Valve Disease
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE WHAT IS MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE? The mitral valve is a heart valve with two tissue flaps, called leaflets, that open and close. It is located between the left upper chamber (atrium) and left lower chamber (ventricle) of the heart. Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the mitral valve bulges into the left atrium when the heart contracts (squeezes). This may keep the leaflets from closing properly. The result is a backward flow of blood into the left atrium. This is referred to as leaking or regurgitation. Most of the time, however, mitral valve prolapse causes no symptoms and no problems. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS? Most people with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms. However, some have brief periods of rapid heartbeat or skipped beats. Some people have sharp chest pains lasting seconds or minutes. Some people have shortness of breath when climbing stairs or with heavy exertion. You may notice symptoms more when you are physically active HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED? Often mitral valve prolapse is discovered during a physical examination, when the doctor listens to your heart with a stethoscope. The valve leaflets create a “click” sound that the doctor may hear. If the valve leaks, the doctor may also hear a murmur. The doctor may ask you to stand, sit, lie down, or squat during your exam, so he or she can better hear the heart sounds. An echocardiogram passes sound waves through the heart to create an image. It is the best test to diagnose mitral valve prolapse. The images show the prolapse, any thickening of the valve leaflets, and any leakage of blood through the prolapsed valve. -
Mitral Valve Prolapse, Arrhythmias, and Sudden Cardiac Death: the Role of Multimodality Imaging to Detect High-Risk Features
diagnostics Review Mitral Valve Prolapse, Arrhythmias, and Sudden Cardiac Death: The Role of Multimodality Imaging to Detect High-Risk Features Anna Giulia Pavon 1,2,*, Pierre Monney 1,2,3 and Juerg Schwitter 1,2,3 1 Cardiac MR Center (CRMC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1100 Lausanne, Switzerland; [email protected] (P.M.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 Cardiovascular Department, Division of Cardiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1100 Lausanne, Switzerland 3 Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UniL), 1100 Lausanne, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-775-566-983 Abstract: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was first described in the 1960s, and it is usually a benign condition. However, a subtype of patients are known to have a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, the so called “arrhythmic MVP.” In recent years, several studies have been published to identify the most important clinical features to distinguish the benign form from the potentially lethal one in order to personalize patient’s treatment and follow-up. In this review, we specifically focused on red flags for increased arrhythmic risk to whom the cardiologist must be aware of while performing a cardiovascular imaging evaluation in patients with MVP. Keywords: mitral valve prolapse; arrhythmias; cardiovascular magnetic resonance Citation: Pavon, A.G.; Monney, P.; Schwitter, J. Mitral Valve Prolapse, Arrhythmias, and Sudden Cardiac Death: The Role of Multimodality 1. Mitral Valve and Arrhythmias: A Long Story Short Imaging to Detect High-Risk Features. In the recent years, the scientific community has begun to pay increasing attention Diagnostics 2021, 11, 683. -
Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Valvular Heart Disease
