DOCSLIB.ORG

ITALY Powerpoint 2-10.Pptx

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ITALY Powerpoint 2-10.Pptx 2/10/12 I. Disaster Italian neighbors aack aer defeat: • July 18th 390 BC, Bale of Allia and Gallic Sack • Aequi, Volscians, and Etruscans • but 115 yrs later: 275 BC Rome is mistress of Italy • 800 years (410 AD) before another foreigner enters Rome in arms • HOW? RecoVery Army reform • Abandon hoplite phalanX with long spears 1 2/10/12 • Instead: The ‘PoIybian” Legion – throwing spears – The consular army battle short swords deployed for $ – long shield There were two legions in the full consular army, as well as two aloe (contingents of allied soldiers), and two units of cavalry $4 One maniple, the basic tactics • New tac[cal units: unit of the army, containing 120 men. Every maniple consisted of two centuries of 60 men, each with its own centurion, standardbearer and optio There were ten maniples in 1 legion = 30 maniples each of the three lines of the legion 1 maniple = 2 centuries Gaps equal to the frontage of a maintained between The triorii, at the rear, unit were recruited from the oldest, each of the maniples in a line most experienced soldiers. There were only 60 men in each triarii maniple //i/ The principes, formed from men in their 20s and 30s, The hastati, formed from 1 century = 60 men considered to be in the younger men. At the front, prime of life they faced the enemy first 0 • FleXible and deadly (5, II. EXpansion 390-275 BC 2. Samnites: Italian mountain tribe • Three Samnite Wars Three main areas of eXpansion 1st war (343-41): 1: Lans Capua appeals to Rome • 493: Treaty w. Lan League (30 communi[es) 2nd war (326-304): Foedus Cassianum Greeks in Naples appeal • 340-338 Lan War to Rome 3rd war (198-290): • 338: supremacy in central Italy Lucanians appeal to Rome • Divide and Rule: each state has sep. agreement • now with Rome. Forget Lan League! Bale of Sennum 295 • Surround and Absorb 2 2/10/12 3. Greeks from Mainland III. Atude toward Enemies • • Tarentum and King Pyrrhus of Epirus Hos.s = both stranger and enemy • • 280 Heraclea Domes[c and foreign affairs: • 279 Ausculum domi mili.aeque = “at home and away at war” – Pyrrhic • AggressiVe atude: • Nego[aons? – Neutrals not respected. Either with or against... – But loyal friends rewarded • 276 BeneVentum – Always clear dis[nc[on between enemy and ally Star[ng a war DefensiVe Imperialism • A Religious EVent Cicero On the Republic Rules: • “Those wars are unjust which are undertaken • 1. Rome injured party without proVocaon. For only a war waged • 2. Fe.ales (fe[al priests): demand reparaon for reVenge or defense can actually be just.” • • 3. Centuriate assembly declares a “just war” “No war is considered just unless it has been proclaimed and declared, or unless reparaon iustum piumque bellum has been demanded.” • 4. Boundaries and bloody spear • “But our people by defending their allies haVe (Temple of Bellona) gained dominion oVer the whole world.” 3 2/10/12 The defeated How Rome was different: • Uncondi[onal surrender: dedio in fidem • Unjus[fied war is immoral “surrender to good faith of Romans” • Nego[aon and neutrality incomprehensible • Romans usually demanded: – Monetary compensaon • EXample: East meets West – Treaty of mutual alliance 168 BC: An[ochus IV (Syria), Ptolemy VI (Egypt) – Maybe confiscates some land and Popilius Laenas (Rome) But keep state of goVernment • Usually equitable treatment of conquered IV. Ci[zens Ci[zenship Rights • In 264 in Italy, either Roman ci[zen or ally • Public rights – But different leVels of each status possible – Vote + hold office • CiVic status used as weapon of control • PriVate rights – Conubium = marriage Two principles about Roman ci[zenship: – Commercium = commerce – Provoca.o = appeal • Extendable to worthy outsiders • Du[es: taXes and army • Divisible collec[on of indiVidual rights • Ager romanus 4 2/10/12 Colonies and other centers V. Allies 1. Roman Colonies (for Roman ci[zens): – 300 adult males + families • Socius (pl. socii) = ally (help fight, but no taXes) 2. Roman ci[zens also liVing in pagi = rural districts; • Three standard features of treaes with allies: vici = hamlets – No foreign policy; no alliance with any other state allowed Secondary type of ci[zenship: civitas sine suffragio = – Otherwise, internal autonomy • all du[es of cit., all priVate rights, but no VOTE – Clause promising to proVide aid in war. • LiVed in more autonomous townships called Allies proVided separate units called municipia AuXiliaries • carrot and s9ck Ci[zens and allies VI. Effects? 