Sixteenth-century tomatoes in Europe: who saw them, what did they look like, and where did they come from? Tinde van Andel (
[email protected] ) Naturalis Biodiversity Center https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-1894 Rutger Vos Naturalis Biodiversity Center https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-7318 Ewout Michels Leiden University Anastasia Stefanaki Wageningen University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6393-9416 Research Article Keywords: Renaissance, Botany, Solanum lycopersicum, historical herbaria, molecular biology Posted Date: July 23rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-715398/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/26 Abstract Background Soon after the Spanish conquest of the Americas, the rst tomatoes were presented as curiosities to the European royals and drew the attention of sixteenth-century Italian naturalists. Despite of their scientic interest in this New World crop, most Renaissance botanists did not specify where these ‘golden apples’ or ‘pomi d’oro’ came from. The debate on the rst European tomatoes and their origin is often hindered by erroneous dating, botanical misidentications and inaccessible historical sources. The discovery of a tomato specimen in the sixteenth-century ‘En Tibi herbarium’ kept at Leiden, the Netherlands led to claims that its DNA would reveal the ‘original’ taste and pest resistance of early tomatoes. Methods Recent digitization efforts greatly facilitate research on historic botanical sources. Here we provide an overview of the ten remaining sixteenth-century tomato specimens, early descriptions and 13 illustrations. Several were never published before, revealing what these tomatoes looked like, who saw them, and where they came from.