DOCSLIB.ORG

Copyrighted Material

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Copyrighted Material 40235_Index_1-9 7/20/01 5:15 PM Page 1 INDEX A orbital, 1067 periodic, 1083–1086 Betatron, 786 Absorption, photon, 1093 spin, 1070–1071 rules of, 1082–1083 Big bang cosmology Accelerator(s) and uncertainty principle, subshell states of, 1071 age determination of universe in, cyclotron, 731–733 1068–1069 x-ray spectrum of, 1079–1081 1192–1194 electrostatic, 651–652 Angular momentum quantum Atomic magnetism, 805–806, expansion of universe in, Acceptor atom, 1113 number, 1067 1086–1087 1186–1187 Actinides, 1083 Anisotropic materials, optically, and atomic radiation, heavy element formation in, Action at a distance, 588 1004 1090–1092 1191–1192 Adiabatic demagnetization, 809 Annihilation, 1188 Atomic mass unit, energy nucleosynthesis in, 1190–1191 Airy disk, 970 Antenna, 866 equivalent of, 1133 particle interactions in, Alpha decay, 1136–1138 Anticoincidence(s), 1023 Atomic number, 570, 602, 603, 1187–1190 Alternating current (AC), Anticoincidence apparatus, 1131. See also Quantum Binding energy, 637, 1133–1134 782–783, 845–846 1023–1024 number(s) Binding energy curve, 1133–1134 transformers of, 852–854 Antineutrino, 1138–1139, and order of elements, Binnig, Gerd, 1047, 1048 and voltages, phase and 1176–1177 1081–1082 Bioluminescence, 886 amplitude relations for, Antineutron, 1178 origin of concept of, 1081 Biot-Savart law, 753 848t Antiparticles, 570 and periodicity of elements, applications of, 753–755 Alternating current circuit Antiproton, 1178 1083–1086 Birefringence, 1005–1006 capacitive element of, 847–848 Atom(s), 1062 Atomic radiation, 1090–1092 Bloch, Felix, 1089 inductive element of, 846–847 acceptor, 1113 Atomic structure, 1062–1063 Bohr, Niels, 1063, 1129 power factor of, 852 angular momentum and rules of, 1082–1083 correspondence principle of, power in, 851–852 magnetism in, Aurora borealis, 812f 1064 resistive element of, 846 1086–1087 Autotransformer, 858 (exercise 30) postulates of, 1063 single-loop, 848–851 angular momentum of electrons theory of hydrogen atom, 747 Alternator, automobile, 783 in, 1066–1067 B (problem 10), Ammeter, principle of analog, Bohr’s model of, 1063–1065 Babinet’s principle, 979 (problem 1063–1065 738–740 donor, 1112 2) theory of nuclear fission, ampere (unit), 664 excited states of, 1064, Bainbridge’s mass spectrometer, 1155–1156 force between parallel currents, 1069–1072 746 (problem 5) Bohr frequency condition, in definition of, 758 and optical transitions, Balmer series, 1063 1063–1064 Ampère’s law, 760–761 1085–1086 Bandwidth, 1042 Bohr magneton, 1086, 1134 Ampèrian loop, 760–761 fineCOPYRIGHTED structure of spectral lines of, Bardeen, MATERIAL John, 1119, 1121 Bohr model Amplitude reflection coefficient, 1090–1092 Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory, of hydrogen atom, 1063–1065 952 ground state of, 1065–1066 1121 and x-ray frequencies, Amplitude transmission ionization energy of, 1085 Barkla, Charles, 1010 1081–1082 coefficient, 952 line spectrum of, 1063 Barrier penetration, 899 Bohr radius, 1062 Analyzer, 1001–1003 magnetism of, 1086–1087 Barrier tunneling, 1046–1049 Born, Max, 1044 Angle(s) and atomic radiation, examples of, 1047–1048 Bottom quark, 1184 of incidence, 890 1090–1092 transmission coefficient in, 1047 Boundary condition, 1056 of minimum deviation, 893 nuclear model of, 602–603 Baryon(s), 1178 Bradley, James, 887–888, 909 of reflection, 890, 894 nucleus of. See Nucleus Baryon number, conservation of, (problem 1) of refraction, 890, 895–896 photon bombardment of, 1180 Bragg, W. L., 991 Angular magnification, 928 1026–1028 Batteries, 703–704 Bragg’s law, 990–992 Angular momentum quantum numbers of, BCS theory, 1121 Brattain, Walter, 1119 of electrons in atoms, 1067–1071 Beam expanders, 938 (problem 9) Breakdown, 662, 