DOCSLIB.ORG

SHRINKING SPACE for FOREIGN-FUNDED ORGANIZATIONS in DEMOCRACIES: HUNGARY and ISRAEL Kinga Zs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SHRINKING SPACE for FOREIGN-FUNDED ORGANIZATIONS in DEMOCRACIES: HUNGARY and ISRAEL Kinga Zs TRANSPARENCY VS. DELEGITIMIZATION? SHRINKING SPACE FOR FOREIGN-FUNDED ORGANIZATIONS IN DEMOCRACIES: HUNGARY AND ISRAEL Kinga Zsofia Horvath Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University December 2018 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Master’s Thesis Committee ____________________________________ Catherine Herrold, Ph.D., Chair ____________________________________ Kathi Badertscher, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Carol Adelman, Ph.D. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to students with the interest in global philanthropy, researchers focusing on international giving, practitioners working with foreign-funded NGOs, and policy-makers seeking to create enabling environment for philanthropy. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chair Dr. Catherine Herrold for the continuous support of my thesis, for her patience, and immense knowledge. Besides my chair, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Dr. Kathi Badertscher and Dr. Carol Adelman for their insightful comments and encouragement. Their guidance and expertise helped me write this thesis. I would like to thank Fulbright Hungary, the Rosztoczy Foundation, the Pallas Athene Domus Animae Foundation, and the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy for giving me the opportunity to study and conduct research on global philanthropy due to their generous financial support. My sincere thanks also goes to Dr. Anna Pruitt and Dr. Kathi Badertscher for proofreading and editing this thesis and make sure that my – often complicated – Hungarian thoughts turned into well-designed English words, sentences and sections. I would like to also thank Dr. Xiaonan Kou and Erna Burai for being my role models and immense sources of encouragement. Their guidance and support – as PhD students, supervisors, and friends – have been invaluable in my academic journey. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents: Anyu and Apu, my brother: Danika, and all my friends from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean for supporting me throughout writing this thesis and completing my degree. Experiencing their kindness, encouragement, and generosity across countries and time zones has helped me study global philanthropy and finish those projects that never really seems to end. iv Kinga Zsofia Horvath TRANSPARENCY VS. DELEGITIMIZATION? SHRINKING SPACE FOR FOREIGN-FUNDED ORGANIZATIONS IN DEMOCRACIES: HUNGARY AND ISRAEL The shrinking space for civil society and the increasing number of unfavorable legislation affecting the work of non-governmental organizations continue to be burning issues for global philanthropy. Using a case study approach, this thesis explores how democracies regulate the operation of foreign-funded non-governmental organizations in Hungary and Israel. This thesis examines what the presumed and real motivations of democratic governments are to adapt such regulations and how the political, economic and socio-cultural environments might influence their enactment. This thesis also compares the Hungarian and Israeli regulations to the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act. Catherine Herrold, Ph.D., Chair v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. viii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: HAVING A CLEAR PERSPECTIVE – THEORIES, CONCEPTS, AND AREAS OF RESEARCH FOCUS ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.1. Nongovernmental organizations vs. civil society organizations ...................................... 6 1.2. The development of NGOs and their roles in democracy ............................................... 8 1.3. Shrinking civil society, a global phenomenon ................................................................ 10 1.4. Foreign-funded NGOs, as unknown factors in the equation ......................................... 18 1.5. OECD countries under the microscope .......................................................................... 20 1.6. Main regulations for cross-border financial flows ......................................................... 28 1.6.1. Legislation on illicit financial flows, anti-money laundering, and combating the financing of terrorism ...................................................................................................... 28 1.6.2. Foreign Agent Laws ................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER TWO: GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HUNGARY AND ISRAEL .............................................. 34 CHAPTER THREE: HUNGARY AND THE ACT ON THE TRANSPARENCY OF ORGANIZATIONS RECEIVING SUPPORT FROM ABROAD .......................................................................................... 