to say +het its military inter- direct aggression on a large In recent weeks, the Soviet vention was caried out in line scale in a third world country. Union has redoubled its efforts with the Soviet-Afghan treaty In the past, Soviet hegemonist to send troops and weapons to of peace and friendship. This is military aggression against Afghanistan. Large Soviet a clumsy cpncoction! How could third world countries used to traniport planes flew 200 sorties Amin have invited his own take the form of military aid, to Kabul on December 24; 25 overthrow and execution? the dispateh of military advisers and 26, carrying 5,000 Soviet Moscow might say it means the and, in the last few years, the troops, 300.armoured cars and invitation wab extended by B. use of Cuban and Vietnamese several dozen tanks as reinforce- Karmal. However, it is known troops to serve its strategic ments to bring Soviet military to all that Karmal was not in aims. This time, however, the stiength in the Afghan capital Afghanistan before the coup; Soviet Union has. sent rnore to nearly one division. The still less was he the head of tte than 10,000 troops to Afghani- Soviet troops controlled alt the government then. The Soviet stan to engineer'and take a air bases and military installa- Union is playing the same game direct part in the military coup tions in Kabul. Five divisions il resorted to in 1968 when it that overthrew the Amin gov- were . put on full alert in the invaded Czechoslovakia, on the ernment. SovreJ areas bordering Afghani- pretext of an "invitation of the stan. It was only after full pre- Czechoslbvak Party and state It is indeed surprising to parations were made that activists." saying that its people all over the world that, By Soviet troops began taking ac- military intervention was done within the short span of a little tion soon after 7 p.m. on De- in accordance with the Soviet- more than one year, the Soviet cember 27. peace and Union should have engineered Afghan treaty of friendship, the Soviet Union has three military coups in Afghan- Fierce fighting broke out be- voluntarily confessed that when- istan which ended up in the tween the Soviet troops and Shots were ever the need arises, such a slaying of three Afghan heads Amin's forces. heard inside and outside Kabul. treaty can be used as stand-by of state. This shows that no Radio Kabul announced several legal grounds for its military means is too brutal for Soviet intervention. social-imperialism when it hours later that Amin had been wants to achieve its aim. overthrown and executed, and The Soviet authorities said. in that he had been replaced by the notice that the purpose of B. Karmal. the Soviet troops in Afghanistan external Kabul has since been placed is to help "repeI an threat." This certainly is like i.., V under Soviet military occupa- tion. AII government institu- a thief crying "stop thief." external ii\-' tions, major organizations and Where does "the even oil stations in this city are guarded by Soviet troops. A great number of Soviet armour- ed cars are stationed at key crossroads while Soviet MIG

10 Beiiing Rersieu, No. 7 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS & COMMENTS threat" c.ome from? Apart from tional norms. The naked Soviet Transition ond Ceosefire Soviet troops massacring Af- miiitary aggression constitutes Arrongements ghans an open challenge to Asia and iD that country, there The final agreement signed in w€re rrot any foreign troops the international community as London includes an in- a whole. stationed there. dependence constitution, transi- In the 'notice, thg Soviet The Kremlin's military ag- tional arrangements qnd a Union had the audacity to say gression against Afghanistan ceasefire. has exposed the world its that the dispatch of Soviet to At the first stage of the wild ambitions and appetite as troops to Afghanistan fell negotiations, on the constitution, well as its resolve to occupy Af- "within the framework of the the.three sides agreed to set up ghanistan, an attempt to open U-N. Charter." Which article in in a 100-seat parliament of ,which path to the the U.N. Charter stipulates that a leading southward 80 seats will be filled by Indian Ocean in order to further when a state dislikes the gov- general elections. Though 20 contend the Persian GuIf errrment leader of a neighbour- for seats'will be filled by represent- and for ing country, it can have the and the Indian Ocean atives elected by the white and con- right to send in troops to earry oil-prod.ucing areas to electorate, they will no longer the sea routes. out a military coup there, kill trol retain their veto power. The the head of state, and replace The ferocious features of country will be under a him with someone of its own Soviet social-irhperialism and constitutional president with choice? The invasion and oc- global hegemonism are logically executive powers in the hands cupation of Afghanistan by denounced by people the world of a prime. minister and his Soviet troops is an outright over, who will not permit cabinet. violation of the U.N. Charter, aggression Moscow to carry out On pre-independence transi- and a mockery of all interna- at will. tional arrangements, the three sides agreed to a transitional period of two months, during Rhodesian Peace Accord which the Muzorewa admin- istration will cease functioning. A PEACE agreement was to the London constitutional A British governor will take lA" 1inr11, concluded at . the conference on. Rhodesia rep- charge on a caretaker basis and end of 19?9 by Britain, the resents an important success elections to forin the new Zimbabwe Patriotic Front and for the Zirnbabwean people government will be supervised the Rhodesian authorities after who have waged a protracted by British government authori- three and a half months of qtruggle with the full support ties in the presence of Corn- negotiations. This conclusion of the African countries, par- monwealth observers. Th€ ticularly the front-Iine states. It is also a serious defeat for the Rhodesian racist forces. I For years, Ian Smith's racist forces luthlessly repressed the Zimbabwean people. They combined their saguinary measures with a series of flexible tactics by resorting to all kinds .of tricks, including a bogus "internal settlement," in an attempt to prolong their reactionary rule. , However, they could not withstand the historical trend and all their schemes have ended in At ihe signing ceremony of the final defeat. agreement.

January 7, 1980 11 British colony of Rhodesia in southern Africa will then become an independent country Chlna Supports the the Seeurity Council and under majority rule. Zlmbabwean People the international commu- ' nity should follow close- According to the ceasefire f N his speech on Decem- ly the developments in agreement, . all hostilities in I ber 21 at the U.N. Se- Rhodesia and urge all the Rhodesia will cease as of curity Couneil meeting on parties concerned to imple- December 28. The agreement Rhodesia, Chinese Per- ment the provisions of the stipulates that a ceasefire com- manent Representative to agreement completely, mittee wilt be set up, consisting 'the U.N. Chen Chu said faithfully and unresefved- of an equal number of military that the Chinese Govern- ly. The Security Council commanders from both sides ment and people will, as should also ask the autho- and the British goverror,s always, continue to give rities concerned to take military adviser who will serve firm support to the just effective measures to bring as chairman. It will be assisted cduse of the Zimbabwean about the immediate. people ' by a monitoring foree of 1,200 until they win withdrawal of all South final victory. view men drawn from Common- In of African armed forces and the recent developments, wealth countries to oversee the mercenaries from , Zim- the Chinese Delegation babwe allow implementation of the ceasefire. and nnt agrees that the Seflrity them to re-enter. Fur- The armed forces of both sides Council should decide to thermore, the interna- are to complete their disengage- terminate the mandatory tional community has the ment and redeployment by sanctions against Rhodtesia. du$ to assist the Zimbab- January 4, 1980. Pending the attainment of wean people and the front- genuine majority rule and line states in ec"onomic re- hational independence of construction and rehabili- New Stoge of Struggle the Zimbabwean people, tation.

