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Population Dynamics and Integrated Control of the Damson-Hop Aphid Phorodon Humuli (Schrank) on Hops in Spain A

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Population Dynamics and Integrated Control of the Damson-Hop Aphid Phorodon Humuli (Schrank) on Hops in Spain A Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2013 11(2), 505-517 Available online at www.inia.es/sjar ISSN: 1695-971-X http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2013112-2968 eISSN: 2171-9292 Population dynamics and integrated control of the damson-hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) on hops in Spain A. Lorenzana1*, A. Hermoso-de-Mendoza2, M. V. Seco1 and P. A. Casquero1 1 Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad de León. Avda. Portugal, 41. 24071 León, Spain 2 Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4,5. 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain Abstract The hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest in most areas where hops are grown. A field trial was performed on a hop yard throughout 2002, 2003 and 2004 in León (Spain) in order to analyse the population development of Phorodon humuli and its natural enemies, as well as to determine the most effective integrated program of insecticide treatments. The basic population development pattern of P. humuli was similar in the three years: the population peaked between mid to late June, and then decreased in late June/early July, rising again and reaching another peak in mid-July, after which it began to decline, rising once more in late August; this last rise is characteristic of Spain and has not been recorded in the rest of Europe. The hop aphid’s main natural enemy found on the leaves was Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The multiple regression analysis showed that aphids are positively related with the presence of beetle eggs and mean daily temperatures and negatively related with maximum daily temperature integral above 27°C in plots without insecticide treatment. The most effective program of insecticide (imidacloprid) treatments consisted of an initial treatment in June and a second treatment in the second half of July or at the beginning of August. However, a single treatment in June would be sufficient when in this last period the maximum daily temperatures were higher than 27°C for at least 15 days, avoiding in this way the harmful effects of imidacloprid on predators. Additional key words: Aphididae; Coccinelidae; Humulus lupulus; high temperature; population dynamics; con- trol; insecticide. Introduction The hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemip- tera: Aphididae) is a serious pest in most areas where The cones or flowers of the hop (Humulus lupulus hops are grown. P. humuli can inhibit growth and L.) are of great importance to the brewing industry. reduce the number of flowers. Production losses as- This is because the lupulin they contain provides sociated with large numbers of aphids are due to reduc- beer with bitterness and other characteristic tions in the dry weight of the crop (a yield loss of 44% organoleptic or sensorial properties (Neve, 1991). was observed when the population rised to 4400 aphids The quality of bitterness is measured by the quantity m–2 in late June), rather than a reduction in alpha-acid of lupulin’s alpha-acids. At present, Spain is the content (Lorenzana, 2006). Aphid populations in hop seventh highest hop-producing country in the cones seriously reduce their economic value because European Union. Most of the plantations are situated of arbitrary commercial criteria related to the presence in the Province of León where 95% of the land of aphids in cones (Lorenzana et al., 2010), and in cultivated for hops in Spain is located (The Barth some cases can lead to total loss (Campbell, 1978; Report, 2010/2011). The most common cultivar in Thomas et al., 1983). If any aphids are noted inside León is Nugget (98%) compared with Magnum (1%) cones in Spain there is a penalty of up to 10% of the and Columbus and Perle (1%). dry weight (Lorenzana et al., 2010). The extent of the * Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 04-04-12. Accepted: 24-04-13 506 A. Lorenzana et al. / Span J Agric Res (2013) 11(2), 505-517 damage caused by P. humuli has resulted in the use of Material and methods aphicides. Imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl- methyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylidenamine], the first neonicotinoid insecticide, is particularly effective Location and methodology of sampling against sucking pests such as aphids (Zeng & Wang, 2010). As a result, most German hops are treated with Two experiments were carried out in León, Spain, this insecticide (Weichel & Nauen, 2003) and it has the first during 2002 and 2003, and the second in 2004. been widely used to control vegetable pests in other A garden planted with the hop cultivar Nugget countries, such as China (Guan