Europace (2017) 0, 1–21 EHRA CONSENSUS DOCUMENT doi:10.1093/europace/eux240 Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation associated with valvular heart disease: a joint consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, endorsed by the ESC Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease, Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), South African Heart (SA Heart) Association and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardıaca y Electrofisiologıa (SOLEACE) Gregory Y. H. Lip1*, Jean Philippe Collet2, Raffaele de Caterina3, Laurent Fauchier4, Deirdre A. Lane5, Torben B. Larsen6, Francisco Marin7, Joao Morais8, Calambur Narasimhan9, Brian Olshansky10, Luc Pierard11, Tatjana Potpara12, Nizal Sarrafzadegan13, Karen Sliwa14, Gonzalo Varela15, Gemma Vilahur16, Thomas Weiss17, Giuseppe Boriani18 and Bianca Rocca19 Document Reviewers: Bulent Gorenek20 (Reviewer Coordinator), Irina Savelieva21, Christian Sticherling22, Gulmira Kudaiberdieva23, Tze-Fan Chao24, Francesco Violi25, Mohan Nair26, Leandro Zimerman27, Jonathan Piccini28, Robert Storey29, Sigrun Halvorsen30, Diana Gorog31, Andrea Rubboli32, Ashley Chin33 and Robert Scott-Millar34 * Corresponding author. Tel/fax: þ44 121 5075503. E-mail address: [email protected] Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. VC The Author 2017. For permissions, please email: [email protected]. 2 G.Y.H. Lip 1Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham and Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark (Chair, representing EHRA); 2Sorbonne Universite´ Paris 6, ACTION Study Group, Institut De Cardiologie, Groupe Hoˆpital Pitie´-Salpetrie`re (APHP), INSERM UMRS 1166, Paris, France; 3Institute of Cardiology, ‘G. -
Mitral Valve Prolapse Page 1 of 3
Mitral valve prolapse Page 1 of 3 Mitral valve prolapse Definition Mitral valve prolapse is a heart problem in which the valve that separates the upper and lower chambers of the left side of the heart does not close properly. Alternative Names Barlow syndrome; Floppy mitral valve; Myxomatous mitral valve; Billowing mitral valve; Systolic click-murmur syndrome; Prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome Causes The mitral valve helps blood on the left side of the heart flow in one direction. It closes to keep blood from moving backwards when the heart beats (contracts). Mitral valve prolapse is the term used when the valve does not close properly. It can be caused by many different things. In most cases, it is harmless and patients usually do not know they have the problem. As much as 10% of the population has some minor, insignificant form of mitral valve prolapse, but it does not generally affect their lifestyle. In a small number of cases, the prolapse can cause blood to leak backwards. This is called mitral regurgitation. Mitral valves that are structurally abnormal can raise the risk for bacterial infection. Some forms of mitral valve prolapse seem to be passed down through families (inherited). Mitral valve prolapse has been associated with Graves disease . Mitral valve prolapse often affects thin women who may have minor chest wall deformities, scoliosis , or other disorders. Mitral valve prolapse is associated with some connective tissue disorders, especially Marfan syndrome . Other conditions include: • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome • Osteogenesis imperfecta • Polycystic kidney disease http://eclinicalworks.adam.com/content.aspx?ref=applications.adam.com&url=eclinicalwo .. -
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
SEVENTY-FIRST WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY A71/25 Provisional agenda item 12.8 12 April 2018 Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease Report by the Director-General 1. In May 2017, the Executive Board, at its 141st session, noted an earlier version of this report1 and adopted resolution EB141.R1 on rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Paragraphs 15 and 18 in this report contain new text in response to comments from Member States. WHERE DO WE STAND TODAY? 2. Rheumatic heart disease is a preventable yet serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries and in marginalized communities in high-income countries, including indigenous populations. 3. The disease results from damage to heart valves caused by one or several episodes of rheumatic fever, an autoimmune inflammatory reaction to throat infection caused by group A streptococci (streptococcal pharyngitis). It most commonly occurs in childhood, and can lead to death or life-long disability. Effective early intervention can prevent premature mortality from rheumatic heart disease. 4. Some 30 million people are currently thought to be affected by rheumatic heart disease globally,2 and in 2015 rheumatic heart disease was estimated to have been responsible for 305 000 deaths and 11.5 million disability-adjusted life years lost. Of these deaths 60% occurred prematurely (that is, before the age of 70 years), although these figures are very uncertain owing to incomplete data in many countries. Despite the availability of effective measures for prevention and treatment, there has been little change in the contribution of rheumatic heart disease to overall global mortality between 2000 and 2015.3 5. -
