DOCSLIB.ORG

Biological Psychology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biological Psychology Biological Psychology Managing Editor: Malcolm Lader Co-Editor: Peter Venables Volume 15,1982 NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM Biological Psychology 15 (1982) 151-169 151 North-Holland Publishing Company COVARIATION AND CONSISTENCY OF ACTIVATION PARAMETERS Jochen FA HREN BERG and Friedrich FOF.RSTER Freiburg University, D-7800 Freiburg, F.R.G. Accepted for publication 7 June 1982 Individual differences in activation processes, as well as the consistency and predictability of these differences, constitute a classical issue eliciting much theoretical discussion in this field and as such poses an essential question for any practical application of psychophysiological methods. A typical activation experiment assessing 125 male students on four self-report and 21 physiological measures under five conditions (rest, mental arithmetic, interview, anticipation and blood taking) was performed supplying an empirical basis for a multivariate analysis. A partition of covariance, factor analyses, item analyses and scale construction procedures as well as models engaging an increasing number of components were used to study the covariation and consistency of these activation parameters. Several biometric problems that are generally thought to complicate the evaluation of such data (i.e. non-linear relations, the problem of initial values, differing sensibility curves of physiological response systems, individual response specificities) are considered and tested empirically. Findings suggest that the use of a single variable or a composite measure as an 'indicator' of individual differences in state or reaction aspects of activation is inadequate, due to empirical inconsistency and the lack of predictability between functional subsystems. A multicomponent model or a set of marker variables , having empirically derived discriminative efficiency as well as reliability estimates, seem to be preferable. 1. Introduction The covariation of activation parameters is one of the classical issues in psychophysiology and as such has been the subject matter of several studies and critical reviews (Duffy, 1972; Wenger and Cullen, 1972; Lader, 1975; Haynes and Wilson, 1979; Myrtek, 1980; Fahrenberg, 1982). Although there is a broad agreement as to the generally low common variance in psychophysio- logical measures, the consequences regarding methodology and applied psy- chophysiology seem to be less clear. While there is little support for an unidimensional continuum of activation this theoretical construct continues to * Requests for reprints should be addressed to Jochen Fahrenberg, Forschungsgruppe Psycho- physiologie, Universitat Freiburg, Schillhof 5, D-7800 Freiburg, F.R.G. 0301-05 ll/82/0000-0000/$02.75 © 1982 North-Holland 152 J. Fahrenberg and F. Foerster / Consistency of activation 153 J. Fahrenberg and F. Foerster / Consistency of activation be viable and is widely used in present day psychophysiology. Many contribu- Rest phase 1 (recording 120 sec). tors refer explicitly, or at least implicitly, to such concepts like activation or Mental arithmetic 1 (recording 120 sec). for instance arousal and many experimenters tend to suggest that, , a single Interview (four recordings of 30 sec each before subject spoke). parameter of electrodermal activity or of heart rate change is not of interest per M'ental arithmetic 2 (recording 120 sec, replication of the task using a parallel se but could be viewed as an indicator of such theoretical constructs. In form). univariate experimentation analysis of variance designs have been primarily Anticipation of blood sample taking (recording 60 sec). applied focusing on main effects, thus avoiding the basic problem of covaria- Blood taking (recording 60 sec). tion and consistency of activation parameters. Such problems are, however, Rest phase 2 (recording 120 sec). unavoidable as soon as individual differences are correlated or predicted in Self-ratings of the subject's state in Rest phase 1 were obtained at the end of practical application of psychophysiological methods, particularly when a ' 'alert' ' that phase by six Likert-type scales: , tense', perceived 'heart rate , multimodal assessment of complex treatment effects is undertaken. 'muscular tension' 'irritated' perceived , , subjective evaluation of the experiment Concerning the covariation problem, a large number of studies have been conducted, most of them itself as to whether it was 'meaningful' or not. After each preceding phase the , however, applying small-scale analyses with very subjects were asked to estimate their state change with Rest phase 1 as a limited samples of subjects and variables. Moreover in this field there has been a neglect in the use of those concepts and multivariate procedures that are reference point, using a 21 step verbally anchored graphic rating scale (0 = being familiar in differential psychology and that have proved useful in the construc- unchanged, ± 10 being the highest possible increase or decrease respectively). Polygraph recordings were obtained in 10 channels: electrocardiogram