671 1066–1067 shell states of, 1071 Beam splitter, 953, 1023 Bremsstrahlung, 1080 of nucleus, 1134–1135 structure of, 1062–1063 Beta decay, 1138–1139 Brewster, David, 1004 I-1 40235_Index_1-9 7/20/01 5:15 PM Page 2 I-2 Index Brewster’s angle, 1003 density of occupied states of, Curie, Jacques, 1048 combined with double-slit Brewster’s law, 1004 1106–1108 Curie, Pierre, 1048 interference, 971–975 in metals, 1104–1105, discovery of relation between Fraunhofer, 965 C 1108–1109 magnetism and Fresnel, 965 Capacitance, 679–681 probability function of, temperature, 809 multiple slit, 981–982. See also calculating, 681–683 1105–1108 curie (unit), 1139–1140 Diffraction grating(s) as constant of proportionality, Conductivity, 666 Curie constant, 809 single-slit, 965–967 680 unit of, 666 Curie temperature, 810 intensity in, 967–970 equivalent, 683 Conductors, 571–572, 661–662 Curie’s law, 809 vs interference, 973 unit of, 680 in an electric field Current and wave theory of light, Capacitive reactance, 848 in dynamic conditions, displacement, 863–864 963–965 Capacitive time constant, 663–666 electric. See Electric current Diffraction grating(s), 981–982, 714–715 in static conditions, 662–663 Current density, 664 985–986 Capacitor(s), 679 band structure of, 1111 and drift speed, 664–665 blazed, 985 charging, 714–715 charged, electric potential of, Cutoff frequency, 1020 crystalline structure as, cylindrical, 682–683 649–650 Cyclotron, 731–733 988–992. See also x-ray with dielectric, 687–690 electric field outside, 622–624 resonance condition in, 732 diffraction discharging, 715–716 and Gauss’ law, 621–624 Cyclotron frequency, 731 dispersion of, 986–987 in parallel, 683–684 Conservation laws, of particle Cylindrical capacitor, 682–683 intensity of lines, and slit parallel plate, 681–682 physics, 1179–1181 diffraction in series, 684 Conservation of electric charge, D characteristics, 990 spherical, 682 580, 702–703 Dark matter, 1194 making, 985 Carbon cycle, 1172 (problem 6) Conservation of energy, in Davisson, C. J., 1036 resolving power of, 987–988 Carnal, O., 1039 electrostatics, 637–638 de Broglie, Louis-Victor, 1035 secondary maxima of, 984 Cavity oscillations, 865–866 Constructive interference, de Broglie wavelength, 1035 width of maxima using, Cavity radiation, 1017 941–942 de Broglie’s hypothesis, testing, 982–983 CDF detector system, 1174 Contracted length, 764 1036–1038 Diffraction patterns, 963–964. See CERN (European Center for Cooper, Leon N., 1121 Davisson-Germer experiment in, also Diffraction Nuclear Physics), Cooper pairs, 1121 1036–1037 grating(s); Spectra particle physics research Corner reflector, 892 diffraction experiment in, 1037 Diffuse reflection, 891 at, 1175 Corona discharge, 650 double-slit interference Diffusion current, 1114 Cesium fountain clock, technology Correspondence principle, 1058, experiment in, Diode lasers, 1118–1119 of, 1027 1064 1037–1038 Diode rectifier, 1116–1117 Chadwick, James, 1154 Cosmic microwave background Thomson experiment in, 1036 Dipole Charge. See Electric charge radiation, 1186–1187 Tonomura experiment in, electric, 591 Charge density, 576 Cosmology, 1173, 1186 1037–1038 in electric field, 600–602 Charged particles big bang, 1187–1190 de Haas, W. J., 1086–1087 electric field of, 591–592 circulating, 731–734 age determination of universe Debye-Scherrer experimental field lines of, 596–597, 596f magnetism and moving, in, 1192–1194 arrangement, 995 potential due to, 643–644 726–727, 749–752. See expansion of universe in, (question 23) magnetic, 755, 801–803 also Magnetic field(s) 1186–1187 Delayed-choice experiments, in nonuniform field, 1088–1089 moving, magnetic force on, heavy element formation in, 1025–1026 Dipole antenna, 866–867 727–731. See also 1191–1192 Density of states, 1105 Dipole moment Magnetic field(s) nucleosynthesis in, Depletion zone, 1115 