42 3.1. The way towards “Hungarian illiberal democracy” ....................................................... 43 3.2. Hungarian legislation to enhance CSO transparency and prevent money laundering .................................................................................................................................. 48 3.3. Foreign-funded NGOs under government attack .......................................................... 50 3.3.1. Government critics and government-related studies prior to the announcement of the draft law ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2. Changing rhetoric and preliminary opinion of the Venice Commission ...................... 55 3.3.3. Act LXXVI of 2017 on the Transparency of Organizations Receiving Support from Abroad.................................................................................................................................... 61 3.3.4. Intensifying negative government campaign, legal consequences, and an opaque future ..................................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER FOUR: TRANSPARENCY REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTIES SUPPORTED BY FOREIGN STATE ENTITIES LAW, 5776-2016 .................................................................................................. 70 4.1. The Israeli nonprofit sector ............................................................................................ 71 4.2. Israeli laws to enhance NGO transparency and prevent money laundering ................. 75 4.3. Foreign-funded NGOs under government attack .......................................................... 78 4.3.1. Government statements and amendments related to foreign-funded NGOs ...... 78 vi 4.3.2. Transparency Requirements for Parties Supported by Foreign State Entities Law, 5776-2016 ...................................................................................................................... 79 4.3.3. Domestic and international criticism ..................................................................... 81 CHAPTER FIVE: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HUNGARIAN AND ISRAELI FOREIGN AFENTS REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 84 5.1. What is the truth about the relationship between the 1938 FARA and the recently adopted foreign agents regulations? ......................................................................................... 84 5.1.1. Foreign Agents Registration Act, 1938 ........................................................................ 85 5.1.2. Comparison between the Hungarian, Israeli, and the U.S. foreign agents regulations ............................................................................................................................. 87 5.2. Stigmatization and delegitimization instead of transparency and public trust .................. 90 5.3. Recommendations for finding the balance between national security and flourishing civil society ................................................................................................................................. 92 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 96 EPILOGUE ..................................................................................................................................... 100 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 103 CURRICULUM VITAE vii LIST OF TABLES Table One: Overview of OECD Member States………………………………………………………………………….13 Table Two: Foreign-funded NGO Laws around The World…………………………………………………………22 Table Three: Comparison between the Hungarian, Israeli, and U.S. Foreign Agents Regulations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….88 viii INTRODUCTION Foreign agents regulations and laws affecting the operation of foreign-funded non- governmental organizations (NGOs) have increased in the last decade. Indeed, since 2012, 98 laws restricting freedom of association or assembly were adopted around the world (Rutzen, 2015),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Year of Rearrangement
    The Year of Rearrangement The Populist Right and the Far-Right in Contemporary Hungary The Year of Rearrangement The Populist Right and the Far-Right in Contemporary Hungary Authors: Attila Juhász Bulcsú Hunyadi Edited by: Eszter Galgóczi Attila Juhász Dániel Róna Patrik Szicherle Edit Zgut This study was prepared within the framework of the project “Strategies against the Far-Right”, in cooperation with the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung e.V., in 2017. Table of Contens The opinions expressed in the study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 7 Executive Summary ____________________________________________________________ 9 Political Environment __________________________________________________________ 12 Competing for Votes: The Voters of Fidesz and Jobbik ____________________________ 19 Socio-Demographic Composition ______________________________________________ 20 Political Preferences __________________________________________________________ 25 Election Chances ____________________________________________________________ 31 Competition on the Far End: The Extremist Rhetoric of Fidesz and Jobbiki __________32 Anti-Immigration Sentiments ___________________________________________________ 32 Anti-Semitism _______________________________________________________________ 41 Anti-Gypsyism ______________________________________________________________45 Homophobia ________________________________________________________________46
