Urban and socioeconomic impacts of the port and industrial project of Sines Andreia Filipe [email protected]

Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal December 2016

Abstract The construction of the port of Sines, which began in 1973, caused profound changes in the Sines area, both at an urban level and a socioeconomic level. These changes were of an unprecedented scale in Portugal in a relatively short period of time. Today the Sines area is significantly different from what it was 40 years ago. This context generated the interest in studying this project’s impact on the urban formation of the Sines area, as well as the social and economic dynamics that it introduced. Therefore, this dissertation aims to characterize and identify the main urban, social and economic changes to the Sines area that resulted from the construction and operation of the large port and industrial complex in Sines. The understanding of the links between the project of Sines and the changes that occurred in the Sines area resulted, at an initial stage, from researching the evolution of the project and the Sines area, achieved through the conduction of interviews of people involved in the project’s implementation and the urban planning of the area, and in a subsequent stage, from the research and statistical interpretation of the socio-economic variables and interpretation of the changes in the land use of the Sines area, during the various phases of its evolution in the decade of 70, 80, 90, 2000 and lastly the year 2014. The results of this analysis demonstrate that the Sines Port project introduced transformations that clearly benefited the Sines area in the three components that are the focus of this study namely, social, economic and urban. This conclusion is evident because the municipalities of the Sines area, namely Santiago do Cacém and Sines have a more urban setting and offer better living conditions to its habitants when compared to the other locations and, or areas of the Alentejo region. Therefore it may be said that the Sines Port project is the “driver” of the development of the Sines area. However, the city councils of the municipalities in the Sines area have been making an effort to disassociate themselves from the port complex by promoting various cultural events such as the World Music Festival in Sines that leads to associating the city to this festival rather than linking it to the port. These efforts have been successful especially with the younger generations. Keywords: Sines Port; Sines; Port and industrial complex; Socioeconomic Impact; Urban Impact

1. Introduction industrial project in the Sines area by investigating the evolution and relationship between the two The development of the port and industry of the principal objects of this study: the city and the port. Sines area brought about significant transformations The applied methodology consisted of, at an to the region at a territorial level, by redefining the initial stage, capturing relevant knowledge from the preexisting guidelines of the urban expansion, and experience of several individuals who were at a socio-economic level, where industry replaced involved in this project at various levels, thereby the local way of life, which consisted primarily of enriching the study with the point of view of its fishing and agriculture. actors. This study aims to identify the main urban, In a second phase, statistical data on population, social and economic changes that resulted from the education, employment, housing and businesses was construction and operation of a large port and gathered, organized and analyzed in order to