1) Socii nominis Lani = “allies of the Lan name” • 1. Security – MiX of Romans and Lans - Italy is patchwork of different statuses – LiVe in Lan colonies - DiVide and rule = no neighbors with – Founded in 338-180BC, ~ 200-600 adult men unified goals – Internal autonomy • 2. Colonial strategy: – PriVate Roman rights - Find land for landless more soldiers – Fight, but no taXes with property – Right of migraon to Rome, from socius to cizen - Colonies = outposts of Rome - Incen[Ves: 2) Civitates foederatae = “federated states” Rome uses range of possible alliances and --ordinary allies treaes with Rome as system of reward and foedus = treaty; different leVels of treaes punishment to help maintain empire. 5 2/10/12 Enter Hannibal…218 BC • Punic general, Hannibal, crosses alps into Italy • Looks good for him as he tries to tempt Rome’s allies to defect • 130 years before Lan League against Rome • 70 years before end of conflict with Sam + Etr • 50 years before war with Pyrrhus and Greeks • 216 Cannae: Hannibal crushes Roman legions • BUT… • Roman Italy held! 6 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iron Age and Roman Italy
    World Archaeology at the Pitt Rivers Museum: A Characterization edited by Dan Hicks and Alice Stevenson, Archaeopress 2013, page 336-357 16 Iron Age and Roman Italy Zena Kamash, Lucy Shipley, Yannis Galanakis and Stella Skaltsa 16.1 Introduction The Pitt Rivers Museum (PRM) holds c. 346 artefacts from Italy that are recorded as Iron Age or Roman in date. A further c. 302 artefacts are listed as ‘Roman’, but with no country of provenance. This chapter therefore presents a characterization of c. 648 artefacts, complementing the discussions of Iron Age and Roman material in the chapters on Egypt (Chapter 7), Europe (Chapter 11), the Aegean and Cyprus (Chapter 15), the Levant (Chapter 22) and South-West Asia (Chapter 23). After setting this collection in its geographic and temporal context (16.2), this chapter presents an overview of the collectors represented by the Iron Age and Roman Italian collections (16.3), with reference to the PRM founding collection (16.3.1), and the material collected by John Wickham Flower (16.3.2), Henry Balfour (16.3.3), Robert William Theodore Gunther (16.3.4), Anthony John Arkell (16.3.5), Walter Leo Hildburgh (16.3.6), and other collectors (16.3.7). The collections from Iron Age Italy are considered in section 16.4 by Lucy Shipley, Yannis Galanakis and Stella Skaltsa, with reference to the Etruscan collections (16.4.1) and the other Iron Age material from Italy (16.4.2). Collections from Roman Italy and unprovenanced Roman objects are considered by Zena Kamash in section 16.5, and brief conclusions are drawn in section 16.6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
    The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient People of Italy Before the Rise of Rome, Italy Was a Patchwork
    The Ancient People of Italy Before the rise of Rome, Italy was a patchwork of different cultures. Eventually they were all subsumed into Roman culture, but the cultural uniformity of Roman Italy erased what had once been a vast array of different peoples, cultures, languages, and civilizations. All these cultures existed before the Roman conquest of the Italian Peninsula, and unfortunately we know little about any of them before they caught the attention of Greek and Roman historians. Aside from a few inscriptions, most of what we know about the native people of Italy comes from Greek and Roman sources. Still, this information, combined with archaeological and linguistic information, gives us some idea about the peoples that once populated the Italian Peninsula. Italy was not isolated from the outside world, and neighboring people had much impact on its population. There were several foreign invasions of Italy during the period leading up to the Roman conquest that had important effects on the people of Italy. First there was the invasion of Alexander I of Epirus in 334 BC, which was followed by that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC. Hannibal of Carthage invaded Italy during the Second Punic War (218–203 BC) with the express purpose of convincing Rome’s allies to abandon her. After the war, Rome rearranged its relations with many of the native people of Italy, much influenced by which peoples had remained loyal and which had supported their Carthaginian enemies. The sides different peoples took in these wars had major impacts on their destinies. In 91 BC, many of the peoples of Italy rebelled against Rome in the Social War.