    [Show full text]
  • Stanislav Južnič
    1 S tudia S tudia Historica Historica S lovenica letnik 13 (2013), {t. S lovenica STANISLAV JUŽNIČ: Gottscheers a Half of Millennia Ago (Gottschee Germans and Slavs in the Years 1494 and 1498) ROMAN MIRNIK: Življenje in delo mariborskega župana Andreasa Tappeinerja (1810–1868) DARJA KEREC: Odmevi revolucionarnih dogodkov 1848 v Prekmurju v slovenskem tisku IGOR IVAŠKOVIĆ: Trialistični koncept in alternativne vizije pred 1. svetovno vojno DARKO FRIŠ: Anton Kaspret in Franc Kovačič – uredništvo Časopisa za zgodovino in narodopisje (1904–1917) RAVBAR MATJAŽ: Anti-Aircraft Defence in Maribor during World War One KORNELIJA AJLEC: UNRRA Trieste Port Office (1945–1947) ALEŠ MAVER, DARKO FRIŠ: Historical Development of the Party Landscape in Slovenia and Croatia between 1990 and 2007 MIRJANA KOREN, SONJA IFKO: The Importance of the Joiner's Workshops for the Development of Slovenian Furniture Design – the Example of the Joinery Stojan from Teharje DANICA ČERČE: O slovenski polpretekli kritiški misli in prezrtih romanih Johna Steinbecka KATJA PLEMENITAŠ, EVA LINA FRIŠ, NIK ŠABEDER: The Art of Words in British Politics in the 20th Century. Chamberlain's and Fotografija na naslovnici / Churchill's Use of Language: A Comparative Analysis Photography on the cover: IRENA STRAMLJIČ BREZNIK, MIJA KOVAČ: Za kaj mora pri lovenica Andreas Tappeiner Slovencih "preteči še precej vode" S (Andreas Tappeiner, In seinem Leben und Wirken, Druck von Eduard Janschitz (Marburg, 1868)) ^asopis za humanisti~ne in dru`boslovne {tudije Humanities and Social Studies Review istorica H 2013 tudia S 1 S tudia Historica S lovenica Studia Historica Slovenica Časopis za humanistične in družboslovne študije Humanities and Social Studies Review letnik 13 (2013), št.
    [Show full text]
  • The Domestic Politics of the Bethlen Government, 1921-1925
    The Domestic Politics of the Bethlen Government, 1921-1925 Thomas Lorman PhD thesis, September 2001 SSEES, London ProQuest Number: U642144 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642144 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis does not seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the first five years of the premiership of Istvan Bethlen. Instead, each of its six chapters deals with a specific question relating to the operation of his government, and from these general conclusions can be drawn. It begins with a short introduction relating to Bethlen’s background and Hungary in 1921. This thesis will also discuss the sources that the research is based upon. The first chapter analyses Bethlen’s relationship with the parties that initially supported his government and his attempt to create a ‘Unified Party’. The second chapter examines the way he sought to normalize relations with the Magyarorszagi Szociâldemokrata Part, (MSZDP), (Hungarian Social Democratic Party), break their election boycott and bring them back into the fold of parliamentary life prior to the 1922 elections.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerating Patterns of Anti-Roma Violence in Hungary
    Accelerating Patterns of Anti-Roma Violence in Hungary Boston, February 2014 A Report from the François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard University 1 Table of Contents About the FXB Center at Harvard ............................................................................................................ 4 Report Contributors .................................................................................................................................. 6 Glossary/Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ 6 1. Executive summary and recommendations ................................................................................... 7 2. The work of the FXB Center to promote Roma rights ................................................................ 11 3. Methodology of the report ........................................................................................................... 12 4. Political landscape and demographics of Roma in Hungary ....................................................... 13 Political Landscape ...................................................................................................................... 13 Demographics of the Roma in Hungary ...................................................................................... 13 5. Findings ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • With Its Very First Issue on Beginnings?
    Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2021 Series in Human Sciences and Arts Another Journal? In Humanities and Social Sciences? With its very first issue on Beginnings? E-mail: [email protected] The people who embarked on this adventure on a mellow, sunny day, in September 2020, probably didn’t know what to expect. On the other hand, their expectations were high, but they couldn’t predict what kind of jobs were going to get, to assume and perform. They were already wearing masks, hoping to get rid of them in not so a distant future, and, of course, they maintained the social distance. ‘‘I would suggest meeting in the lobby”, one of them had written a couple of days before, and there they were, each sitting at a different table in that more than generous space of the new building at Partium Christian University. An emerging team, a sketch, a concept, P’Arts’Hum. Their first meeting was also going to be the last of its type, i.e. face to face behind masks. From then on, emails would be written, ideas and opinions would be exchanged in a frenzy, video meetings would be called or even adjourned, sometimes. Some of them would navigate the internet, trying to cover its minefields while checking for specific information, others would work with IT specialists and web designers, in the hope of finding and creating that out of the box image that would ensure the new journal its iconicity. And almost all of them would send messages to people they had previously met at various academic events, people they liked and trusted and who would give their enterprise the credits they thought it deserved.
    [Show full text]
  • FH-Nations in Transit
    Hungary By Dániel Hegedüs Capital: Budapest Population: 9.82 million GNI/capita, PPP: $25,360 Source: World Bank World Development Indicators. Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Democratic 2.50 2.50 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.75 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 Governance Electoral Process 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.25 Civil Society 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.25 2.50 2.50 2.75 3.00 Independent Media 2.50 2.75 3.25 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.75 3.75 4.25 4.50 Local Democratic 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Governance Judicial Framework and 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.75 2.50 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.00 3.00 Independence Corruption 3.25 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.75 3.75 4.00 4.50 4.75 Democracy Score 2.29 2.39 2.61 2.86 2.89 2.96 3.18 3.29 3.54 3.71 NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. If consensus cannot be reached, Freedom House is responsible for the final ratings. The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Politics in 2017
    in 2017 1 in 2017 2 Economy and society 3 Table of contents Introduction / 5 The Hungarian The Hungarian 1 government in 2017 4 economy in 2017 1.1 | The government’s carrots: issues 4.1 | General overview and policies behind the stable lead of of the Hungarian economy / 47 Fidesz / 9 4.2 | Social reality / 53 1.2 | The strategic dilemmas of the governing party before 4.3 | Outlook on the Hungarian the elections / 15 economy in 2018 / 56 1.3 | Outlook on the Hungarian government’s prospects in 2018 / 19 The Hungarian The Hungarian 2 opposition in 2017 5 society in 2017 2.1 | The state of the left 5.1 | Media landscape before battle / 61 before election / 22 Hungarian Politics in 2017 5.2 | Attack on CEU and a vision of 2.2 | Jobbik: squeezed between an open society / 67 Fidesz and a hard place / 26 © Copyright 2018, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and Policy Solutions 5.3 | Fidesz’s war on the NGOs 2.3 | Outlook on the Hungarian – Round two / 71 opposition in 2018 / 31 5.4 | Outlook on the Hungarian Publisher Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and Policy Solutions, Budapest society in 2018 / 74 Editor András Bíró-Nagy | Co-director, Policy Solutions, Research Fellow, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA TK PTI) Hungary’s place Main author Gábor Győri | Senior Analyst, Policy Solutions 3 in the world in 2017 Contributing authors András Bíró-Nagy, Miklós Sebők | Research Fellow, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA TK PTI) Conclusion / 76 3.1 | Hungary’s European relations Design Ferling | Adrienn Kovács – an overview / 35 Photos MTI Fotóbank, Shutterstock 3.2 | Hungary in the Printing Innovariant Printing Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Nagyvárad at the Beginning of Parliamentarism: the Political Weight and the Role of the Town in the Hungarian House of Representatives 1867−19181
    Vol. 1, No. 1, June 2021 Series in Human Sciences and Arts https://doi.org/10.52885/pah.v1i1.16 Nagyvárad at the Beginning of Parliamentarism: The Political Weight and the Role of the Town in the Hungarian House of Representatives 1867−19181 ÁKOS SZENDREI Affiliation: University of Debrecen, Hungary Department of History E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: In the final decades of the 19th century Nagyvárad became a progressive, dominant town in the Austro-Hungarian Empire’s Kingdom of Hungary. The town’s prosperity overlapped with the emergence of the Hungarian civil institutional system, the founding of modern parliamentarism. The question is whether the town played a role in the new Hungarian House of Representatives in proportion to its weight or not. To what extent did Nagyvárad have the opportunity to be represented in accordance with its interests? The study reviews the role of Nagyvárad in the House of Representatives from two perspectives. The first is that the city is represented by only one person in the House of Representatives consisting of 413 (later 415) members. We examine to what extent Nagyvárad stands out from the other towns with a single mandate (Arad, Temesvár, Hódmezővásárhely, Kassa, Pécs, Győr, etc.) and to what extent it would fit with towns with several mandates (Debrecen, Kolozsvár, Miskolc, Marosvásárhely, Brassó, Nagyszeben, etc.). In the second half of the study, we examine the individual weight, party affiliation, and quality of individuals representing the town. We find an answer to the question of whether Nagyvárad belonged to the ranks of pro-government or rather opposition towns.
