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Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money: Piracy & Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World

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Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money: Piracy & Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World SMALL BOATS, WEAK STATES, DIRTY MONEY To SAMANTHA Without whose faith this book would never have been written Martin N. MURPHY Small Boats, Weak States, Dirty Money Piracy & Maritime Terrorism in the Modern World HURST & COMPANY, LONDON First published in the United Kingdom by HURST Publishers Ltd, 41 Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3PL © Martin N. Murphy, 2008 All rights reserved. Printed in India The right of Martin N. Murphy to be identified as the author of this volume has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. A catalogue data record for this volume is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-85065-927-3 www.hurstpub.co.uk CONTENTS Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations x Introduction 1 1. What is Piracy? 7 A slippery concept 7 Piracy, politics and corruption 10 Piracy in international law 11 Piracy as an international interest 17 Piracy: ancient and modern 21 2. Contemporary Piracy: The Who, The Why and The Where 23 What are pirates after? 23 Reasons for piracy 24 What types of ship are attacked? 45 Methods of attack and boarding 47 The cost of piracy 49 State piracy 54 How many attacks are there and who counts them? 59 Weaknesses with the figures 65 Southeast Asia 72 South China Sea 93 Bay of Bengal-Bangladesh 97 South America 98 Yacht piracy 100 East Africa-Somalia 101 West Africa-Nigeria 111 Global phenomenon, local problem, diffuse challenge 123 3. Contemporary Piracy: Irritation or Menace? 129 Pirate typology 129 v small boats, weak states, dirty money Vulnerability assessment 132 Threat assessment 134 Objectives 138 Environmental risk 153 Violence 155 Access to markets 157 Links to insurgent or terrorist groups 159 Level of official support and corruption 161 Links to organised crime 162 Contemporary piracy: irritation or menace? 177 4. Maritime Terrorism 183 What is terrorism? 183 What is maritime terrorism? 185 Terrorist attacks at sea: the story so far 185 Seafarers’ attitudes 190 A global threat on a global medium? 196 Categories of maritime targets 199 The weapons and methods of maritime terrorists 231 Ships as delivery systems for weapons 259 The global shipping network; a vulnerable system 264 Multiple targets and multiple problems 274 5 Maritime Terrorists 277 Terrorists at sea 277 The principal actors 279 The main reasons to go to sea: movement and supply 345 What makes some groups successful? 358 The obstacles confronting the maritime terrorist 369 Why do terrorists use the sea? 373 6. Assessing the Threat 377 So where is the threat or risk? 377 Disorder and the sea: out of sight, out of mind 381 Maritime disorder and initiatives for tackling it 382 The restless sea 384 What might change? 386 Conclusion: assessing the threat 408 Bibliography 413 Index 527 vi contents MAPS SLOCs, chokepoints and areas of pirate activity 267 FIGURES 1. Piracy statistics, 1978-2000 61 2. Yearly statistics of piracy incidents worldwide, 1984-2005 62 3. Total number of actual and attempted attacks, 1995-2005 64 TABLES 1. Factors favouring piracy and maritime terrorism 4 2. Total number of recorded incidents, 1984-1994 62 3. Total number of recorded actual and attempted attacks 63 4. Total number of recorded and attempted attacks, 1995-2005 63 5. Sea areas with the highest numbers of piracy incidents 93 6. Vulnerability Assessment table 133 7. Threat Assessment table 135 8. Transformation, convergence or cooperation 393 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No book is the author’s work alone. Like any author I am indebted to the people who have read it at the various stages of its development and whose comments, criticisms and encouragement have shaped its direction: Colin Gray, Geoffrey Till, Dale Walton, John Burnett, Dominick Donald and Richard Davey. Many others have given me the benefit of their learning and experi- ence. Of those I would like to single out Eric Ellen, the founder of the International Maritime Bureau. Without Eric’s pioneering work driven, in no small part, by his indignation at the dismissive way many govern- ments treat the risks and hazards seafarers face at the hands of maritime criminals, the scourge that is modern piracy would have taken far longer to reach public notice. Many seafarers directly or indirectly owe their lives to Eric’s tireless work, and to that of his successor, Pottengal Mukundan, who guided my first steps in this field and who has answered my queries with great patience ever since. The academic community that studies piracy, terrorism and disorder at sea is relatively small but growing quickly. When I began writing this book it was still just about possible to know most people in it but that is no longer the case. Over the years I have had