1 understand the socio-economic dynamics from the Portuguese revolution of April 25, 1974, the Sines beginning of the construction of the Sines project project had a troubled start. Thus, the port only and how those may have been influenced by it. commenced its commercial operation in 1978 with Thirdly, a territorial analysis was carried out. the beginning of the operation of the liquid bulk Territorial schemes spaced out by 10 years and terminal. This terminal is responsible for the obtained by cartography were prepared and movement of crude, refined products, liquefied interpreted. gases and other liquid bulks and serves the Sines Finally, the relationships of the gathered data refinery, petrochemicals, resins factory, amongst from the two analyses and the interviews were other industries. investigated and the negative and positive impacts In 1981 the operation of the petrochemical were identified and are confronted. terminal starts which, as the name implies, is a facility for handling and transporting petrochemical 2. Sines Port products to the plant owned by Repsol Polímeros, The Sines project appears in the then which also runs this terminal. Gornment’s third Development Plan, drawn up in In 1992 the multipurpose terminal of Sines the 60’s and one of its pillars was the construction began operating and it is allocated to handle dry and operation of a large deep-water port associated bulk, general and roll on roll off “ro-ro” cargo. with a petrochemical and industrial complex in the In 2003 the natural gas terminal started its old fishing village of Sines located on the coast of activity and is operated by the company REN the Atlantic. In 1971 the "Study for a location of a Atlântico under a private use concession. concentrated area of a base industry" was approved. Finally, the container terminal started its This report justified the choice of Sines village for operation in 2004 and is operated by the company the establishment of this project for the following Port Singapore Authority Sines under a public reasons: service concession. ! The natural advantage of the sea depth at Thus, a port that was originally intended to be a this location, constituted ideal conditions for a deep- discharge port of fossil fuels and to serve the water port; refinery and petrochemical industries, has ! The large availability of land and lower broadened its activity to other areas. In 2014, cost of expropriation in comparison to the other 48.1% of the cargo handled in Sines corresponded locations that were considered; to liquid bulk, 38.5% corresponded to containerized ! The geographic proximity to the pyrites cargo, followed by bulk solids, which represents exploration mines which were located in Aljustrel 13% of the total load, and finally 0.4% of the load is and the possibility of processing them in Sines; fractionated [3]. ! The location which presented a lower risk In 2014 the port of Sines was also the national of pollution; leader in cargo handled, representing 43.4% of the ! The absence of pre-existing territorial country’s port movement, followed by the port of conditions and or obstructions. Leixões, with 20.6%, and the port of Lisbon, with At the same time, the choice of Sines was also 13,3% [4]. an attempt to industrialize the Alentejo an extremely In the Iberian ranking, Sines occupied the fourth underdeveloped region and, at a national level, also position in 2014, both in the movement of goods attempted to internationalize the Portuguese market and in the handling of containers, having in both [1]. cases Algeciras, Valencia and Barcelona ports as In 1973 the Sines Area General Plan is competitors. [5] presented. This plan, developed by SAO, At the European level the port of Sines was the established the organization of the port and port with higher container handling growth in 2014, industrial areas and also defined the creation of a with an approximate growth percentage of 32%. new urban center, south of the Santo André Lagoon This growth allowed it to reach 19th place in the and north of Sines [2]. That same year the ranking of European ports with the largest construction of the Sines project begins. movement of containerized cargo [6]. Due to the global oil crisis of 1973 and the

2 The port of Sines also figured in 97th place at attracted people from all over the country. However, the end of 2014 in the "Container Management much of the new population of the Sines area came World Top Container Ports 2015," ranking of the from the once Portuguese colonies Angola and world's largest cargo handling ports [5]. Mozambique. Over the 70’s decade the number of workers in 3. The evolution of the Sines Port and the Sines area increased. The resident population in the Sines area Sines went from 7550 inhabitants in 1970 to 12075 in 1981, resulting in an increase of 60% of the 3.1. The 70’s population, well above the national average (14%). Before the construction of the port and This sudden increase in the population of the industrial complex, the Sines area was Sines area and the delay in the construction of underdeveloped. Vila Nova de Santo André was just houses in Santo André led to an increase of illegal an area of land in which, at that time, there was one housing in the Sines village and to the increase of house (Figure 3.1). Sines was essentially a fishing the rent prices. village, lackjng sufficient housing, services, Additionally, the lack of infrastructures, commerce or infrastructure, and where in the facilities and services in the area led to increased summer there was some tourism. Santiago do costs of living in both municipalities, including the Cacém held the role of "central place" due to the price of food. existence of infrastructures, facilities and services that were missing in the adjacent areas, and whose main economic activity was agriculture [2]. After the approval of the report on the implantation of a base industrial area in 1971, the office responsible for the Sines area was created, called the Sines Area Office (SAO). This office prepared and implemented the Sines Area General Plan, which led to the expropriation of about 41,000 ha of land and the creating a new city, now known as Vila Nova de Santo André [7]. The initial concept was to create a city from scratch next to the Santo André Lagoon that would function at a first stage, as the workers “dormitory” while Sines was being transformed into an industrial 1970 center. This initial concept included the closing of the fishing port that was the main livelihood of most Figure 3.1 - Territorial scheme of the early 70’s Sines residents. Under this initial concept the Vasco 3.2. The 80’s da Gama beach would also cease to exist. With the beginning of the commercial operation These disfigurements of the territory together of the port in 1978, it is in the 80’s that the major with the intense expropriation policy applied in the changes on both a territorial and a socioeconomic area imposed on the residents the feeling of loss of level take place. proximity to their territory. th The most notorious changes are in the new In 1974, with the revolution of April 25 the urban center of Santo André, a city that was non- receipt of oil from the colonies, on which this existent in the early 70’s. This urban center, built in project depended, ceased. The refinery was already the middle of a pine forest, was a "foreign body" [7] under construction, forcing the rethinking of the with which the population did not identify or Sines plan. recognize as theirs. Thus, in the 80’s the concern in Additionally, with the revolution, the Santo André was to create memory and structures Portuguese who lived in the colonies returned to with which the population identified them selves. Portugal. The jobs created by the construction of the Additionally in the 80’s, the urban areas of new city and of the port and industrial complex, Sines and Santiago do Cacém expanded, roads were

