DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2008-023
THE GBE LANGUAGE VARIETIES OF WEST AFRICA: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Angela Kluge THE GBE LANGUAGE VARIETIES OF WEST AFRICA: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Angela Kluge
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of
Master of Arts in Language and Communication Research
School of English, Communication and Philosophy
University of Wales, College of Cardiff
2000
SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2008-023, August 2008 ©Angela Kluge and SIL International All rights reserved
To the Gbe people groups of West Africa ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the following for all the help and support they have given me during this last year. First, I would like to thank my friends at home and abroad for providing me with the financial support which has enabled me to study for this Master’s degree. Second, I would like to thank my colleagues and supervisors at SIL International and SIL Togo-Benin for making it possible for me to take this year of study-leave and for contributing to my support.
I would also like to thank my supervisor Dr. Gordon Tucker for the time, support, and guidance he has given to me over the last few months.
In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Angie Williams at the Centre for Language and Communication (Cardiff University) for her initial advice on the statistical methods chosen for this dissertation and for pointing me to the pertinent literature. Furthermore, I would like to thank Paul McGeoghan at the Computing Centre (Cardiff University) for so patiently explaining to me the basics of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. In particular, I would like to say thank you to Dr. Marie South, a consultant statistician of AstriaZeneca, for being so generous with her time in discussing with me the various statistical aspects of this dissertation.
Further thanks to my many colleagues in SIL for taking the time to answer my many questions regarding SIL’s study on the Gbe language continuum, and to Anna Holzhausen, in particular, for her proofreading of the final draft.
Finally, thank you Gudrun, for being so supportive throughout this last year, for the many talks we’ve had about this dissertation, for your input and your helpful questions when we bounced my ideas back and forth, but also for your patience and care and the many little in-between breaks that got me through these last few months. CONTENTS
Abstract ...... 1 Introduction ...... 3 Chapter 1. Background information on Gbe ...... 6 1.1. Language classification ...... 6 1.2. Language area ...... 6 1.3. Language development...... 8 Chapter 2. Previous linguistic research...... 10 2.1. Linguistic research on Gbe ...... 10 2.2. Quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features ...... 11 2.2.1. Quantitative analysis of lexical features ...... 11 2.2.1.1. Diachronic lexicostatistics...... 11 2.2.1.2. Synchronic lexicostatistics...... 13 2.2.2. Quantitative analysis of grammatical features ...... 14 Chapter 3. Rationale ...... 16 3.1. SIL study on Gbe...... 16 3.2. Previous word- and phrase-list analyses...... 17 3.2.1. Computation of similarity matrices ...... 18 3.2.1.1. Word lists...... 18 3.2.1.2. Phrase lists ...... 21 3.2.2. Preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices...... 24 3.3. Research focus of this dissertation...... 24 Chapter 4. Methodology ...... 26 4.1. Cluster analysis ...... 26 4.2. Multidimensional scaling...... 27 4.3. Analysis procedures ...... 28 4.3.1. Cluster analysis...... 28 4.3.2. Multidimensional scaling...... 29
Chapter 5. Results...... 31 5.1. Clustering of the Gbe language varieties...... 31 5.1.1. Overview...... 31 5.1.2. Western Gbe varieties...... 35 5.1.2.1. Cluster analysis ...... 36 5.1.2.2. Multidimensional scaling...... 40 5.1.3. Central Gbe varieties ...... 45 5.1.4. Eastern Gbe varieties ...... 47 5.1.4.1. Cluster analysis ...... 48 5.1.4.2. Multidimensional scaling...... 53 5.1.5. Summary ...... 61 5.1.5.1. Western Gbe...... 61 5.1.5.2. Central Gbe ...... 62 5.1.5.3. Eastern Gbe...... 62 5.2. Comparability of word- and phrase-list results...... 64 Chapter 6. Discussion and conclusions...... 67 6.1. Clustering of the Gbe language varieties...... 67 6.2. Comparability of word- and phrase-list results...... 68 6.3. Priorities for further sociolinguistic research...... 70 6.4. Conclusions...... 72 Bibliography ...... 73 Appendices ...... 80
FIGURES
Figure 1: Map of the Gbe language area (based on Capo 1986: map 1a) ...... 7 Figure 2: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation WLC-1 ...... 34 Figure 3: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation WLC-2 ...... 34 Figure 4: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation PLC ...... 35 Figure 5: Western Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-1 ...... 41 Figure 6: Western Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-2 ...... 42 Figure 7: Western Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation PLC...... 43 Figure 8: Lexical similarity percentages for the Aja varieties (Tompkins et al. 1997) ...... 46 Figure 9: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-1...... 54 Figure 10: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-2...... 56 Figure 11: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation PLC ...... 57
TABLES
Table 1: Classification of Gbe varieties (Capo 1986) ...... 10 Table 2: Major Gbe groupings ...... 31 Table 3: Elicited Gbe varieties according to their larger geographical setting...... 32 Table 4: Components of the Ewe and Gen clusters according to the findings of the CA ...... 38 Table 5: Grouping of the western Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS...... 44 Table 6: Components of the Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters according to the findings of the CA...... 50 Table 7: Grouping of the eastern Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS...... 59 Table 8: Proposed grouping of the Gbe varieties...... 68
ABSTRACT
This dissertation presents the findings of a quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features elicited among the Gbe language varieties of West Africa.
