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The Domestic Politics of the Bethlen Government, 1921-1925 The Domestic Politics of the Bethlen Government, 1921-1925 Thomas Lorman PhD thesis, September 2001 SSEES, London ProQuest Number: U642144 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642144 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis does not seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the first five years of the premiership of Istvan Bethlen. Instead, each of its six chapters deals with a specific question relating to the operation of his government, and from these general conclusions can be drawn. It begins with a short introduction relating to Bethlen’s background and Hungary in 1921. This thesis will also discuss the sources that the research is based upon. The first chapter analyses Bethlen’s relationship with the parties that initially supported his government and his attempt to create a ‘Unified Party’. The second chapter examines the way he sought to normalize relations with the Magyarorszagi Szociâldemokrata Part, (MSZDP), (Hungarian Social Democratic Party), break their election boycott and bring them back into the fold of parliamentary life prior to the 1922 elections. The third chapter analyses the 1922 elections and considers the franchise, the parties involved and the outcome. The fourth chapter uses an analysis of the struggle between Bethlen and the right-radical wing of the party through 1922- 1923 as a means of measuring the extent to which the Unified Party was genuinely unified and/or controlled by Bethlen. The fifth chapter asks why his attempt to modernize and expand the Unified Party was unsuccessful and failed to provide a greater role for the party within the government. The sixth chapter considers the reasons why the government’s relations with the MSZDP began to deteriorate from 1922 onwards to the point that Bethlen was faced with a parliamentary boycott at the end of 1924. It elucidates how and why Bethlen allowed this situation to come about and how he was able to crush the boycott without seriously affecting either the policies or credibility of his government. The conclusion establishes that Bethlen did have an ideology which sought to continue and in some areas develop the pre-war ‘system’ established by Istvan Tisza. This ideology shaped Bethlen’s approach to each of the political issues raised in the preceding six chapters. This thesis, based on extensive primary and secondary sources, provides a basis from which a truly comprehensive history of the Bethlen government can be written. Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................2 Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 4 Appendix 1: Abbreviations of Organizations and Parties ................................ 5 Appendix 2: Abbreviatibns of Documentary Source Collections .................... 7 Introduction.............................. .............................................................................9 A Note on Sources................................................................................................ 22 Chapter 1 : The Formation of the Unified Party ................................................ 26 Chapter 2: Bethlen and the MSZDP, 1920-1921 .............................................. 84 Chapter 3: The 1922 Elections ............................................................................131 Chapter 4: The Unified Party Crisis of 1922-1923 ........................................... 166 Chapter 5: Bethlen’s Attempt to Expand the Unified Party Organization....214 Chapter 6: Bethlen and the MSZDP, 1922-1925 .............................................. 247 Chapter 7: Conclusion ...........................................................................................298 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 306 Appendix 1 : Abbreviations of Organizations and Parties ABC = Anti Bolsevista Comite Anti-Bolshevik Committee AFOSZ = Altalanos Fogyasztasi Szovetkezet General Consumers Co-operative EKSZ = Etelkozi Szôvetség Etelkoz Society ÉME = Ébredô Magyarok Egyesület Union of Awakening Hungarians FOSZ = Foldmunkasok Orszagos Szôvetsége National Association of Handworkers GYOSZ = Gyariparosak Orszagos Szôvetség National Association of Manufacturers KNEP = Keresztény Nemzeti Egyesülés Pârtja Party of Christian National Union MOVE = Magyar Orszagos Véderô Egyesület Hungarian National Defence Force Union MSZDP = Magyarorszagi