tion of psychological tests (i.e. concepts of item analysis, internal consistency, partition of covariance in a four-modal data box - subjects, variables, condi- ECG, finger plethysmogram, electrodermal activity EDA, pneumogram, elec- tions, replications of particular conditions - and factor analysis) to obtain tromyogram F.MCJ (forehead and extensor digitorum), eye movement and blink activity, electroencephalogram EEG (02-P4), finger temperature, and an communality estimates and dimensionality of complex data sets. The present multivariate study is designed: (1) to provide a sufficient intermittent noninvasive blood pressure recording. Detailed information about empirical basis as to the covariation and consistency of activation parameters; procedure, recording technique, automatic parameter abstraction by means of and (2) to assess the appropriateness of an unidimensional as compared to a specially developed computer software, and scoring has been reported elsewhere (Fahrenberg et al. 1979, 1982). multicomponent model of activation processes. Altogether six psychological (self-report) variables of the activation process being considered here and 161 physiological parameters were obtained com- 2 . Methods prising the primary item pool. This large number of parameters has been derived because: (1) some parameters have been arithmetically derived from 2.1. Procedure primary measurement, e.g. pulse wave velocity (i?-wave of the ECG and finger pulse); (2) special parameters from EEG and EDA recordings have been included for exploratory purposes; and (3) several variability measures were The empirical data are taken from a typical activation experiment consider- ing a broad spectrum of dependent variables under various stimulus condi- used. The general intention aimed at providing a broad spectrum of parame- tions. The present experiment has been designed to determine whether individ- ters, though many of these may be rather unfamiliar to most researchers in this ual differences in activation state and activation reaction can be reliably field, and subsequently applying a strict empirical selection procedure to this predicted from five dispositional variables. Since this investigation has been primary item pool, thus yielding a set of relevant variables. reported elsewhere (Fahrenberg, Walschburger, Foerster, Myrtek and Miiller, 2.2. Selection of activation parameters 1979, 1982) an abbreviated summary of the procedures may suffice. Male student volunteer subjects (jV= 125) took part in a study comprising: (1) An empirically based rational selection procedure was applied to reduce the personality assessment by paper and pencil tests; (2) cardiovascular assess- primary item pool. In order to be defined as an activation variable a particular ment; and (3) a typical activation experiment, subjects being randomly as- variable should meet the following criteria: signed to two different instruction sets. Self-report data and physioligical (1) Using a two-way ANOVA-design (subjects, conditions) both the subject recordings were obtained for each of the following conditions which were and the condition effects should be significant at the p" 0.05 level for the presented in identical order to obtain comparable results: given variable. /. Fahrenberg and F. Foerster / Consistency of activation 155 /. Fahrenberg and F. Foerster / Consistency of activation (2) At least two experimental conditions should be discriminated signifi- cantly from Rest phase 1 by that variable (Scheffe tests). (3) The short-term stability coefficient, used as a reliability estimate by comparing Mental arithmetic 1 and Mental arithmetic 2 (about 20 min later) should be r > 0.60. u (4) There should be no extreme anomalies in the distributions (i.e. skewness <3.0 and kurtosis ' 10.0 during Rest phase 1 and Mental Arithmetic 1); use oor iLnc or-o - of data transformations (e.g. McCall's transformation), basically would not oooooodo oooooooo ooooooooo solve such problems since the entire data set must be subjected to transforma- tion, and still, extreme anomalies in distribution could occur for the one or the other experimental condition. y w « (5) There should be no substantial redundancy of this variable when " f i s c x x > fl X c C/2 \ 3 3 3 compared to other parameters of the same recording channel or functional / a 11 . a. U . ' " " X E a. i " e3 rt 3 o - - system respectively, i.e. the coefficient rws < 0.70 (see below for partition of o o o o S E S S 2 d =? 9 d
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ambulatory Assessment: Issues and Perspectives