The analysis is embedded in a larger sociolinguistic study of the Gbe language continuum initiated by the Togo-Benin branch of SIL International, a non-governmental organization that facilitates language-based development. The main objective of this larger study is to assess whether a greater number of Gbe communities could benefit from literacy efforts already existing in some of these communities or whether additional development programs in some of the remaining communities would be advisable. Within the context of this larger study, word and phrase lists were elicited in 49 Gbe varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo to assess the degree of linguistic similarity and the clustering of these varieties and to establish priorities for further sociolinguistic research. Having been involved in the SIL study since 1992, the author has previously conducted a preliminary analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists that focused on the computation of percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity.
Building on the author’s previous preliminary analysis, the focus of this dissertation is the quantitative analysis of these previously computed similarity matrices. This analysis, conducted with hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, has as its main objectives to identify clusters of Gbe varieties, to explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists yields comparable results, and to establish priorities for further, more in-depth studies of the Gbe communities.
The findings of this analysis indicate a western, a central and an eastern grouping of Gbe varieties with the results further indicating larger sub-clusters for the western and eastern varieties. However, with regard to the grouping of the Gbe varieties within these sub-clusters, several disparities show up between the word- and phrase-list computations as well as between the results of the statistical methods applied.
Although both hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling prove valid exploratory tools to identify the clustering of the Gbe varieties, the comparison of the suggested groupings with the actual similarity calculations suggests that multidimensional scaling reflects the structure of the data more accurately than does cluster analysis. Furthermore, the findings suggest that multidimensional scaling of the word- and phrase-list computations yields comparable results for the grouping of the Gbe varieties, whereas the comparability of the results of the cluster analysis is questionable. The disparities identified between the word- and phrase-
1 list computations upon which the grouping of the Gbe varieties is based serve to indicate where more in-depth research among the Gbe varieties should be conducted.
2 INTRODUCTION
This dissertation1 presents the findings of a quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features elicited among the Gbe language varieties of West Africa.
The Gbe language continuum (Kwa language family) is situated in the southeastern part of West Africa. Expanding westwards from southwestern Nigeria, the Gbe communities occupy large areas in southern Benin, Togo and southeastern Ghana.2
Among the Gbe varieties, five varieties have thus far undergone language-based development on a larger scale: Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Gun. To assess whether the remaining Gbe communities could benefit from these existing literacy efforts or whether additional development programs in some of the remaining communities would be beneficial, a sociolinguistic study of the language continuum was launched at the end of the 1980s.
This study was initiated by the Togo-Benin branch of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics), an international non-governmental organization (NGO). Focusing on the world’s lesser-known and unwritten languages, SIL works with language communities worldwide to facilitate language-based development through research, translation, and literacy. (SIL International 2000)
Based on Capo’s (1986) comparative study of the Gbe language continuum, SIL Togo-Benin, of which the author has been a member since 1992, chose 49 Gbe varieties for the elicitation of word and phrase lists. The purpose of this elicitation, conducted between 1988 and 1992, was to assess the degree of linguistic similarity and the clustering of these varieties and to establish priorities for further sociolinguistic research.
In early 1992, when the author joined SIL Togo-Benin, she was assigned to conduct an analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists; however, due to other commitments, she was not involved in the actual elicitation of these lists. Initially, the author’s analysis focused on the computation of similarity matrices; then, in late 1992, the project was put on hold until the late 1990s. In 1996, SIL Togo-Benin resumed its study of the Gbe continuum and since then has conducted more in-depth sociolinguistic surveys in a number of Gbe varieties. Due to her involvement in
1 The final draft of this dissertation was checked by a first language English speaker for grammatical appropriateness. 2 In general, all language names are spelled using the English alphabet. For a complete listing of alternative spellings see Appendix 4.1 (p. 99). All town names in Benin are spelled according to Benin: Carte générale (IGN 1992) or the 1992 Benin census data (Ministère du Plan 1994a,b,c,d). For Togo, all town names are spelled according to Togo: Carte générale (IGN 1991) and for Ghana according to A guide map of Accra and road map of Ghana (Survey of Ghana 1994). 3 several of these surveys, it was not until 1999 that the author resumed her research on the word and phrase lists and conducted a preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices that involved simple inspection but no quantitative analysis of the data (see Kluge 1999).
This dissertation is embedded in SIL Togo-Benin’s larger study of the Gbe language continuum. Building on the author’s previous preliminary analysis, the focus of this dissertation is the quantitative analysis of the previously computed percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity. The main objectives of this analysis are to identify clusters of Gbe varieties, to explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists yields comparable results, and to establish priorities for further, more in-depth studies of the Gbe communities.
This analysis was conducted with the statistical computer package SPSS for Windows, applying hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Hierarchical cluster analysis is a statistical procedure that, by taking into account the profile of values, reorganizes a set of observations or ‘cases’ into groups or ‘clusters’ that are relatively homogeneous. The results of this analysis are displayed in two ways: first, in a table indicating the cluster membership for each speech variety, and second, in a dendrogram that displays graphically how the clusters are joined at each step of the agglomeration process.
While cluster analysis takes into account the profile of values, multidimensional scaling analyzes the structure of dissimilarity (or similarity) data by considering all pairs of observations and by approximating the distances between all of these pairs. The results of this analysis are displayed in a perceptual map that indicates the data as a configuration of points, as on a map, along two, three or more dimensions, as determined by the researcher.
The findings of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling were compared to the original similarity matrices to examine whether and to what extent the indicated groupings match the similarity percentages. Furthermore, the findings based on the word- and phrase-list computations were compared to each other to explore whether and to what extent the indicated groupings of the Gbe varieties concur. The identified disparities were interpreted as an indication of where more in-depth research among the Gbe varieties should be conducted.
Chapter 1 gives pertinent background information on the Gbe language continuum. Following a brief discussion of the classification of Gbe, the geographical location of the language continuum and neighboring language groups are described. A final section of this chapter discusses already existing language-based development efforts in some of the Gbe varieties.
