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Home , Botany, Crown (botany)

Botany is… Basic Botany

… the of , including their and and the environmental factors that affect Master General Training their growth and development. By Sharon Morrisey Consumer Agent Milwaukee Co. UWEX

Horticulture is… MG General Training • Botany – – – Factors affecting growth …the science of producing, using • Horticulture and maintaining ornamental plants, – ( & ) – () fruits and vegetables. – , and (woodies) – () –Lawns – Houseplants It is (hortus) culture. • Entomology (insects) • Plant (diseases) • Soil Science

Life Cycles Terminology & Classification • Annual • Features -----vegetative------flowering------seed 1 Year – cycle • Biennial – Misc. others vegetative flowering Seed ---() (“bolt”)----seed st nd • Scientific names 1 Year 2 Year • Perennial – Binomial seed ---vegetative & flowering & seed------– Latin Many Years (some portion survives year to year)

1 Other Terminology Nomenclature

• Stem types: – herbaceous – Woody • -holding ability: – – – needle; broadleaf • : – – – – Groundcover –grass

Binomial nomenclature

• System to classify and name all living things • Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 1750’s • All plants known by two names – –

Classification

2 Scientific names

•Genus Picea • Species pungens • Variety var. • Pneumonic device to remember: King David Came Over From Greece Sunday! ‘Glauca’

Identification Keys & Physiology

• Structure • Function • Terminology

Principle Parts of a Plant Parts

• •Stems • • •Flowers • Fruits •

3 Roots Roots

• Functions: – Anchor & support – Absorb nutrients & water – Store “food”

Root Stems

• Function – Supports leaves, buds, flowers, and seeds – Carries nutrients, water and food • Vascular system – – – Adds to girth and height • Cambium (meristem)

Stems Stems –Storage • Modifications – Above ground »Crown » Runner/ » Spur – Below ground » » » »

4 Stems Stems

Stems Stems

Stems Stems

5 Stems Stems Modifications: above ground Modifications: below ground • runner/ stolon •rhizome

Stems Stems Modifications: below ground Modifications: below ground • bulb • corm

Stems Buds Modifications: below ground • tuber • Functions –Produce stems, leaves, flowers (no buds) –Site of growth

6 Leaves Buds • Functions – Absorb sunlight – Produce through – Transport – Water regulation – Temperature control – Types • Venation • Shapes

Leaves Leaves • Photosynthesis light + water------ + • Respiration dark sugar/ + oxygen ------carbon dioxide + water +

Leaves Leaves • Cross-

7 Leaves Leaves • • Stomates with guard cells

Roots Leaves • Transpiration • Translocation – Water – Sugars – nutrients

Leaves

8 Leaves Leaves

Leaves Leaves

Leaves Flowers

• Functions – Produce viable seed(s) through

9 Flowers Flowers

Flowers

Flowers Fruits • • Functions – Carry seeds – Disperse seeds –Is a mature

10 Fruits Fruits

Seeds Seeds •Dicot • Functions – Two seed leaves – Carry genetic information for next generation

Seeds Factors Affecting Growth • Monocot – One seed leaf • Light •Water •Temperature • Carbon/ Ratio • Plant Growth Regulators

11 Light Light

• Required for photosynthesis and production • 3 components: of sugars – Quantity

• Involved in transpiration – Quality

• Involved in all chemical reactions – Duration

Light Light

• Quantity • Quantity – Measured in footcandles (fc) – Light meters Outside full sun = 5,000 fc winter • measure in footcandles (fc) 10,000 fc summer Indoor Houseplants: lowest to survive = 50 fc – Degree of contrast of shadow on white paper low light = 50 – 11 fc medium = 100 – 250 fc high = over 250 – 650 fc

Light Light

• Quantity • Quality – Spectrum of light The light level outside in summer • Visible light in dense shade – ROY G. BIV is brighter than a south facing window • Plants need most of red and blue indoors in the winter.

12 Light

• Quality – Blue light responses • Photosynthesis • length • Internode length • Leaf expansion • Phototropic reactions

13 Light

• Quality – Red & Far Red responses • Photosynthesis • Seed , seedling growth • Fruit ripening • Tuber and bulb formation • Photoperiodism •flowering

Light Light

– Indoor Lighting • Duration • Incandescent – Photoperiod – Mostly yellow to red and far red • Length of day/ night – Produce heat • Varies with the season • Fluorescent bulbs – Cool white – blues • May be artificially manipulated – Warm white - reds • “Grow Lights” – Try to mimic spectrum of natural sunlight » May have extra far red to promote flowering

