2/10/12

I. Disaster Italian neighbors aack aer defeat: • July 18th 390 BC, Bale of Allia and Gallic Sack • Aequi, Volscians, and Etruscans

• but 115 yrs later: 275 BC Rome is mistress of Italy

• 800 years (410 AD) before another foreigner enters Rome in arms • HOW?

Recovery Army reform • Abandon hoplite phalanx with long spears

1 2/10/12

• Instead: The ‘PoIybian” Legion – throwing spears

– The consular army short swords deployed for battle $ – long shield There were two legions in the full consular army, as well as two aloe (contingents of allied soldiers), and two units of cavalry $4 One maniple, the basic tactics • New taccal units: unit of the army, containing 120 men. Every maniple consisted of two centuries of 60 men, each with its own centurion, standardbearer and optio

There were ten maniples in 1 legion = 30 maniples each of the three lines of the legion

1 maniple = 2 centuries Gaps equal to the frontage of a between The triorii, at the rear, unit were maintained recruited from the oldest, each of the maniples in a line most experienced soldiers. There were only 60 men in each triarii maniple The principes, formed //i/from men in their 20s and 30s, The hastat i, formed from 1 century = 60 men considered to be in the younger men. At the front, prime of life they faced the enemy first 0 • Flexible and deadly (5,

II. Expansion 390-275 BC 2. Samnites: Italian mountain tribe • Three Samnite Wars Three main areas of expansion 1st war (343-41): 1: Lans Capua appeals to Rome • 493: Treaty w. Lan League (30 communies) 2nd war (326-304): Foedus Cassianum Greeks in Naples appeal • 340-338 Lan War to Rome 3rd war (198-290): • 338: supremacy in central Italy Lucanians appeal to Rome • Divide and Rule: each state has sep. agreement • now with Rome. Forget Lan League! Bale of Sennum 295 • Surround and Absorb

2 2/10/12

3. Greeks from Mainland III. Atude toward Enemies • • Tarentum and King Pyrrhus of Epirus Hoss = both stranger and enemy • • 280 Heraclea Domesc and foreign affairs: • 279 Ausculum domi miliaeque = “at home and away at war” – Pyrrhic • Aggressive atude: • Negoaons? – Neutrals not respected. Either with or against... – But loyal friends rewarded • 276 Beneventum – Always clear disncon between enemy and ally

Starng a war Defensive Imperialism

• A Religious Event Cicero On the Republic Rules: • “Those wars are unjust which are undertaken • 1. Rome injured party without provocaon. For only a war waged • 2. Feales (feal priests): demand reparaon for revenge or defense can actually be just.” • • 3. Centuriate assembly declares a “just war” “No war is considered just unless it has been proclaimed and declared, or unless reparaon iustum piumque bellum has been demanded.” • 4. Boundaries and bloody spear • “But our people by defending their allies have (Temple of Bellona) gained dominion over the whole world.”

3 2/10/12

The defeated How Rome was different: • Uncondional surrender: dedio in fidem • Unjusfied war is immoral “surrender to good faith of Romans” • Negoaon and neutrality incomprehensible • Romans usually demanded: – Monetary compensaon • Example: East meets West – Treaty of mutual alliance 168 BC: Anochus IV (Syria), Ptolemy VI (Egypt) – Maybe confiscates some land and Popilius Laenas (Rome) But keep state of government • Usually equitable treatment of conquered

IV. Cizens Cizenship Rights

• In 264 in Italy, either Roman cizen or ally • Public rights – But different levels of each status possible – Vote + hold office • Civic status used as weapon of control • Private rights – Conubium = marriage Two principles about Roman cizenship: – Commercium = commerce – Provocao = appeal • Extendable to worthy outsiders • Dues: taxes and army • Divisible collecon of individual rights • Ager romanus

4 2/10/12

Colonies and other centers V. Allies 1. Roman Colonies (for Roman cizens): – 300 adult males + families • Socius (pl. socii) = ally (help fight, but no taxes) 2. Roman cizens also living in pagi = rural districts; • Three standard features of treaes with allies: vici = hamlets – No foreign policy; no alliance with any other state allowed Secondary type of cizenship: civitas sine suffragio = – Otherwise, internal autonomy • all dues of cit., all private rights, but no VOTE – Clause promising to provide aid in war. • Lived in more autonomous townships called Allies provided separate units called municipia Auxiliaries • carrot and sck

Cizens and allies VI. Effects? 1) Socii nominis Lani = “allies of the Lan name” • 1. Security – Mix of Romans and Lans - Italy is patchwork of different statuses – Live in Lan colonies - Divide and rule = no neighbors with – Founded in 338-180BC, ~ 200-600 adult men unified goals – Internal autonomy • 2. Colonial strategy: – Private Roman rights - Find land for landless  more soldiers – Fight, but no taxes with property – Right of migraon to Rome, from socius to cizen - Colonies = outposts of Rome - Incenves: 2) Civitates foederatae = “federated states” Rome uses range of possible alliances and --ordinary allies treaes with Rome as system of reward and foedus = treaty; different levels of treaes punishment to help maintain empire.

5 2/10/12

Enter Hannibal…218 BC • Punic general, Hannibal, crosses alps into Italy • Looks good for him as he tries to tempt Rome’s allies to defect • 130 years before Lan League against Rome • 70 years before end of conflict with Sam + Etr • 50 years before war with Pyrrhus and Greeks • 216 Cannae: Hannibal crushes Roman legions • BUT… • Roman Italy held!

6