4 Chapter 2 presents the findings of a literature review of previous linguistic research on Gbe and the quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features. The presentation of previous linguistic research on Gbe focuses mainly on Capo’s (1986) comparative study of phonological and morpho-phonological characteristics in Gbe and his internal classification of Gbe. The review of previous analysis of lexical features is presented in a second section focusing on diachronic and synchronic lexicostatistics. Previous quantitative analysis of grammatical features is discussed in the third section of this chapter.
Chapter 3 discusses the rational of this dissertation. The larger SIL study of which this dissertation is a part is the focus of the first section, followed by a detailed description of the previously conducted word- and phrase-list analyses. This description focuses on the procedures for the computation of the similarity matrices and a summary of the findings of the previously conducted preliminary analysis of these matrices. The final section of this chapter discusses the research focus of this dissertation.
Chapter 4 describes the quantitative methods employed for this dissertation, hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Following a description of both methods, the procedures for the data analysis applied in this study are discussed in the third section of this chapter.
Chapter 5 presents the findings of the current analysis. In the first section, the findings of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling for the Gbe language continuum as a whole are presented, followed by three sections focusing on the three major groupings of Gbe varieties, i.e., the western, central and eastern Gbe varieties. Following a brief introduction, the sections on the western and eastern Gbe varieties present first the results of cluster analysis and then the findings of multidimensional scaling. The final section of this chapter explores whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists yields comparable results.
Chapter 6 discusses the findings presented in Chapter 5. In the first section of this chapter, the clustering of the Gbe varieties is summarized and a grouping of these varieties proposed, while the second section reviews the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results and the third section discusses the priorities for further sociolinguistic research. The final section of this chapter reviews this discussion, evaluating the applied statistical methods and the comparability of the analyzed word- and phrase-list computations.
The dissertation closes with a bibliography and a set of appendices.
5 CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON GBE
1.1. LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATION
As a cover term for the Gbe language continuum, the term ‘Ewe’ was used by Westermann (1927, in Stewart 1989) and Greenberg (1966:8). This term refers particularly to the varieties spoken in Ghana, where it has been generally accepted as a proper name, since Ewe dialects but no other Gbe varieties are spoken here. Elsewhere the term has not been accepted, and other terms have been employed such as ‘Aja,’ ‘Ewe-Fon’ or ‘Foja’ (Fon-Aja); however, none of these has been widely accepted. (See Capo 1986:29ff; Duthie 1981:3; Stewart 1989:229f.)
Therefore, the Fourteenth West African Languages Congress at Cotonou in April 1980 adopted ‘Gbe,’ the term for ‘language/dialect’ in all of these varieties, as a cover term, since all these varieties suffix ‘gbe’ to their ethnonyms such as Aja-gbe, Fon-gbe, Gen-gbe etc. (Capo 1986:29ff; Stewart 1989:229f). This term was further promoted by Duthie and Vlaardingerbroek’s Bibliography of Gbe, published the following year (1981).
Stewart (1989), revising Bennett and Sterk’s subclassification (Bennett et al. 1977, in Stewart 1989), proposes the following classification for the Gbe language varieties:
− Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe.
Based on phonological and morpho-phonological characteristics, Capo (1986:281) suggests the following internal classification of Gbe:
1) Aja, 2) Ewe, 3) Fon, 4) Gen, 5) Phla-Phera.
1.2. LANGUAGE AREA
The Gbe speech varieties are spoken in the southeastern part of West Africa by a total of approximately four million speakers (estimate by Capo 1986:10). From the southwestern corner of Nigeria, these speech varieties expand westwards across southern Benin and Togo into Ghana’s Volta region. (Grimes 1996; Stewart 1989)
6
Figure 1: Map of the Gbe language area (based on Capo 1986: map 1a)
7 The above-mentioned five major Gbe clusters are situated from west to east as follows: Ewe in southwestern Ghana and southeastern Togo, Gen in southern Togo and southwestern Benin, Aja in southeastern Togo and southwestern Benin, Phla-Phera in southwestern and southeastern Benin and Fon in southern Benin, located between the western and eastern Phla-Phera varieties.
The Gbe communities of Benin have as neighbors Defoid language groups to the north and east, whereas the communities of Togo are bordered by Defoid, Gur and other Kwa groups. The Ghanaian Gbe communities have as neighbors Central-Togo language groups to the north and Ga-Dangme groups to the west. (Duthie 1988; Grimes 1996)
1.3. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Among the Gbe varieties, five have thus far undergone language-based development on a larger scale, including the development of religious materials: Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Gun.
In Benin, Aja3 and Fon were two of six national languages selected by the government in 1992 for non-formal adult education (Direction de l’Alphabétisation 1992). In addition, Gen was chosen for non-formal education in the Mono region in southwestern Benin. The Gen literacy classes make use of a Waci-Gen primer that employs the vocabulary that Gen and Waci, another Gbe variety of Benin’s Mono region, have in common (Capo 1986:44f,102; Direction Nationale de l’Alphabétisation n.d., b). Furthermore, Gun is the Gbe variety chosen for non-formal education in the Ouémé region in southeastern Benin. (Direction de l’Alphabétisation n.d., a,b,c).