electric, 591 Charm quark, 1184 1190–1191 Destructive interference, 941–942 induced, 672 Chemiluminescence, 886 particle interactions in, Deuterium nuclei. See magnetic, 755 Chromatic aberration, 892, 930 1187–1190 Deuteron(s) Dirac, Paul, 815 Chu, Steven, 1027 Coulomb, Charles A., 573 Deuterium-tritium fuel pellets, Direct current (DC) circuits, Circuits. See Electric circuit(s) coulomb (unit), 569 1166 701–724 Circularly polarized wave, 1006 derivation of, 569–570 Deuteron(s) Disk of charge, uniform Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude, 1027 Coulomb constant, 573–574 binding energy of, 1133–1134 electric field of, 593–594 Coherent interference, 944–946 Coulomb’s law, 573–574 formation of electric potential of, 645–646 Coherent waves, 942 experimental tests of, 624–625 in big bang nucleosynthesis, force on point charge, 578–579 Comet tail formation, 873–874 vector form of, 574–576 1190–1191 Dispersion Complex conjugate, 1044 vs. Gauss’ law, 611–612 in Sun, 1162–1163 by grating, 986–987 Complex quantity, 1044 Critical angle, 897 fusion of, 580, 1164 of light, 889, 891 Compound microscope, 929 Critical temperature, 1120 Deuteron-deuteron reaction, 1164 Displacement current, 863–864 Compton, Arthur Holly, 1021 Crystalline structure Deuteron-triton reaction, 1164 Dissociation energy, 637 Compton effect, 1021–1023 Bragg’s law and x-ray Diamagnetism, 806, 809–810 Distortion parameter, 1156 Compton shift, 1021–1022 diffraction by, 990–992 Dichroic materials, 1005 Donor atom, 1112 Conduction band, 1111 cubic symmetry of, 989–990 Dielectric constant, 671 Doped semiconductors, Conduction electrons, 571, 668, as diffraction grating, 988–989 Dielectric materials, 671–672 1112–1114 1103–1104. See also doubly refractive, 1005–1006 in capacitors, 687–690 Doppler effect Semiconductors; principal indices of refraction of, and Gauss’ law, 688–690 experimental test of, 899–900 Superconductors 1005–1006 Dielectric strengths, 671 in light waves, 899–902 bands and gaps in energy states unit cell of, 990 Diffraction,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coulomb's Force
    COULOMB’S FORCE LAW Two point charges Multiple point charges Attractive Repulsive - - + + + The force exerted by one point charge on another acts along the line joining the charges. It varies inversely as the square of the distance separating the charges and is proportional to the product of the charges. The force is repulsive if the charges have the same sign and attractive if the charges have opposite signs. q1 Two point charges q1 and q2 q2 [F]-force; Newtons {N} [q]-charge; Coulomb {C} origin [r]-distance; meters {m} [ε]-permittivity; Farad/meter {F/m} Property of the medium COULOMB FORCE UNIT VECTOR Permittivity is a property of the medium. Also known as the dielectric constant. Permittivity of free space Coulomb’s constant Permittivity of a medium Relative permittivity For air FORCE IN MEDIUM SMALLER THAN FORCE IN VACUUM Insert oil drop Viewing microscope Eye Metal plates Millikan oil drop experiment Charging by contact Example (Question): A negative point charge of 1µC is situated in air at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. A second negative point charge of 100µC is situated on the positive x axis at the distance of 500 mm from the origin. What is the force on the second charge? Example (Solution): A negative point charge of 1µC is situated in air at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. A second negative point charge of 100µC is situated on the positive x axis at the distance of 500 mm from the origin. What is the force on the second charge? Y q1 = -1 µC origin X q2= -100 µC Example (Solution): Y q1 = -1 µC origin X q2= -100 µC END Multiple point charges It has been confirmed experimentally that when several charges are present, each exerts a force given by on every other charge.