The arduous struggles for genuine national independence ahd liberation waged by, the own accord. They are bound tried to place southern Africa Zimbabwean people under the to resort to various schemes of under its.Iong-term control, and leadership of the Patriotic sabotage and disruption in a the meddling and sabotage of Front have dealt heavy blows death-bed struggle. Further- hegemonism. Only by defeat- to the racist forces during the more, the Zimbabwean peopte ing these plots and disruptions must guard people Iast decade or so and have now be on their against can the Zimbabwean both the South African racist win genuine majority rule and yielded great successes. A new regime, which has all along national independenee. stage in their struggle has been reached with the signing of the London agreement. As Chen Chu, the Chinese permanent Where Is Nicoro gua Heodingl representative to the United Nations, said in his speech at Report Jose, Costa Severe Damage ' the Security Council, "Historical from San experience shows that an Rica: As we left the Sandino Inter- agreement is merely something national Airport by car for on paper. Acute and complex HE Somoza dictatorship was downtown Managua, capital of Nicaragua, qe saw the scars of struggles have yet to be. waged toppled more than five war all along the way. Fac- in order to translate what is on months ago. How's the situa- paper into reality." tories, warehouses and shops on tion in Nicaragua today? Where both sides of the road were Although the racist forces in is the country heading? With either in ruins or riddled with Rhodesia have met with defeat, these two questions in mind, we bullet holes they will never step down from paid a 5-day visit to Nicaragua The country suffered enor- the stage of history of their in mid-November last ;zear. mous damage in June and July

12 Beijing Retsieut, No. 7 INTERNATIONAL REPORTS & COMMENTS

last year during the struggle "Sandino." The name of cal advisers to staff various against the Somoza regime, said "Sandino" appeared every- Nicaraguan departments. The Julio Lopez,' Secretary of the where, on the walls, in the Nicaraguan Deputy Minister of National Secretariat -of the newspapers and on television. the Interior has admitted that Sandinist National Liberation It was constantly mentioned Cuban military sp6cialists are tr'ront, when he met us. Some when people talked. Of course, training the Sandinist armed 20 to 30 per cent of the residen- it is only natural that Nicara- forces which also send men to tial quarters and other buildings guans should respect and love Cuba to be trained. in eight citibs wbre razed the General Sandino, who died to Cuban specialists have helped grotrnd; 30,000 of Nicaragua's 2 fighting in the 1930s for his Nica-ragua to set up its milliel population were country's independence. But "second killed bureau" under the National and tens of thousands wound- people cannot fail to see that Security Bureau in the way ed; 40 per cent o.f its industry the Sandinist Front has become Cuba established "C-2" special was totally destroyed and an- the supreme leading force and agency. The Sandino defence other 40 per cent damaged power, to the supreme organ of comrnittees have been organized varying degrees. Only 25 per while the Nicaraguan National in the urban areas committees cent of the cotton fields and 30 Reconstruction Government in- similar to Cuba's- grass-roots per cent of land grain the under cluding intellectuals and entr+ citizens' organizations, the crop were planted last year. On preneurs who helped topple So- "Revolutionary Committees in top of this, 380,000 of the coun- rnoza has been reduced to Defence of the Revolution." A 700,000 work force were try's a4 empty shell, an ornament. 300,000-strong militia has also jobless. 'the He admiited that the been established under tasks" govern- Cuban "urgent of the Infiltration guidance of Cuban advisers. ment in the next six months are to solve the problems of unem- In Nicaragua, one can feel Nicaraguan officials have de- ployment, hunger and housing that Cuba is infiltrating on an clared that leaders the Sandinist shortage. His country, he add- increasing scale. Front "have particular and ed, is "undergoing a most try- We were told that, after the deep feelings" for Cuba and ing time." Somoza dictatorial regime Viet Nam, the Cuba in Asia. crumpled up, there has been a The most powerful figure in plane day from Hdvana to Nicaragua today is Tomas Walching and Waiting a Managua and back. Moreover, Borge, interior Minister and a top leaders of the Sandinist friend of Cuba's leaders. He has Over the past few months, frequently spoken highly of Nicaragua has been gripped by Front and Cuban and Nicara- guan ministers, high-ranking Fidel Castro. One may be in serious inflation and spiralling Managua, but one feels one is in prices. Prices of some daily official's, newsmen and business- men have Havana, necessities have doubled and been shuttling back tripled and commodities on the and forth between the two Of course, Cuba is not the whole are extremely short. All capitals. only country exerting an. influ- enee on the nation. these are affecting the people. Bami Cad,a, organ of the The Nicaraguan Government Sandinist Front, relies chiefly Venezuela, Mexico, Costa has been constantly calling on on Cuba's Prensa Latina for Rica, Spain and Panama are pages businessmen to restore produc- news to fill its and also providing aid. The United models after Culia's Granama in country's tion as quickly as possible to States is still the makeup and style. The official biggest supplier of aid although relieve the situation, but many Radio Sandino and the Voice of Washington fears most of all are afraid to reinvest because Nicaragua' also broadcast news that Nicaragua might become they do not completely trust the written by Cubans. Fidel another Cuba. government's domestic and Castro's face is qlready very Where is Nicaragua heading? foreign policies. They are just familiar to readers of Bani What we saw provides a clue to watching and waiting. Codo and TV watchers. the answer. Managua struck us as a city Cuba has also sent in large Xinhua Cor- totally in the hands of numbers of military and techni- - respond,ents

Ja'iruary 7,7980 I3 Usher in a New Period of Great Achievements - "Renmin Riboo" 1980 New Yeor's Doy editoriol llllllllllllllllllllilf ulllluuffi ilmmUllililnilIiltultilmmllilililtImilullllllilt

N'INETEEN EIGHTY is here; the eighties of munist Party of China on Some Questions Con- r t the 20th century has begun. Looking back cerning the Acceleration of Agrieultural De over what has been achieved and looking ahead velopment and The Regulations on'the Work in in6o the future fills us with elation as we enter the Rural People's Communes] has brcrught the 1980s full of firrn resolve and confidence in about a swift and excellent flevelopment in the our march towards the four modernizations. countryside and in most part! of the countryside production has gone up and so have incomes. Retrospect Because the purchasing prices of agricultural and sideline products were raised, and In the 1970s, the Chinese Communist Party rural some reduced peasant in- and the Chinese people reversed the whole taxes or exempted, comes have gone up, which means that the in- course of events with the smashing of the gang . comes the great majority of the population of four and rescued our country from dire of have increased. The overextended capital con- calamity. Thus a great historical turn has be- struction front has been shortened. In industry, gun. At the Third Plenary Session of the l1th the rate of increase in light and textile industries Central Committee of the Party held at the end overtook that heavy industry in the of 1978, the important decision to switch the of the second haH of last year, and industries support- focus of work to the four modernizations was ing agriculture have been further strengthened. announced. The domestic market was in fine shape, and the Last 52ear, important victories were won on supply of non-stapte food in many cities has all fronts. We initially summed up the history been considerably improved. In foreign trade, of our country since the founding of the People's relatively large inereases were also registered in Republic in 1949 and reached unified views on exports and imports. a series of major issues of socialist revolution Through painstaking efforts and various and construction. We solved some questions of measures by the Party and government, employ- right and wrong of a .principled nature which ment was found for more than 7 million history left for us, redressed a large number of people in the cities and towns. The wages of unjust, false or wrong charges and sentences, a considerable part of workers and staff mem- implemented the various policies, and energeti- bers were raised. This not only jmproved the cally promoted stability and unity to bring about livelihood of the urban people, but also con- and develop the lively political situation. We tributed to the stability of urban social order. conscientiously summed up our experiences'and .drew lessons in economic construction, studied New achievernents were attained on the the existing problems in the national economy, scientific research front. Literature and art carried out the policy of readjusting, restructur- were flourishing. New progress has been made ing, consolidating and improving the national also in education, public health and sports. economy. We successfully waged a self-defensive . Results obtained in the first year of read- counterattack against Vietnamese aggressors justment are encouraging. fmplementing the and consolidated the security of our borders. two documents oJ the Central Committee of the New progress and results were achieved in ex- Corr.r,muniist Party of China on agriculture [The panding international exchanges, pressing. on Decisions of the Central Committee of the Com- with the struggle against hegemonism and in

74 Bei,iing Reuieut, No. 7 the effort for a favourable international en- In the course of readjusting there must be vironment. a steady development of thb national economy. This year, on the basis of last year's bumper All these show that we have made an ex- harvcts, we must strive to attain a new overall cellent beginning in our first campaign to bring increase in all the following five fielrl< agri- about the modernizgtions. four The hugs ship culture, forestry, livestock raising, sidefine- oc- of socialist China is triumphantly heading to- cupations and fishery. We must strive for a wards its goal of modernization ! relatively big increase in the light and textile industries, and in the production of other con- Looking Aheod sumer goods.