3 built and the railway extended to the industrial 3.3. The 90’s areas. The industrial areas were also already built In the early 90’s the construction of the Sines (Figure 3.2). project had decreased. The population, who was In 1985 works in the fishing port commenced. unspecialized and had previously worked in This was a direct result of the restitution of urban construction found themselves out of work, leading planning authority to the municipalities in 1974.. to a serious social problem in Sines. In 1991 the After several years of continuous efforts and unemployment rate in Sines was 9.3%, while the pressure from fishermen, Fighting Commission, national rate was 6.1%. Even so, the unemployment local council and the general population, they rate in Sines in 1991 was still less than that of the managed to force the Sines Area Office to keep the municipality of Santiago do Cacém (10.3%) and the fishing port. The following year the Vasco da Gama region of Alentejo (10.2%) (Figure 3.3). beach is cleaned and recovered, keeping it from being landfilled as initially planned. It appears that the municipality had a key role in the struggle to combine the interest of its population with the Sines Area Office’s objectives. In 1986 the SAO is abolished and its powers were distributed to various entities, in particular the industrial area became the responsibility of the Institute of Invetment and Support of Small and Medium Companies, the port area of the Port of Sines Authority and the housing of the respective municipalities. Figure 3.3 – Evolution of the unemployment rate, 1960 – It is during this process that the first Master 2011 (Source: [8], [9])

Plans both of Sines and Santiago do Cacém were In addition to the deceleration in the socio- drawn up. The Master Plan for Sines was approved economic evolution in this decade, it is from this in 1990 whilst the Master Plan for Santiago do time forward that one can verify a difference in Cacém was approved in 1993. scale between the various elements of the territory At the end of this decade, the area of Sines where the port clearly stands above all others offered trade and services in proportion to its (Figure 3.4). population, but lacked sufficient education and Therefore, it can be concluded that this was a health services. period of social stagnation and of economic consolidation after two decades of disorder caused by the construction of the port and industrial complex. The decade of 1990 finishes off with the launching of fundamental infrastructure works by the Sines Municipality like the Library and Arts Centre, the recovery and rehabilitation of the cliff, the construction of housing and restoration of the castle. It also finishes with the promotion of tourist and cultural activities such as the festival "Músicas do Mundo" which began in 1999 [10].