    [Show full text]
  • S.I. and Cgs Units
    Some Notes on SI vs. cgs Units by Jason Harlow Last updated Feb. 8, 2011 by Jason Harlow. Introduction Within “The Metric System”, there are actually two separate self-consistent systems. One is the Systme International or SI system, which uses Metres, Kilograms and Seconds for length, mass and time. For this reason it is sometimes called the MKS system. The other system uses centimetres, grams and seconds for length, mass and time. It is most often called the cgs system, and sometimes it is called the Gaussian system or the electrostatic system. Each system has its own set of derived units for force, energy, electric current, etc. Surprisingly, there are important differences in the basic equations of electrodynamics depending on which system you are using! Important textbooks such as Classical Electrodynamics 3e by J.D. Jackson ©1998 by Wiley and Classical Electrodynamics 2e by Hans C. Ohanian ©2006 by Jones & Bartlett use the cgs system in all their presentation and derivations of basic electric and magnetic equations. I think many theorists prefer this system because the equations look “cleaner”. Introduction to Electrodynamics 3e by David J. Griffiths ©1999 by Benjamin Cummings uses the SI system. Here are some examples of units you may encounter, the relevant facts about them, and how they relate to the SI and cgs systems: Force The SI unit for force comes from Newton’s 2nd law, F = ma, and is the Newton or N. 1 N = 1 kg·m/s2. The cgs unit for force comes from the same equation and is called the dyne, or dyn.
    [Show full text]
  • Communications-Mathematics and Applied Mathematics/Download/8110
    A Mathematician's Journey to the Edge of the Universe "The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing." ― Socrates Manjunath.R #16/1, 8th Main Road, Shivanagar, Rajajinagar, Bangalore560010, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] *Website: http://www.myw3schools.com/ A Mathematician's Journey to the Edge of the Universe What’s the Ultimate Question? Since the dawn of the history of science from Copernicus (who took the details of Ptolemy, and found a way to look at the same construction from a slightly different perspective and discover that the Earth is not the center of the universe) and Galileo to the present, we (a hoard of talking monkeys who's consciousness is from a collection of connected neurons − hammering away on typewriters and by pure chance eventually ranging the values for the (fundamental) numbers that would allow the development of any form of intelligent life) have gazed at the stars and attempted to chart the heavens and still discovering the fundamental laws of nature often get asked: What is Dark Matter? ... What is Dark Energy? ... What Came Before the Big Bang? ... What's Inside a Black Hole? ... Will the universe continue expanding? Will it just stop or even begin to contract? Are We Alone? Beginning at Stonehenge and ending with the current crisis in String Theory, the story of this eternal question to uncover the mysteries of the universe describes a narrative that includes some of the greatest discoveries of all time and leading personalities, including Aristotle, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton, and the rise to the modern era of Einstein, Eddington, and Hawking.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Physical Constants: Explained and Derived by Energy Wave Equations
    Fundamental Physical Constants: Explained and Derived by Energy Wave Equations Jeff Yee [email protected] February 2, 2020 Summary There are many fundamental physical constants that appear in equations today, such as Planck’s constant (h) to calculate photon energy, or Coulomb’s constant (k) to calculate the electromagnetic force, or the gravitational constant (G) when using Newton’s law for calculating gravitational force. They appear in equations without explanations. They are simply numbers that have been given letters to make an equation work. This paper has derived and explained 23 different constants used in physics today, including the aforementioned Planck’s constant, Coulomb’s constant and gravitational constant, using only five physical constants in two different formats: 1) classical constants used in mainstream physics and 2) new wave constants. In wave format, the constants are: wavelength, wave amplitude, wave speed, density and a dimensionless property of the electron. In