The decade of the 1980s is bright and full Investments in capital bonstruction must of promise, but also rigorous and demanding.. continue to be cut back, its management This will be a period of advance towards mod- improved and a decisive change effected in its ernization and of great achievernents. We must overextended front and inefficiency. We must not only take into full account our victories but strive hard to boost exports, make full and good must also make adequate estimates of the many use of foreign funds and technologies and equip- difficulties and'.problems we shall face. On its ment to promote economie development. And forward course, tlis great ship, the motherland, we should, on the basis of developing produc- will battle with wind and waves on. the surface, tion, continue to raise the incomes oJ the urban and be alert to.shoals under the surface. The and rural working people. hull and machiner5r of vessel still sustain lhis In order plan damages, which must be repaired. We must to fulfil the national economic for 1980 we must pay particular work hard and steadily and do our work even attention to in- better than before. creasing production and practising economy as well as expanding and opening up new avenues This-year is.the second year of the readjust- of production. In all enterprises, we must rely ment of the national economy and whether the on the broad masses to contribute their ideas work is done well or badly in 1g80 will have and suggestions, do everything possible to boost an enormous effect on the realization of the production, lower consumption of fuel, power goal of readjustment. Right from the very start and raw materials, reduce production costs and of this year we must rise with force and spirit vtstly raise productivity, thereby speeding up and go all-out to win new victories. After three the development of the national economy. yehrs of efforts, especially as we already have Political of last year's initial vietories, we are confident that Tasks. To accelerate the expansion the national quicken pace of the conditions are there for us to do a better economy and the job this year than last year. the four modernizations, we must. continue to maintain and develop the lively political situa- The Four Modernizations. For a relatively long tion of stability and unity. Our natjon period ahead, the focus of our work is to realize has been through enough upheavals; the four modernizations. Ali other work must stability has not come to us easily, so be eentred around this and serve it. The we must hold it dear. We have and still are consolidation of the state, the stability of society, settling questions left over from the past, par- the improvement of the material and cultural ticularly those from the period of the Cultural lives of the people are ultimately contingent on Revolution, thus a gleat number of factors for the development of production, on the attain- instability have been eliminated or are being ment of .modernization. If this is not firmly eliminated. taken hold of, then all ideas, plans, and prom- ises will come to nothing and we shall beeome However, as our difficulties and problems gravely divorced from the masses and shall were built up over a long'period of time, they commit an extremely serious eror. To deveiop cannot be ali solved at once. Many new con- the economy, w€ rnust unswervingly continue tradictions and problems may emerge in the to implement the policy of readjustment, re- course of readjusting the ndtional economy and structuring, consolidation and improvement. Of bringing about the four modernizations. A11 these the four, readjustment is crucial, because the difficulties and, contradictions must be handled main obstacle holding up our economic develop- in such a way as to be contributory to the ment at present is the serious imbalances in stability and unity of the country. This makes our national economy. it mandatory first of all to uphold the four

Januarg 7, 1980 t5 fundamental principles (the iocialist road, the cherish peace and independence. This once dictatorship of'the proletariat, the leadership of again reminds the people of all countries that the Communist Party and Maixism-Leninism- a more tense, complicated and turbulent situa- Mao Zedong Thought) and to prevent and over- tion will appear in the world in the 1980s and come any interference from the "Left" and the that they must be well prepared {or it. Right, which is a departure from these four We are carrying out the four moderniza- fundamental principles. tions under the menace of war. Adhering to Differences of opinion among the people the Communist Party's strategic concept of the must be solved in a democratic manner accord- three worlds and its foreign policy, we will unite ing to the formula of "unity-criticism-unity" more closely with other socialist countries, with and in the spirit of letting a hundred flowers the working class aud progressive forces blossom and a hundred schools of thought con- throughout the world and with third world tend. Stability and unity accords with demo- countries. We will unite with all forces in the cratic centralism. Only by practising democracy world that can be united to fight hegemonism, can various kinds of c.ontradictions be correctly and strive to'postpone a world war and to pre- handled, the enthusiasm of the masses be serve world peace. We shall expand scientific brought into play, the centralism based on de- and technical exchanges and trade with other mocracy be carried out and genuine stability countries and study alt that is advanced in and unity be ac\ieved. Practising democracy foreign countries. Whiie carrying forward the also accords with strengthening the lega1 sys- ievolutionary spirit of self-reliance and hard tem. Democracy mrxt be defined and protected work, we shall continue to appropriately import by laws and thi-' force of law must be strength- advanced technology and make good use of ened, for our laws are to protect the people foreign funds so as to accelerate the four and their democratic rights. modernizations. The criminal law and other laws adopted at The glorious Chinese People's Liberat'ion the Second Session of the Fifth National Peo- Army and all nationalities of China must height- ple's Congress come into force as of today. en their vigilance, strengthen national defence, Every one of our citizens, be he a.cadre or one guard the border regions and protect the of the masseB, must observe the law and dis- four modernizations. They must promote the cipline. Cadres and Communist Party members, great cause of reunifying the motherland and in particular, should play an exemplary role in make China a greater and stronger country so this respect. Everybody is equal before the law as to contribute more to the peace and progress and nobody is allowed privileges beyond the of mankind. Iaw. Anarchisnl and ultra-individualism must Chinese Communist be resolutely opposed. The handful of criminals Party Leadership. The at the core leading our cause who gang up to foment disturbances, diisrupt Party is the force Party, there could not be social order or commit other grave crimes must forward. Without the The development of the be'dealt with according to law. a new China today. Party, as with all things, has been tortuous. We along Science and Culture. fn tggO we must strive have experienced both snooth advance,s mistakes to raise the level of our science, education and the correct road, and setbacks when gang of culture. The policy of "letting a hundred were committed. The smashing of the flowers blossom and a hundred schools of four and .the achievements made in the last proved our thought contend" mu.st be carried out in earnest three years have once again that great, glorious so as to create 'a favourable atmosphere for Party deserves to be called a and academic researches to develop and culture to correct Party. Today, it is Ieading the Chinese goal flourish. people to work for the magnificent of the four modernizations by the end of the century; International Affairs. International tension is we must strengthen Party building and arm the mounting as we enter 1980. The Soviet army's Party still more with Marxism-Leninism-Mao massive invasion of Afghanistan and gross in- Zedong Thought so that it will be able to lead tervention in its internal affairs, and the large- the people forward successfully. scale morzements towards the borders of Thai- Let us unite, work diligently and usher in land of the Vietnamese troops which invaded the 1980s with brilliant achievements! Kampuchea are creating grave new international erises and drawing the close attention of the (A sliglltlA abnilgeil translation - peoples and countries throughout the world that Subheods and. bold,lace are ours,)

16 Beijing Reaieut, No. 7 Spoclal Fcalurt/Educatlon Chida's Education: The Type of People lt Brings Up

Our Correspondent He Zuo lllltllltlltttlEEtrllltllllrtltlttlttlllttltltllrlllltllllilt[tttlilllllttlttttlllrtltt,