1980

Figure 3.2 - Territorial scheme of the early 80’s

4 planning, resulting in a reticulated network, wide streets, plenty of green spaces and linear implantation of public buildings. On the other hand, Santiago do Cacém grew organically from its historical center, and is characterized by its rugged topography and narrow streets. Sines stands out because of its abrupt initial growth, which over the following years extended to east and northwest. The pipelines and road ER261-5 limit the north of this urban center, the port facilities the south and the port and the Atlantic Ocean the west (Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6). Finally, in 2011 the municipalities of Sines and Santiago do Cacém stood out with their lower 1990 unemployment rate than the national rate and the Figure 3.4 - Territorial scheme of the early 90’s region’s rate [15]. Moreover, in 2013 the municipality of Sines was in seventh place in the 3.4. XXI Century country's purchasing power per capita ranking and With the start of the new century, also began a its average monthly gain (1,788.00 €) was also the new cycle of port investments with the construction highest in the country. [9] of the natural gas terminal and container terminal. In 2003 the natural gas terminal starts its activity and the following year the container terminal also begins its operation, representing i investments of about 285 million Euros [11] and 80 million of Euros respectively[12]. At the same time, after years of insufficient infrastructures, facilities, accessibility and housing in the Sines municipality, a cycle of investments in these is initiated. In particular, with regard to equipment, the Municipality of Sines, motivated by the high youth crime, sought to create facilities to remove these young people from the streets offered them activities and education. Thus, the cycle of large investments in starts with the opening of the Municipal Pool, an investment of 3.5 million euros 2000 [13], and in 2005, the Arts Centre and Sines Library, an investment of 8.2 million euros [14]. Figure 3.5 - Territorial scheme of the early 2000’s Although there has been an increase in investment in the last years, especially in Sines, there is still a lack of more specialized facilities and services, resulting in the reliance on the nearest urban centers such as the cities of Lisbon and Setúbal. Despite the more recent investments by the Sines area municipalities it appears that most of the urban development carried out since 1970 has been for residential use. The new urban center of Santo André is characterized by its independence from preexisting

5 rates in the municipalities of Santiago do Cacém and Sines were higher than the regional average and the national average, and in 2011, the unemployment rate of the two municipalities was much lower than the national and regional rates (Figure 3.3). In addition to creating jobs, the port and industrial complex of Sines required a specialization of its employees and as a result, their average monthly earnings increased. In 2013 the Sines municipality was the country's highest monthly gain average. Therefore, it is possible to observe that the port and industrial complex attracts people with 2014 particular expertise and skill sets which also demand high wages. This contributes to the high Figure 3.6 - Territorial scheme of 2014 purchasing power of the Sines population. Note that 4. Impacts a purchasing power per capita higher than the national purchasing power is usually associated A project as large as the one of the Sines area with district capital and/or municipalities integrated generates a number of positive and negative impacts in metropolitan areas, showing the economic of local, regional and national character, which must importance of this municipality. be carefully analyzed. Therefore it is important to interpret the relationship between port, industry and 4.1.2. Social city, obtained from the information gathered in the The Sines project led to the exponential increase undertaken interviews, socio-economic and of the population of the area. Most of the immigrant territorial analyses, to identify the positive and population was young working-age population that negative impacts on the social, economic and moved to the area seeking to improve their living territorial factors. conditions. Thus, the aging trend of the Sines area residents was reversed. 4.1. Positive Impacts Another positive impact of the port of Sines was 4.1.1. Economic its contribution to the instantaneous decrease in From an economic standpoint, the port of Sines illiteracy rates and increase of the specialization of and industrial complex contributed greatly to the workers over time. In 2011, the resident population establishment of companies in the area, whether illiteracy rate in Sines was 5.9%, while the region’s companies providing necessary services to the was 9.6% [15]. maritime business, such as port operators, or It is important to note the financial support companies attracted by the presence of the port or provided by the large companies of Sines like industry. Indeed, in 2013 the gross value added of Petrogal/Galp Energia and Repsol to the local companies located in Sines represented 6.6% of the community. Between 2009 and 2013 Petrogal gross value added in the Alentejo region, only distributed a total of 1.2 million euros to local surpassed by the municipalities of Évora (7.9%) and associations and Repsol 415,000 euros [17]. Santarém (8.2%), both district capitals [16]. 4.1.3. Urban In regard to the transportation infrastructure, the The Sines project is also responsible for direct Sines area benefited from the improvement of job creation with its construction and operation and existing roads and construction of new ones and the indirect employment, which includes all the jobs of extension of the railway line along the territory due the companies of goods and services that serve the to the Sines project as they potentiate the port and complex and its employees. Indeed, prior to the industrial activities . implementation of the Sines project unemployment