classical format, the constants are four of the Planck constants and the electron’s classical radius. All 23 fundamental physical constants presented in this paper can be derived from one of these five wave constants (20 in the case of the classical constants). In both classical and wave formats, the property of particle charge is expressed as wave amplitude, measured as a distance instead of charge (Coulombs). When changing the Planck charge (qP) and elementary charge (ee) to an SI unit of meters, existing classical forms of the fundamental physical constants can be reduced to be derived from five constants. This simplification also leads to more insight into the true meaning of the fundamental constants and is therefore shown in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Atom – Lyman Series Rydberg’S Formula Hydrogen 91.19Nm Energy Λ = Levels 1 1 0Ev − M2 N2
    Hydrogen atom – Lyman Series Rydberg’s formula Hydrogen 91.19nm energy λ = levels 1 1 0eV − m2 n2 Predicts λ of nàm transition: Can Rydberg’s formula tell us what ground n (n>m) state energy is? m (m=1,2,3..) -?? eV m=1 Balmer-Rydberg formula Hydrogen energy levels 91.19nm 0eV λ = 1 1 − m2 n2 Look at energy for a transition between n=infinity and m=1 1 0 ≡ 0eV hc hc ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ Einitial − E final = = ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ λ 91.19nm ⎝ m n ⎠ -?? eV hc − E final = E 13.6eV 91.19nm 1 = − Hydrogen energy levels A more general case: What is 0eV the energy of each level (‘m’) in hydrogen? … 0 ≡ 0eV hc hc ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ Einitial − E final = = ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ λ 91.19nm ⎝ m n ⎠ -?? eV hc 1 1 − E = E = −13.6eV final 91.19nm m2 m m2 Balmer/Rydberg had a mathematical formula to describe hydrogen spectrum, but no mechanism for why it worked! Why does it work? Hydrogen energy levels 410.3 486.1Balmer’s formula656.3 nm 434.0 91.19nm λ = 1 1 − m2 n2 where m=1,2,3 and where n = m+1, m+2 The Balmer/Rydberg formula correctly describes the hydrogen spectrum! Is it a good model? The Balmer/Rydberg formula is a mathematical representation of an empirical observation. It doesn’t really explain anything. How can we explain (not only calculate) the energy levels in the hydrogen atom? Next step: A semi-classical explanation of the atomic spectra (Bohr model) Rutherford shot alpha particles at atoms and he figured out that a tiny, positive, hard core is surrounded by negative charge very far away from the core.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Do We See Electricity and Magnetism? a Brief Walk Through History
    WHERE DO WE SEE ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM? A BRIEF WALK THROUGH HISTORY 600 BC: Greeks called amber “electron” as it would attract straw when rubbed against cloth 1752: Benjamin Franklin had many breakthroughs • Kite experiment (lightning ՞ electricity) • Charges: opposites attract, likes repel • “Electrical Fluid” through all matter A BRIEF WALK THROUGH HISTORY 1784: Henry Cavendish defines the inductive capacity of dielectrics/insulators 1786: Charles de Coulomb • Coulomb’s Law: inverse square law of electrostatics ݇ܳݍ ܨ = ݎෞ ࡽࢗ ݎଶ ொ௤ • Unit of charge is Coulomb THE ELECTRIC CHARGE Atom: nucleus with surrounding electron cloud • Nucleus has protons and neutrons Charge: • Protons are +ve; Electrons are –ve • Same magnitude of charge: 1.6 x 10-19 C Mass: -27 • ݉௣ ൎ݉௡ ൎ 1.7 x 10 kg -31 • ݉௘ ൎ 9.1 x 10 kg THE TRIBOELECTRIC EFFECT When we rub two objects with each other, small amounts of charges are transferred from one object to another Triboelectric series gives us tendency of material to acquire a positive charge Q1: If I rub amber with fur, what’s going to happen? Q2: What about rubbing glass rod with silk? CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE The electric charge is a conserved quantity • We cannot create or destroy an electric charge • But we can distribute them to create particles and localized areas with varying charges Conservation of Electric Charge: • The net electric charge in an isolated system must remain constant We can never violate this principle! QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE Elementary/Fundamental Charge: • The fundamental charge of the electron ݍ௘ is -1.602 x 10-19 C • Charge involved in transfer of electrons must be integer (݊) multiples of the fundamental charge; ܳ = ݊ݍ௘ Classical vs.