Ewe is a major language in which non-formal education is conducted in Togo (together with Kabiye and French), while in Ghana it is also a language of formal education for secondary school and university education. Standard Ewe is based on Awlan, the most prestigious variety of the Ewe cluster.4 (Capo 1986; Duthie 1988)
In addition to the above, the Benin government organizes smaller-scale non-formal education in a number of other Gbe varieties, such as Saxwe and Waci in the Mono region and Tofin in the
3 No one single variety of the Aja cluster has as yet emerged as the standard form of Aja. Thus far, Aja-Dogbo has more published material than the remaining Aja varieties. It is noted, though, that Aja-Hwe is the most geographically widespread variety and has an increasing body of written material in general circulation (Sullivan 2000). 4 According to Duthie (1988:91f) standard Ewe is based on the dialects spoken near their main centers, i.e., around Peki, Amedzofe and Keta. However, except for the Peki variety spoken in Peki, Duthie does not mention the names of the dialects spoken near these main centers. 8 Atlantique region in southeastern Benin (Direction Nationale de l’Alphabétisation n.d., a,b,c,d). In Waci, literacy classes are conducted using the above-mentioned Waci-Gen primer.
As for the development of religious materials, biblical texts are available in Ewe, Fon, Gen and Gun, while work has recently started in Aja (Grimes 1996).
9 CHAPTER 2. PREVIOUS LINGUISTIC RESEARCH
2.1. LINGUISTIC RESEARCH ON GBE
Especially during the last 20 years, the Gbe language varieties have been the focus of much linguistic research conducted by the national centers for applied linguistics and the national universities of Benin, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo as well as by American and European universities. (See Duthie and Vlaardingerbroek’s (1981) Bibliography of Gbe and Capo’s (1986:71ff) review of previous research on Gbe.)
Of special interest for the purposes of this dissertation and SIL’s larger study of the Gbe continuum is a comparative study of Gbe by Capo (1986), which he began in 1971 and which was published under the title Renaissance du gbe. Focusing on phonological and morpho- phonological characteristics, Capo (1986:99ff, map 1b) arrives at five major Gbe clusters which are, listed according to their geographical location from west to east, Ewe, Gen, Aja, Phla-Phera and Fon. The following varieties are assigned to each of these clusters:5
Ewe Gen Aja Phla-Phera Fon
Adan Kpando Agoi Dogbo Alada Agbome Agu Kpelen Anexo Hwe Ayizo Arohun Anfoin Kpesi Gen Sikpi Gbesi Kpase Avedakpa Peci Gliji Tado Kotafon6 Gun Aveno Towun Saxwe Maxi Awlan Ve Se Weme Be Vlin Tofin Dayin Vo Toli Fodome Waci Xwela Gbin Wance Xwla Ho
Table 1: Classification of Gbe varieties (Capo 1986)
5 Other listings of Gbe varieties may be found on the language map of Benin, Carte linguistique, designed by Benin’s national center for applied linguistics (Centre National de Linguistique Appliquée, CENALA 1990), in Benin’s and Togo’s sociolinguistic atlases by the respective National Commissions of Linguistics (CNL du Bénin 1983; CNL du Togo 1983), and in the Ethnologue’s entries of Gbe varieties (Grimes 1996). 6 On a separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ Capo (1986: map 2) marks Kotafon and Ci as varieties of Fon. However, in his official classification, Capo (1986:101, map 1b) lists Kotafon as a Phla-Phera variety and Ci as thus far unclassified. 10 In addition, Capo (1986:11ff, map 1a) mentions several unclassified Gbe varieties, here listed according to the larger cluster-area in which they are located:
Ewe – Gen area: Ave, Kuma, Togo, Wudu, and Wundi; Fon – Phla-Phera area: Ci,6 Daxe, Gbekon, Gbokpa, Movolo,7 Savi, and Seto.
2.2. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
2.2.1. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL FEATURES
Lexical features of languages are commonly studied from one of two different perspectives, the diachronic or the synchronic perspective (De Saussure 1959; Simons 1977).
2.2.1.1. DIACHRONIC LEXICOSTATISTICS
The diachronic perspective investigates languages in terms of their development through time and focuses on their genetic classification (De Saussure 1959). This approach was considerably advanced when Swadesh (1950) first suggested a lexicostatistical method to measure the degree of relatedness among languages and the time that has elapsed since they split from a common ‘parent language.’ (See Lee 1953:113.)
The primary tools of this method, which has since been developed under the name of ‘glottochronology,’ are the ‘comparative method’ and ‘lexicostatistics.’ The former compares lexical items across languages and investigates regular correspondence sets to identify historically related ‘true cognates’ and to reconstruct some of the lexicon of the parent language. Lexicostatistics are applied to convert the count of cognate pairs within a large number of words in two languages to a percentage that indicates the degree of similarity between these languages. These similarity percentages are then “converted to units of indicated time depth” that presumably indicate the time elapsed since the related languages split from the parent language (Swadesh 1950:158; see also Gudschinsky 1956a; Sanders 1977; Swadesh 1955.)
7 Capo (1999) reports that during a survey of the Gbe varieties, he and his research team noticed that the Xwla spoken in the east was different from that spoken in the west. They attempted to discover a name for the eastern Xwla variety, but the people insisted that they spoke ‘Xwla.’ The researchers therefore tagged the eastern Xwla people ‘Movolo’ to distinguish them from the western Xwla. ‘Movÿ§lÿ’ is an eastern Xwla word which means “I said that, I repeat, I say again,” a phrase which the eastern Xwla used repeatedly during interviews. Therefore, ‘Movolo’ may refer to the Xwla communities of the Ouémé region, such as Djeffa, where the eastern Xwla lists were elicited. 11 Swadesh’s (1950, 1955) mathematical model of deducing the genetic classification of languages is based on four basic assumptions which are summarized by Gudschinsky (1956a) as follows:
1) All languages share a basic core vocabulary that undergoes change to a much lesser degree than other parts of the vocabulary; 2) The retention of vocabulary in the basic core vocabulary occurs at a consistent rate through time; 3) The replacement rate of lexical items is roughly the same in all languages; 4) The elapsed time since related languages began to branch off from a common parent language can be deduced from the computed percentage of true cognates. (See also Chrétien 1962; Lee 1953.)