6 Regarding the planning of the Sines area, both 4.2. Negative Impacts Master Plans of Santiago do Cacém and Sines are the first urban plans of this nature be approved in 4.2.1. Economic Portugal, Sines in 1990 and Santiago do Cacém in With the construction of the Sines project and 1993. This demonstrates the pioneering spirit of the intense expropriation of land induced by it, the these municipalities in planning their territory that population of Santiago do Cacém lost their main was also shown with the Sines Area General Plan. livelihood: agriculture; and the population of Sines In addition to the commitment in the planning foresaw the closing of its fishing port thereby losing of their territories, the Municipal Council of Sines its main economic activity: fishing. It follows that and Santiago do Cacém invested over the years in initially the population did not benefit from the construction of infrastructures and facilities. construction of the port, losing their main livelihood, and that it was given primacy to an For several years there was a lack of health, economic view at the expense of social concerns. education, culture and sport facilities in both More recently, it appears that while there has municipalities. Currently, Sines and Santiago do been an increase of investment, especially in Sines, Cacém present a varied range of installations, which there is a lack of infrastructure, facilities and promote mainly cultural and sports activities. Vila services that are important to meet the demand for Nova de Santo André, which did not have any certain goods and more specialized resources. Thus, facilities or infrastructure in 1970, today offers the Sines area is not constituted as a center of some, including an establishment of private higher consumption, depending on nearby consumption education, being the only one of the major urban centers, such as Setúbal and Lisbon. areas of this study with higher education. 4.2.2. Social In the field of conservation and protection of At a social level, it appears that the intensive nature one can verify that, despite the construction expropriation policy caused a general of a large port and industrial project, the natural discontentment and anger of the Sines area environment has been maintained over the years. population. Both populations have lost their main Indeed, the Sines Area General Plan foresaw livelihood, namely fishing and agriculture, leading the creation of protected areas and ecological to the formation of a sense of loss of proximity to its conservation. The SAO created these areas and their territory. importance has been reinforced with the approval of With the construction of the port and industrial the Regional Plan of the Alentejo Litoral, in 1993. complex there was an exponential increase of With the approval of the Natural Park of the population in the Sines area. A significant portion of Sudoeste Alentejo and Costa Vicentina Plan in the population that migrated to the area of Sines 1995, and later with the Coastal Master Plans of came from former Portuguese colonies and, Sines/Burgau in 1998 and of Sado/Sines in 1999 the therefore, they introduced several different habits, first special plans that aimed to protect the nature causing a cultural clash between the already resident appeared. and new population and loss of the identity of the In 2010 the Alentejo Regional Plan revokes the local population. Regional Plan of Alentejo Litoral, one of its goals is Another impact produced by the boost of the to enhance the Alentejo Litoral region by combining number of inhabitants of the Sines area was the its potential as a tourist destination with the rising cost of living. The rents in Sines were high environmental enhancement and protection of the due to the lack of housing and the cost of food was coastal zone. also high due to its shortage in relation to its One can conclude that there was a general demand. concern for creating strategies that preserve the When the construction ended and there was no environment surrounding the Sines area and boost employment for unskilled workers, the increase of its development in order to balance the local impact population also led to the increase of crime, of the Sines project and prevent the port from being particularly prostitution and drugs. an environmental predator.