    [Show full text]
  • COULOMB's LAW Charles Coulomb
    COULOMB'S LAW Charles Coulomb (1736-1806) was one of the early scientists to study electrostatics. Coulomb knew that charged objects attracted or repelled each other and therefore they must exert a force on each other. He discovered that : a) the force F depended on how far apart the charged objects were and falls inversely as the square of the distance r: F α 1/r2 b) the force depended on the amount of charge on each of the objects and is proportional to the product of the charges. F α q1q2 These statements can be summarised in Coulomb's Law, which shows the force F between two point charges q1 and q2, separated by a distance r is: 2 F α q1q2/r If we now introduce a proportionality constant k, then: 2 F = kq1q2/r k is known as Coulomb’s constant and is equal to: k = 1/4Πε0 Therefore the force F in Newtons is: 1 qq12 F = 2 Coulomb’s Law 4πε 0 r -12 2 -1 -2 ε0 is the permittivity of free space = 8.854x10 C N m q1 and q2 are the amounts of charge in Coulombs r is the distance between the charges in metres. Question: Two point charges exert a force of F on each other when at a distance d apart. What will the force be if the distance between them is now 3d Answer: F/9 Question: Two point charges exert a force F on each other. If both the charges are doubled, what will the new force be.
    [Show full text]
  • Coulomb Balance
    Includes 012-03760E Teacher's Notes Instruction Manual and and 05/99 Typical Experiment Results Experiment Guide for the PASCO scientific Model ES-9070 COULOMB BALANCE © 1989 PASCO scientific $5.00 012-03760E Coulomb Balance Table of Contents Section Page Copyright, Warranty and Equipment Return...................................................ii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Theory ............................................................................................................. 2 Equipment........................................................................................................ 3 Additional Equipment Recommended: ..................................................... 3 Tips for Accurate Results ................................................................................ 4 Setup ............................................................................................................. 5 Experiments: Part A Force Versus Distance................................................................... 7 Part B Force Versus Charge ...................................................................... 8 Part C The Coulomb Constant ................................................................... 9 Replacing the Torsion Wire........................................................................... 13 Teacher’s Guide............................................................................................. 15 Technical Support
    [Show full text]
  • I. Electric Charge I
    2 I. Electric Charge I. Electric Charge A. History of Electricity Dr. Bill Pezzaglia B. Coulomb’s Law C. Electrodynamics Updated 2014Feb03 3 1a. Thales of Miletos (624-454 BC) 4 A. History of Electricity • Famous theorems of similar triangles 1) The Electric Effect • Amber rubbed with fur attracts straw 2) Charging Methods • “Amber” in greek: “elektron” 3) Measuring Charge Here is a narrow tomb Great Thales lies; yet his renown for wisdom reached the skies 5 6 1.b. William Gilbert (1544-1603) 1.c. Stephen Gray (1696-1736) [student of Newton!] •“Father of Science” (i.e. use experiments instead of citing ancient authority) • 1729 does experiment showing electric effects can •1600 Book “De Magnete” travel over great distance – Originates term “electricity” through a thread or wire. – Distinguishes between electric and magnetic force – Influences Kepler & Galileo • Classifies Materials as: – Glass rubbed with Silk attracts – Conductors: which can objects remove charge from a body – Insulators: that do not. •Invented “Versorium” (needle) used to measure electric force 1 7 8 1.d. Charles Dufay (1689-1739) 1.e. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) •1733 Proposes “two fluid” theory of electricity •1752 Kite Experiment proves lightening is electric – Vitreous (glass, fur) (+) – Resinous (amber, silk) (-) •Proposes single fluid but two state model of charge •Summarizes Electric Laws + + – Like fluids repel + is an excess of charge – opposite attract + - - is deficit in charge – All bodies except metals can be charged by friction – All bodies can be charged by “influence” (induction) •Charge is conserved (objects are naturally neutral) 9 Dry human skin 10 + Asbestos 2.a.1 Triboelectrification chart Leather 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Field Lines