Photoperiod Photoperiod

14 Light Light

• Longest day/ shortest night • Plant reactions to photoperiod st – Summer Solstice, June 21 – Long Day Plants (short night) – Midsummer’s day • Inhibits flowering • Shortest day / Longest night • Vegetative growth in summer; bloom in fall or spring – Winter Solstice December 21 (Long day onions, form bulbs ) • Half way between – Vernal equinox, March 20 – Short Day Plants (long night) – Autumnal equinox, September 20 • Promotes flowering (Chrysanthemums, pointsettias) • Ground Hog’s Day • Vegetative growth in spring; bloom in summer – February 2 – Exactly halfway between Winter Solstice and Vernal Equinox – Day Neutral Plants

Light

• Other Plant Reactions to Light – Germination • Some plants require light to germinate – Excess light • Burning • Stunting – Inadequate light • Etiolation –Pale – Stretched (“leggy’) – Long internodes

Water Water

• Functions: • Factors affecting: – Solvent for minerals & photosynthates – Soil moisture – Required for chemical reactions • On soil particles – Germination • In pore spaces – Temperature control • On organic matter – • Mulch to retain – Movement of minerals & photosynthates • In containers • • • Transpiration

15 Water Water

• Factors affecting: • Methods of watering: – Light – Overhead – Air temperature • sprinklers – Air humidity – Directed –Wind • Watering can • Watering wand • Soaker hoses Transpiration increases when humidity is low, • Drip & trickle irrigation temperature is high and on windy conditions.

Water Temperature

• Timing: • Affects the rate of chemical reactions – Q10 Effect – Early in the day • Reaction rate doubles with every increase of 10 degrees C. • Allows leaves to dry – Photosynthesis (to 90 degrees) – Respiration • Droplets DO NOT act like magnifiers and burn • Only to a point leaves –Flowering – During flowering & fruit production • Respiration without photosynthesis leads to breakdown of .

– Transpiration • Higher temps. Increase which “boils” water off leaf surfaces which must be replaced by more pulled from soil

Temperature Temperature

Other • Transpiration • Heat cause bitterness in lettuce – Regulated by stomates • Heat causes “bolting” of cool season • Cold treatment • Stomates close due to: – Required for dormany which is required for flowering of many plants including bulbs, fruit crops, etc. – Water stress (too little) – causes vernalization of “cole” crops (broccoli, cauliflower, – High temperatures cabbage, etc.) • Heat and cold cause abortion of flowers and fruits – High CO2 • Heat and cold may cause death of non-hardy plants – Darkness • Germination occurs at specific temperatures • Cold soil reduces nutrient uptake

16 Carbon/ Nitrogen Ratio Carbon/ Nitrogen Ratio

– Sources of Carbon: – Carbon & photosynthesis • Photosynthates – sugars & • Increased photosynthesis creates more • , dry leaves, dry plant parts carbohydrates

– Sources of Nitrogen: – Carbon & respiration • Absorbed from soil • Increased respiration breaks down • Lightning • Releases energy • Green leaves, stems and plant parts • Fertilizer • Manure

Carbon/ Nitrogen Ratio Plant Growth Regulators

– Low C/N ratio – Hormones • More N than C (high N fertilizer) • • Little C being produced (low photosynthesis) • • C being broken down (high respiration) • • – High C/ N ratio • • Increases flowering and fruiting • Mulches – high carbon – Require extra nitrogen

Plant Growth Regulators

– Auxin • Promote elongation • Inhibit lateral development () • Promote lateral and adventitious roots (rooting hormones) • Involved in • Promote flowering and fruit development • High concentrations used as (broadleaf weed killers)

17 Plant Growth Regulators

– Gibberellins • Promote stem elongation • Promote germination • Causes bolting in biennials • May break bud and seed dormancy in plants usually needing light or low temps. to break dormancy • May induce flowering in long-day plants • Gibberellins often work in concert with auxin

Plant Growth Regulators

– • Regulate cell • Are needed for germination • Are found in meristems and immature fruits • Migrate from roots to the systems of plants • Promote and cell differentiation • May promote axilllary bud growth • May retard leaf senescence

18 Plant Growth Regulators

– Abscisic Acid • Growth-inhibiting hormone • It goes into action during periods of stress • Promotes dormancy activities such as formation of bud scales and seed dormancy. • Promotes stomata closure during leaf water deficit conditions by activating K ions in the guard cells • Plays role in senescence, the breakdown of cell components before cell death.

Plant Growth Regulators

– Ethylene • Inhibits cell elongation • Promotes ripening in fruits • Is the direct cause of leaf and fruit • Is produced by bruised tissues • Is produced by some seeds when difficulties arise during germination, which stimulates changes that may help push the shoot t the soil surface. • Promotes sprouting of many buds • Can cause flowers to wilt

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