Reactions among linguists to Swadesh’s diachronic approach to linguistics have been diverse. On one hand, Swadesh’s approach was welcomed as a practical tool to determine the genetic relationships of languages. It stimulated a great deal of research on the evolution of languages, and efforts were made by many linguists to advance the lexicostatistical techniques, e.g., by Dobson (1969), Dyen (1973, 1975), Ellegård (1959) and Embleton (1986), to name but a few.
On the other hand, however, the validity of this approach to lexicostatistics has been criticized repeatedly. Gudschinsky (1956b) and other critics such as Hoijer (1956) and Hedinger (1984) question Swadesh’s concept of a culturally universal, basic core vocabulary and show that its existence is, in fact, doubtful. Further criticism refers to the fact that it has never been proven that the retention of vocabulary occurs at a consistent rate and that the replacement rate of lexical items is roughly the same in all language (Lee 1953). Finally, the mathematical basis of glottochronology has been the subject of criticism, with Chrétien (1962) arguing that the mathematical models employed are inadequate and the results obtained unreliable.
In view of this criticism, claims for the glottochronologic method have become more cautious, and the need to confirm the lexicostatistical results through further phonological, grammatical and anthropological research has been recognized. (See Gudschinsky 1956a; Hedinger 1984; Simons 1977.)
12 2.2.1.2. SYNCHRONIC LEXICOSTATISTICS
An alternative to the diachronic study of languages is provided by the synchronic approach that investigates languages as they exist at one specific point in time and, focusing on the speaker’s viewpoint, explores the affects of language variation on communication (De Saussure 1959).
The main objective of this approach is to establish whether and to what extent related languages are phonetically similar. Thus, synchronic studies do not require the elicitation of a basic core vocabulary, since it is of no significance whether two forms derive genetically from a common parent language. In consequence, the comparative method does not apply for this approach. Instead, comparable word lists are analyzed by the ‘inspection method’ that was first described by Gudschinsky (1955). (See also Sanders 1977; Simons 1977.)
The main objective of the inspection method is to measure the ‘relative degrees of lexical relationship’ of closely related languages. According to Gudschinsky (1955:138), this lexical relationship, which is “free from inherent implications of absolute time (though not of relative time),” can be discovered by simple inspection of the elicited lexical items. To identify probable cognates based on phonetic similarity, Gudschinsky (1956a) outlines a set of criteria for similarity decisions that has since been applied and adapted for other synchronic linguistic and sociolinguistic studies (see Blair 1990).
Ideally, similarity decisions should be based on an analysis of the morphophonemic structure of the elicited lexical items to isolate the equivalent morphemes in each pair of words. This procedure works well for isolating languages with a monomorphemic word-structure, but for agglutinative or inflecting languages with complex polymorphemic word-structures it proves rather unfeasible (Bee 1965; Persson 1979; Sanders 1977). Therefore, an alternative approach to the comparison of polymorphemic word-structures that does not require a morphological analysis is suggested by Schooling (1990) in his survey of French Polynesia: pairs of complete words are compared, while reduplication and apparently affixed morphemes occurring in the same position are ignored. (For different approaches to the comparison of polymorphemic word- structures, see Probst 1992.)
In contrast to the diachronic approach, synchronic studies make no attempt to deduce how closely the investigated languages are related, since it is not genetic inheritance but phonetic similarity that effects communication and determines intelligibility (Sanders 1977). This issue of intelligibility is pertinent to a synchronic perspective, with Gudschinsky (1956a:206) concluding that knowledge of the degree of lexical similarity between language varieties “is invaluable in
13 practical decisions regarding homogeneity of speech areas for vernacular schools, production of literature, etc.” However, Grimes (1988) points out that whereas a low degree of lexical similarity always correlates with a low degree of intelligibility, the opposite relationship does not hold, in that a high degree of similarity does not correlate with a high degree of intelligibility. Thus, Grimes (1988) concludes that intelligibility is unlikely when lexical similarity is below 60%, whereas degrees of similarity of above 60% are helpful mainly in identifying areas where more in-depth studies are necessary.
2.2.2. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Analysis of grammatical features is common in linguistic and sociolinguistic studies, with quantitative analysis of grammatical features focusing on the quantification of the morphological and syntactic systems of languages (Simons 1991; Těšitelová 1992). While quantitative analysis of the morphological systems “studies the frequency, distribution, and relations of units, i.e., word-forms,” analysis of the syntactic systems investigates “the frequency, distribution and relations of syntactic phenomena, to quantify sentence structures connected with the organization of a sentence (internal and external)” (Těšitelová 1992:102,119).
To name but two examples, Greenberg (1960:194) suggests a quantitative approach to language typology that calculates typological “indices based on text ratios of carefully defined linguistic elements.” Another quantitative approach is proposed by Askedal (1997), who developed a method of computing morphosyntactic differences in order to compare complex noun-phrase constructions in German and Norwegian. (For a literature review on quantitative linguistics, see Těšitelová 1992.)
Apparently uncommon in linguistic studies is the quantitative analysis of grammatical features to investigate the degree of linguistic similarity between languages. It seems that in such studies, if grammatical structures are taken into account at all, the analysis focuses on the simple inspection of the elicited features. To name two examples, both Korhonen et al. (1986a,b) and Sim (1980) have investigated grammatical features in the context of their sociolinguistic studies of various East African languages. In their analyses they describe and compare the elicited features without, however, quantifying the results as a statistical estimate of how similar the varieties may be in terms of their grammatical structure.