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    INTRODUCTION Livy the Historian Livy , or in full Titus Livius, was born at Patavium in northern Italy (Padua today) in 59 bc, and so lived through the turbulent years of the fall of the Roman Republic into the calm and politically controlled era of one-man rule under Augustus and his successor Tiberius. 1 According to St Jerome’s Chronicle he died in ad 17. He seems not to have held public offi ce or done any military service. Apart from some essays, now lost, on philosophy and rhetoric, he undertook in his late twenties to compose an up-to-date history of Rome drawing on mostly Roman but also some Greek predecessors. He entitled it From the Foundation of the City ( Ab Urbe Condita ): to all Romans their City was unique. The history eventually amounted to 142 books, taking Rome’s history from its traditional foundation-date of 753 bc down to the year 9 bc — a colossal achievement, much lengthier than Gibbon’s Decline and Fall , for instance. Of it only the fi rst ten Books and then Books 21–45 survive. Books 6–10 take the story of Rome from 390 bc down to the year 293. Evidence in the work indicates that Livy began writing in the early 20s bc, for around 18 bc he reached Book 28. A subheading to a surviving résumé (epitome) of the lost book 121 states that it was published after Augustus’ death in ad 14: some- thing that probably held true, too, for those that followed. The his- tory ended at the year 9 bc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roman Army's Emergence from Its Italian Origins
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Carolina Digital Repository THE ROMAN ARMY’S EMERGENCE FROM ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS Patrick Alan Kent A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by: Richard Talbert Nathan Rosenstein Daniel Gargola Fred Naiden Wayne Lee ABSTRACT PATRICK ALAN KENT: The Roman Army’s Emergence from its Italian Origins (Under the direction of Prof. Richard Talbert) Roman armies in the 4 th century and earlier resembled other Italian armies of the day. By using what limited sources are available concerning early Italian warfare, it is possible to reinterpret the history of the Republic through the changing relationship of the Romans and their Italian allies. An important aspect of early Italian warfare was military cooperation, facilitated by overlapping bonds of formal and informal relationships between communities and individuals. However, there was little in the way of organized allied contingents. Over the 3 rd century and culminating in the Second Punic War, the Romans organized their Italian allies into large conglomerate units that were placed under Roman officers. At the same time, the Romans generally took more direct control of the military resources of their allies as idea of military obligation developed. The integration and subordination of the Italians under increasing Roman domination fundamentally altered their relationships. In the 2 nd century the result was a growing feeling of discontent among the Italians with their position.
    [Show full text]
  • A COMPANION to the ROMAN ARMY Edited By
    ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page iii A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY Edited by Paul Erdkamp ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page i A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page ii BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical lit- erature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. Ancient History Published A Companion to the Roman Army A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by Paul Erdkamp Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to the Roman Republic A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Edited by Daniel C. Snell Robert Morstein-Marx A Companion to the Hellenistic World A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by David S. Potter In preparation A Companion to Ancient History A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by Philip Rousseau A Companion to Archaic Greece A Companion to Byzantium Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees Edited by Elizabeth James A Companion to Julius Caesar Edited by Miriam Griffin Literature and Culture Published A Companion to Catullus A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Greek Religion A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by Daniel Ogden Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Classical Tradition A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Craig W.