    Ambulatory assessment: Issues and perspectives Chapter (pp. 3 – 20) In: Fahrenberg, J. & Myrtek, M. (Eds.). (1996). Ambulatory Assessment: Computer- assisted Psychological and Psychophysiological Methods in Monitoring and Field Studies. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe and Huber. Jochen Fahrenberg University of Freiburg i. Br., Germany Introduction Ambulatory assessment designates a new orientation in behavioral and psychophysiologi- cal assessment. Since this approach relates to everyday life (“naturalistic” observation), the ecological validity of research findings is claimed and, consequently, a suitability for application. Individual differences in behavior and physiology as well as behavior disorders are investigated in real-life situations where relevant behavior can be much more effec- tively studied than in the artificial environment of laboratory research. Such aims and concepts are not entirely new, but recently developed computer-assisted methods in ambulatory monitoring and field studies constitute a new methodology in psy- chology and psychophysiology. The present research is still primarily concerned with methodological issues and conducting pilot studies to explore the potentialities and limita- tions of ambulatory data acquisition in various domains. However, an increasing number of substantial research findings exist, some of which challenge theoretical positions that were attained based on laboratory observation. Ambulatory assessment originated from a number of previously rather independent re- search orientations with specific objectives: Clinical (bedside) monitoring was introduced as means of continuously observing of a patient’s vital functions, e.g., respiratory and cardiovascular parameters under anesthesia, during intensive care and in perinatal condition. If relevant changes occur, i.e., if certain critical values are exceeded, an alarm is set off. Such monitoring is an essential part of biomedical instrumentation in hospitals.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS of EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Edited by John A
    PERSPECTIVES ON INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES CECIL R. REYNOLDS, Texas A&M Universih/, College Station ROBERT T. BROWN, Universih/ of North Carolina, Wilmington DETERMINANTS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Factors Edited by Mark Galizio and Stephen A. Maisto Personality HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Edited by John A. Glover and Royce R. Ronning Dimensions THE INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT AND SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY Edited by Jaan Valsiner and Arousal THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES A Developmental Perspective Edited by Lawrence C. Hartlage and Cathy F. Telzrow PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Edited by A Natural Science Approach Hans J. Eysenck and Michael W. Eysenck JAN STRELAU PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND AROUSAL University of Warsaw Edited by Jan Strelau and Hans J. Eysenck Warsaw, Poland PERSPECTIVES ON BIAS IN MENTAL TESTING and Edited by Cecil R. Reynolds and Robert T. Brown HANS J. EYSENCK THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY Institute of Psychiatry Edited by Hans J. Eysenck and Irene Martin University of London London, England A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further informa- tion please contact the publisher. Plenum Press . New York and London CHAPTER 5 Concepts of Activation and Arousal in the Theory of Emotionality (Neuroticism) A Multivariate Conceptualization JOCHEN FAHRENBERG INTRODUCTION Autonomic arousal and cortical arousal are essential concepts in Ey- senck's theory of personality because individual differences in these functions are related to the well-known dimensions of emotionality (neuroticism) and extraversion-introversion. Psychophysiological per- sonality research has been strongly influenced by these postulates, al- though autonomic and cortical arousal are theoretical constructs that still lack consistent operationalizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Personality Psychology: Lexical Approaches, Assessment Methods, and Trait Concepts Reveal Only Half of the Story—Why It Is Time for a Paradigm Shift
    Integr Psych Behav (2013) 47:1–55 DOI 10.1007/s12124-013-9230-6 REGULAR ARTICLE Personality Psychology: Lexical Approaches, Assessment Methods, and Trait Concepts Reveal Only Half of the Story—Why it is Time for a Paradigm Shift Jana Uher Published online: 8 February 2013 # The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract This article develops a comprehensive philosophy-of-science for person- ality psychology that goes far beyond the scope of the lexical approaches, assessment methods, and trait concepts that currently prevail. One of the field’s most important guiding scientific assumptions, the lexical hypothesis, is analysed from meta- theoretical viewpoints to reveal that it explicitly describes two sets of phenomena that must be clearly differentiated: 1) lexical repertoires and the representations that they encode and 2) the kinds of phenomena that are represented. Thus far, personality psychologists largely explored only the former, but have seriously neglected studying the latter. Meta-theoretical analyses of these different kinds of phenomena and their distinct natures, commonalities, differences, and interrelations reveal that personality psychology’s focus on lexical approaches, assessment methods, and trait concepts entails a) erroneous meta-theoretical assumptions about what the phenomena being studied actually are, and thus how they can be analysed and interpreted, b) that contemporary personality psychology is largely based on everyday psychological knowledge, and c) a fundamental circularity in the scientific explanations used in trait psychology. These findings seriously challenge the widespread assumptions about the causal and universal status of the phenomena described by prominent personality models. The current state of knowledge about the lexical hypothesis is reviewed, and implications for personality psychology are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ballesteros-A 1..128
