Die Chakri Dynastie

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Die Chakri Dynastie Die Könige von Thailand im Porträt - Von Rama I. bis Rama IX. mit freundlicher Genehmigung von www.FARANG.de übernommen. Autor: Dr. Volker Wangemann Die Chakri Dynastie Rama IV. Rama I. Rama II. Rama III. Phra Chomklao Chaoyuhua Boromma Thammikarat Prinz Isarasundhorn von Siam Phra Nangklao Chaoyahua KÖNIG MONGKUT Rama V. Rama VI. Rama VII. Rama VIII. Krom Meun Pikanesuarn Phra Mongkut Klao Somdej Chao Fah Prajadhipok Mom Chao Ananda Mahidol Surasangkat Chaoyahua Sakdidej Mahidol Rama IX. MAHA BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ MAHITALADHIBET RAMADHIBODI CHAKRINARUBODRINDARA SAYAMINDARARADHIRAJ BOROMANATBOPHIT, KÖNIG BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ ODER RAMA IX., DER GROSSE 1 Die 9 Könige der Chakri-Dynastie. RAMA I. Der spätere König Rama I. wurde am 20. März 1737 in Ayutthaya wäh- rend der Regierungszeit des damaligen Königs Borammakot oder auch Borommarachathirat III. als Thong Duang in eine sehr wohlhabende Familie hineingeboren. Der sehr schwermütige Name Borammakot be- deutet übrigens "Der König in der goldenen Urne / in der Erwartung seiner Einäscherung", während er unter dem Namen Boromma Thammikarat (wörtlich: Der gerechte König, auch "Song Tham") ge- krönt wurde. Sein Vater war Thong Dee, später Somdet Phra Prathorn Borom Maha Rajchanok genannt, ein mittlerer Beamter im Mahatthai, dem Ministeri- um für die Nordprovinzen. Er erhielt später den Titel "Phra Aksorn Sundornsat" (Königlicher Sekretär des nördlichen Siam, Bewahrer des königlichen Siegels), während seine Mutter Daoreung die Tochter aus einer sehr reichen chinesischen Familie war und noch weitere sechs Kinder hatte. Laut Originalzitat von König Mongkut - Rama IV. zu John Bowring, einem englischen Staatsmann, Reisenden und Schriftsteller: "a beautiful daughter of a Chinese richest family" (eine schöne Tochter von einer der reichsten Chinesenfamilien). Als Thong Duang 21 Jahre alt war, begab er sich, der buddhistischen Tradition entsprechend, für drei Monate in einen Tempel. Schon kurze Zeit später heiratete er Khoon Nark, auch Nang Sao Nak genannt, die spätere Königin Amarinda, aus der sehr wohlhabenden und sehr einfluß- reichen Familie Bunnag, die ursprünglich aus dem persischen Qum stammte. Noch heute hat die Bunnag-Familie einen erheblichen Einfluß in Thailand (Tej Bunnag war Außenminister in der im Jahr 2008 per Gerichtsentscheid des Amtes enthobenen Regierung des Ministerpräsidenten Samak Sundaravej!). Die Hochzeit fand in Rachaburi statt. In seiner Karriere erhielt er zuerst eine Anstellung beim Gouverneur der Provinz Rachaburi, und schon im Alter von nur 25 Jahren wurde er mit dem Ehrentitel "Luang Yokrabat" ausgezeichnet. Im Jahr 1761 wurde er unter dem damaligen König Ekathat, auch Suriyamarin oder Boromaraja V. genannt, der der letzte König des Königreiches von Ayutthaya war, zum Gouverneur der Provinz Rachaburi. Am 07. April 1767 fiel Ayutthaya, die alte Hauptstadt Siams, nach mehr als einjähriger Belage- rung, den Burmesen in die Hände und wurde von diesen geplündert und weitgehend zerstört! Mit seinem sechs Jahre jüngeren Bruder Surasi (Bunma), später Somdet Phra Bawornrajchao Maha Sura Singhanat oder