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Mr. Dewey Is Crazy and Katharine Sharp Hates

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Mr. Dewey Is Crazy and Katharine Sharp Hates “Mr. Dewey is Crazy and Katharine Sharp Hates the University of Chicago:” Gender, Power, and Personality and the Demise of the University of Chicago Course in Library Science 1897–1903 Suzanne M. Stauffer School of Library and Information Science, Louisiana State University, Email: [email protected] In 1897, the University of Chicago Extension Division began offering what we today would call “bibliographic instruction” under the aegis of the Bureau of Information of the Illinois State Library Association. The program was expanded under university librarian Zella Allen Dixson, and by 1900 was designed to train librarians and library assistants. The program was severely criticized by Melvil Dewey in 1902 and by the American Library Association’s Committee on Library Training in 1903. In several let- ters of rebuttal, Dixson accused him and Katharine Sharp of conspiring to close the program for their own personal and professional reasons. This study examines the in- teractions among the three principals, and of gender, ego, and power in the demise of the program, as well as the ALA’s attempts to construct librarianship as a masculine profession. Introduction close the school to eliminate competition with the school in Urbana. n 1896, the University of Chicago Ex- This study will examine the history of Itension Division began offering library the program in light of the interactions use courses to the general public. Katha- among the three principals (Dixson, Sharp, rine L. Sharp (1898) reported favorably and Dewey) and the role of gender, ego, on the program, but cautioned that it “was and power in the demise of the program. not recommended for the purpose of fit- It will increase our knowledge of the lives ting people for library positions in a short and careers of women in librarianship, time, but rather for the purpose of arousing particularly in the late nineteenth and early public sentiment to an appreciation of the twentieth centuries, during the formative modern library” (p. 76). years of the profession, and the role that The program was expanded under uni- they played in the professionalization of versity associate librarian, Zella Allen librarianship within the cultural context in Dixson, and by 1900 was “designed to which they lived and worked. train librarians and library assistants in the best methods of modern library economy” Literature Review (University College, 1901). The American Library Association’s (ALA) Commit- Studies of the history of education for tee on Library Training in 1903 strongly librarianship tend to gloss over the early criticized the program, resulting in its period through 1919, focusing on a few closure that same year. In several letters significant figures and institutions—Dew- to University of Chicago president, Wil- ey and his schools (Dawe, 1932; Miksa, liam Rainey Harper, Dixson accused both 1986; Vann, 1978; Wiegand, 1996), Kath- Sharp and Melvil Dewey of conspiring to arine Sharp and her schools (Grotzinger, J. of Education for Library and Information Science, Vol. 56, No. 2—(Spring) April 2015 ISSN: 0748-5786 © 2015 Association for Library and Information Science Education 101 doi:10.12783/issn.2328-2967/56/2/5 102 JOURNAL OF EDUCATION FOR LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 1966; Grotzinger, 1992), and Mary Wright Duluth (Dewey, 1889, p. 375; “Twenty- Plummer and the Pratt Institute (Brand, five years,” 1910). She joined ALA in 1996; Maack, 2000)—and then moving 1886 and was a charter member of the quickly through the various ALA com- ILA (Moore, 1897) and the Chicago Li- mittees on education to the Association of brary Club (“Twenty-five years,” 1910). American Library Schools and the begin- She was also a member of the Chicago nings of graduate education (Churchwell, woman’s club, the college alumni of Mt. 1975; Davis, 1976; Downs, 1968; Wilson, Holyoke, and president of the Mt. Holy- 1949). Others are primarily descriptive oke association of the northwest (Johnson, and evaluative of the state of education at 1904). the time of their writing (Wheeler, 1946; She was offered the position of librarian White, 1976; Williamson, 1971). Richard- at Denison University in 1888 as a result son’s (1982) history of the Graduate Li- of her earlier work (“Mrs. J. E. Dixson,” brary School at the University of Chicago 1888). She remained in that position until begins with the Chicago Library Club’s 1890, when she moved to Baptist Union involvement in 1919 and makes no men- Theological Seminary. tion of any library training at the Universi- She and Dewey maintained a cordial ty prior to the establishment of the Gradu- relationship during this period. In a letter ate Library School. dated July 30, 1890, he expressed his “trust The only references to the University & appreciation for the admirable mission- Extension