Valvular Heart Disease Acute Rheumatic Fever
Valvular heart disease Acute rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever • It typically occurs several weeks after streptococcal pharyngitis. • The most common pathogen is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) • Streptococcus cross-react with proteins in cardiac valves. • Time from acute streptococcal infection to onset of symptomatic rheumatic fever (RF) is usually 3–4 weeks. • RF is thought to complicate up to 3% of untreated streptococcal sore throats. • Previous episodes of RF predispose to recurrences. Diagnostic criteria for rheumatic fever (Jones criteria) • Evidence of group A streptococcal pharyngitis • Either a positive throat culture or rapid streptococcal antigen test, or an elevated or rising streptococcal antibody titer (samples taken 2 weeks apart). • Plus two major or one major and two minor Jones criteria: Major criteria Minor criteria • Polyarthritis • Fever • Carditis • Arthralgia • Chorea • Prolonged PR interval • Erythema marginatum • Elevated ESR and CRP • Subcutaneous nodules Joints • Migratory large-joint polyarthritis starting in the lower limbs in 75% of cases. Duration is <4 weeks at each site. There is severe pain and tenderness in contrast to a mild degree of joint swelling. Heart • Pancarditis occurs in 50% of cases with features of acute heart failure, mitral and aortic regurgitation, and pericarditis. • Endocarditis • affects the mitral valve (65%–70%), aortic valve (25%), and tricuspid valve (10%, never in isolation), causing acute regurgitation and heart failure but chronic stenosis. • Pericarditis • Pain • Friction rub • rarely causes hemodynamic instability/tamponade or constriction. Heart Myocarditis • Acute heart failure • Arrhythmias • Most common reason of death Skin • Erythema marginatum is an evanescent rash with serpiginous outlines and central clearings on the trunk and proximal limbs. -
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in Children Below the Age of 5 Years in the Tropics
Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.24.4.389 on 1 July 1965. Downloaded from Ann. rheumn. Dis. (1965). 24, 389. RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE IN CHILDREN BELOW THE AGE OF 5 YEARS IN THE TROPICS BY ZAHIRA H. ABDIN AND A. EISSA From the Rheumatic and Heart Unit, Children's Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt Rheumatic fever and particularly rheumatic heart months. The history and main clinical finding in disease have always been regarded as rare conditions these four cases is given in the footnote below.* below the age of 5 years and as very rare below 3 years The sex distribution was 42 females to 26 males, (Holt and McIntosh, 1953). Reported cases are i.e. 2-4:1 compared to a general incidence of 1 7:1 few and no account of the clinical pattern of the (Table I). disease in the small child has been found in the TABLE I literature. SEX RATIO AND FAMILIAL TENDENCY In the Rheumatic and Heart Clinic, in Cairo Rto Positive Familial University Hospital, we have had the opportunity Group No. of Sex Ratio History* of examining large numbers of children referred with Cases Female:Male (per cent.) rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the 1. Children below 5 last 4 years. It was thus possible to collect a fairly years .. 68 2-4:1 20-5 copyright. large group of younger children with the disease and II. Children of all ages 1.7:11,000 3 - 5 we were able to examine the incidence as well as the special features of rheumatic fever and rheumatic * X2 82-5. -
Pub 100-04 Medicare Claims Processing Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Transmittal 3054 Date: August 29, 2014 Change Request 8803
