A MASTER OF SCIENCE HISTORY Archimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 30

EDITOR

JED Z. BUCHWALD, Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES

JEREMY GRAY, The Faculty of Mathematics and Computing, The Open University, Buckinghamshire, UK. TILMAN SAUER, California Institute of Technology

ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

SHARON KINGSLAND, Department of History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. MANFRED LAUBICHLER, Arizona State University

ADVISORY BOARD FOR MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

HENK BOS, University of Utrecht MORDECHAI FEINGOLD, California Institute of Technology ALLAN D. FRANKLIN, University of Colorado at Boulder KOSTAS GAVROGLU, National Technical University of Athens PAUL HOYNINGEN-HUENE, Leibniz University in Hannover TREVOR LEVERE, University of Toronto JESPER LU¨ TZEN, Copenhagen University WILLIAM NEWMAN, Indiana University, Bloomington LAWRENCE PRINCIPE, The Johns Hopkins University JU¨ RGEN RENN, Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Wissenschaftsgeschichte ALEX ROLAND, Duke University ALAN SHAPIRO, University of Minnesota NOEL SWERDLOW, California Institute of Technology, USA

ADVISORY BOARD FOR BIOLOGY

MICHAEL DIETRICH, Dartmouth College, USA MICHEL MORANGE, Centre Cavaille`s, Ecole Normale Supe´rieure, Paris HANS-JO¨ RG RHEINBERGER, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin NANCY SIRAISI, Hunter College of the City University of New York Archimedes has three fundamental goals; to further the integration of the histories of science and technology with one another: to investigate the technical, social and practical histories of specific developments in science and technology; and finally, where possible and desirable, to bring the histories of science and technology into closer contact with the philosophy of science. To these ends, each volume will have its own theme and title and will be planned by one or more members of the Advisory Board in consultation with the editor. Although the volumes have specific themes, the series itself will not be limited to one or even to a few particular areas. Its subjects include any of the sciences, ranging from biology through physics, all aspects of technology, broadly construed, as well as historically-engaged philosophy of science or technology. Taken as awhole,Archimedes will be of interest to historians, philosophers, and scientists, as well as to those in business and industry who seek to understand how science and industry have come to be so strongly linked. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5644 Jed Z. Buchwald Editor

A Master of Science History

Essays in Honor of Charles Coulston Gillispie

13 Editor Prof. Dr. Jed Z. Buchwald California Institute of Technology Division of Humanities & Social Sciences E. California Blvd. 1200 91125 Pasadena California USA [email protected]

ISSN 1385-0180 ISBN 978-94-007-2626-0 e-ISBN 978-94-007-2627-7 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2627-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011944095

# Springer ScienceþBusiness Media B.V. 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

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Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Charles and Emily Gillispie. Photo by Ivor Grattan-Guinness

Born in 1918, Charles Gillispie graduated from Wesleyan University in 1940 and, following service during the Second World War, received his PhD from Harvard in 1949. He thereafter joined the Department of History at Princeton University, where he remained until his retirement as Dayton-Stockton Profes- sor of History, Emeritus in 1987. He has been awarded many honors, including Princeton’s Behrman Prize in the Humanities (1981), the Pfizer Prize (1981) and Sarton Medal (1984) of the History of Science Society, la Me´daille Alexandre Koyre´of the Acade´mie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences (1985), the Dis- tinguished Alumnus Award of Wesleyan University (1990), the Dibner Award for Distinction in History of Science and Technology (1994), and the Balzan Prize for History and Philosophy of Science (1997). In 2011 he received the D.H.S., Honoris Causa, from Princeton University. Gillispie’s work has ranged widely over science and technology history. He is among the founding members of the discipline whose publications and teaching having influenced generations of historians and readers. We are honored to present these essays by his students and colleagues which were completed on August 6, 2011, the day of his 93rd birthday. Contents