program are in Grotzinger’s bi- ary work you have been doing,” and stated ography of Katharine Sharp, where it cov- that “no one of all the hundred or so people ers only the period of Sharp’s involvement who have worked with me has shown so (Grotzinger, 1992, 220-4) and in Vann’s much of this missionary spirit which you work (1960), where it is included as one of know I put first in my qualifications of the ten evaluated by the ALA’s Committee on ideal librarian.” He would reiterate in a Library Training in 1903. letter dated November 6, 1890, “I am very proud of the excellent work you are doing” History of the University of (Dixson Papers). Chicago Course in Library Science In 1891, she made the first of three trips to European libraries to study their methods Zella Allen Dixson of handling rare books. Dewey furnished her with a “circular letter of introduction” Zella Allen was born in Zanesville, dated February 9, 1891 in which he rec- Ohio on August 10, 1858 (Who was who ommends her as “an earnest, enthusiastic in America, 1962). She graduated from and successful apostle” (Dixson Papers). Mount Holyoke in 1880 and married Jo- When the Baptist Union Theological seph Ehrman Dixson the next year. When Seminary became the Divinity School of he died in 1885, she accepted a position the University of Chicago in 1892, Dixson at Columbia College library as assistant to was appointed Assistant Librarian of the Melvil Dewey and “special student” in li- newly-established university. That same brary science, most likely one of Dewey’s year, she earned an M.A. from Shephard- “pupil assistants” (Wiegand, 1996, p. 91; son College for Women, which had been “Twenty-five years,” 1910). In 1886, she incorporated into Denison University in became a traveling “library expert,” and 1900. She was promoted to Associate Li- organized some twenty different libraries brarian in 1895, and in 1902, she earned an in the Midwest, among them the Denison A.M. from Denison. None of the sources University, Kenyon College and Baptist provide any information about the fields in Union Theological libraries, as well as the which her degrees were earned. public libraries of Elyria, La Crosse and She was appointed a member of the “Mr. Dewey is Crazy and Katharine Sharp Hates the University of Chicago” 103 Woman’s Advisory Council on a Con- The course at the University of Chicago gress of Librarians, sponsored by the ALA library began in January 1897, and was in conjunction with the 1893 Chicago Co- “designed to make students and readers lumbian Exposition, was invited to the more familiar with modern library meth- World’s Congresses on the Dept. of Lit- ods and enable them to acquire greater erature, and was a member of the Advi- facility in research work.” It included the sory Council of the Woman’s Branch of history of library economy to 1870, book- the Worlds’ Congress Auxiliary and of the binding, “how to obtain the greatest good Committee on Literature Sub-Congress on from the library,” and historical sketches Libraries (“Zella A. Dixon,” 1893). of great libraries of the world (University On April 23, 1894, Katharine Sharp Extension Division, 1896). requested Dixson’s permission for her The course for the 1897/98 year had al- Armour Institute class to visit the Univer- ready moved away from making “students sity of Chicago library in order “to see all and researchers more familiar with mod- the working methods.” She wrote again ern library methods” and toward teaching on May 26, 1894 and asked Dixson to the “technical details of library work.” speak “about your library studies in Eu- Three courses were offered: “The Mod- rope, especially at the British Museum.” ern Library Movement,” two quarters in She would ask to take Armour Institute length; “Cataloging and Classification,” students there again on April 1, 1895 and three quarters; and “Bibliography and April 30, 1897 (Sharp Papers). Reference Work,” three quarters (Fogg, Having published her work Library Sci- 1897). ence in 1894 and a Cataloger’s Manual of Authors’ Names in 1895 (Johnson, 1904), Course in Library Science Dixson completed her Comprehensive Subject Index to Universal Prose Fiction By 1898, contrary to Sharp’s original (Dixson, 1897) in 1896 and wrote to her vision and mandate, the program was de- “dear friend” Sharp on 2 October for the scribed as “designed to train library as- names of Armour graduates to create a sistants” and consisted of three courses: mailing list and thanked her for her “own “Historical and Literary Outlines of Li- personal order” (Sharp Papers). brary Economy,” “Technical Methods,” and “Bibliography and Reference Work” Course in Library Economy (Dixson Papers). A fourth course was add- ed in 1901, “Principles of Library Admin- In the 1896/97 school year, a course istration,” and a “course certificate, signed in Library Economy was offered through by the proper University officers” was the University of Chicago University Ex- awarded on completion.
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