et al., 2010). Imida- (0.72 ha), consisting of 40 rows (3 m apart) each with cloprid is also the most important insecticide in hop 40 plants (1.5 m apart), was chosen for the study. This cultivation in Spain (J. A. Magadán, pers. comm.). garden was situated at the University of León’s Integrated pest management encourages conser- experimental farm maintained by the School of vation of beneficial organisms while decreasing insec- Agricultural Engineering. The height of the wirework ticide use (Hoheisel & Fleischer, 2007). Coccinelids was 6 m with two strings per rootstock. Three hop bines are known to be important in regulating P. humuli po- were trained to each string. pulations on hops, as it is shown in Campbell & Cone A randomized complete block design, with five (1994) or Weissenberger et al. (1997). The integration treatments and three replicates (15 plots), was used. of natural enemies activity and imidacloprid ap- Each plot was made up of 18 plants in 3 adjacent rows plications is an efficient approach to enhancing the of 6 plants per row. The area of each plot was 81 m2 whitefly control level in Hoseini & Pourmirza (2011) (9 m × 9 m). Treatments in this study were different study. aphid densities: in 2002 and 2003 by applying the same Population development of P. humuli has been insecticide to plots at different times, and in 2004 using studied in different countries like the United States by a combination of insecticides and aphid introductions Campbell & Cone (1994), Germany by Goller et al. (Table 1). Imidacloprid was used because it was the (1997) and Benker (1997), Czech Republic by Goller standard insecticide used by Spanish growers during et al. (1997) and Zeleny et al. (1981), England by the study period. It was sprayed using a back-pack Aveling (1981), Campbell (1978) and Barber et al. sprayer in order to reduce contamination among (2003), Poland by Solarska (pers. comm.) and in France treatments. by Trouve et al. (1997), but not in a detailed way in In order to prevent the treatment of one group Spain. One way to increase selectivity of common affecting the results of neighbouring groups, in each pesticides might be to adapt them more carefully to group of eighteen plants, only the three central plants aphid population dynamics (Niehoff & Poehling, were sampled in each experimental plot. Counts were 1995), which are particularly sensitive to temperature taken in the following manner: on the surface of one change (e.g. Parry et al., 2006; Zamani et al., 2006). of the bines of the plants a wooden frame measuring Although a considerable amount of literature is 20 cm × 30 cm was randomly placed at heights of 2, available on the effect of low temperatures on aphid 3.25, and 6 m from the ground. Within the area en- mortality, there is very little information on the effects closed by this frame, counts were taken of the total of high temperatures. High temperature is a key factor number of leaves, the number of leaves with aphids, in the development of aphid populations in corn fields the total number of aphids and the average number of of the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula, playing an them per leaf attacked. The average of these counts for important role in the decrease of populations at the end each repetition was included in the statistical analysis. of June and in the relative abundance of aphid species Sampling was carried out weekly, one week measuring throughout the season (Asin & Pons, 2001). aphid population on the left bine of the plant, and the The aim of this research was to study the seasonal following week on the right. dynamics of P. humuli populations and their natural Population density of P. humuli has often been predators in hop plants. In addition, as the plants were expressed as the number of aphids per leaf, although treated for aphids at different times of year, a second other parameters can be used, such as the number of objective was to establish which program of insecticide aphids per dm2 of leaf surface (Campbell, 1978), or treatments would be most efficient in controlling the per m2 of plant surface (used by Hermoso de Mendoza aphid population in Spain. et al., 2001, for Aphis gossypii on clementines). This Phorodon humuli on hops in Spain 507 Table 1. Treatments in 2002, 2003 and 2004 Treatment Years 2002 and 2003 Treatment Year 2004 1. Untreated Without treatments 1. Untreated Without treatments and with an initial level Ipopulation of 584± 53 aphids m–2 in 25 June 2. Early Imidacloprid1 on 18 June (2002 and 2003) 2. Untreated Without treatments and with an initial level II population of 1,262 ± 131 aphids m–2 in 25 June 3. Intermediate Imidacloprid1 on 25 July (2002) 3. Untreated Without treatments and with 937 ± 88 aphids and 24 July (2003) level III m–2 in 25 June and with aphids introduced once in June and twice in July. Five leaves with aphids (150 aphids/leaf) were released on each bine at a height of between 2 and 3.25 m each time 4.
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