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Università Degli Studi Di Padova Dipartimento Di Filosofia, Sociologia, Pedagogia E Psicologia Applicata Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Filosofia, Sociologia, Pedagogia e Psicologia Applicata SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN FILOSOFIA INDIRIZZO DI FILOSOFIA E STORIA DELLE IDEE CICLO XXV THE METHODS OF NATURAL INQUIRY DURING THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY: BARTOLOMEO MARANTA AND FERRANTE IMPERATO Direttore della Scuola: Ch.mo Prof. Giovanni Fiaschi Coordinatore d’indirizzo: Ch.mo Prof. Fabio Grigenti Supervisore: Ch.mo Prof. Gregorio Piaia Dottorando: José Ricardo Sánchez Baudoin To M. Sconor 2 Contents Acknowledgments...................................................................................................... 7 Abstract / Riassunto.................................................................................................... 8 Prologue...................................................................................................................... 9 Part I. Natural Sciences and its methods in the sixteenthcentury.............................. 13 Introduction................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 1. The methodological traditions and meanings of ‘method’ during the sixteenth-century......................................................................................................... 15 1.1. Science as ars.................................................................................................. 15 1.2. Medicine and natural philosophy.................................................................... 17 1.3. Universities and medicine............................................................................... 19 1.4. ‘Method’ understood as compendium............................................................. 21 1.5. Socrates and the tradition of artistic method: compendium............................ 24 1.6. Aristotle and the tradition of the scientific method: demonstration................ 27 1.7. Aristotles’ answer to Socrates......................................................................... 31 Chapter 2. The sixteenth-century development of natural history: new attitudes toward nature and new techniques of investigation.................................................... 36 2.1. Galen’s empiricism and the principle of authority.......................................... 36 2.2. Medicine and natural history........................................................................... 39 2.3. Museums and collections: direct observation................................................. 40 2.4. Collections and experience: the sensory philosophers................................... 42 3 2.5. Experience as truth criteria.............................................................................. 43 2.6. Reading the novelties of Nature...................................................................... 46 2.7. Objects and Scientific travelling..................................................................... 50 2.8. Museums and scientific networks: public knowledge.................................... 52 2.9. Natural history institutions and illustrations................................................... 56 2.10. Natural history, medicine and wonders......................................................... 59 2.11. Medicine: collecting and innovative catalogues........................................... 60 Part II. Bartolome Maranta: the making of theriac…................................................. 63 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 3. A royal antidote: the theriac................................................................... 65 3.1. Pharmacy: the link between natural history and medicine during the sixteenth-century......................................................................................................... 65 3.2. Theriac: the universal medicine...................................................................... 69 3.2.1. Renaissance’s official theory of antidotes................................................ 71 3.3. The origins of theriac: Mithridates and Andromachus................................... 75 3.4. The protomedic and theriac’s public production............................................ 79 Chapter 4. Maranta’s methodology for making theriac........................................... 83 4.1. Maranta’s book on theriac and the problem of the apothecary’s status.......... 83 4.2. The problems concerning theriac production and Maranta’s theriac recipe... 89 4.2.1. The problem of identification.................................................................. 92 4.2.1.1. Maranta identifying the “Folio”........................................................ 93 4.2.2. Maranta’s substitution rules..................................................................... 95 4.2.2.1. The proper substitution of malabathrum in theriac according to Maranta....................................................................................................................... 100 4.2.2.2. Artificial transformations for substituting in Theriac...................... 101 4.2.3. The proportions of theriac according to Maranta..................................... 102 4.2.3.1. Deciphering Andromachus’ device for determining theriac’s proportions.................................................................................................................. 104 4.2.3.2. The weight of wine……................................................................... 106 4 4.2.4. Making the theriac according to Maranta................................................ 108 4.2.4.1. The problem of theriac’s maturity.................................................... 109 4.2.4.2. The selection of the simples.............................................................. 110 4.2.4.3. Dissolving and crushing: the fundamental procedures for making theriac............................................................................................................. 112 4.2.4.4. Different ways of preparing theriac: the problem of crushing as example....................................................................................................................... 114 Chapter 5. Controversial issues on theriac through history..................................... 117 5.1. Controversies on Theriac................................................................................ 117 5.1.1. Calzolari’s controversy............................................................................ 117 5.1.2. Aldrovandi’s controversy......................................................................... 119 5.1.3. The Medical College of Padua versus the Naturalist Network of Naples 120 5.2. On theriac’s efficacy....................................................................................... 124 5.3. The medicinal virtues of theriac...................................................................... 127 5.4. Theriac’s decay............................................................................................... 131 Part III. Ferrante Imperato: natural history and alchemy............................................ 133 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 133 Chapter 6: Science’s shared history: magic and natural history.............................. 135 6.1. Medicine and magic........................................................................................ 135 6.2. The view of magic inherited by the Renaissance............................................ 138 6.3. The magical thinking within the Natural History of Pliny............................. 140 6.4. Natural magic: the search of nature’s hidden secrets...................................... 144 Chapter 7: The occult science of Alchemy.............................................................. 149 7.1. The divine alchemy and Hermes Trismegistus............................................... 149 7.2. A survey on alchemy’s origins and key notions............................................. 152 7.2.1. Distillation and the vital spirit.................................................................. 154 7.2.2. Transmutation and its theoretical framework: The Philosopher’s Stone 155 7.3. Alchemy as an artificial transformation of things........................................... 159 5 7.3.1. The artificial procedures or “methods” for transforming plants.............. 162 7.4. The witches’ hammer falls on alchemy.......................................................... 164 Chapter 8. The alchemical work of Ferrante Imperato............................................ 167 8.1. The scientific academies and the diffusion of natural knowledge.................. 167 8.2. Imperato’s Natural History alchemical framework........................................ 172 8.3. Alchemy and natural history: Imperato’s spagyrical advice........................... 176 8.3.1. The medicinal properties of water and the theory of impressions........... 178 8.3.2. Medical advice on arsenic sulphur, sandaraca and nitrate...................... 180 8.4. Imperato’s philosophical medicine................................................................. 182 8.4.1. The making of the philosophical medicine and the philosopher’s stone............................................................................................................................ 186 8.5. Epilogue.........................................................................................................
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