    [Show full text]
  • Lazio (Latium) Is a Region of Traditions, Culture and Flavours
    Lazio (Latium) is a Region of traditions, culture and flavours. A land that knows how to delight the visitor at any time of the year, thanks to its kaleidoscope of landscape and stunning scenery, ranging from the sea to the mountains, united by a common de- nominator: beauty. The beauty you will find, beside the Eternal City, in Tuscia, Sabina, Aniene and Tiber Valley and along the Ro- man Hills, without forgetting the Prenestine and Lepini mountains, the Ciociaria and the Riviera of Ulysses and Aeneas coasts with the Pontine islands. The main City is, obvi- ously Rome, the Eternal City, with its 28 hundred years, so reach of history and cul- ture, but, before the rise of Rome as a mili- tary and cultural power, the Region was already called Latium by its inhabitants. Starting from the north west there are three distinct mountain ranges, the Volsini, the Cimini and the Sabatini, whose volcanic origin can be evinced by the presence of large lakes, like Bolsena, Vico and Bracciano lake, and, the Alban Hills, with the lakes of Albano and Nemi, sharing the same volcanic origins. A treasure chest concealing a profu- sion of art and culture, genuine local prod- ucts, delicious foods and wine and countless marvels. Rome the Eternal City, erected upon seven hills on April 21st 753 BC (the date is sym- bolic) according to the myth by Romulus (story of Romulus and Remus, twins who were suckled by a she-wolf as infants in the 8th century BC. ) After the legendary foundation by Romulus,[23] Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a monarchical system, ini- tially with sovereigns of Latin and Sabine origin, later by Etruscan kings.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 AD
    History of Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 AD Robert F. Pennell History of Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 AD Table of Contents History of Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 AD..................................................................................1 Robert F. Pennell............................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................2 ANCIENT ROME.......................................................................................................................................................2 CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY.....................................................................................................3 CHAPTER II. THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF ITALY...........................................................................4 CHAPTER III. THE ROMANS AND THEIR EARLY GOVERNMENT...................................................5 CHAPTER IV. THE EARLY GROWTH AND INTERNAL HISTORY OF ROME..................................6 CHAPTER V. THE DYNASTY OF THE TARQUINS................................................................................8 CHAPTER VI. THE CONSULS AND TRIBUNES.....................................................................................8 CHAPTER VII. THE COMITIA TRIBUTA AND THE AGRARIAN LAWS..........................................10 CHAPTER
    [Show full text]
  • Polybius and Livy on the Allies in the Roman Army
    POLYBIUS AND LIVY ON THE ALLIES IN THE ROMAN ARMY Paul Erdkamp* From the fourth or third century until the beginning of the rst century bc, Rome’s armies were also the armies of her allies. The socii and nomen Latinum raised at least half of the soldiers that fought wars for Rome. The Italic allies were clearly distinguished from the non-Italic troops, such as Cretan archers or Numidian horsemen, by the fact that they were governed by the formula togatorum. This can be concluded from their ‘de nition’ in the lex agraria from 111 bc: socii nominisve Latini quibus ex formula togatorum milites in terra Italia imperare solent. The formula togatorum is seen as a de ning element, distinguishing the Latin and Italic peoples from Rome’s overseas allies. Although in the second century bc a con- sciousness of Italy as a political and cultural unity gradually emerged, it was still referred to as a military alliance of Roman citizens and allies at the end of that century.1 The beginnings of this system remain in the dark, due to the inadequacies of our sources. The foedus Cassianum between Rome and the Latin League (traditionally dated to 493 bc) supposedly established a federal army under Roman command, but next to nothing is known about its functioning. The participation of the allied peoples was based on the treaties between their communities and Rome. The position of the Latin colonies was slightly different, because their obligations were probably based on the lex coloniae governing each Latin colony.2 We may assume that the role of the allies was re-de ned * I wish to thank John Rich, Luuk de Ligt and Simon Northwood for their many valuable comments.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ROMAN ARMY's EMERGENCE from ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS Patrick Alan Kent a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Universit