7 4.2.3. Urban urban center set their own objectives and functions. Once again the expropriation policy gave a Only in 2010, with the entry approval of the greater priority to the economic component at the Alentejo Regional Plan, the idea of complementing expense of the territorial dimension and this the urban centers Sines - Santiago do Cacém - Santo diminished the focus on the existing territorial base André was reinforced basing itself on a polycentric in 1970. structure and targeting the increase competitiveness Besides putting aside territorial preexistences, and territorial cohesion. That same year, the Master the loss of economic importance of original Plans of Sines and Santiago do Cacém were economic activities, fishing and agriculture, to the amended to be in line with the objectives of manufacturing industry also led to the subordination Alentejo Regional Plan, which applied to the of the urban development to the port and industrial Alentejo region the strategies set out in the National infrastructure. Spatial Planning Policy Program [18]. Another impact produced by the increase of Finally, in terms of pollution it has been found population in the Sines area was the unexpected that the implantation of this industrial complex led growth of the urban center of Sines, caused mainly to some pollution episodes that put at risk the public by the delay in the construction of housing and health of the area. equipment in Santo André. This intense population flow caused by the deficit in housing, facilities and 5. Conclusions services, led to increased rents, construction of One can conclude that locally most of the illegal housing and the expansion of the urban area negative impacts are of a territorial nature while in a disorderly manner. positive impacts are economic. Indeed, already in Also in terms of urban areas, it appears that the the Sines project planning it was evident that the expansion of them did not follow the growth and preference was given to the port and industrial international positioning of the port and industrial complex and that its territorial impact came in complex. With the non-execution of the entire second place, since the location of the port and General Plan of the Sines area and the transfer of its industrial areas was established first and only after functions to other entities at its extinction, the was the planning of the urban areas developed. territorial development in the Sines area declined. Also with regard to the planning, it was Comparing in territorial terms the three study concluded that despite the modern methodology elements, port, industry and city, it appears that in used by the SAO, the fact that the construction of the early years of the project, there is a boom of the the new city of Santo André was delayed, resulted main urban centers. However, more recently, even in the unplanned development of the urban center of with the construction of the new natural gas Sines that contributed to the increase in rents, the terminal and container terminal, this growth increase in the cost of living, the illegal housing stagnated. construction and created social tensions and Additionally, the supra-regional scale of the conflicts. land transport infrastructure hampers the One may consider that constructing the new development of urban centers along it since before city of Santo André, urban center of support to the the construction of the Sines project there was a port, before the construction of the port, may have trade growth of the urban structure next to the roads mitigated and or minimized the negative impacts in that connected the Santiago do Cacém to Sines. the then town of Sines. Similarly, the implantation of the industrial It is also believed that if in the beginning of the complex between Santiago do Cacém and Sines, Sines project the planning administrative power had and along the road that connects them, encouraged been distributed between municipalities and the the fragmentation of the territory and the constraint SAO, there would have been participation by the of Sines and Santiago do Cacém growth. local residents, a better local perspective and The approval of the Municipal Master Plans of acceptance of the urban alterations which would Sines and Santiago do Cacém that resulted from the have complemeted the national and international transfer of urban responsibilities of the SAO to the vision of the original plan. Also the expropriation respective municipalities, has resulted in that each policy applied would not be so extreme and there