Part I Charles Gillispie

1 Publications by Charles Coulston Gillispie ...... 3

2 A Professional Life in the History of Science ...... 15 Charles Coulston Gillispie

3 A Career in the History of Science as a Student of Charles Gillispie...... 25 Seymour H. Mauskopf

4 Charles Gillispie in the Digital Age ...... 37 Jane Maienschein and Manfred D. Laubichler

Part II Archaeology

5 Peking Man: New Light on an Old Discovery ...... 49 Tore Frängsmyr

6 The Puzzle Picture of : A Thriller from Herculaneum ..... 63 Knut Kleve

Part III Astronomy

7 Urania Propitia, Tabulae Rudophinae faciles redditae a Maria Cunitia Beneficent Urania, the Adaptation of the Rudolphine Tables by Maria Cunitz...... 81 N.M. Swerdlow

8 Simplicity in the Copernican Revolution: Galileo, Descartes, Newton 123 David B. Wilson

vii viii Contents

Part IV Chemistry

9 The Weekday Chemist: The Training of Aleksandr Borodin ...... 137 Michael D. Gordin

Part V Geology and Natural Theology

10 The Genesis of Historical Research on the History of Geology, with Thoughts About Kirwan, de Luc, and Whiggery...... 167 David Oldroyd

11 Five Discourses of Bible and Science 1750–2000 ...... 179 Nicolaas A. Rupke

12 ‘‘Natural Theology of Industry’’ in Seventeenth-Century China?: Ideas About the Role of Heaven in Production Techniques in Song Yingxing’s Heaven’s Work in Opening Things (Tiangong kaiwu) ...... 197 Yung Sik Kim

Part VI Mathematics

13 On the Role of the Ecole Polytechnique, 1794–1914, with Especial Reference to Mathematics ...... 217 Ivor Grattan-Guinness

14 The Notion of Variation in Leibniz...... 235 Eberhard Knobloch

15 Founding Acts and Major Turning-Points in Arab Mathematics .... 253 Roshdi Rashed

Part VII Medicine and Health

16 Chemotherapy by Design ...... 275 John E. Lesch

17 American Health Reformers and the Social Sciences in the Twentieth Century ...... 297 Evan M. Melhado

18 Quantity and Polity: Asylum Statistics and the Drive for Medical Evidence ...... 327 Theodore M. Porter Contents ix

19 The Question of Efficacy in the History of Medicine ...... 341 Nathan Sivin

Part VIII Science and Industry in France

20 Secrecy, Industry and Science. French Glassmaking in the Eighteenth Century ...... 357 Marco Beretta

21 Balloons, Hydraulic Machines and Steam Engines at War and Peace: Jean-Pierre Campmas, a Visionary or an Inefficient Inventor? ..... 367 Patrice Bret

22 Cauchy’s Theory of Dispersion Anticipated by Fresnel...... 399 Jed Z. Buchwald

23 Sadi Carnot on Political Economy. Science, Morals, and Public Policy in Restoration France ...... 417 Robert Fox

Index ...... 429 Contributors

Marco Beretta University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, [email protected] Patrice Bret Centre Alexandre Koyre´– Centre de recherches en histoire des sciences et des techniques, Paris, France, [email protected] Jed Z. Buchwald Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, [email protected] Robert Fox Museum of the History of Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, [email protected] Tore Fra¨ngsmyr Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, [email protected] Charles Coulston Gillispie Department of History, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, [email protected] Michael D. Gordin Department of History, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, [email protected] Ivor Grattan-Guinness Middlesex University Business School, London, UK, [email protected] Yung Sik Kim Department of Asian History and Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, [email protected] Knut Kleve , Oslo, Norway, [email protected] Eberhard Knobloch Technische Universita¨ t, Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Manfred D. Laubichler Center for Biology and Society, Arizona State Univer- sity, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, [email protected] John E. Lesch University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, [email protected]

