Maske, Maskede Ifade Ve Sinemada Maske Kullanimi

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Maske, Maskede Ifade Ve Sinemada Maske Kullanimi T.C. Đstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Radyo-Televizyon ve Sinema Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi MASKE, MASKEDE ĐFADE VE S ĐNEMADA MASKE KULLANIMI Metin Yasan 2501081017 Tez Danı şmanı Doç. Dr. Ceyhan Kandemir Đstanbul, 2011 TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ii ÖZ Đnsanın ilksel yönelimlerinden biri do ğaüstü güçlere hâkim olup onlarla dü şmanlarını korkutma ve do ğa olaylarını kontrol etme iste ğidir. Đlksel insanın bu eğiliminin sonuçlarından biri olarak maske, insanın kendisini de ğiştirip dönü ştürebilmesi için üretti ği araçlardan biri olarak tarihsel süreç içinde hemen her kültürde ortaya çıkmı ştır. Đnsanlar ürettikleri maskeler aracılı ğıyla tanrılar ve ifadelerinde do ğaüstünü yansıtmayı amaçladı ğı varlıkları törenlerinin parçası haline getirmi şlerdir. Bu törenler gösteri sanatlarının temellerindendir ve sinemanın ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte yeni boyutlar kazanarak geli şmi şlerdir. Sinema teknolojisinin bilgisayar teknolojisiyle bütünle şmeye ba şlamasıyla birlikte maskeler artık sadece makyaj ya da sabit ifadeler ta şıyan birer nesne olarak de ğil, perdede seyircinin gözleri önünde do ğal olan ya da olmayan yüzlerce ifadeye bürünebilme özelli ğine kavu şmu şlardır. Bu ba ğlamda maskenin tarihsel arka planında yer alan kullanılma amaçları; korunma ve saldırı, aktarma, dönü şüm ve ölü maskeleri olmak üzere sinemaya da yansıyan kullanımları ba ğlamında belli ba şlıklar altında toplanmı ştır. Çalı şmanın 2. bölümünde maske kullanımının yo ğun oldu ğu Korku, Bilimkurgu ve Fantastik film türlerinin sinema tarihindeki örneklerine de ğinilmi ş ve çalı şmanın 3. bölümünde çözümlemek için seçilen filmlerde maskenin kullanım amaçlarından birden fazlasının özelliklerini ta şıyan örnekler tercih edilmi ştir. Sinemanın mitlerin yeniden üretimi ba ğlamındaki özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak seçilen örneklerin Hollywood merkezli anlatı sinemasının içinden tercih edilmesinin nedeni; Hollywood’un maskelerin tarihsel arka planında yatan i şlevleri sinemanın teknik özellikleriyle ileri derecede bütünle ştirmesi bakımından en yetkin örnekleri temsil etmesindendir. iii ABSTRACT One of the primary tendencies of a man is to dominate over extraordinary powers and to desire scaring his enemies and controlling nature conditions. As a result of this tendency of a man, the mask has appeared almost in every culture in order man to change and to transform himself. Men included gods and creatures that they want to reflect extraordinary on their expressions as a part of their rituals through masks they produced. These rituals are today base for visual arts and have improved by gaining new dimensions along with cinema. Since cinema technology started to penetrate into computer technology, masks today are not only objects that have make-up and stable expressions but also an opportunity for transforming into hundreds of natural or unnatural expressions on screen in front of audiences. In this sense, mask which had been used for protection and attack, transferring, transformation and death masks are now framed under several titles of usage in cinema. At the second part of this study, examples of Horror, Science fiction and Fantastic movie types in which masks are widely used are mentioned; at the third part, the movies in which masks are used for more than one specific goal are preferred to be analyzed. Considering cinema with its reproducing myths feature, the reason of choosing examples among Hollywood-based movies is that Hollywood represents the most competent examples in terms of transforming functions that lays behind mask usage in history by using technical properties of cinema. iv ÖNSÖZ Maskeler insanların arzularını ve isteklerini yansıtan araçlar olarak tarihsel süreç içinde ortaya çıkmı ş ve kendilerine has gelenekler olu şturmu şlardır. Sadece plastik de ğerler ta şıyan nesneler olarak de ğil; insanın ilksel çizimlerinde de yansımasını bulan mitosların parçaları olarak insanlık tarihi kadar eskiye dayanırlar. Mitoslar, kurgusal ve do ğaüstü varlıkları, olayları konu alan geleneksel öyküler olarak mecazi ve temsili anlamlar ta şıyabilen simgesel anlatılardır. Do ğal ve toplumsal olaylar popüler dü şünceler halinde mitoslarda ifadelerini bulabilirler. Filmler de mitoslar gibi yaratıcısının anlatmak istediklerini insanlara ta şıyan kolektif ve toplumsal ürünlerdir. Antik ça ğların psikolojilerini yansıtan mitoslar gibi sanat da ba şlangıçta psikolojik ihtiyaçtan kaynaklanmı ştır. 1 Buradan hareketle, mitosların yapısal ve kuramsal i şleyi şlerini ortaya koyan kuramlara dayanarak sinemayı modern mitoloji olarak de ğerlendirebiliriz. 