    [Show full text]
  • Parliamentary Elections in Eastern Hungary and Transylvania (1865–1918)
    Judit Pál, Vlad Popovici, Andrea Fehér, Ovidiu Emil Iudean (eds.) Szilárd Ferenczi, Edina Gál, Sandra Hirsch, Alexandru Onojescu (collaborators for data collection) Parliamentary Elections in Eastern Hungary and Transylvania (1865–1918) Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available online at http://dnb.d‐nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. This book was published within the framework of the project CNCS‐UEFISCDI PN‐II‐PCE‐2011‐3‐0040 (The Political Elite from Transylvania 1867–1918) English translation: Adina Pop‐Coman Cover image: Rajz az országgyűlésből (Drawing from the Parliament), Vasárnapi Újság, 15 (1868), no. 48, 29 November, p. 577, courtesy of ‘Lucian Blaga’ University Library in Cluj‐Napoca Cover Design: © Olaf Gloeckler, Atelier Platen, Friedberg ISBN 978‐3‐631‐69731‐3 (Print) ∙ E‐ISBN 978‐3‐631‐76259‐2 (E‐PDF) E‐ISBN 978‐3‐631‐76260‐8 (EPUB) ∙ E‐ISBN 978‐3‐631‐76261‐5 (MOBI) DOI 10.3726/ © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Berlin 2018 All rights reserved. Peter Lang – Berlin ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Table of Contents A.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations
    Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations Edited by Zoltán Kaposi, Virág Rab Studies on Economic and Social History from Southern Transdanubia I. Studies on Economic and Social History from Southern Transdanubia I. Series Editors: Zoltán Kaposi, Virág Rab Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations Edited by Zoltán Kaposi, Virág Rab Working Group of Economic and Social History Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs Published in 2021 by Working Group of Economic and Social History Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs Jurisics M. utca 44, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary Telefon: +36 72 512-620 E-mail: [email protected] Website: https://tab.mta.hu/pecsi-teruleti-bizottsag/ Responsible for Publishing: Zoltán Kaposi, Virág Rab Responsible for Editing: Zoltán Kaposi, Virág Rab Revisers: Zoltán Raffay Zoltán Kaposi Szabolcs Kaposi Virág Rab Layout editor: Róbert Acél DOI 10.15170/SESHST-01 ISBN 978-963-429-628-7 ISSN 2732-3048 Cover image: Alsónyíres Alcohol Factory and Distillery at the Beginning of the 20th Century, in Dezső Csánki (ed.), Magyarország vármegyéi és városai 17. Somogy, pp. 310. Published by Országos Monografia Társaság, Budapest, 1914. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the permission of the Publisher. The book was supported by the Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs and the Southern Transdanubia Committee of the Hungarian Historical Society. Table of Contents
    [Show full text]