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LÄNDERBERICHT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung E.V LÄNDERBERICHT Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. PAKISTAN BÜRO KONTAKT: DR. BABAK KHALATBARI Parlamentswahlen 2008 Pakistans Demokratie im Vormarsch? AUTOREN: DR. KARL FISCHER DR. HEIN KIESSLING In der Geschichte Pakistans gab es wenige von Musharraf aus dem Amt gejagten Ereignisse, die, wie die Wahlen vom 18. Obersten Richters Pakistans, Iftikhar Mu- Juni 2008 Februar 2008, den politischen Eliten des hammad Chaudhry, der unter Führung sei- Landes eine reale Chance zum politischen nes Anwalts und prominenten PPP- Neubeginn boten. Im Rückblick auf das Ge- Abgeordneten Aitzaz Ahsan für seine Wie- www.kas.de/pakistan schehen vor den Wahlen und – als dessen dereinsetzung kämpfenden Juristen des www.kas.de logische Konsequenz - die Wahlergebnisse, Landes und der im Februar 2008 an die die unter der Bevölkerung und in den Me- Macht zurückgekehrten Spitzenpolitiker der dien eine regelrechte Euphorie über die PPP und PML-N neue Helden. Vergessen „Morgenröte eines demokratischen Neube- war, dass sich in beiden politischen Lagern ginns“ ausgelöst hatten, stellt sich die Fra- viele der neuen Hoffnungsträger in der Ver- ge, ob damit tatsächlich schon ausreichende gangenheit mehr durch Amtsmissbrauch Voraussetzungen für eine politische Wende und schamlose Korruption denn durch geschaffen wurden. staatsmännische Qualitäten hervorgetan hatten. Zunächst erzeugte die dramatische Wahl- niederlage der bisherigen Regierungspartei- Zeitweilig verdrängt, aber nicht vergessen en PML-Q, MQM und MMA eine Erwartungs- ist der von den Amerikanern vermittelte haltung, die angesichts der Persönlichkeits- Deal zwischen Benazir Bhutto und Pervez profile der neuen Machthaber und der viel- Musharraf, der am 6. Oktober 2007 in der schichtigen Krisensituation Pakistans kaum präsidialen „National Reconciliation Ordi- zu befriedigen sein wird. Hierauf gründen nance 2007“ (NRO) seinen Ausdruck fand. die Wahlverlierer, einschließlich Präsident Hauptinhalt der NRO ist die Einstellung aller und Ex-General Pervez Musharraf, ihre Gerichtsverfahren, die im Zeitraum zwi- Hoffnung auf ein Versagen ihrer siegreichen schen 1985 und dem 12. Oktober 1999 (Tag Kontrahenten. der Machtübernahme Musharrafs) aus politi- schen Gründen eingeleitet worden waren. Der Militärdiktator wurde besiegt, so jubel- Nutznießer der Verfügung waren vor allem ten Politiker, Kolumnisten und die Mehrheit unter dem Verdacht massiver Korruption der Pakistaner. In Kommentaren und Dis- stehende Politiker wie Benazir Bhutto, ihr kussionsrunden wurde das vergangene Ehemann Asif Ali Zardari, die Brüder Nawaz achtjährige Regime Musharrafs verdammt und Shahbaz Sharif sowie weitere Parteifüh- und ein sofortiger Rücktritt des Präsidenten rer der PPP, PML-N und MQM. Als Gegenleis- gefordert. Dies musste verwundern, fand tung für diesen pauschalen Freispruch soll- Musharrafs politische Führerschaft doch bis ten die genannten Parteien sich nicht gegen Anfang 2007 bei der Mehrheit im Volke Zu- eine Wiederwahl von General Musharraf stimmung. Zudem war der Präsident Pakis- zum Präsidenten stellen. tans für die internationale Gemeinschaft das Hauptbollwerk im Kampf gegen einen Terro- Allerdings steht immer noch die Legitimie- rismus, der in jüngerer Zeit auch Pakistan in rung der NRO durch das Oberste Gericht Mitleidenschaft gezogen hatte. Doch spätes- aus. Zunächst aber ermöglichte die NRO tens seit März 2007 gab es in Gestalt des den vor der Strafverfolgung ins Ausland ge- 2 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. flohenen Politikern die ungehinderte Rück- die Jihadi-Organisationen, insbesondere die kehr nach Pakistan. Ihr Wiedereinstieg in pakistanischen Taliban, zum Anlass, eine PAKISTAN die Tagespolitik Pakistan weckte im Volk Serie von Selbstmordattentaten und An- DR. KARL FISCHER allgemeine Hoffnung auf bessere Zeiten. schlägen mit Autobomben zu entfesseln, die DR. HEIN KIESSLING Und das war verständlich, ergoss sich doch bis heute andauert und mehrere hundert einerseits 2007 über die Bevölkerung eine Todesopfer unter den Sicherheitskräften Juni 2008 Flut undemokratischer Ereignisse im politi- und der Zivilbevölkerung gefordert hat. schen Leben des Landes, begleitet von ein- www.kas.de/pakistan schneidenden wirtschaftlichen Problemen. Wenig später, im August, verfügte das www.kas.de Mit ihrer Wahlentscheidung brachte die Oberste Gericht die Wiedereinsetzung von Wählerschaft mehrheitlich ihre Forderung Chief Justice Iftikhar und bereitete gleich nach Abkehr von einem zivil verbrämten anschließend unter seiner Leitung ein Urteil Militärregime und seinen korrupten vor, das Musharraf eine erneute Kandidatur Politikern sowie dem Machthunger der Elite für das Amt des Präsidenten als verfas- religiöser Parteien zum Ausdruck. Ander- sungswidrig erklären sollte. Den einzigen erseits eröffnete sich