    THE ROMAN ARMY’S EMERGENCE FROM ITS ITALIAN ORIGINS Patrick Alan Kent A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2012 Approved by: Richard Talbert Nathan Rosenstein Daniel Gargola Fred Naiden Wayne Lee ABSTRACT PATRICK ALAN KENT: The Roman Army’s Emergence from its Italian Origins (Under the direction of Prof. Richard Talbert) Roman armies in the 4 th century and earlier resembled other Italian armies of the day. By using what limited sources are available concerning early Italian warfare, it is possible to reinterpret the history of the Republic through the changing relationship of the Romans and their Italian allies. An important aspect of early Italian warfare was military cooperation, facilitated by overlapping bonds of formal and informal relationships between communities and individuals. However, there was little in the way of organized allied contingents. Over the 3 rd century and culminating in the Second Punic War, the Romans organized their Italian allies into large conglomerate units that were placed under Roman officers. At the same time, the Romans generally took more direct control of the military resources of their allies as idea of military obligation developed. The integration and subordination of the Italians under increasing Roman domination fundamentally altered their relationships. In the 2 nd century the result was a growing feeling of discontent among the Italians with their position. Indeed, the vital military role of the Italians was reinforced by the somewhat limited use made of non-Italians in Roman armies.
    [Show full text]
  • War and Society in the Roman World
    Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society Volume 5 WAR AND SOCIETY IN THE ROMAN WORLD WAR AND SOCIETY IN THE ROMAN WORLD Edited by JOHN RICH and GRAHAM SHIPLEY London and New York First published 1993 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1993 John Rich, Graham Shipley and individual contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data War and society in the Roman world/edited by John Rich and Graham Shipley. p. cm.—(Leicester-Nottingham studies in ancient society; v. 5) Selected, revised versions of papers from a series of seminars sponsored by the Classics Departments of Leicester and Nottingham Universities, 1988–1990. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Military art and science—Rome—History. 2. Rome—History, Military. 3. Sociology, Military—Rome—History. I. Rich, John. II. Shipley, Graham. III. Series. U35.W34 1993 355′.00937–dc20 92–36698 ISBN 0-203-07554-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-22120-6
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 14: the Roman Republic, 509 B.C
    0218-0231 CH14-846240 10/29/02 11:39 AM Page 218 CHAPTER The Roman Republic 14 509 B.C.–30 B.C. ᭡ The Roman eagle on an onyx cameo A Roman legionary ᭤ 509 B.C. 450 B.C. 264 B.C. 46 B.C. 31 B.C. Romans set up Twelve Tables Punic Wars Julius Caesar Octavian becomes republic are written begin appointed sole ruler of dictator of Rome Roman Empire 218 UNIT 5 THE ROMANS 0218-0231 CH14-846240 10/29/02 11:39 AM Page 219 Chapter Focus Read to Discover Chapter Overview Visit the Human Heritage Web site • How the government of the Roman Republic was organized. at humanheritage.glencoe.com • How the Roman Republic was able to expand its territory. and click on Chapter 14— • How the effects of conquest changed the Roman economy Chapter Overviews to preview this chapter. and government. • How reformers attempted to save the Roman Republic. Terms to Learn People to Know Places to Locate republic Tarquin the Proud Carthage patricians Hannibal Barca Sicily plebeians Tiberius Gaul consuls Gracchus Corinth legionaries Julius Caesar dictator Mark Antony triumvirate Octavian Why It’s Important In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew Tarquin (tar’ kwin) the Proud, their Etruscan king, and set up a repub- lic. Under this form of government, people choose their rulers. Reading Check However, not everyone had an equal say in the Roman Repub- What is a lic. The patricians (puh trish’ uhnz)—members of the oldest republic? and richest families—were the only ones who could hold pub- Who were the lic office or perform certain religious rituals.
    [Show full text]