ln.the lost three yeqrc, Chinesc schoolr ond In a class designed to teach solloges hove been groduolly led on to the children three or four years old correct poth. Mony useful irocticer common to diptingulsh different colours, before the Culturol Revolution hsve been the teacher chooses four children restored ond improved. These include on a playground each time and ottoching importonce to the rtudcntc, gives them each. a different ideologicol ond politicst educotion, cioscroom coloured bucket- red, blue, teoching snd bosic knowledqe study. yellow and green. Then she fundsmentol teclmicol troiniig ond'nstionol throws 20 small balls painted entronce cxominotionr for colligc studentr 'in those colours on the ground. on ihe - borir of their merits, In this game, the children try to ...W.ho! is.the Euiding principlc? lr it to find balls the same colour as h'is cultrystc individuol competitivencr or to or her bucket, pick them up imbuc the rtudenrs withthe rpiritoirjiing and put them into their own the people? Whst kind of pcoplo-orc wr ro buckets. The aim is to see who bring up? Wilt therc fo s h'oi6cd ioi on can do it first without any elite generotion? Mqtcriqtr sre furnittrod mistakes. Cheerful and gay, in this speciol feqture for onlwlrr to iiilr the children commit the qucstions. colours to memory. "Five Loyes" in Kindergortens Operetto INDERGARTENS Not long ago, a class of six- or f<- in China ing activities; ideological and seven-year-old children put on rI fall into two categories: moral education is conducted an operetta,' Passengers' House, One is run by educational de- through assigning the children which went over very well. In partments, govertrment organs, exercises, organizing recreation- the course of the rehearsals, the arniy units, factories and mines, al and other daily activities. teacher gave the children useful enterprises and other units; the other is run by the neighbour- hood corhmittees in the cities Basic ftacts About ihe Mill,s Kindergarten and people's communes and production Age the three brigades in the in 4-6; countryside. grades: 3'4; 6-7' The Beijing No. 2 Cotton i MiIl Courses: Chinese, arithmetic, music, with 8,200 workers and staff physical training, fine arts. members .has a kindergarten Monthly which is housed in a two-sto- charges: board 10.5 yuan reyed building ' child-care fee 2 yuan in the residential miscellaneous expenses 0.5 yuan quarters and has a playground. medical cost 50 per cent of ac- tual expenses Taking into consideration the children's age and receptive Notes: Chiltl-care fee and medical expenses ard exempted for abilities, the kindergarten oDe-child parents. makes full use The miu's average monthly wages are 53.1 yuan. Besides, every of toys and worker or staff member recelves a non-staple food subsialy ot audio-visual aids in their teach- 5 yuan, llF20 yuan for bonus, overtime and other bay a month. January 7, 1980 17 Speclal Feature/Edueatlon teacher told him that to act the "Five Loves": Love the part of a grandpa properly he mothdrlald, the people, must not be naughty because a . labour;'science and publicr grandpa should care for and proPertlr. 'love the passengers. In this way, the boy tried to overcome his shortcomings during the re- lessons in discipline and caring hearsal. for: others. A naughty boy Gradually Chen developed called Chen Zhengqiang who an interest in performing played the role of.a passenger- aha stopped hitting others; gfandpa- was often disruptive in he spoke politely, concerned class and would even hit other himself with the collective and childien now and then. The observed discipline. Later, he

And middle-aged peasants Facts and Figures have become literate since ,ilhe Chinese Ministry of students: 850,000, or ?.3 times liberation. The historical Education has furnished the those of 1949. mission of eliminating illit- fbllowing figures. o Post-liberation graduates eracy was almost completed, but as a result of interfer- o Kindbrgartens: 164,000 from full-time institutions of and sabotage Lin with ?.8? million children, higher education: 2.946 ence by Biao and the gang of four, 6Q.5 times the peak year of million, equal to 16 times the illiteracy increased again in 1946 before China was lib total number of graduates those'years when they held erated in 1949. from old China's iolleges and universities in the 20 years . o Primary schools: 949,000, before liberation. o There are 68 million or 2.7 times those of 1949; pupilsr 146.24 million, 6 times o Post-liberation graduates workers, peasants and cadres those of 1949. from teachers' colleges and now studying in spare-time universities: 636,000, or 30.3 primary and middle schools, o Oidinary middle schools: times those trained in the 20 and 550,000 in factory-run or 162,000,.o1 40 times those of years before liberation. 1949; students: 65.48 million, spare-time colleges. o Pobt-liberation graduates 63 times those of 1949. o There 420,000 (in- from teachers' schools: are I Secondary technical 2372,A00 or 6.5 times the cluding oh-the-job personnel) 200,000 auditors schools: 1,?00; students: total number trained in the students and the Central Broadcasting 530,000 or 6.9 times those of 16 years before liberation. in and Television University and 1949. o Girl students: 45 per cent 28 other such institutes run primary o Colleges and universities: of the tqtal in by various provinces, munic- schools; 41 per in middle 598 offering over 800 special- cent ipalities and autonomous per'cent in ities of which over 500 are schools; 24 regions. colleges and universities.' in science and engineering; o Students from the 55 minority nationalities: 10,248,000, of whom 36,000 are uriiversity students, 28 times those of 1950. (The above figures are based on 1978 statistics.) . Education in literacy for adults: 126.8 million young

18 Beiii.ng Reoiero, No. 7 $pecial Feature/Educatlon Low Expenses workers and the mill's doctors who give medical treatment, The mill's kindergarten regular health check-ups and now has 263 children, inoculations to the children. 189 of whom stay at the nursery round the clock This is an ordinary kinder- garten per- and 74 others only in the in Beijing. Working sonnel the daytime. It is up to the and leading cadres of parents to decide whether mill send their children to the to send their children to nursery only when they wish to day or round-the-clock do so and their children pass the nursery. health check-up. Because the charge is low, ordinary workers ' The children are divid- have no financial difficulties in ed into ten classes of sending their children to the three grades aecording nursery. to their ages and are living a regular collective Thanks to the progiess in the iife. They devote a con- work of family planning, the siderable part of their kindergarten has now been able time to outdoor or phy- to provide enough accommoda- sical activities every day. tions for children of the mill's Apart from those in the workers and staff. The kinder- day nursery, the rest go garten teachers often pay visits Dumbbetl exercises. home weekends and come to families where they talk with back to the nursery on the parents about their children was among those cited for good Monday morning. and listen to the latter's conduct everlr month. opinions. Therefore, people are The kindergarten has its own satisfied with the work of the Another child named Wang dining-rooms. There are health kindergarten Chunyan played the part of a conductor in the operetta. The teacher said that a conductor must be warm towards the pas- AII-Round Development in sengers. As the conductor, Chunyan took care of old peo- Primary School ple and mothers with babies, and helped close the bus The Beijing First Erper- windows on windy ,and rainy imental Primary Schoot, f"ottnil- days. The idea of serving the ed m, 7972, i,s one of the oldest people gradgally took root in schools in Chi,na pattem,ed, on her little heart. Once when the mod,ern Welstern schools; Wang rain beat into the classroom, Qiaian, oice-principal, has been Chunyan fbok the lead in toorking at this school ooer 50 closing the windows. Aears. The follouting is a talk he had uith our correspond.ent. The kindergarten caries out a teaching progFamme with f first became a teaeher at the various courses, a plan of ideo- I Experimental Primary School logical and moral education and in 1929. a system of daily life manage_ Before liberation, only about ment as laid down by the Bei- .20 per cent of the sehool-age jing Bureau of Education. This children in.. our country were gives the children a certain .able to go to school. Most of amount of everyday Vice-prinolpal Wang knowledge, the pupiis at this school were , Qixian and his pupilg. helps their moral, intellectual children of officials and army physical and development, and officers of the old government make a living and had no other lays foundation a for their or of the moneyed classes. We end in sight than to pass on future study in primary schools. hired out as teachers simply to knowledge to our pupils. Jonuarg 7,7980 19 Speolal Fealure/Educatlon Consislent Poliq; imental Primary School. The Doys of Turmoil Over teachers are strict with the pu- After the founding of the Ten years of turmoil, which .People's Republic pils and are also patient and in lg4g, began in 1966, are over at long schools were thrown tactful in giving guidance to open to the last. fire fine eode them. More than a score of ex- traditional of children of the working people. behaviour of ours school-in- School fees were tracurricular activity groups reduced to less cluding devotion to study, ob- than one-third have been organized in the . of what they servance of disciplinbi:;,leye of were before liberation. At school to cultivate the pupils' in- manual labour, respei:f] 1i*pr present over 90 per cent of terests in various fields. For instanee, a small meteorological teachers, mutual help amoi@r, school-age children in the whole schoolmates and. protecti;. o1 i&::;* country go to school. Teachers station was first set ulir on the are assured of a livelihood school campus in Lg52. A woman teacher, Feng Huiying speedily revived. In front of covering basic necessities and the storeyed building in the amenities. just by name, was the tutor. The They are not western part school little meteorolqgists would make of the employees as in the old society; campus ttrcre is a row of tall they set observations about the weather their minds on bring- poplars. Years ago, when thesL generation each day and mark the data on ing up a new of trees had just been planted, a socialist youth. Ttre policy a blackboard. we storm suddenly broke out one have pursued was laid down afternoon after scliool. Swaying by the Party and Chairman On broiling days in summer violently the strong wind, r Mao: Education must serve pre or freezing winter days, or when in the fragile saplings were in danger letarian politics and be com- a storm is brewing, Teacher bined with produetive labour; it Feng enoourages the childrerr to of being rooted up. Ibe few pupils whose was that must enable tho.se receiving an stick to their routi,ne as a test turn it education to develop morally, of their willpower. Batch after day to clean the classroom intellectually and physically and batch of pupils have carried on rushed out into the rain to. Pro- become workers with bdth the work. Volumes. of me- tect the trees. There are also on socialist consciousness and. cul- teorological data kept over the school campus'about eight ture. This policy still holds good. the past 27 years bear witness kinds of fruit trees which flower to the pupils' perseverance and in spring ind yield iruit in au, There are now 852 pupils and meticulousness and tumn. Np one has ever plucked 49 teachers at the First Exper- in study work the teachers have helped a flower or fruit without,Per- to build up. mission. On the crontrary, fruit With regard to the education blown down would often be of primary school children, we colleeted by the pupils and . lay stress on all-round develop- taken to the teachers. Two ment. mirrors, gifts from 1932 grad-