    A A ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION THE IMPORTANCE OF ACHIEVEMENT part of the motivation process responsible for MOTIVATION the translation of motivation into action is often called the volitional phase in the control Human life can be described as a continuous work of behaviour (Heckhausen, 1989); during this at tasks. Individuals may or may not be successful phase, goal-oriented action turns into outcomes in facing these tasks. The psychology of achieve- controlled by the degree of goal commitment. ment motivation is engaged to run research projects Goal commitment affects the way persons choose aiming at a better understanding of individual to reach their goals and the selection of strategies performance and the nature of human resources they pursue (Brandtsta¨dter & Renner, 1990). as well as at the development of assessment and Examples for such strategies are to pursue intervention techniques to increase achievement a goal persistently even in case of hindrances or motivation. Tasks in industrial settings and in to adapt flexibly to changing aspects of the service organizations become more and more situation. The translation process works better complex and underlie dynamic changes arising when more specific and concrete goals are set, from changing market demands. To keep indivi- the higher the goal commitment the more duals highly achievement motivated while doing effective the chosen strategies of goal pursuit their jobs, tasks have to be designed with high (Vroom, 1964; Locke & Latham, 1990; Kleinbeck, motivating potentials. in press). From a motivational perspective the action A goal-oriented course of action immune to process is divided into two parts. The first part disturbances is especially supported by specific describes the development of achievement motiva- and concrete goals (goal characteristics; tion as a consequence of a fit between the Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • The 50 Most Influential Psychologists in the World 1
    Taken from : https://thebestschools.org/features/most-influential-psychologists-world/ The Taos Institute’s co-founder and board president, Kenneth J. Gergen, PhD is featured in this article. (#19 on page 30 in alpha oder) ⁂ The 50 Most Influential Psychologists in the World 1. John R. Anderson | Cognitive Psychology Anderson was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1947. He received his bachelor’s degree from the University of British Columbia in 1968, and his PhD in psychology from Stanford University in 1972. Today, he is Professor of Psychology (with a joint appointment in Computer Science) at Carnegie Mellon University. Anderson is a pioneer in the use of computers to model the “architecture” of the human mind, an approach known as “rational analysis.” He is perhaps best known for his ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational) proposal regarding the hypothetical computational structures underlying human general intelligence. Anderson also engaged in careful experimental studies, using fMRI technology, in an effort to provide empirical support for his theoretical models. Out this work came a number of insights now considered basic to cognitive science, such as, notably, the stage theory of problem-solving (encoding, planning, solving, and response stages), and the decomposition theory of learning (breaking down a problem into more-manageable components, also known as chunking). In his path-breaking early work, Anderson collaborated with Herbert Simon and other giants in the history of cognitive science. In more recent years, he has been involved in the development of intelligent tutoring systems. The author or co-author of over 320 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and the author, co-author, or editor of six highly influential books, Anderson has received numerous awards, grants, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees.
    [Show full text]
  • Anna Lux, Sylvia Paletschek (Hrsg.) Okkultismus Im Gehäuse Okkulte Moderne
    Anna Lux, Sylvia Paletschek (Hrsg.) Okkultismus im Gehäuse Okkulte Moderne Beiträge zur Nichthegemonialen Innovation Herausgegeben von Christian Kassung, Sylvia Paletschek, Erhard Schüttpelz und Helmut Zander Band 3 Okkultismus im Gehäuse Institutionalisierungen der Parapsychologie im 20. Jahrhundert im internationalen Vergleich Herausgegeben von Anna Lux und Sylvia Paletschek Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. ISBN 978-3-11-046376-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-046663-8 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-046451-1 ISSN 2366-9179 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Titelbild: Joseph B. Rhine and female test subject. Bereitgestellt von den University Archives der Duke University Durham, N.C. (Photograph Collection, box 25, UAPC-025-044-002). Druck und Bindung: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Inhalt Anna Lux, Sylvia Paletschek Institutionalisierung und Parapsychologie Eine Hinführung 1 Ulrich Linse Klassische Orte parapsychologischer Wissensproduktion im Fin de Siècle und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts Albert von Schrenck-Notzing und sein Münchner Kreiszwischen Salon, Labor und Bühne 37