The only study known to the author that recommends the quantification of grammatical features to assess the degree of linguistic similarity between languages is Wiesemann’s (1989) analysis of
14 ‘Features of grammar in language assessment.’ Wiesemann (1989) argues that a low degree of grammatical similarity between speech varieties impairs intelligibility even when lexical similarity is high. Thus, she suggests complementing the lexicostatistical analysis with the analysis of grammatical features to obtain a rough estimate of how language varieties group and where intelligibility is unlikely. To quantify grammatical features elicited in 13 varieties of the Gbe language continuum, Wiesemann (1989) made use of the computer program LEXISTAT, release 2.1 (Schadeberg 1990), which performs a count of shared features. These counts were represented in a dendrogram indicating the grouping of the investigated language varieties according to their degree of grammatical similarity.
Wiesemann’s (1989) quantitative approach to the analysis of grammatical features forms part of the basis of this dissertation and is discussed in more detail in Section 3.2.1.2 (p. 21).
15 CHAPTER 3. RATIONALE
This dissertation focuses on the quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features elicited among 49 varieties of the Gbe language continuum. The analysis is embedded in SIL Togo- Benin’s larger study of the Gbe continuum that was launched at the end of the 1980s. In the following sections, the history of this larger study is presented, followed by a more detailed discussion of the preliminary analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists previously conducted by the author. The final section of this chapter discusses the research focus of this dissertation.
3.1. SIL STUDY ON GBE
As mentioned above, SIL International is an international NGO that works with language communities worldwide to facilitate language-based development through research, translation, and literacy. As a service organization, SIL International has been working since the 1930s with people who speak the lesser-known languages of the world. In partnership with host governments, universities, non-governmental organizations, churches and local villages, SIL has carried out linguistic research in 1,320 languages, spoken by 350 million people in more than 50 countries; current active SIL programs now number over 1,000.
SIL’s language-based development work focuses primarily on unwritten languages and includes a variety of activities. One major focus is linguistic and anthropological research to study, develop and document these languages. A second focus is grass roots, community-based literacy programs for smaller language communities with the priority of training local people to assume responsibility for sustainable programs in their own communities and languages. The third major focus is to adapt or translate, in cooperation with speakers of local languages, various kinds of literature that are designed to facilitate economic, physical, intellectual, and spiritual development. These include works on such subjects as farming, health textbooks and some or all of the Bible. (Partially quoted from SIL International 2000.)
Concurring with these objectives, the current strategy of SIL Togo-Benin is to promote the use of already developed language materials by as wide a population as possible, i.e., by first language (L1) speakers of a given speech variety and by those who have adequate comprehension of that variety. (Marmor 1997)
To date, the following Gbe varieties have undergone language development on a larger scale: Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Gun. The main objective of the larger SIL study is to assess whether
16 and to what extent the communities where the remaining Gbe varieties of Benin and Togo are spoken could use written materials in any of the already standardized varieties, or whether additional language-based development programs in some of the remaining communities would be beneficial, and if so, whether and to what extent SIL Togo-Benin should be involved in these programs.
During the first phase of the on-going study, between 1988 and 1992, SIL elicited word and phrase lists in 49 Gbe varieties in Benin, Ghana and Togo. The main objective of these elicitations was to assess the degree of linguistic similarity and the clustering of these varieties and to establish priorities for further, more in-depth research.
The author had been assigned to analyze the elicited word and phrase lists when she joined SIL Togo-Benin in 1992, but due to other commitments, she was not involved in the actual elicitation of these lists. Initially, the author’s analysis focused on the computation of similarity matrices; then, in late 1992, the project was put on hold until the late 1990s. In 1996, SIL Togo-Benin resumed its study of the Gbe language continuum and since then has conducted more in-depth sociolinguistic surveys in a number of Gbe varieties. Due to the author’s involvement in several of these surveys (see Henson 1999; Henson et al. 1999a,b; Johnson 1999a,b; Schoch 2000; Tompkins et al. 1997), it was not until 1999 that she resumed her research on the word and phrase lists and conducted a preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices that involved simple inspection but no quantitative analysis of the data (see Kluge 1999).
3.2. PREVIOUS WORD- AND PHRASE-LIST ANALYSES
As mentioned above, the author conducted the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists in two stages. During the first phase, the analysis focused on the computation of similarity matrices as described in Section 3.2.1 below. During the second stage, the author conducted a preliminary analysis of the computed similarity matrices as described in Section 3.2.2 (p. 24).
17 3.2.1. COMPUTATION OF SIMILARITY MATRICES
3.2.1.1. WORD LISTS
The word list is based on Swadesh’s 100-word list (Swadesh 1955) and the word list published in the Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (Dieu et al. 1983) and consists of 100 items covering various semantic domains such as:8
Natural objects / phenomena: soleil, pluie, pierre [sun, rain, stone] Plant parts: racine, l’écorce, feuille [root, bark, leaf] Animals: vache, chèvre, serpent [cow, goat, snake] Persons homme, père, femme [man, father, woman] Body parts: oeil, tête, genou [eye, head, knee] Numbers: un/une, deux, trois [one, two, three] Qualities:9 chaud, froid, long [hot, cold, long] Colors: rouge, noir, blanc [red, black, white] Simple activities: manger, boire, rire [eat, drink, laugh]
The elicited word lists were analyzed from a synchronic perspective applying the inspection method to determine the relative degrees of lexical similarity among the investigated Gbe varieties. This analysis was conducted with the computer program WORDSURV, release 2.4 (Wimbish 1989), a lexicostatistics program that performs a count of shared vocabulary between pairs of languages based on similarity groupings, as determined by the researcher.