Basic Set-Up of the Full-fimc primary Sehool

Age of Period of Courses.t Time assigned to admission schooling study and labour

five Chinese, arithmetic, Nine and a half elementary knowl- months for study edge of nature, each year. Pupils fbreign language, of the fourth and politics, physical cul: fifth grades do ture, music, draw- manual labotr for ing. half a month instead of study.

. Wltere conautlons permlt, childten ot slx or six antl a hall years old are admltted. j . .t Elementary knowleatge ol natur€, Ioreigh language and Puptls ol the meleorological polltics are for pupils ol the third grade and above, Foreign grouD rnd Feng Huiying, thelr language, chlelly Engltsh, is taught only ln some of the urban tutor. prtmary schools,

20 Beiji.ng Reuldw, No. 7 Speclal Foaturc/Educatlon uates to . their alma mater, have been hanging in a corridor for 47 years. fhey are tarnlshed but intact. The large number of qualified personnel we have helped bring up for tlie nation is a source of :noted .great pride to us. The scientist Qiau Xuesen came to see his teachers after returning from the United States in the 50s He found the seat he used to sit,in as a pupil at the school. ln 197?, when a campaign was cpnducted in the school to Errouse interest in science, I sent a note to Qinghua University asking the help of three profes- sors who had attended our school. The5r came and talked The troted scientlst Xuesel meeting with lhe pupils. ,to the pupils. Once I was in- Qian jured in a fall. During my con- ing inexperienced young teach- cal level of the whole teaching valescence at home, . many ers and in raising the pedagogi- staff. of my former pupils, now old or middle-aged professors, engineers, factory directors, or Middle Scfrools young workers and cadres, came to see me when they heard of my mishap. Most of them had Lobourers lVith Socialist had no contact whatever with me for many years Consciousness and Culture Now as a deput5r to the Beijing Municipal People's Con- "In appraising a sthool, we gress and a member ol the M',ll:i ffHiI.#,,!:;: should not only pay attention central committee of the China ing qualified students to insti- to the number of students en- Association for Promoting De- tutions of higher learning and rolled by colleges, but should see training competent workers for mocracy, one of the eight whether the standard of the all branches of the economy. At democratic parties in China, majority of students is higtr or pr.esent, only 4 per cent of all I take direct part con- not, whether the work force a in middle-sdrool graduates can sultations about state affairs. enter colege or university, and Ttrough 73, I am still in for a fairly long ti:ne in the fu- good health. State stipula- ture, the vast majorit5r of them tions entitle me to retire on will go directly to work. There- pension, but I would rather con- fore the quality of teaching in tinue working half time to help primary and middle schools has bring up more qualified workers a direct bearing on the cultural to take part in socialist mod- and scientific level of the entire ernization. Besides me, there are Chinese_ ndtion. That's why the other old teachers at our school goverriment requires that who are also entiUed to retire schools give equal attention to but do not wish to. They all all students instead of only to love the school as dearly as they those who will enter college. do their own homes and they Not long ago, Jiang Nanxiang, Teachers exploring ways to imDrove play an important role in help- Minister of Education, said: the quality of ieacbing.

January 7, 1980 21 9peclal Fe*ture/Educatlon

BASIC SE'I'-UP OF THE, FI,ILL.I'INIE MIDDLE SCIIOOL branch. Eventually they decided to tackle this problem with a Enralment Lengith ot high sense of responsibility. Age Schooling Coutses anil Physicol Labour Less 12 5 years* Politics, Chinese lan I months for Help the Advonced guage, mathematicJ s{udy, and I 3 years of physics, chemistry, biol- month for phy- To help the poorer students, . junior mid- ogy, foreigh language sical . labour experienced teachers with a (English year. dle school, or other lan- every sense responsibility 2 years of guages), history, geo- high of senior mid- graphy, basic farm were assigned to the "slow" and dle school. knowledge, hygiene, "medium" classes. Lcctures physical education, were given in such a way that music and drawing. the students could accept them. Considering that the "slowl' ' Length ol schooling ls belng discussed in the papers, some sr.rggest 6 yesrs. students were often unable to concentrate on their studies, the teachers gave lectures in the trained by these schools are This resulted in a drastic form of story-telling. When competent or not, whether or decline in standards and a wide they came across difficult parts, not they behave well at their gap in the students' cultural the teachers would repeat them. work posts." level. Under such circumstances, Sometimes primary school text- In the past two years, Bei- temporary measurqs had to be books were used to make up for jingls No. 15 Middle School has taken: Students of the same what they had missed, and given made great efforts to respond to grade were divided into three extra tutoring was after thb call of the government. groups according to their per- class for those who still lagged fdrmance. For,example, at the behind. Many teachers work- ed extra hours on holidays Gop Between Good ond No. 15 Middle School 31.7 per or during their spare time. One Poor Students cent of the students were in the of them remarked: "I1l do my "quick" class; 63.4 per cent in During the Cultural Revolu- best to help them catch up even the."medium" and 4.9 per cent tion, normal school order was if I lose weight." almost non-existent. Teachers in the "slow." Students in the were unable to do their work "quick" classes were taught The teachers often' got to- properly, neither could the stu- according to the teaching prog- gether to study how to improve dents learn as they should. ranime, while those in the their work. Attentiou was paid .dis- There was practically no "medium" and "slow" classes to discovering the merits of the cipline, no regular system . of were given extra tutoring. students. Whenever a studept examinations, no criteria for showed any progress, no matter promoting students to the next It was really a tough job for how slight, he or she was grade or holding them a year. teachers to help such a large warmly encouraged and praised number of poor students. As in class, on the blackboard the Chinese saying goes: Ice newspaper or on the honour three feet thick is not due to roll. Sometimes a rosette was one day's cold. So the number pinned on their lapel and their of poor students did not build parents were congratulated. up overnight. Quite a few Many students, who had been students had never formed the cold-shouldered for years and habit of sitting down and study- were praised for the first time, ing, while some had behaved badly and thought it too late to determined to study hard in the future. mend. Was it possible to help the "medium" and "slow" stu- Later, all students were asked dents catch up with the others? to make a plan of their own so The teachers had a heated dis- that they would continue to cussion under the leadership of make progress on the basis of Helping slow studen6. the headmaster and the PartY their own particular level.