Department of Health & CMS Manual System Human Services (DHHS) Pub 100-04 Medicare Claims Processing Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Transmittal 3054 Date: August 29, 2014 Change Request 8803 SUBJECT: Ventricular Assist Devices for Bridge-to-Transplant and Destination Therapy I. SUMMARY OF CHANGES: This Change Request (CR) is effective for claims with dates of service on and after October 30, 2013; contractors shall pay claims for Ventricular Assist Devices as destination therapy using the criteria in Pub. 100-03, part 1, section 20.9.1, and Pub. 100-04, Chapter 32, sec. 320. EFFECTIVE DATE: October 30, 2013 *Unless otherwise specified, the effective date is the date of service. IMPLEMENTATION DATE: September 30, 2014 Disclaimer for manual changes only: The revision date and transmittal number apply only to red italicized material. Any other material was previously published and remains unchanged. However, if this revision contains a table of contents, you will receive the new/revised information only, and not the entire table of contents. II. CHANGES IN MANUAL INSTRUCTIONS: (N/A if manual is not updated) R=REVISED, N=NEW, D=DELETED-Only One Per Row. R/N/D CHAPTER / SECTION / SUBSECTION / TITLE D 3/90.2.1/Artifiical Hearts and Related Devices R 32/Table of Contents N 32/320/Artificial Hearts and Related Devices N 32/320.1/Coding Requirements for Furnished Before May 1, 2008 N 32/320.2/Coding Requirements for Furnished After May 1, 2008 N 32/320.3/ Ventricular Assist Devices N 32/320.3.1/Postcardiotomy N 32/320.3.2/Bridge-To -Transplantation (BTT) N 32/320.3.3/Destination Therapy (DT) N 32/320.3.4/ Other N 32/320.4/ Replacement Accessories and Supplies for External Ventricular Assist Devices or Any Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) III. -
A Case of Stenosis of Mitral and Tricuspid Valves in Pregnancy, Treated by Percutaneous Sequential Balloon Valvotomy
Case Report Annals of Clinical Medicine and Research Published: 30 Jun, 2020 A Case of Stenosis of Mitral and Tricuspid Valves in Pregnancy, Treated by Percutaneous Sequential Balloon Valvotomy Vipul Malpani, Mohan Nair*, Pritam Kitey, Amitabh Yaduvanshi, Vikas Kataria and Gautam Singal Department of Cardiology, Holy Family Hospital, New Delhi, India Abstract Rheumatic mitral stenosis is associated with other lesions, but combination of mitral stenosis and tricuspid stenosis is unusual. We are reporting a case of mitral and tricuspid stenosis in a pregnant lady that was successfully treated by sequential balloon valvuloplasty in a single sitting. Keywords: Mitral stenosis; Tricuspid stenosis; Balloon valvotomy Abbreviations MS: Mitral Stenosis; TS: Tricuspid Stenosis; BMV: Balloon Mitral Valvotomy; CMV: Closed Mitral Valvotomy; BTV: Balloon Tricuspid Valvotomy; PHT: Pressure Half Time; MVA: Mitral Valve Area; TVA: Tricuspid Valve Area; LA: Left Atrium; RA: Right Atrium; TR: Tricuspid Regurgitation Introduction Rheumatic Tricuspid valve Stenosis (TS) is rare, and it generally accompanies mitral valve disease [1]. TS is found in 15% cases of rheumatic heart disease but it is of clinical significance in only 5% cases [2]. Isolated TS accounts for about 2.4% of all cases of organic tricuspid valve disease and is mostly seen in young women [3,4]. Combined stenosis of mitral and tricuspid valves is extremely uncommon. Combined stenosis of both the valves has never been reported in pregnancy. Balloon Mitral Valvotomy (BMV) and surgical Closed Mitral Valvotomy (CMV) are two important OPEN ACCESS therapeutic options in the management of rheumatic mitral stenosis. Significant stenosis of the *Correspondence: tricuspid valve can also be treated by Balloon Tricuspid Valvotomy (BTV) [5,6]. -
Avalus™ Pericardial Aortic Surgical Valve System
FACT SHEET Avalus™ Pericardial Aortic Surgical Valve System Aortic stenosis is a common heart problem caused by a narrowing of the heart’s aortic valve due to excessive calcium deposited on the valve leaflets. When the valve narrows, it does not open or close properly, making the heart work harder to pump blood throughout the body. Eventually, this causes the heart to weaken and function poorly, which may lead to heart failure and increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Disease The standard treatment for patients with aortic valve disease is surgical aortic valve Overview: replacement (SAVR). During this procedure, a surgeon will make an incision in the sternum to open the chest and expose the heart. The diseased native valve is then Aortic removed and a new artificial valve is inserted. Once in place, the device is sewn into Stenosis the aorta and takes over the original valve’s function to enable oxygen-rich blood