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World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 2008 Below the radar : an analysis of the "small boat threat" to maritime security Crawford J. Crawford World Maritime University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Crawford, Crawford J., "Below the radar : an analysis of the "small boat threat" to maritime security" (2008). World Maritime University Dissertations. 239. http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/239 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY Malmö, Sweden BELOW THE RADAR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE “SMALL BOAT THREAT” TO MARITIME SECURITY by JAMES CRAWFORD CRAWFORD REPUBLIC OF CHILE A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in MARITIME AFFAIRS (MARITIME LAW AND POLICY) 2008 ©Copyright James Crawford, 2008 BELOW THE RADAR: AN ANALYSIS OF THE “SMALL BOAT THREAT” TO MARITIME SECURITY TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... viii 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 2 2. MARITIME SHIPPING …………………………………………………………..5 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................5 2.2 Analysis of current maritime trade..............................................................6 2.2.1 Development of World Economy and Seaborne Trade .............................. 6 2.2.2 Development of the world fleet...................................................................7 2.2.3 Port and multimodal transport developments ............................................. 8 2.2.4 Sea lane security and international trade: chokepoints .............................. 9 2.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 10 3 INTERNATIONAL MARITIME SECURITY - LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS’ MARITIME SECURITY EFFORTS12 3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 12 3.2.1 Piracy definition ....................................................................................... 14 3.2.2 Terrorism definition .................................................................................. 16 3.3 Legal framework of international maritime security .................................. 17 3.3.1 Law of the Sea Convention...................................................................... 18 3.3.2 SUA Convention ...................................................................................... 18 3.3.3 SOLAS Convention (ISPS Code)............................................................. 19 3.4 International organizations....................................................................... 20 3.4.1 International Maritime Organization ......................................................... 20 3.4.2 North Atlantic Treaty Organization ........................................................... 21 ii 4 PIRACY, TERRORISM AND THE SMALL BOAT THREAT ……………...23 4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 23 4.2 Piracy ...................................................................................................... 23 4.2.1 Piracy today............................................................................................. 24 4.2.1.1 Number of piratical attacks world-wide..................................................... 24 4.2.1.2 Hot spots ................................................................................................. 25 4.2.1.3 Level of violence ...................................................................................... 27 4.2.1.4 Types of ships commonly attacked .......................................................... 29 4.2.2 Consequences of piracy .......................................................................... 30 4.2.2.1 Human aspect.......................................................................................... 30 4.2.2.2 Economical aspect................................................................................... 31 4.2.2.3 Political aspects....................................................................................... 31 4.2.2.4 Social / Political aspects .......................................................................... 32 4.2.2.5 Environmental aspect .............................................................................. 33 4.2.3 Some considerations ............................................................................... 34 4.3 Maritime terrorism.................................................................................... 35 4.3.1 Introduction to Maritime Terrorism ........................................................... 35 4.3.2 Maritime terrorism today .......................................................................... 36 4.3.2.1 Number of terrorist attacks against maritime targets ................................ 37 4.3.2.2 Geographical distribution ......................................................................... 38 4.3.2.3 Level of violence ...................................................................................... 38 4.3.2.4 Commercial shipping ............................................................................... 39 4.3.3 Costs of terrorism .................................................................................... 40 4.3.3.1 Short-term costs ...................................................................................... 41 4.3.3.1.1 Immediate loss of human and non human capital .................................... 41 4.3.3.1.2 Effects on uncertainty on consumer and investor behavior ...................... 41 4.3.3.1.3 Effects of retrenchment on specific industries or localities........................ 42 4.3.3.2 Long-term costs....................................................................................... 42 4.3.3.2.1 Anti terrorist expenditures crowd out........................................................ 43 4.3.3.2.2 Other long-run costs ................................................................................ 43 4.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................. 43 iii 5 THE “SMALL BOAT THREAT”………………………………………………45 5.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 45 5.2 Historical development of the small boat concept as a threat................... 47 5.3 Nature of the threat.................................................................................. 54 5.3.1 Easy access ............................................................................................ 54 5.3.2 Dimensions.............................................................................................. 54 5.3.3 Proximity to high value facilities ............................................................... 55 5.3.4 Proximity to people at high value coastal construction areas ................... 55 5.3.5 Complex maritime environment and overlapping jurisdictions.................. 56 5.4 Vulnerabilities of shipping environment.................................................... 58 5.4.1 Just in time .............................................................................................. 59 5.4.2 Mega ports and economic impact ............................................................ 60 5.4.3 Increased coastal population density ....................................................... 60 5.4.4 Mega ships .............................................................................................. 61 5.4.5 Complex maritime environment and overlapping jurisdictions.................. 62 5.5 Assessing and identifying the small boat threat........................................ 63 5.5.1 Are small boats a real threat to maritime shipping?.................................. 64 5.5.2 How the small boats attacks are carried out............................................. 69 5.5.2.1 Ships navigating close to shore ............................................................... 70 5.5.2.2 Ships under restricted conditions ............................................................. 70 5.5.3 The experience of criminal groups with maritime capabilities................... 70 5.5.4 Small boat threat impacts......................................................................... 74 5.5.4.1 The psychological impact......................................................................... 74
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