Szociâldemokrata Part Hungarian Social Democratic Party MTI = Magyar Tavirati Iroda Hungarian News Agency NMP = Nemzeti Munka Part National Party of Work OFB = Orszagos Fold Birosag National Land Court OMGE = Orszagos Magyar Gazdasagi Egyesület National Hungarian Economic Union PMSZ = Polgarok és Munkâsok Szôvetség Association of Citizens and Workers Appendix 2 : Abbreviations of Documentary Source Collections BML = Baranya Megyei Levéltâr - Fôispâni bizalmas iratai Baranya County Archive - Confidential Papers of the Foispan FML = Fejér Megyei Levéltâr - Fôispâni bizalmas iratai, Fejér County archive - Confidential Papers of the Fôispân MTA = Magyar Tudomânyos Akadémiai Levéltâr Archive of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, OLK.26 = (Magyar) Orszâgos Levéltâr - Miniszterelnokség iratai Hungarian National Archive - Documents of the Prime Minister’s Office OLK.27 = (Magyar) Orszâgos Levéltâr - Minisztertanâcs jegyzôkônyvei Hungarian National Archive - Minutes of Cabinet Meetings OLK.35 = (Magyar) Orszâgos Levéltâr - Gômbôs Gyula iratai Hungarian National Archive - Papers of Gyula Gômbôs OLK.64 = (Magyar) Orszâgos Levéltâr - Külügyminisztérium iratai Hungarian National Archive - Documents of the Foreign Ministry OLK.148 = (Magyar) Orszâgos Levéltâr - Belügyminisztérium iratai OLK. 149 Hungarian National Archive - Documents of the Interior Ministry OLK.429 = (Magyar) Orszâgos Levéltâr - Kozma Miklos iratai Hungarian National Archive - Papers of Miklos Kozma OLK.468 = (Magyar) Orszâgos Levéltâr - Bethlen Istvân iratai Hungarian National Archive - Papers of Istvân Bethlen OLK.808 = (Magyar) Orszagos Levéltâr - Bencs Zoltan iratai Hungarian National Archive - Papers of Zoltan Bencs OLP.4 = (Magyar) Orszagos Levéltâr - Andrâssy Gyula iratai Hungarian National Archive - Papers of Gyula Andrâssy PML = Pest Megyei Levéltâr - Fôispâni bizalmas iratai, Pest County archive - Confidential Papers of the Fôispân PTSA = Politikai Tôrténeti és Szakszervezeti Archivum, Archive of Political History and the Trade Unions, VML = Vas Megyei Levéltâr - Fôispâni bizalmas iratai. Vas County Archive - Confidential Papers of the Fôispân Introduction The history of Hungary in the 1920’s is dominated by the figure of Istvan Bethlen. He became prime minister in 1921 of a country which had within the previous three years witnessed the collapse of the Habsburg monarchy, lost two-thirds of its historic territory, experienced both a Bolshevik dictatorship and a violent counter-revolution, and was still in the throes of real economic, social, and political instability. In his ten years as prime minister, Bethlen is credited with returning the country to an even keel. He constructed a political system that would remain fundamentally unaltered until 1944, and the new party he created governed Hungary throughout this entire period. * Under Bethlen the pragmatic sanction was annulled, the socialist party’s parliamentary boycott was ended, the parliamentary franchise was reformed, the upper house of the parliament was restored, the first ever Hungarian land reform was applied and extended, a national bank was established, the country was reconnected to the international money markets, and a swathe of legislation was passed affecting all areas of the country’s economic, social, and political activities. Historians have not, however, in general given the Bethlen government proper attention: the first serious biography of Bethlen was only published in 1991. Problems with the primary source material have also affected historical research: some material has disappeared and some material has only recently been made fully available. Even in regards to the research that has been conducted, no consensus about how to define the Bethlen regime has yet emerged, as a review of the published literature on the Bethlen government makes clear. For a detailed account of Bethlen’s activities prior to 1918 see Ignac Romsics, Istvân Bethlen: A Great Conservative Statesman of Hungary, 1874-1946, New York, 1995 (hereafter Romsics, Istvan B ethlen) pp.3-86. 10 A Review of Historical Work on the Bethlen Government’s Domestic Policies.^ Of the works written by Bethlen’s contemporaries, Gusztav Gratz’s book on the 1919-1920 period, and his overview of the entire inter-war period stand out as perceptive accounts from a writer with an inside knowledge of events and intimately acquainted with the leading figures of the period.^ Antal Balia’s
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