Due to limitations in personnel and time, a thorough morphological analysis of the 49 surveyed Gbe varieties was not an option. Therefore, the previously mentioned approach by Schooling (1990) was chosen as the basis for the similarity groupings: pairs of complete words were compared, while reduplication and apparently affixed morphemes (including class prefixes) occurring in the same position were ignored. With regard to the comparison of phones in two words, the established set of criteria followed, with a few modifications, the principles outlined by Blair (1990:31).10
Thus, the following set of criteria was applied to the similarity groupings:
8 Since Benin and Togo are francophone countries, the word list was designed in French. See Appendix 5.1 (p. 111) for the French word list and Appendix 5.2 (p. 112) for a complete listing of the elicited data sorted by gloss. 9 See Tucker 1998. 10 To contextualize Blair’s principles, a few modifications were applied and the following distinctions were not taken into consideration: − length and tone, − vowel + vowel / vowel, − vowel + [“] / nasalized vowel,
18 1) Reduplication, regardless of the nasalization of the vowel, was ignored. Thus, for the Alada, Awlan and Kpelen varieties the elicited items for goat (gloss #21) were considered lexically similar:
Alada: ogbÿgbÿ⁄ Awlan: egbÿ¶ Kpelen: egbÿ
2) Morphemes that are apparently affixed were ignored if they always occur in the same position. Thus, focusing on the morpheme Ú‹∆, the following items for cow (gloss #20) were considered lexically similar for the Arohun, Ayizo and Be varieties as well as for the Aja-Dogbo and Arohun varieties. However, the items for Aja-Dogbo and Be were not considered lexically similar since the additional morphemes do not occur in the same position.
Arohun: Ú‹∆ Arohun: Ú‹∆ Aja-Dogbo: xwe“‹ ∆ Ayizo: Ú‹∆bu Aja-Dogbo: xwe“‹∆ Be: Ú‹∆nÿ¶ Be: Ú‹∆nÿ¶
3) Class prefixes on nouns were ignored. Thus, for the Kpelen, Maxi and Saxwe varieties the following elicited items for head (gloss #6) were considered lexically similar:
Kpelen: ⁄ta Maxi: nta Saxwe: ota
Following Probst’s (1992) suggestions in a study on ‘Multimorphemic words in lexicostatistics,’ a second, stricter set of criteria for similarity groupings was established for comparison, which did not allow differences in the morphological structure: pairs of complete words were compared, and apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication were included in the analysis except for affixed class-prefixes, which were ignored.
Thus, the above-mentioned examples for goat (gloss #21) and cow (gloss #20) were not considered lexically similar:
− [i] / [j], [o] / [w], − allophones: [l] / [r], [m] / [b], [“] / [w], [n] / [‡], [Ú] / [j]. 19 goat (gloss #21) Alada: ogbÿgbÿ⁄ Alada: ogbÿgbÿ⁄ Awlan: egbÿ¶ Kpelen: egbÿ
cow (gloss #20) Arohun: Ú‹∆ Arohun: Ú‹∆ Arohun: Ú‹∆ Ayizo: Ú‹∆bu Be: Ú‹∆nÿ¶ Aja-Dogbo: xwe“‹ ∆
Both sets of criteria were applied to the elicited data, which were organized in two different WORDSURV databases, each database analyzing the data according to one of the two sets of criteria for similarity groupings. According to each set of criteria, WORDSURV performed a count of shared vocabulary between pairs of languages. These counts were presented in two computed percentage matrices of lexical similarity: computation WLC-1, based on the above- mentioned first set of criteria which ignores apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication, and computation WLC-2, based on the second set of criteria which includes apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication in the analysis.11
In addition to the computed percentage matrix, WORDSURV also calculates the range of error for each count based on the reliability of the word-list data. Given that none of the lists has yet been verified, the reliability level ‘D’ was assigned to the elicited lists: “average survey situation, but difficulties in bilingual elicitation and not satisfactorily double-checked” (Wimbish 1989:31).
For further interpretation of word-list results, SIL’s ‘Language assessment criteria’12 (Bergman 1990:2) gives the following recommendation:
[When the word-list analysis results] indicate a lexical similarity between two speech forms of less than about 70% (at the upper confidence limit of the calculation), this generally indicates that these are different languages. ... If the similarity is more than 70%, dialect intelligibility testing is needed to determine how well people can understand the other speech form.
Considering these guidelines, all lexical similarity percentages given in this study include the upper range of error, and thus refer to the upper confidence limit of the calculation.13
11 WLC = word-list computation. 12 These criteria were “approved for general use as administrative guidelines by the Area Directors and Vice Presidents” of SIL International in November 1989 (Bergman 1990:1). 20 3.2.1.2. PHRASE LISTS
Based on her research in a number of African languages across the continent, Wiesemann (1989:2) argues that intelligibility relies strongly on two grammatical systems: the ‘person (or noun) reference system’ and the ‘verbal reference systems,’ the former referring to personal pronouns, case distinctions and classes (including plurality), and the latter referring to the systems of aspect, mood, tense and voice (see also Wiesemann 1986). Thus, the phrase list developed by Wiesemann (1988:113f; 1989) focuses on these core parts of the grammar. For greater reliability, most grammatical features were elicited in at least two phrases; in all, 35 phrases are listed.14
For the verbal reference system, the phrase list elicits the past, progressive and future forms, the imperative, conditional and negative forms, and the transitive and intransitive dichotomy.