    [Show full text]
  • (GRO-Skala) Günter Krampen
    © F. Enke Verlag Stuttgart Zeitschrift Für Soziologie, Jg. 8, Heft 3, Juli 1979, S. 254 - 266 Eine Skala zur Messung der normativen Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierung (GRO-Skala) Günter Krampen Fachbereich Erziehungs- und Kulturwissenschaften der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Lehrstuhl für Psychologie I Regensburger Straße 160, D-8500 Nürnberg Zusammenfassung: Die deutschsprachige Version einer Skala zur Messung der normativen Geschlechts­ rollen-Orientierung (GRO-Skala) wird vorgelegt. Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierungen werden als die normativen Kon­ zeptionen eines Individuums über angemessenes Verhalten von Frauen und Männern definiert. Die Skafa wurde in ei­ ner Stichprobe von N = 151 Personen eingesetzt. Item-Charakteristika, Testhalbierungszuverlässigkeit und interne Konsistenz sprechen für die Tauglichkeit der Skala. Die GRO-Skala steht in Beziehungen zum Geschlecht, Alter und der Religionszugehörigkeit der Personen; Alkoholiker haben traditionellere Geschlechtsrollen-Orientierungen als sonstige Personen (differentielle Validität). Die Konstruktvalidität wurde konvergent und faktoriell abgesichert. Ge­ schlechtsrollen-Orientierungen stehen in Relation zu Faschismus, Rigidität, Konservatismus und externalen Kontroll- überzeugungen. Abschließend wird auf Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der pädagogisch-psychologischen und sozial- psychologischen Forschung eingegangen. 1. Grundlagen der GRO-Skala Datenerhebung jedoch das Geschlecht der Unter­ suchungspersonen (Upn) nur als biologische Va­ In vielen soziologischen und sozialpsychologi­ riable erfaßt,
    [Show full text]
  • Individual Behavioral Phenotypes: an Integrative Meta-Theoretical Framework
    Jana Uher Individual behavioral phenotypes: an integrative meta-theoretical framework. Why “behavioral syndromes” are not analogs of “personality” Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Uher, Jana (2011) Individual behavioral phenotypes: an integrative meta-theoretical framework. Why “behavioral syndromes” are not analogs of “personality”. Developmental Psychobiology, 53 (6). pp. 521-548. ISSN 0012-1630 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20544 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/63585/ Available in LSE Research Online: September 2015 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Uher, J. (2011). Individual behavioral phenotypes: An integrative meta-theoretical framework. Why 'behavioral syndromes' are not analogues of 'personality'. Developmental Psychobiology, 53 , 521–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.20544 REPRINT Original Article Individual behavioral phenotypes: An integrative meta-theoretical framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Wilhelm Wundt
    Wilhelm Wundt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm Wundt in 1902 Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 16 August 1832 Born Neckarau near Mannheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Confederation 31 August 1920 (aged 88) [1] Died Großbothen, Saxony, Germany Residence Germany Nationality German Experimental psychology, Culture and Fields Psychology, Philosophy, Physiology Institutions University of Leipzig University of Heidelberg Alma mater (MD, 1856) Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Nerven in entzündeten und Thesis degenerierten Organen (Research of the Behaviour of Nerves in Burned and Degenerating Organs) (1856) 1 Doctoral advisor Karl Ewald Hasse Other academic Hermann von Helmholtz advisors Johannes Peter Müller Oswald Külpe, Hugo Münsterberg, James McKeen Cattell, G. Stanley Doctoral students Hall, Edward B. Titchener, Lightner Witmer Experimental psychology Cultural Psychology Known for Structuralism Apperception Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Immanuel Influences Kant, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Johann Friedrich Herbart Influenced Emil Kraepelin, Sigmund Freud Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from philosophy and biology, was the first person ever to call himself a psychologist.[2] He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology".[3][4] In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Leibniz on Wundt's Central Theories