auch Maha Sura Singhanat genannt, schloß er sich General Taksin an, der der Zerstörung Ayutthayas entkommen war. Taksin organisierte den Widerstand gegen die Burmesen von Chantaburi aus und bildete zuerst strategische Allianzen aus mehreren klei- nen Fürstentümern, die noch auf dem Boden Siams existierten. Aufgrund seiner aussergewöhnlichen strategischen Begabung gelang es Taksin zuerst Ayutthaya oder besser die Reste dessen, was noch von Ayutthaya nach der burmesischen Be- setzung übrig geblieben war, zurückzuerobern. Da jedoch Ayutthaya nicht mehr als Hauptstadt zu gebrauchen war, wählte Taksin die kleine Stadt Thon Buri am Ufer des Menam Chao Phraya zur neuen Hauptstadt. Der nächste Kampf war gegen die Priesterfürsten von Fang, die einen buddhistisch-fundamentalistischen Staat errichten wollten, und Taksin gewann diesen Kampf. Bis auf die Nordprovinzen war nach dem Ende der Kämpfe und dem Einmarsch in Khorat damit Siam wieder fast in seiner Hand. Im Jahr 1774 fiel Lan Na von Burma ab, und auch Chiang Mai und Nan wurden den Burmesen entrissen. Taksin war vom 28.12.1768 bis zum 06.04.1782 König von Siam, als erster und einziger König des Königreiches von Thon Buri, also der Vor- gänger der Chakri Dynastie. Er hatte den Titel Somdet Prachao Taksin Maharaj oder Somdet Taksin Krung Thonburi. Bereits seit dem Jahr 1770 dienten ihm Thong Duang und Bunma als brillante Militärführer in seiner Armee. Thong Duang wurde im Jahr 1775, nach Niederschlagung eines Aufstandes in Khorat, der Adelstitel Chao Phraya "Chakri" verliehen. Der Name Chakri, das Symbol des späteren Königshauses Chakri, bezeichnet den Diskus (Chakra) und einen Dreizack (Trishula). Letzteres ist die mythologische Waffe des Hin- dugottes Narayana, einem Avatar (Gott oder Aspekt eines Gottes ) von Vishnu, der durch die Könige Siams personifiziert wird! 1777 eroberte Taksin das Königreich Champasak in Laos, 1778 folgte Luang Prabang und Vientiane, ebenfalls in Laos. Noch bis zum Jahr 1893, dem Jahr der Abtretung an Frankreich, war Laos ein Vasallenstaat Siams. Aus dieser Zeit stammt auch das größte heutige Heiligtums Thailands, der Smaragdbuddha im Wat Phra Kaeo in Bangkok, ursprünglich ein Beutestück aus den Kriegen Taksins! 1781 kam es zu Unruhen in Kambodscha und Chao Phraya Chakri sowie Surasi wurden erneut mit der Niederschlagung der Aufstände beauftragt. Taksin machte, wahrscheinlich durch inne- ren und äußeren Druck, nunmehr eine starke Persönlichkeitsveränderung durch. Er sah sich als der kommende Buddha und wollte als Gott verehrt werden. Unter der Führung von Phraya Sankhaburi (Phaya San) kam es zu einer Rebellion gegen Taksin. Er wurde gezwungen abzu- danken und mußte Mönch im Wat Chaeng (der heutige Wat Arun) werden. Wegen dieser Re- bellion mußte Chao Phraya Chakri sehr schnell aus Kambodscha zurückkehren, er ließ die Re- bellen verhaften und hinrichten. Da jedoch Taksin unter dem Vorwurf stand, den Obersten Mönchspatriarchen misshandelt zu haben, wurde er aus dem Tempel geholt, vor Gericht ge- stellt und zum Tode verurteilt. Da jedoch kein königliches Blut vergossen werden durfte, wurde Taksin in einen Samtsack gesteckt und zu Tode geprügelt. Am Tage der Hinrichtung Taksins, dem 06. April 1782 (noch heute gesetzlicher Feiertag in Thailand!) bestieg