8 would not have been a substantial reduction of local international trade and consequently the increase in economic activities like fishing and agriculture. It exports. would also contribute to the better balance between Finally, the construction of the Sines project economic view fostered by the construction of this also contributed to fill some gaps in the national project and the social and territorial concerns of industrial fabric, and currently Sines is the main municipalities. energy and petrochemical center of the country. With the extinction of the Sines Area Office, In summary, this analysis has concluded that municipalities saw their power restored again and, the negative impacts are restricted to the local so there would be some continuity in planning of level, namely of a territorial character and can be the area, the Master Plans of Sines and Santiago do mitigated with proper policies of different Cacém were carried out. However, the coordination natures. With respect to the benefits of Sines between the objectives of the port of Sines and the project, beside the high local impact, these have municipalities of Sines area was no longer made. spread throughout the region and the country. Only more recently with the Alentejo Regional Plan the need to strengthen the complementarities of References the urban centers of Sines, Santo André and [1] Gabinete da Área de Sines. (1971). Estudo Santiago do Cacém, became evident so as to allow para localização de uma área concentrada de the growth, competitiveness and territorial cohesion indústrias de base. Lisboa: Imprensa of the Sines area. If the strategies provided in Nacional - Casa da Moeda. Alentejo Regional Plan are implemented, the [2] Gabinete da Área de Sines. (1973). Plano conditions for the urban centers of Sines area to Geral da Área de Sines. Lisboa: Imprensa assume a regional dimension and eventually Nacional - Casa da Moeda. national and international dimension will be met. [3] APS. (2016). Porto de Sines. [online] In a regional and national level, it appears that Retrived from: http://www.portodesines.pt they did not suffer any negative impacts, with the [4] Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2015). exception of the migration to the coast areas of the Estatísticas dos transportes e comunicações - Alentejo region. Still, this negative result can be 2014. Instituto Nacional de Estatística. seen in a positive way, because if there was not a [5] T&N. (2015). Sines consolida quarta posição port in the Sines area that would attract people from no ranking ibérico. the interior of Alentejo and would set them next to Retrived from: it, they would probably emigrate to other parts of http://www.transportesenegocios.pt/sines- the country or even abroad. consolida-quarta-posicao-no-ranking-iberico/ Still in regional terms, the main impact of this [6] Port of Rotterdam. (2016). Port Statistics. project is the industrialization of the Alentejo region Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V.. and, hence, the economic dynamism of an Retrived from: underdeveloped region. Indeed the development of https://www.portofrotterdam.com the Alentejo region was one of the main reasons for [7] Ribeiro, R. (2014). Santo André - A cidade the construction of the port and respective industry que continua por fazer. Público. in the Sines area. Retrived from: Also the network of road and rail infrastructure https://www.publico.pt/portugal/noticia/a- built or improved because of the Sines project cidade-que-40-anos-depois-continua-por- contributed to the connection of major urban centers fazer-1666422 of the Alentejo, extending the economic impact of [8] Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (1991). XIII the port to other urban centers. Recenseamento Geral da População. Lisboa: At a national level there is, again, an economic Instituto Nacional de Estatística. benefit from the port to promote the integration of [9] Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos. market and national industry in the European (2015). PORDATA – Base de Dados market, as it was intended with its construction. The Portugal Contemporâneo strategic position of the port together with the Retrieved from: http://www.pordata.pt industry contributed to the increase of dynamism in [10] Câmara Municipal de Sines. (1999). O

9 Sineense n.º2. [14] Câmara Municipal de Sines. (2005). Retrived from: Sineense n.º44 . http://www.sines.pt/uploads/document/file/3 Retrieved from: 533/Sineense_02__Dez_99_.pdf http://www.sines.pt/uploads/document/file/3 501/Sineense_44__Ago_-_Set_05_.pdf [11] Câmara Municipal de Sines. (2004). Sineense n.º36. [15] Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2012). XV Retrieved from: Recenseamento geral da população. Lisboa: http://www.sines.pt/uploads/document/file/3 Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P. 492/Sineense_36__Abr_-_Mai_04_.pdf [16] Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2015). [12] Câmara Municipal de Sines. (2004). Anuário Estatístico da Região Alentejo 2014. Sineense n.º 37. Lisboa: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, I.P. Retrieved from: . http://www.sines.pt/uploads/document/file/3 [17] Câmara Municipal de Sines. (2013). 494/Sineense_37__Jun_-_Jul_04_.pdf Sineense n.º86. [13] Câmara Municipal de Sines. (2005). Retrieved from: http://www.sines.pt/uploads/document/file/3 Sineense n.º43. 481/Sineense_86__Jul_-_Set_13_.pdf Retrieved from: [18] Resolução de Conselho de Ministros n.º http://www.sines.pt/uploads/document/file/3 499/Sineense_43__Jun_-_Jul_05_.pdf 53/2010, de 2 de Agosto

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