2 Maskelerin mitoslar ve di ğer toplumsal törenler ile ritüellerdeki kullanımlarının sinemadaki yansımalarını etkiledi ği söylenebilir. Maske ve maskenin sinemanın teknik olanaklarının sınırları içinde yeniden üretilmesi mitlerin yeniden canlandırılmasının yanında onları yeni teknik imkânlarla farklı boyutlara ula ştırmayı da beraberinde getirmi ştir. Sinema tarihi boyunca, özellikle Méliés ile başlayarak geli şen fantastik sinemadan yola çıkarak, farklı dünyalar yaratmaya ba şlayan sinemacıların üretti ği mitoslar, beraberinde maskenin kullanımlarını da geli ştirmi ştir. Maske daha çok sanat tarihi alanındaki çalı şmaların konusu olmu ştur. Maskenin sinema alanında incelenmeye de ğer bulunmasında maskelerin sinemanın ilk örnekleriyle birlikte kullanılmaya ba şlamasının yanı sıra sinema ve maske üzerine yapılmı ş ara ştırmaların azlı ğı etkili olmu ştur. Çalı şmamızda maskenin tarihsel kökenlerine de ğinilmesinin yanında maskenin yeni bir anlatı biçimi olan sinemadaki kullanımlarına de ğinilmi ş ve yeni mitler üreten sinemadaki tezahürlerinden seçilen örnekler çözümlenmi ştir. 1 Đsmail Gezgin, Paleolitik Ça ğlardan Hıristiyanlı ğa Kadar Sanatın Mitolojisi , Sel Yayıncılık, 2008 2 Ömer Tecimer, Sinema Modern Mitoloji , 1.bs., Đstanbul, Plan B Yayınları, 2006, s.11. v Bu çalı şmada maskenin tarihsel kökenlerine ve kullanım amaçlarına kuramsal bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalı şılarak sinemadaki maske kullanımları temellendirilmeye çalı şılmı ştır. Sinema ve maske birlikteli ği üzerine kaynak azlı ğının ara ştırmanın kar şıla ştı ğı güçlüklerden biri oldu ğunu söylemek yerinde olacaktır. Buradan hareketle bu tez sinema ve maskenin birlikteli ği konusunda atılmı ş adımlardan biri olarak sonraki çalı şmalara katkı niteli ği ta şıyabilecektir. Çalı şmamda bana yol göstericili ği ve önerileriyle destek olan tez danı şmanım Doç. Dr. Ceyhan Kandemir’e, asistanlı ğını da yaptı ğım de ğerli hocam ve yönetmen Oğuzhan Tercan’a, ar şivini kullanmama izin veren Yrd. Doç. Dr. Şükrü Sim’e ve attı ğım her adımda desteklerini sürekli yanımda hissettiğim aileme te şekkürü borç bilirim. vi ĐÇĐNDEK ĐLER ÖZ .......................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................... v RES ĐM L ĐSTES Đ ..................................................................................................... ix KISALTMALAR L ĐSTES Đ ................................................................................. xxiii GĐRĐŞ ...................................................................................................................... 1 Problem ............................................................................................................... 1 Amaç ................................................................................................................... 2 Önem ................................................................................................................... 2 Sınırlılıklar ........................................................................................................... 3 Yöntem ................................................................................................................ 3 1. YÜZÜ OLMAYANIN TAR ĐHĐ ........................................................................... 5 1.1. Sanatın Do ğuşu ............................................................................................. 5 1.1.1. Mit ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Büyü ......................................................................................................10 1.1.3. Din ........................................................................................................15 1.2. Maske ..........................................................................................................17 1.2.1. Đlkel Toplumlarda Maske .......................................................................24 1.2.2. Maskenin Kullanımları ..........................................................................27 1.3. Đfade ve Maske .............................................................................................32 2. S ĐNEMA VE MASKE ........................................................................................38 2.1. Sinemanın Maskeleri ....................................................................................44 2.1.1. Filmlerde Karakter Yaratımı Ba ğlamında Maske Uygulanı şı .................45 2.2. Korku Filmlerinde Maske .............................................................................47 2.3. Bilimkurgu Filmlerinde Maske .....................................................................53
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