2/10/12 I. Disaster Italian neighbors aack aer defeat: • July 18th 390 BC, Bale of Allia and Gallic Sack • Aequi, Volscians, and Etruscans • but 115 yrs later: 275 BC Rome is mistress of Italy • 800 years (410 AD) before another foreigner enters Rome in arms • HOW? RecoVery Army reform • Abandon hoplite phalanX with long spears 1 2/10/12 • Instead: The ‘PoIybian” Legion – throwing spears – The consular army battle short swords deployed for $ – long shield There were two legions in the full consular army, as well as two aloe (contingents of allied soldiers), and two units of cavalry $4 One maniple, the basic tactics • New tac[cal units: unit of the army, containing 120 men. Every maniple consisted of two centuries of 60 men, each with its own centurion, standardbearer and optio There were ten maniples in 1 legion = 30 maniples each of the three lines of the legion 1 maniple = 2 centuries Gaps equal to the frontage of a maintained between The triorii, at the rear, unit were recruited from the oldest, each of the maniples in a line most experienced soldiers. There were only 60 men in each triarii maniple //i/ The principes, formed from men in their 20s and 30s, The hastati, formed from 1 century = 60 men considered to be in the younger men. At the front, prime of life they faced the enemy first 0 • FleXible and deadly (5, II. EXpansion 390-275 BC 2. Samnites: Italian mountain tribe • Three Samnite Wars Three main areas of eXpansion 1st war (343-41): 1: Lans Capua appeals to Rome • 493: Treaty w. Lan League (30 communi[es) 2nd war (326-304): Foedus Cassianum Greeks in Naples appeal • 340-338 Lan War to Rome 3rd war (198-290): • 338: supremacy in central Italy Lucanians appeal to Rome • Divide and Rule: each state has sep. agreement • now with Rome. Forget Lan League! Bale of Sennum 295 • Surround and Absorb 2 2/10/12 3. Greeks from Mainland III. Atude toward Enemies • • Tarentum and King Pyrrhus of Epirus Hos.s = both stranger and enemy • • 280 Heraclea Domes[c and foreign affairs: • 279 Ausculum domi mili.aeque = “at home and away at war” – Pyrrhic • AggressiVe atude: • Nego[aons? – Neutrals not respected. Either with or against... – But loyal friends rewarded • 276 BeneVentum – Always clear dis[nc[on between enemy and ally Star[ng a war DefensiVe Imperialism • A Religious EVent Cicero On the Republic Rules: • “Those wars are unjust which are undertaken • 1. Rome injured party without proVocaon. For only a war waged • 2. Fe.ales (fe[al priests): demand reparaon for reVenge or defense can actually be just.” • • 3. Centuriate assembly declares a “just war” “No war is considered just unless it has been proclaimed and declared, or unless reparaon iustum piumque bellum has been demanded.” • 4. Boundaries and bloody spear • “But our people by defending their allies haVe (Temple of Bellona) gained dominion oVer the whole world.” 3 2/10/12 The defeated How Rome was different: • Uncondi[onal surrender: dedio in fidem • Unjus[fied war is immoral “surrender to good faith of Romans” • Nego[aon and neutrality incomprehensible • Romans usually demanded: – Monetary compensaon • EXample: East meets West – Treaty of mutual alliance 168 BC: An[ochus IV (Syria), Ptolemy VI (Egypt) – Maybe confiscates some land and Popilius Laenas (Rome) But keep state of goVernment • Usually equitable treatment of conquered IV. Ci[zens Ci[zenship Rights • In 264 in Italy, either Roman ci[zen or ally • Public rights – But different leVels of each status possible – Vote + hold office • CiVic status used as weapon of control • PriVate rights – Conubium = marriage Two principles about Roman ci[zenship: – Commercium = commerce – Provoca.o = appeal • Extendable to worthy outsiders • Du[es: taXes and army • Divisible collec[on of indiVidual rights • Ager romanus 4 2/10/12 Colonies and other centers V. Allies 1. Roman Colonies (for Roman ci[zens): – 300 adult males + families • Socius (pl. socii) = ally (help fight, but no taXes) 2. Roman ci[zens also liVing in pagi = rural districts; • Three standard features of treaes with allies: vici = hamlets – No foreign policy; no alliance with any other state allowed Secondary type of ci[zenship: civitas sine suffragio = – Otherwise, internal autonomy • all du[es of cit., all priVate rights, but no VOTE – Clause promising to proVide aid in war. • LiVed in more autonomous townships called Allies proVided separate units called municipia AuXiliaries • carrot and s9ck Ci[zens and allies VI. Effects? 1) Socii nominis Lani = “allies of the Lan name” • 1. Security – MiX of Romans and Lans - Italy is patchwork of different statuses – LiVe in Lan colonies - DiVide and rule = no neighbors with – Founded in 338-180BC, ~ 200-600 adult men unified goals – Internal autonomy • 2. Colonial strategy: – PriVate Roman rights - Find land for landless more soldiers – Fight, but no taXes with property – Right of migraon to Rome, from socius to cizen - Colonies = outposts of Rome - Incen[Ves: 2) Civitates foederatae = “federated states” Rome uses range of possible alliances and --ordinary allies treaes with Rome as system of reward and foedus = treaty; different leVels of treaes punishment to help maintain empire. 5 2/10/12 Enter Hannibal…218 BC • Punic general, Hannibal, crosses alps into Italy • Looks good for him as he tries to tempt Rome’s allies to defect • 130 years before Lan League against Rome • 70 years before end of conflict with Sam + Etr • 50 years before war with Pyrrhus and Greeks • 216 Cannae: Hannibal crushes Roman legions • BUT… • Roman Italy held! 6 .