    Giambattista College Physics Chapter 16 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter 16: Electric Forces and Fields 16.1 Electric Charge. 16.2 Electric Conductors and Insulators. 16.3 Coulomb’s “law”. 16.4 The Electric Field. 16.5 Motion of a Point Charge in a Uniform Electric Field. 16.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium. 16.7 Gauss’s “law” for Electric Fields. ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 16.1 Electric Charge 1 Until the invention of the battery (Alessandro Volta) electricity experiments were basically static electricity, like when your clothes cling out of the dryer or you shock yourself after walking across a carpet. One early worker was Benjamin Franklin (1750s). In his book on electricity, he describes: ● killing turkeys ● Proposes execution ● Knocked down up to 6 men holding hands (by essentially building up charge by rubbing) ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 16.1 Electric Charge 2 A fluid model of electricity proposed that when you rub, you move charge FROM one object TO another, so the NET amount was fixed. (Franklin, et al., proposed ONLY one fluid). So as you rubbed objects together, there was a DEFICIT of charge on one and an EXCESS on the other: Neutral Thing 1 Thing 2 - Charge moves + (not really) ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education 16.1 Electric Charge 2 “Whenever a physicists makes a 50/50 guess, they’ll be wrong about 90% of the time” Dr Wm Deering, UNT MUCH later experiments showed a need for TWO kinds of charge J J Thomson (1897) showed there was a negatively charged particle called the electron.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Units, Constants and Conversion Factors
    Physical Units, Constants and Conversion Factors Here we regroup the values of the most useful physical and chemical constants used in the book. Also some practical combinations of such constants are provided. Units are expressed in the International System (SI), and conversion to the older CGS system is also given. For most quantities and units, the practical definitions currently used in the context of biophysics are also shown. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 609 F. Cleri, The Physics of Living Systems, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30647-6 610 Physical units, constants and conversion factors Basic physical units (boldface indicates SI fundamental units) SI cgs Biophysics Length (L) meter (m) centimeter (cm) Angstrom (Å) 1 0.01 m 10−10 m Time (T) second (s) second (s) 1 µs=10−6 s 1 1 1ps=10−12 s Mass (M) kilogram (kg) gram (g) Dalton (Da) −27 1 0.001 kg 1/NAv = 1.66 · 10 kg Frequency (T−1) s−1 Hz 1 1 Velocity (L/T) m/s cm/s µm/s 1 0.01 m/s 10−6 m/s Acceleration (L/T2) m/s2 cm/s2 µm/s2 1 0.01 m/s2 10−6 m/s2 Force (ML/T2) newton (N) dyne (dy) pN 1kg· m/s2 10−5 N 10−12 N Energy, work, heat joule (J) erg kB T (at T = 300 K) (ML2/T2) 1kg· m2/s2 10−7 J 4.114 pN · nm 0.239 cal 0.239 · 10−7 cal 25.7 meV 1C· 1V 1 mol ATP = 30.5 kJ = 7.3 kcal/mol Power (ML2/T3) watt (W) erg/s ATP/s 1kg· m2/s3 =1J/s 10−7 J/s 0.316 eV/s Pressure (M/LT2) pascal (Pa) atm Blood osmolarity 1 N/m2 101325˙ Pa ∼ 300 mmol/kg 1 bar = 105 Pa ∼300 Pa = 3 · 10−3 atm Electric current (A) ampere (A) e.s.u.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Isaac Newton's Laws Boyle's Breakthrough
    SIR ISAAC NEWTON’S LAWS f or every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction BOYLE’S BREAKTHROUGH work better under pressure TORSION BALANCE Charles-Augustin de Coulomb and the constant By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo ’ Newton’s Laws of motion were first discovered by Isaac Newton, an excellent mathematician and physicist born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. He discovered the laws of motion and theories of gravity. His laws were first published in 1686 and are still widely used today. Sadly, Isaac Newton passed on March 31, 1727, at the age of 84. The cause of death may have been mercury poisoning which explains the pain Newton was experiencing in his abdomen the day before his death. Fig 1: Isaac Newton (1643-1727) By Andrew Lim and Celine Lityo ’ • An object at rest remains to be at rest. • An object in motion remains to be in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless there is an external force that disturbs the motion of the object. ’ • Force is the product of mass times the gravitational acceleration acting upon the object. • Newton’s second law of motion can also be described as objects that experience acceleration when a force is acting upon it. In equation form: Force = Mass x Acceleration / F = m x a ’ • You might’ve heard of this phrase, “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”. Well this is Newton’s third law of motion. • If object A applies a force upon object B, object B will apply a force of the same magnitude(size) but towards the opposite direction.
    [Show full text]