die Möglichkeit, mit Ausweg aus dieser seine in acht Jahren an- einer Politik des nationalen Konsenses die gehäufte Machtfülle bedrohenden Situation Kraft bisher verfeindeter Parteien in Koali- sah Musharraf in der Verhängung des Aus- tionen auf nationaler und provinzieller nahmezustands am 3. November 2007. Ex- Ebene zu bündeln und die unter Musharraf akt 42 Tage später musste er aufgeben und kriminalisierte und entmündigte Zivilgesell- sah sich gezwungen, seine Uniform abzule- schaft wiederzubeleben und in den demok- gen und die in Personalunion mit dem Prä- ratischen Prozess einzubinden. Das erfor- sidialamt ausgeübte Funktion des Armee- dert eine gemeinsame, klare Formulierung chefs (Chief of Army Staff) an seinen Nach- der nationalen Interessen und darauf ge- folger General Kiyani zu übergeben. gründet eine Politik, die nachhaltig wirt- schaftlichen und sozialen Aufschwung sowie Die gegen Musharraf gerichtete Stimmung die Festigung der politischen Einheit und im Lande verschärfte sich weiter, als am 27. Souveränität des Landes gewährleistet. Dezember die nach mehrjährigem Exil nach Pakistan zurückgekehrte Vorsitzende der In dieser komplizierten Situation erwartet Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) und ehemalige Pakistan politisch-moralische sowie wirt- Ministerpräsidenten Benazir Bhutto nach schaftliche Unterstützung der internationa- einer Wahlkundgebung in Rawalpindi er- len Gemeinschaft, allerdings ohne Einmi- mordet wurde.1 schung in seine inneren Angelegenheiten. Mehr als sieben Jahre nachdem sich General 1. Der Maßstab des Jahres 2007 Pervez Musharraf im Oktober 1999 in Pakis- tan an die Macht geputscht hatte, forderte Als Armeechef und Präsident Musharraf am seine Politik mit Blick auf bevorstehende 9. März 2007 in einem verfassungswidrigen Parlamentswahlen Ende 2007, die nach der Akt den Obersten Richter des Landes (Chief Ermordung Benazir Bhuttos auf den 18. Justice) Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry sei- Februar 2008 verschoben wurden, innenpo- nes Amtes enthob, löste er eine Lawine zi- litische Auseinandersetzungen heraus, die vilgesellschaftlich-demokratischer Gegenak- bis in die Parteien der Regierungskoalition tionen aus, die ihn ein gutes Jahr später an hinein wirkten. Hatte er sich anfänglich rela- das Ende seines politischen Weges und sei- tiv glaubhaft als volksnahe Alternative zu ner Macht brachten. Der bis heute anhal- den vorherigen korrupten Zivilregierungen tenden Justizkrise folgte im Juli 2007 im darstellen können, so entblößte er bald Zentrum der Hauptstadt Islamabad die nach nach den Parlamentswahlen vom Oktober wie vor umstrittene Operation Silence zur 2002 durch zahlreiche Präsidentenerlasse militärischen Niederschlagung der in der Ro- ten Moschee (Lal Masjid) verschanzten ext- 1 remistischen Madrassa-Studenten, die über Siehe Zaib Nisa u. Babak Khalatbari, 2008 Parliamentary Election – Pakistan at the 100 Tote zurück ließ. Diese Aktion nahmen crossroads, www.kas.de/Pakistan 3 Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. und Verfassungsmanipulationen seine un- vinzregierung. Gleichzeitig verschärfte Mus- stillbare Machtgier. harraf mit seinen Mega-Staudamm- PAKISTAN Projekten den jahrelangen Streit zwischen DR. KARL FISCHER Die Ereignisse des Jahres 2007, wie Natur- Punjab und Sindh um ihren Anteil an den DR. HEIN KIESSLING katastrophen (Überschwemmungen in der Wasserressourcen. Das beste Beispiel dafür Provinz Sindh), eklatante Mängel in der Ver- ist der seit 20 Jahren konzipierte Kalabagh Juni 2008 sorgung der Bevölkerung mit Lebensmitteln Staudamm, der immer wieder in dieser oder und Brennstoffen und die im Volke unpopu- jener Richtung von interessierten Kräften www.kas.de/pakistan lären Maßnahmen wie der Einsatz von etwa politisch instrumentalisiert wird. Die neue www.kas.de 70.000 Soldaten im „Kampf gegen Terror“ Regierung hat sich deshalb entschlossen, in den Stammesgebieten, die Aktion gegen dieses wasser- und energiewirtschaftlich die Extremisten in der Roten Moschee, die vernünftige und dringend notwendige Pro- Absetzung „unliebsamer“ Richter als auch jekt vorerst auf Eis zu legen. die Knebelung der Medien führten Schritt für Schritt zur Abrechnung mit der Politik Für zusätzlichen Zündstoff zwischen den des Präsidenten anhand der sieben Verspre- Provinzen sorgte die verzögerte und weiter- chungen, die er zu Beginn seines Machtan- hin ausstehende Festlegung einer für alle tritts gegeben hatte.2 akzeptable Formel für die Aufteilung natio- naler Finanzierungsmittel. Nachfolgend werden diese negativen Ent- wicklungen erläutert, um aufzuzeigen, mit Musharrafs Zusage, ein Gesetz einzubrin- welchen immensen Problemen die neue Re- gen, das den Provinzen größere Autonomie gierung sich konfrontiert sieht. Die Schwä- einräumt geriet ebenfall in offizielle Verges- chung demokratischer Institutionen, die senheit. Einzelne Kommentatoren
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