to flow efficiently out of the heart. For patients that are unable to undergo surgical aortic valve replacement, or prefer a minimally-invasive therapy option, an alternative procedure to treat severe aortic stenosis is called transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The Avalus Pericardial Aortic Surgical Valve System is a next- generation aortic surgical valve from Medtronic, offering advanced design concepts and unique features for the millions of patients with severe aortic stenosis who are candidates for open- heart surgery. The Avalus Surgical Valve The Avalus valve, made of bovine tissue, is also the only stented surgical aortic valve on the market that is MRI-safe (without restrictions) enabling patients with severe aortic stenosis who have the Avalus valve to undergo screening procedures for potential co-morbidities. -
Severe Tricuspid Valve Stenosis
Severe Tricuspid Valve Stenosis A Cause of Silent Mitral Stenosis Abdolhamid SHEIKHZADEH, M.D., Homayoon MOGHBELI, M.D., Parviz GHABUSSI, M.D., and Siavosh TARBIAT, M.D. SUMMARY The diastolic rumbling murmur of mitral stenosis (MS) may be attenuated in the presence of low cardiac output, right ventri- cular enlargement, Lutembacher's syndrome, pulmonary emphy- sema, and obesity. In this report we would like to stress that the presence of tricuspid stenosis (TS) is an additional significant cause of silent MS. The clinical material consisted of 73 patients with rheumatic TS who had undergone cardiac surgery. Five of these cases had clinical findings of TS without auscultatory findings of MS. They were found to have severe MS at the time of operation and to re- quire mitral valve surgery. At cardiac catheterization the mean diastolic gradient (MDG) across the mitral valve (MV) was less than 3mmHg and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure was 29- 42mmHg. The MDG across the tricuspid valve was 6-17mmHg. In conclusion, TS can mask clinical and hemodynamic find- ings of MS. The reason for this is the mechanical barrier imposed by TS proximal to the MV. Additional Indexing Words: Rheumatic valvular disease Atrial imprint Tricuspid valve surgery HE most common silent valvular lesion is that of mitral stenosis (MS).1) T The auscultatory findings of MS particularly the diastolic rumble, can be masked in patients with low cardiac output,2) severe pulmonary hyperten- sion right ventricular hypertrophy,3) Lutembacher's syndrome,4) pulmonary emphysema, and obesity.2) The purpose of this communication is to report another cause of true silent MS. -
Heart Failure in Aortic Stenosis — Improving Diagnosis and Treatment Michael R
The new england journal of medicine perspective Heart Failure in Aortic Stenosis — Improving Diagnosis and Treatment Michael R. Zile, M.D., and William H. Gaasch, M.D. The development of heart failure in patients with tional to the stroke volume divided by the square aortic stenosis is associated with a high mortality root of the pressure gradient. Therefore, if the stroke rate — unless aortic-valve replacement is per- volume declines, as it does in some patients with formed. There is an especially high risk of death aortic stenosis in whom heart failure has developed, among patients with aortic stenosis and a decreased there is a proportional decline in the pressure gra- ejection fraction. Before surgery is performed in dient. Under these low-flow conditions, the cal- such patients, initial management must include an culated effective aortic-valve area may indicate the evaluation of the severity of the stenotic lesion and presence of severe aortic stenosis, despite a low the functional state of the left ventricle; in addition, transvalvular pressure gradient. A mean pressure the heart failure must be treated and the patient’s gradient that is less than 30 mm Hg in a patient with condition stabilized. It is possible to pursue both what appears to be severe aortic stenosis (an aortic- of these goals simultaneously with echocardio- valve area of <1 cm2) indicates what is referred to as graphic techniques or cardiac catheterization tech- “low-gradient aortic stenosis.” niques, together with selected pharmacologic in- An example of a low pressure gradient in a pa- terventions. Proper evaluation and treatment require an un- derstanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure ABC in patients with aortic stenosis.