Chao Phraya Chakri den Thron und wurde damit als Phra Puttha Yotfa Chulalok dessen Nachfolger und Begründer der Chakri-Dynastie. Sicherlich kam es Rama I. zugute, daß er mit allen wichtigen Familien Siams verwandt war. Seine Frau kam aus der mächtigen Bunnag-Familie, durch den Ehemann seiner älteren Schwester Sri Sudaraksa war er mit den Brahmanen verwandt, und seine Mutter Daoreung und wenigstens eine seiner Nebenfrauen waren gebürtige Chinesinnen. Rama I. verlegte die Hauptstadt von Thon Buri auf die andere Seite des Menam Chao Phraya, da der alte Königspalast durch die benachbarte Lage der Tempel Wat Tai Tald und Wat Arun nicht mehr erweiterungsfähig war und zudem der Palast, bedingt durch die flußnahe Lage, stark der Erosion ausgesetzt war und in den Chao Phraya abzurutschen drohte. Am Ostufer des mächti- gen Flusses war jedoch genug Platz für eine vollkommen neue Hauptstadt vorhanden, denn dort gab es nur das kleine Dorf Ban Makok (Dorf im Pflaumenhain), ein Ort, der sich später zu einer der wichtigsten Städte Asiens, dem heutigen Bangkok entwickeln würde. Rama I. errichtete am 21. April 1782 den Lak Mueang, den Stadtpfeiler, den symbolischen Gründungsort der neuen Stadt, an der südwestlichen Ecke des Sanam Luang. Als nächstes Pro- jekt wurde der Bau eines neuen Königspalastes, dem Phra Borom Maharadscha Wong mit großzügigen Nebengebäuden und einem neuen repräsentativen Tempel, dem Wat Phra Kaeo, in Angriff genommen. Offiziell wurde Ra- ma I. am 10. Juni 1782 zum König gekrönt, die Krönungszeremonie dauerte drei Tage, und bei dieser Gelegenheit erhielt die neue Hauptstadt den Namen Krung Rattanakosin In-Ayothaya nach Phra Phutta Maha Mani Rattana Patimongkon, die dann über mehrere Abwandlungen wie z.B. Krung Rattanakosin zu ihrem heutigen Namen kam. Rama I. gründete zahlreiche weitere neue Tempel, viele Tempel wurden restauriert, und ande- re Tempel wurden in einen königlichen Rang (Wat Luang) erhoben, so der weltberühmte Wat Pho. Das alte Fort Vichayen (erbaut unter König Narai, später umbenannt in Fort Vichai Prasit und heute Hauptquartier der Royal Thai Navy) am Westufer des Chao Phraya wurde teilweise ge- schleift, und die östliche Stadtmauer von Thon Buri wurde abgerissen, um die Stadtentwick- lung von Thon Buri zu fördern. Unter seiner Regentschaft wurde zur Entwässerung des Landes am Ostufer des Chao Phraya der Khlong Mahanak angelegt, weitere Kanäle zur Entwässerung, aber auch zur Landesverteidigung folgten. Im Bereich der Regierung setzte Rama I. eine neue Beraterversammlung ein, die aus Vertrau- ten des Königs bestand. Da nach der burmesischen Besetzung und der Zerstörung Ayutthayas neun von zehn wichtigen Gesetzbüchern verschwunden bzw. vernichtet waren, erließ Rama I. neue Gesetze, ließ die alten Gesetze, soweit noch bekannt, wieder rekonstruieren und wieder in Kraft treten, erließ neu die "Gesetze der drei Siegel", die nunmehr viele neue zivilrechtliche und militärische Gesetze aufwiesen und im Jahr 1804 in Kraft traten. Auch im religiösen Bereich war Rama I. tätig, denn er wollte den Buddhismus in seiner Bedeu- tung festigen. Zu diesem Zweck rief er im Jahr 1788 ein großes buddhistisches Konzil ein, um die Tripitaka neu bearbeiten zu lassen.
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