Z2 Beiiing Reuieut, No. 1 Sprolal Fulurt/lduortlon Those who fulfilled their plans were praised and those who Rulrr lor Mlddlo ind prlmrry Echool Studrntr made marked progress were asked to tell about thelr expe- The two sets of 10-point rules physical training so as to keep riences. for middle and primary slhool fit and they should pay atten- stude:rts are now being tried tion to hygiene; Within months, of oiit in the country. ihough six half * They should take an active the students in the "medium" both have their own distinctive features, they have the follow- part in physical .labour and class of the second year of the ing points in common: lead a thrifty and simple life; senior middle school wer€ * : They should observe dis- lauded rivay The students should love public in one or another. the motherland aad the people; cipline and order; Some were promoted from the * * They should care for the They should respect the "slow" to the "medium" class. collective and protect public teachers, maintain close ties One of the parents was so happy property; with fellow-schoolmates and polite that she was moved to tears. be to others; * They should study diligent- I "Foi eight years my boy had ly; They should be modest and never been praised," she said, honest and bE ready to correct * Ttey should take part in mistakes, if any. "but today he had a red flower pinned on his jacket. The school has done a wonderful job is transforming him." same grade into three classes rniddle school education. Ai With their initiative aroused, was only a temporary measure. present, the rnajority of niiddle- more and more students began In the country as a whole, the school graduates lack the mini- to study hard. Td make sure level of the primary school mum knowledge and skill need- that they kept fit,'half an hour pupils of the first, second and ed for doing any kind of pro- was set aside every afternoon third grades enrolled since 197? fessional work. After going to for physical training, in addition is much higher than before; work, they have to be given to regular physical education and the cr:ltural level gap be- technical training before they and morning exercises. Sports tween pupils of the same class, are really competent. competitions, get-togethers, poe- the fourth and fifth grades; is try recitals and other activities narrowing. Therefore many The trial reform of the struc- were also arranged. middle schools have been able to ture of middle-school education' stop dividing newly enrolled is being carried out in Fuxin, Nanjing and other cities and is students into different classes. Norrowing Gop receiving close attention. In A large number of students Fuxin, a coal city in northeast in the No. 15 Middle School who Vocotiono! Schools China, technical courses are used to get poor marks are The policy of "walking on given in regular middle schools. making progress. Take Li Jun two legs" has always been Besides, technical schools' and for instance. He used to fail emphasized in education. This polytechnic schools have been four out of six of his courses. means setting up both regular set up. There are 23 vocational gets good Now he marks in all senior middle schools and voca' middle schools giving a two- six courses. Wang Jinhe, who tional or technical schools. By y.ear course for junior middls- was once punished for fist- 1965, nearly 30 per cent of the school graduates. These schools fighting and cursing the teach- middle school students . were hAve. 19 specialities set to ers, now.studies hard, gets high up studying in agricultural or voca- marks is good in behaviour. train technical workers and ond tional middle schools. However, Bai Guodong was once detained peasants for the growing needs running such schools was criti- the public of production in the locality. by bureau of security cized during the Cultural Revo- The 1,900 students in these for disrupting social order. He lution, and after 1966 they were schools take up industrial or has made rapid improvement closed down. and is now a college student. agricultural subjects in addition The progress of these three stu- To meet the needs of socialist to courses taught a! regular modernization train dents had a good effect on and to senior middle schools. While other students. capable workers, educational learning from books, they also departments are investigating engage in industrial or farm Dividing the students of the how to reform the structure of work.

January 7,7980 23 Sprolrl Fulwr/Eduortlon

pletely repudiated. One college A Closs in a College entrance applicant handed in his, papers unanswered ,and Botft Red snd -Expert, was given nationwide public- ity as the example for the youth of the whole country to modernization typical many college TIfHETIIER think is of emulate. Examinations were W will succeed or fail has a students. In Chinese terminol- bearing on the rise or decline ogy, they want to take the road of socialist China and also on of being "red and expert.'; the future of the cause of hu- This polytechnical college is Fed and Exp.rt man progress. As a college in Beijing's eastern suburb and student, I want'to really learn has. eight departments embrac- "Red" means the politi- something so as to be able to ing 24 specialities with an en- cal criterion; "expert," the contribute ,to the four modern- rolrnent of 1,720. Your corres- vocational level. Loving izations," said a beslrctacled pondent visited the college and one's socialist motherland, male student of the Beijing spent most of his time with a working consciously for so- Polytechnical Institute. group specializing in electronic cialism. and serving the people, A short, rather shy, female computers under the depart- is "red.". Anyone student said: Iearn as much ment of computer science. who holds to socialism "I'[ politically, as I can and become a social- works hard to job ist mental labourer after grad- From Admission to Groduotion do a good and to con- tinually improve his work uation." Once discrirhinated Alt 36 students in the class and makes contributions to against during the Cultural were admitted according to the society is considered "red Revolution, intellectuals are principle of selecting the best and expert." beginning now to be fairly ap- after ari all-round examination praised. The Party has explicitly of their academic level, moral declared that they are a part qualities and physical fitness. of the labouring people and In the 1977 entrance examina- done away with and with that they themselves, often too, tions, they had averaged 78.3 a clear-cut criterion for admis- proudly call themselves mental marks in all subjects. sion to college was removed. labourers; During the Cultural Revolu- All applicants were supposed to The way these two people tion academic study was c€m- be reeommended by the rank and file of the unit they be- longed to, but that was seldom the gase. Many got into collego "by the back door," through influence and personal. connec- tions. This group has 24 men and 12 women students, eight of whom are Party members and the rest members of the Com- munist Youth League. The age Iimit for applicants was raisd to 30 to allow outstanding young people who had missed college during the Cultural Revolution when all colleges stopped enrolment.. The aver- age age of this group was 21.4 at the time of entrance, the oldest two being 30 and the youngest two 1?. (Among new students admitted ih the years In the leboratory. 19?8 and 1979, the number

24 Beijing Revieto, No. 7 Special Feature/Education coming straight from middle connected with computer' hard- schools increased, so the aver- ware engineering, six with com- age age went down sharply.) puter software engineering, As to their family back- five with the computer system, grounds, one came trom the ex- as well as courses on political ploiting class (capitalist), the theory, forelgn language, physi- rest were children of workers, cal education and a number of peAsants, armymen, cadres and elementary courses. Students intellectuals. Nineteen were are required to do experimental workers befsre they . en:tered work in factories connected eollege, eight were'from cities with the subjects they maJor before ttrey went down to the in. Finally, they have to spend countr5iside as peasants, another ten weeks workirrg in sorne unit eight came straight from senior conieected with the subjects middle schools and one was a they are specializing in. This govenrment functionary. corrects the abnormal phenom- enon recent years when T.uition fee is free. Nine who in sent had worked more than five college students were for indefinite periods to do manual years before. 1fugy were enrolled labour.having nothing do continue to draw their tnonthly to with'what they had' specialized wages; 16 are drawing state activities, urlder subsidies ranging from 6.5 to in, or other the system known as the 22 yuan a month because their "open- Aft€r a clEsB. door" education. family inc6mes are low. Some students do not have to buy When these students grad- the same age. Furthermore, their own textbooks because uate they will be given jobs workers in general have more they do o9t havb tbe morelr, the state under a unified opportunities for earning bo- by public solne are given ettra money to plan, either as engineers or nubes. The is aware of this, standards of living buy winter clothing. tedrnicians in factories and en- and il be upgraded, then this All students live in rent-free terprises engaged in omputer are to should away dormitories and are also enti- designing,r manufacture . and aaomaly be done with. tled to free' medieal service. operation, or as researchers and The period of instruction is teachers reseaich institutes in Hord-Wo*ing Young$ers four academic years (five be- and institutes of higher learn- ginning 1979). This group is ing. When they start work thby After the years of turtnoil, now in the second term of their will be paid more or less the things aredjust beginning to go second academic year. same as workers of the same back to normal and much has Students in this particular age, lower than workers with to be done to improve educa- instance, discipline have to take 23 intermediate skills. China'ad- tional facilities. For oolrrses covering the four years. heres to the socialist principle the dormitories are overcrowd- libraries are poorly These include seven courses of "to each acco.rding to his ed, the work," but stocked and laboratory equip- there will not ment is inadequate. These people be an exces- young have much to be sively wide gap dissatisfied with, and they in'people's in- sometimes do grumble, but on comes. Under the whole they study hard, the present knowing the problems the wage system, state is facing. the pay of sorne Han Jiangyuan is one of the' college gradu- older students and his memory ates who have is not as good as the others. already worked For example, he has difficulty many years is in remembering English words. actually less But he never despairs. He Leisure hour. than workers of studies with determination. He