xi xii Contributors

Jane Maienschein Center for Biology and Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, [email protected] Seymour H. Mauskopf Professor Emeritus, Department of History, Duke University, Box 90719, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0719, USA, [email protected] Evan M. Melhado Department of History and Medical Humanities and Social Sciences Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, [email protected] David Oldroyd Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, [email protected] Theodore M. Porter Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, [email protected] Roshdi Rashed Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite´, Laboratoire SPHERE, UMR 7219, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France, [email protected] Nicolaas A. Rupke Georg-August University Go¨ ttingen, Go¨ ttingen, Germany, [email protected] Nathan Sivin History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6304, USA, [email protected] N.M. Swerdlow Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, [email protected] David B. Wilson Department of History, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA, [email protected] About the Editor

Jed Z. Buchwald is Doris and Henry Dreyfuss Professor of History at Caltech, where he teaches courses in ancient civilization, religion and in the history of physics. His most recent books are The Zodiac of Paris (Princeton, 2010), with Diane Greco Josefowicz and Isaac Newton and the Origin of Civilization, with Mordechai Feingold (Princeton, 2012). He is co-editor with Jeremy Gray of Archive for History of Exact Sciences (Springer), of Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and the Physical Sciences (Springer), and editor of Archimedes (Kluwer) and of Transformations (MIT).

xiii About the Authors

Marco Beretta is Professor of history of science at the University of Bologna and Vice. director of the Museo Galileo in Florence. Since 2004 he is editor of Nuncius, Journal of the Material and Visual History of Science. He has published extensively on the history of chemistry and on Lavoisier. His latest book is The Alchemy of Glass. Counterfeit, Imitation and Transmutation in Ancient Glassmaking (Science History Publications/USA, 2009).

Patrice Bret is Charge´de recherche at the Centre Alexandre Koyre´- Centre d’Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques (CAK-CRHST), and responsible for the section Histoire de l’armement at the Institut de Recherche Strate´gique de l’E´cole militaire (IRSEM), Paris. Among other works, he has published L’E´tat, l’arme´e, la science. L’invention de la recherche publique en France, 1763–1830 (2002, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes), and L’E´gypte au temps de l’expe´dition de Bonaparte (1798–1801) (1998, Paris, Hachette Litte´ratures).

Robert Fox is Emeritus Professor of the History of Science at the University of Oxford. His main research interests are in the history of physical sciences since the eighteenth century, with special reference to France. His book The savant and the state. Science and cultural politics in nineteenth-century France is currently in press with the Johns Hopkins University Press.

Tore Fra¨ngsmyr is Hans Rausing Professor Emeritus in History of Science at Uppsala University. He has published several books on the history of geology during the 18th and 19th century, and also on the Enlightenment. In 2000 he published a two volume work on Swedish History of Ideas during a thousand years. For twenty years he was editor of Les Prix Nobel, the yearbook of the Nobel Foundation.

Michael D. Gordin is Professor of History at Princeton University, where he teaches the history of modern science. He is the author of A Well-Ordered Thing: Dmitrii Mendeleev and the Shadow of the Periodic Table (Basic Books, 2004), Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War (Princeton University Press, 2007), and Red Cloud at Dawn: Truman, Stalin,

xv xvi About the Authors and the End of the Atomic Monopoly (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009). He is also the co-editor of six volumes of essays on history and the history of science.

Ivor Grattan-Guinness is Emeritus Professor of the History of Mathematics and Logic at Middlesex University, England. Editor of the history of science journal Annals of science from 1974 to 1981, in 1979 he also founded the journal History and philosophy of logic, editing it until 1992. He edited a Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences (two volumes, 1994), and Landmark writings in Western mathematics, 1640–1940 (2005). His individual books include Convolutions in French Mathematics, 1800–1840 (three volumes, 1990); The Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences (1997); The Search for Mathematical Routes, 1870–1940 (2000); and collections of articles in Routes of Learning (2009) and Corroborations and Criticisms (2010). In July 2009 the International Commission for the History of Mathematics awarded him the Kenneth O. May Medal and Prize in the History of Mathematics for his contributions to the field.