conversations and correspond- ence with many in the field the fruits of which have ended up in these pages but I would like to mention especially Kim Hall, Rupert Herbert-Burns, Karsten von Hoesslin, Jonathan Howland, Peter Lehr, Catherine Zara Raymond, Michael Richardson, Vijay Sakhuja, Mark Valencia and Stan Weeks. I would like to extend particular thanks to Peter Chalk, Stefan Ek- löf, Eric Frécon, Rohan Gunaratna and, above all, to Sam Bateman for his friendship and good humoured criticism. From the wider community of defence scholars I drew help and inspiration from Doug Farah, Eric Grove, Steven Haines, T.X. Hammes, Frank Hoffman, Tim Huxley, David Kil- cullen, Peter Schwartz and Scott Truver. viii acknowledgements Much of the study of this subject and even more of the practice revolves around legal definitions and interpretations. I am not a lawyer and without the help of Rosalie Balkin, Ron Barston, Brad Kierserman, James Kraska and ‘Ash’ Roach I would quickly have become lost. I would, however, like to extend especially heartfelt thanks to Sam Meneffee and Vaughan Lowe both of whom have an enviable ability to cut through the legal tangles to the heart of the issue. The help I received from members of the naval, coast guard, police and intelligence communities has been vital. Several of those who gave their time so generously did it on the understanding that they would not be acknowledged publically but of those I can mention I would like to thank Kevin Creswell, Chris Dishman, Charlie Dragonette, Chris Fendt, John Morgan, David Pearl, Tony Rix and Bob Snodden. I would like to express my particular appreciation to Bruce Stubbs whose pride in his country and lifelong dedication to the cause of maritime security has now received right- ful recognition. Amongst the people with hand-on experience of shipping and the issues that surround this complex and fascinating business I wish to thank Peter Astbury, Rupert Aitkin, Steve Carmel, Joe Corless, Carina Dixon, David Fairnie, Chris Horrocks, Steven Jones, David Lentaigne, Andrew Linning- ton, Nigel Miller, Gordon Milne, Neil Roberts, Gavin Simmonds, Chris Trelawny, John Waite and Daryl Williamson. Finally I would like to thank my editors but above all my wife, Sa- mantha, without whose unflagging support this book would never have been written. ix ABBREVIATIONS AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AIAI Al-Ittihad al-Islami (Somalia) AIS Automatic Identification System AMS Automated Manifest System ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil mixture ARPCT Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (Somalia) AQ Al Qaeda AQI Al Qaeda in Iraq ASAM Anti-shipping Activity Message ASCM Anti-ship Cruise Missile ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASG Abu Sayyaf Group ASW Anti-submarine warfare ATS Automated Targeting System BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion CBP US Customs and Border Protection CINC Commander -in-Chief CJTF-HOA US Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa CSI Container Security Initiative CTF Coalition Task Force C-TPAT Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism DHS Department of Homeland Security (US) DIS Defence Intelligence Staff (UK) DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea DWT Deadweight tonnage ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System EiS “Eye in the Sky” EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal x abbreviations ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom) ESO External Security Organisation (Hizbollah) EU European Union FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FERIT Far East Regional Investigation Team FDN Nicaraguan Democratic Force FoC Flag of Convenience FP-25 Popular Forces of April 25 GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka GI Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya GRP Government of the Republic of the Philippines GRT Gross Registered Tonnage HARTS Harbour Craft Transponder System HLH “Hong Kong-Luzon-Hainan Island” ICG International Crisis Group ICS International Chamber of Shipping IDF Israeli Defence Force IED Improvised Explosive Device IMB International Maritime Bureau IMO International Maritime Organisation IN Indian Navy IPSP International Port Security Programme IRA Irish Republican Army IRGCN Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy ISC Information Sharing Centre (Singapore) ISPS International Ship and Port Facility Security code ITOCG UK International Terrorism and Organised Crime Group IUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated IWAS Irregular Warfare at Sea JCC Joint Cargo Committee JCG Japanese Coast Guard JI Jemaah Islamiyah JIATF Joint Inter-agency Task Force JMSDF Japanese Maritime Self-Defence Force JTAC UK Joint Terrorism Assessment Centre xi small boats, weak states, dirty money JWC Joint War Committee KMM Kumpulan Militan Malaysia KSM Khalid Sheik Mohammed LMA Lloyd’s Market Association LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LPG Liquefied
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