January 7,7980 25 Speclal Featire/Educatlon tvas .born during the' years of revolutionary wars. His Key Schoolr Tlrere are national and soldier mother ihad been too local key institutes of weak to breast-feed him. In The Beijing Polytechni. cal Institute is a key insti- Iearning everywhere. They the first few months of get some degree of priority his life he had been fed by tute of higheq learning in the capital. in the allocation bf leading nprsing rnothers along the personnel, teathers, equip- . route his mother's unit passed As there are not enough ment and funds. Apart through. He never forgets this, teachers, equipment and from selecting their stu- and it is this which impels funds to go around, key dents from a wider area, him to work and study hard. have schools and colleges key colleges are no differ- Wang Anzhong, who has work- set up pre been tq rapidllr ent to other colleges in ed in the countryside for three duce the trained personnel ttcir 'sources of recruit- years, first studied Russian and needed by the countr5r. ment.and tuition fees. started learning English only These key schools and col- in when he entered college.' He leges are also models for Their graduates are al- plugs away at his English stud- others and ,they help im- located work by the state ies every day, even over the prove teaching as a whole and receive the same pay summer holiday, and is ryaking and demonstrate the prin- as those of other colleges. rapid progress. eiple of combining popu- They are'not the eollges Iarization with elevation in for the elite as in certain Students get up at six-thirty practice. countries. in the morning. They do morn- ing exercises for' a quarter of an hour and in the half bour before breakfast at seven-thirty In L9?0, Xiang began working they recite .their foreign lan- Seven students in this group in the Beijing Gear Factory as guage lessons in some quiet have averaged over 95 marks in a machine-tool operator. He corner. "Tlris foreign language all examinations since joining studied hard by himself and fever" is not a fad. They are the institute. Ttrose who are also attended the cpurses offer- doing it out of a sense of res- doing well are ever ready to 6

26 Bei,ji,ng Reuieto, No. 7 Speclal Feature/Education would stay up very late to go fired their enthusiasm for The music lovers in the group over lectures, but his marks academic studies. plug in earphones, after the rernained low. The next term. Iights budding electronio are out. he aciepted ti, As rule students are dis- gestions and changed_"ru."*it.r'"1',ri -3:: a couraged from thinking about method, with good results."olll He ;ilJ_::fl.,:#"'1."d::--. tff; ": ;" even during a meal marriage. The began getting E'u ,rarrrli authorities want ."lT-::,:"u discussions' ex- put in all his subjects.""""u""f"t""r.1 have the students to all their at- pressinglY,:t1." their views openly. tention to their studies. Stu- Yao.Wang, the group leader'the Sometimes discussions are quite dents are generally rrot allowed and deputy secretar;r of heated, something which very to marry. Two male students Party branch, said: "Our Party, rarely happened when the were allowed after enrolment, Youth League branctr and group ultra-Leftists were in power. but this was because they were committees want every student Then, only trusted friends dis- 29 and 30 years o1d. Married in the group to feel he is a cussed politics together, and in students have to live in college member of a helpful collective whispers. What they talk today, dormitories like the unmarried making @rftmon progr€ss;" however, is mostly about what students, going home only at measures should be weekends. But this group is not 'Thmwing Awoy the Burden" :::tl::tadopted to correct things and typical as the class was the Ge Qing is a gangling, smiling hurry up the four moderniza- first to be enrolled through young man who days he has tions. passing an exar{r after the Cul- never felt So carefree and happy tural Revolution. Asked if there as now. His father was U"ana- Compus tife were any in the group who ed a bourgeois Rightist in 195? Classes are in the mornings, were courting, mmy said they and the son has had to share between eight and twelve, had not heard of any yet. Men his opprobrium oyer the last 20 after lunch the students have a and women students can and do years. Recently, his fatherivas nap and study by themselves mix freely and normally. cleared qf all charges alter . from two four. From four to Ttrese future mental labourers investigations and politically re- to five-thirty do what they they are not averse to taking part in habilitated. His father was re-' About halt of them take Iike. manual labour. This surnmer instated and again paid as an part in various sports, sorqe go the group weeded Zhongshan engineer. Ge Qing no longer with studies or wash on their Park in the heart of the city. feels he is a second-class citizen their clothes, and so on. g,fter During the term, they al1 spend and has applied for Party mem- dinner, they go from six-thirty 'an hour every week helping bership, something he had back their books until ten- to the college library clean and wanted to do long ago but did when lights go put. thirty the carry or patch or bind periodi- not dare even to to'^,9:-.9:,c This-':" group takes part in cals. They have been doing this has always been a good studerrt . sp,orts.to win honour for their ever since they joined the in- In middte sctrool h. h"d;;Jil hard and u"ir"""i--rri-**.itl collective and to meet other stitutq Ttre librarians have , ,-. --**-.' students. Once, in a tug-of-war written a letter of commenda- wnen ne was worKlnq on a - contest they lost to several tion to the Youth League Com- farm out on the o"-r.r.i*r. rr" ' teams because of poor organiza- mittee of the college lauding contlnuect nls studles. ,..---. .:-nls rn criti- this group of young people. *".-Lrv.."ti". rhe -group ;;;;-il".--i, liii?I,-*9*'-leader' who thereupon colrege entrance J# ;;;; cized the While entaigi.rg enrdlment in the shortcoming, and restored in tez? til 1" ;; regular colleges, China is dding ::j:::l*finally finished as mnner-up' the chance to apply i;. il"th* all it can to provide higher training. It was a very moving Their cultural life leaves education for workers and peas- day for trim when he attended much to be desired. But it is ants. There ate radio, televi- his first lecture. He had full not altogether a void. Those sion and correspondence marks. At the end of terin who are.fond of literature and schools, workers' spare-time exams he scored brilliantly. He art, attend and give evening colleges, etc. Everything possi- is also much firmer in the res- performance. llhe Central Phil- ble is being done to select and olution to fight for the cause harrnonic Society visited the in- train experts' from among of communism. He is among stitute recently and there are workers and peasants. Ttre gov- the eight students in his group frequent film shows, including ernment is out to raise the to apply for Party membership. a number of fine foreign filrns. scientific and cultural level of Political .conviction has further Tigkets cost next to nothing. the whole nation.

January 7,7980 27 THE LAI{D & PEOPTE

I lhg Bort Ctty ol.' There is'also a thriving aquatic nation{ity, who are Mo.slems, products industry. special cooking facilities or ,'.Xfar.iiei- , , "" 'are Subtropical Xianien has a ' separate cantdens est-ab . Xiame4i forrnerly known as mild' climate thiogghout the lished. The state supplies Amoy, in Fulian Province on year'. Trees are green all the these factory canteens with the eastern seaboard is an im- year round and the lairdscape is rnore vegetable oil, poriltry, portant port on the western side beautiful. With mar-ry scenic eggs, beef and mutton. of the'Taiwan Straits. terest. it is an ideal -place for re- The 10.5floor. Passages connect the 10,000-50,000-ton freighters are ever, havelonly breakfast and being built to expand port facili- trunch in the canteen and go ties. home for supper with -their families. There is good land communi- cation. The Yingtan-Xiamen - An .average dish costs 0.15 Railway built in the .fifties is yuan, while a more expensive now joined to the Zhejiang- dish, such as stewed pork or Jiangxi line., The island is con- scratnbled eggs, is 0.25 to 0.30 nected with the mainland by a yuan. A small dish of sweet rail and road causeway arid one end sour shredded turnip or can drive from Xiamen to Fu- vinegar-pepper pickied cabbage zhou, the provincial capital, and costs about 0.03 yuan. ' other major cities. Some people bring their own Xiamen has developed into a meals for the canteens to warm light and textile industrial base up .for them. This happens with more than 360 medium- more often in factories where and small-sized factories. the canteens are not what they should. Agricultural production on . AII factory canteens have an the outskirts of the city is elected committee under the flourishing. Per-hectare grain trade union to supervise their output reached 9 tons. Peanuts, work. sugar cane, tobaeco, longan (a fruit peculiar to south China) In factories with many work- and vegetables are cultivated. ers and staff members of Hui The Yaolin Cave.