Yung Sik Kim is Professor in the Department of Asian History and the Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Seoul National University. He received his PhD from Princeton University in 1980 with Charles Gillispie as supervisor. His research interests are science and Confucianism, scholars and specialized knowledge in East Asia, and comparative history of science.

Knut Kleve born 1926 in Oslo (Norway), professor of in Bergen 1963–1973 and in Oslo 1974–1996, leader of the Herculaneum papyri opening team in (Italy) 1984–2003, knighted by Berlusconi 2005.

Eberhard Knobloch born in 1943, studied mathematics, classical philology, and history of science and technology; in 1972 PhD in history of science and technology, in 1976 habilitation; since 2002 university professor of history of science and technology at the Technical University of Berlin and Academy Professor at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (former Prussian Academy of Sciences), since 2009 Professor Emeritus. Member of several national and international Academies of Sciences, President of the Inter-national Academy of the History of Science, former president of the European Society for the History of Science; about 350 publications, especially on the history and philosophy of mathematical sciences and Renaissance technology.

Manfred D. Laubichler is Professor of Theoretical Biology and History of Biology at Arizona State University, where he directs the Center for Social Dynamics and Complexity. He is an Adjunct Professor at the Marine Biology Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, an External Faculty Member at the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research in Altenberg, Austria and a Visiting Scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (Department 1) in Berlin. His research is on developmental About the Authors xvii evolution, the evolution of social complexity and the history and philosophy of evolutionary and developmental biology. Most recently, he and Jane Maien- schein co-edited Form and Function in Developmental Evolution, Cambridge University Press, 2009.

John E. Lesch is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of California, Berkeley, and Distinguished Scholar in Residence at Rutgers University. His publications include Science and Medicine in France: The Emergence of Experimental Physiology 1790–1855; The First Miracle Drugs: How the Sulfa Drugs Transformed Medicine; and (as editor), The German Chemical Industry in the Twentieth Century.

Jane Maienschein is Regents’ Professor, President’s Professor, and Parents Association Professor at Arizona State University, where she also directs the Center for Biology and Society. At the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, she is Adjunct Professor and Director of the HPS Program. Her scholarship focuses on the history and philosophy of developmental biology, in particular on epistemological issues, as demonstrated in her 3 books, dozen (co)edited books, and many articles. Most recently, she and Manfred Laubichler co-edited Form and Function in Developmental Evolution, Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Seymour H. Mauskopf is Professor Emeritus of History at Duke University. His fields of research interest are the history of chemistry (Crystals and Compounds, 1976; Chemical Sciences in the Modern World, 1993) and the history of marginal science (parapsychology) (The Elusive Science, with Michael R. McVaugh, 1980). Currently, he is working on a book on Alfred Nobel’s interactions with British munitions scientists in the late nineteenth century. He is co-editor of Integrating History and Philosophy of Science (with Tad Schmaltz), Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science (2012) and Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World (with William Newman and Matthew Eddy), Osiris (2014). In 1998, he received the Dexter Award for Outstanding Contributions to the History of Chemistry from the American Chemical Society. He taught history of science at Duke University from 1964 through 2010.

Evan M. Melhado holds an appointment in the Department of History at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and serves as Head of the Medical Humanities and Social Sciences Program at the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-Champaign (UICOM-UC). Charles Gillispie was among his professors in the late 1960s and early 1970s at Princeton University, in what was then called the Program in History and Philosophy of Science. For some years, Melhado specialized in the history of the physical sciences, especially chemistry, in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; later he turned to recent American health-care policy. In History, he has taught courses in the history of science, of medicine, and of health policy. With colleagues in the College of Medicine, he helped create and sustain a