    e-Journal THE INFLUENCE OF GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ ON THE Philosophie der PSYCHOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY, AND ETHICS OF WILHELM WUNDT* Psychologie JOCHEN FAHRENBERG Abstract Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716) is regarded as the most important German philosopher and universal thinker between scholasticism and Immanuel Kant. Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920) was a neurophysiologist, psychologist and philosopher. He is internationally known as the founder of experimental psychology and the first to build a laboratory with an explicit research program. Leibniz's essential influence on Wundt's thinking, so far, is not thoroughly examined. In the preface to his Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, Wundt refers to Immanuel Kant and Johann Friedrich Herbart being the most influential in shaping his philosophical standpoints. Taking this lead, however, it is noticeable that Wundt's attitude is mostly critical, especially regarding Herbart. In comparison, Leibniz's impact is essential and constructive in forming Wundt's psychology, philosophy, epistemology, and ethics. This influence is obvious in Wundt's essay on Leibniz in 1917 and from a number of basic concepts, terms, and epistemological principles in Wundt's work. Furthermore, Leibniz's perspectivism was formative to Wundt's cognitive style. The present contribution refers to four basic postulates in Leibniz's thinking: the Law of Continuity, the Principle of Harmony, the Principles of Individuality and of Autonomous Activity; and the main part includes 10 issues or sections: (1) Monads and
    [Show full text]
  • Geschichte Des Instituts Für Psychologie in Freiburg Von Der Vorgeschichte Der Psychologie Bis Ca
    Geschichte des Instituts für Psychologie in Freiburg von der Vorgeschichte der Psychologie bis ca. 2000 Das Wort psychologia wurde in Freiburg geprägt. Als älteste gedruckte Quelle für das Wort psychologia gilt die Schrift Quaestiones Logicae & Ethicae (1574) des Freiburger Uni- versitätsprofessors Johannes Thomas Freigius (1543-1583). An der 1457 gegründeten Universität lehrte Freigius spät-scholastische Philosophie, die sich an Aristoteles orientierte. Dessen Werk Peri psyches (De anima) ist die wichtigste Darstellung psychologischer Themen in der Antike. Das Buch von Freigius über Fragen der Logik und Ethik (gedruckt 1574 in Basel von Henric Petri) enthält viele Themen, die heute der Psychologie zugeordnet werden. In der Wissenschaftsgeschichte wird psychologia gelegentlich auf Marcus Marulus, der ca. 1450-1524 in Split (heutiges Kroatien) lebte, zurückgeführt, doch ist nur ein Buchtitel überliefert und eine primäre Quelle ist nicht erhalten (Luccio, 2013). Das Institut für Psychologie der Universität Freiburg wurde 1943/44 mit der Berufung von Robert Heiß auf den neuen Lehrstuhl für Psychologie und Philosophie und mit der Einführung der Prüfungsordnung für Diplom-Psychologen gegründet. Wenn jedoch die Einrichtung eines Labors für experimentelle Psychologie durch Hugo Münsterberg und die regelmäßige Zuweisung staatlicher Mittel von 200 Goldmark jährlich seit dem Jahr 1889 als Kriterium dienen, ist die Freiburger Einrichtung wesentlich älter und bildet nach Leipzig, Berlin und Göttingen die vierte Gründung in Deutschland (die achte weltweit). Aber die Freiburger Psychologie hat eine noch längere Vorgeschichte. Sie reicht zurück zu drei weithin bekannten Gelehrten, die hier tätig waren, wenn auch nur wenige Jahre: der große Kirchenlehrer des hohen Mittelalters und Interpret des Aristoteles Albertus Magnus (um 1200 bis 1280), der Verfasser der ersten gedruckten Enzyklopädie im deutschen Sprachraum Gregor Reisch (1470 bis 1525) und der berühmte Humanist Erasmus von Rotterdam (um 1467 bis 1536).
    [Show full text]
  • 1/50 Developing "Personality" Taxonomies: Metatheoretical And
    Uher, J. (2015b). Developing "personality" taxonomies: Metatheoretical and methodological rationales underlying selection approaches, methods of data generation and reduction principles. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 49, 531- 589 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12124-014-9280-4 REPRINT Original Article Developing "personality" taxonomies: Metatheoretical and methodological rationales underlying selection approaches, methods of data generation and reduction principles Jana Uher 1,2 * 1 The London School of Economics and Political Science; 2 Comparative Differential and Personality Psychology, Free University Berlin * Correspondence: The London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Psychology, St Clements Building, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Taxonomic “personality” models are widely used in research and applied fields. This article applies the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) to scrutinise the three methodological steps that are required for developing comprehensive “personality” taxonomies: 1) the approaches used to select the phenomena and events to be studied, 2) the methods used to generate data about the selected phenomena and events and 3) the reduction principles used to extract the “most important” individual-specific variations for constructing “personality” taxonomies. Analyses of some currently popular taxonomies reveal frequent mismatches between the researchers’ explicit and
    [Show full text]