28 Beijing Rersieus, No. 7 four "halls" which give off to nurirerous'.smaller caves. It is People in the News .a kilometre away from the en- trance to the end of the fourth Ma Yanhong, 15; became China's "haII." youngest world champion on De- A two-kilometre subter- cember 9, 1979 when she tied for place of ranean stream winds through first with Maxi Gnauck the German Democratis Republic the caves adorned with specta- in the vlomen's uneven bars event cular stalactites and sfalagmites. at the 20th World Gymnastics The air is fresh and comfor- Championships held in the United tably cool inside. States. Her iotal

Januarg 7, 1980 29 CULTURE €, SCIENCE

('Peking PATEOANTHRO. human history back . 500,000 The man" site in years. Zhoukoudian is one of the most POLOGY important prehistoric cultural Professor Pei Wenzhong, a sites of man in the world. After graduate of the geology de- liberation, government en- "Peking ltlon" and partment of Beijing University, the couraged, assisted and funded Prolessor Pei Wenzhong is a committee member of one Professor Pei Wenzhong in his of ,the departments under the researches and set up a "Peking Chinese Academy of Sciences man" museum at Zhoukoudian. and an Honorary Member of Up to now, fossils of over 40 the fnternational Union of individual ap+men, thousands Prehistoric and Protohistoric of simple stone tools as well as Sciences. But he found himself large quantities of animal fos- without a job upon graduation sils and remains of fire have in the old China which was a been found. At the same time, very poor and very backward much progress has been made in country. He had many interests paleoanthropological studies in and tried for a time to make a China. living a8 a writer. He had writ- The 50th anniversary of the ten a novel when he was still ALMANAC discovery of the first skull of studying. at the university and great Chinese writer "Peking man" was recently which the A Gift lor Chinese marked at a meeting held by Lu Xun had favourably com- paleoanthropologists and pa- mented on. Later, he found Children leontologists of the Chinese work as an assistant paleonto- Publishing Academy of Sciences. After the logist with a team excavating The Children's House China has put out a meeting they held a week-long vertebrate fossils near Zhou- of bbst-seller for children symposium. koudian. -The 1980 Almanac for Bogs anil The discovery of an As he studied diligently and Girls. On top of being an ordin- ape-man fossil skull was a worked hard, he was able to ary calendar, it is chockful of major event in paleoanthro- take over the rnsPonsibility of absorbingly itlustrated informa- pology. It was found 12 metres leading the excavations when tion written specially for child- below the surface inside a cave many of the highb/ regarded ren. People are buying the al- on the Longgu Mountain in scientists left one after an- manac as a New Year gift for Zhoukoudian, southwest of other. His dogged persever- their children. Beijing, when night was falling ance was rewarded on De- There . are entries each daY on December 2, 1929, by Pro- cember 2, 1929. He was right mathematics, fessor Pei Wenzhong, a Chinese there when the ancient fossil about PhYsics' geogra- paleontologist. skull came to light. Unfor- chemlstry, astronomy, tunately, this tremendous, dis- phy and other sciences. There The "ape-man of China," or covery did not draw enough are also short Chinese sen- "Peking man" as it was named, attention due to it in old tences with their Engiish lived some 400,000-500,000 China, Study of the fossils was equivalents, simple scientific years ago in the middle of the the monopoly of foreigners. At experiments, magic tricks and Pleistocene. period. The dis- the .outbreak of the Pacific riddles. On every Page children covery of the fossils and, later, War in 1941, all the precious learn . something interesting. stone tools in the fihd-spot fossils then in the hands of Each piece of information is forcefully proved that the "ape- some Americans disappeared designed to stimulate interest man" was more man tlian ape, and have not been found even and arouse in them the urge to thus pushing the upper limit of today. explore the unknown.

30 Beijing Reaieut, No. 7 BOOKS . writer Felix Gre6ne explicitly sion of activities since the points out that "free to be Cultural Revolution. The editors hu'man" is the Chinese mes- must have done a lot of- work Out of sage's true essence. to bring so many writers to- In "An Anglo-Canadian gether in one book. But theY Experienc,e of Couple's 30 Years in China," would have done. better had Isabel and Davitt Crook. tell the they been able to solicit the contributions of more forgigners A Lifetime reader "we intended to stay 18 experiences in months. W" are stifl here." with unique Living in China China. Whereas Sam Ginsbourg from Bg tuenty authors from abrooil; tsarist Russia writes: "On The thumbnail photos of the New World Press, Beijing; March 14, Lg47,I left Kuomin- authors add to the realistic English edition; 347 pages; tang-ruled Shanghai . . . for feeling. It would be better still Renminbi 7.80 yuan the Liberated Areas. . . . I had had the editors run a pictorial bought a one-way ticket: I was section of historically signifi- not coming back," cant photos taken from the au- thors' long-treasured, albums. Markedly different in eontent Nonetheles.s, all in all, the book and style, the stories yet are represents .a new approach alike in being truly personal, which should be welcome. which is .all the more impres- sive because it .ls such a far cry from the publications from Beijing a few years ago, in which the first perrio-n "I" was t The Biography of Li Daphao r.r.sually missing. by the People's Publishing Esri#,A[theauthorsarelong.timeIo":"introduces.thelife.ofLi 1.";*;; il;hi";; ;;;;;: Dazhao' one or the rounders or ' Diverse. Delightfully personal. I ing witnessed events well the Chinese Communist Party Without tbe slightest intention ! over half a century ago yet and a forerunner of the Chinese tot be authoritative, though ilorg tries to be conclusive.- communist movement. It also nearly all the authors, to Le Ea;h a;A*&6ry' 6ii6-"il&s-*no-| depicts the revolutionary activi- fair, are writing out of the ex- more than talk simply and ties of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, peri,ence a plainly. Isn't this a far cry, Chen Yi, Deng Zhongxia and of ilfetime. These 'other are the first impressions one too, from those volumes by proletarian revolutionaries gets leafing through the pagps China-watchers of the older generation. during who,Yt after:*"lled delving irrto archives of. Liuing in Chi.no, a new book the 1919 May 4th Movement and just off the press ;;;;;; here and thene, have dmerged in the early- 1920s. In addition, New year rang in. "authorities"? Here, one tends it objectively deseribes the role to agree with what's said in played by chen Duxiu in this The authors are diverse in the book's FOREWORD, ;#;;f;; nationality, 'ag€, experience "Ligtening to them au- rand, [the most irnportant of all, in thorsl . . . is like listening to ' Selected. Poems of Tei Ret:- opinion. Let us cite a few ex- old friends chatting in one's . olutionaries is a collection of amples:. While Rashid Butt, a own home, free, relaxed and 350 poems by Zhu De, Dong Pakistani journalist still in his unassuming'" Biwu, Lin Boqu, Wu Yuzhang, prime, is frankly outspoken in The New \rforld press had Xu Teli, Xie Juezai, Xu Fanting, his criticism of China's_ Cultural many titles to its bredit, in_ I-ri Muan, Xiong Jinding and Revolution (1966-76), the elder- cluding books by such notedi Qian Laisu---all veterans of the ly teacher Denise Lebreton writers as Anna Louise Strong, Chinese revolution. It includes from France sees something Rewi Alley and Jack Chen. lyrical, narrative, pastoral, love praiseworthy in its'spirit. White Liaing in China has been and satirical poems. It is pub- some choose to let facts and published most recentty by the lished by the China Youth figures speak, the noted British Press afder a long-timb suspen- Publishing House.

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