Example 1: Phrases eliciting past, progressive and future forms
Phrase #1: Il a mangé poisson (hier). (sic) [He ate fish (yesterday).] Phrase #3: Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant). (sic) [He is eating fish (now).] Phrase #4: Il mangera poisson (plus tard). (sic) [He will eat fish (later).]
For the person (or noun) reference system, the phrase list focuses on: case distinctions, demonstratives, interrogative constructions, singular-plural distinctions, reflexives, and word order.
Example 2: Phrases eliciting interrogative constructions
Phrase #17: Qui est tombé? [Who has fallen?] Phrase #20: Est-ce qu’il est tombé? [Has he fallen?]
During her 1989 research on 13 Gbe varieties (see Section 2.2.2, p. 14), Wiesemann (1989) identified those grammatical features that indicate differences between the various Gbe varieties. These features were taken into account for the analysis of the complete data set for the 49 Gbe varieties and are listed as follows (Wiesemann 1992):15
13 The upper confidence limit equals the degree of similarity plus the range of error (variance). See Appendix 1 (p. 81) for the computed percentage and variance matrices. 14 Since Benin and Togo are francophone countries, the phrase list was designed in French. See Appendix 6.1 (p. 128) for the French phrase list and Appendix 6.3 (p. 128) for a complete listing of the elicited data sorted by phrase. 15 In her 1989 study, Wiesemann did not explicitly state the guidelines for the similarity groupings of the elicited grammatical features. However, in 1992, when the author commenced her work on the Gbe word- and phrase- 21 Person reference system: Demonstratives, pronoun forms, singular-plural distinctions, possessive constructions, and word order;
Verbal reference system: Interrogative constructions, progressive and future forms, negative forms, the combination of subject marker and verbal particle, and verb – object/location order.
Example 3: Possessive forms in Agu, Gbesi, Se and western Xwla
Phrase # 35: Les yeux de l’homme. [The man’s eyes.]
man possessive eyes possessive man possessive marker marker marker Agu: ncu fe ku wo Ajra: xwuxwan nukun Se: sulo kun sn ye Gbesi: nuku sunu l tn
The analysis focuses on the existence and the form of the possessive marker and the word order:
Possessive marker: marker in Agu, Se and Gbesi versus no marker in Ajra. Form: fe versus sn ye versus tn Word order: noun-1 – possessive marker – noun-2 in Agu versus noun-1 – noun-2 – possessive marker in Se versus noun-2 – noun-1 – possessive marker in Gbesi.
Example 4: Progressive forms in Aja-Dogbo, Kpesi, Se and Toli
Phrase # 3: Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant). (sic) [He is eating fish (now).]
he progressive to eat fish progressive (now) marker marker Aja-Dogbo: e be uu kpav (uy) Kpesi: e le u adovi Se: e u ohwe n (lesi) Toli: e n u hwey (ti)
list analysis, Wiesemann (1992) outlined these criteria and discussed them with the author in detail. (See Appendix 6.2, p. 128, for a description of the categories for the similarity groupings) 22 The comparison focuses on the form and the position of the progressive marker (preceding or following the verb) and reduplication of the verb:
Form: be versus n versus le Position: n u versus u n Verb reduplication: u versus uu
As previously mentioned, Wiesemann (1989) proposed in her study of grammatical features elicited in 13 Gbe varieties the analysis of these features with the computer program LEXISTAT (Schadeberg 1990) to arrive at a statistical evaluation of the similarity groupings. This lexicostatistics program provides a method for judging the similarity of word items, which, for Wiesemann’s study, was applied to one grammatical feature at a time. However, when the author applied Wiesemann’s (1992) guidelines for similarity groupings to the complete set of 49 Gbe varieties, LEXISTAT proved insufficient for the evaluation of the elicited lists. The main reason for this insufficiency was the fact that some speech varieties use alternative strategies to translate the same grammatical feature, whereas LEXISTAT makes no provision for the computation of such alternatives. Therefore, the author explored the possibility of analyzing the data with WORDSURV, which allows for the computation of alternatives (Wimbish 1989).
Based on Wiesemann’s (1992) guidelines for similarity judgments, the elicited grammatical features were organized in a WORDSURV database. As mentioned above, most grammatical features were elicited several times. However, unless a speech variety employed alternative strategies to translate the same grammatical feature, the individual grammatical features were counted only once, since multiple entries for the same feature would have had a disproportionally high influence on the whole data set without adding new information (Wiesemann 1989:5).
As with the word lists, WORDSURV performed a count of shared grammatical features between each pair of languages, representing the performed counts in a similarity matrix, PLC.16 For the range of error for each count, the reliability level ‘D’ was again assigned to each list since, as with the word lists, none of the phrase lists has yet been verified. While recommendations are available for further interpretation of word-list results, none for phrase-list results are known to the author. Therefore, the similarity percentages given in this study exclude the range of error.17
16 PLC = phrase-list computation. 17 See Appendix 1 (p. 81) for the computed percentage and variance matrices. 23 It is noted, though, that WORDSURV is not designed to analyze grammatical features. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that the computed percentage and variance matrices reflect the actual degrees of grammatical similarity between these varieties, especially given the low number of records for this computation (17). Thus, the calculations for grammatical similarity are not meant to imply the actual degrees of grammatical similarity but to indicate how the Gbe varieties are distributed into groups.
3.2.2. PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE COMPUTED SIMILARITY MATRICES
In 1999, the author conducted a preliminary analysis of the computed percentage matrices to assess the grouping of the surveyed Gbe varieties into relatively homogeneous clusters. It should be reiterated, however, that none of the word or phrase lists has yet been verified and that no statistical analysis of the computed matrices was conducted, but that they were evaluated by simple inspection only.
The results of this preliminary analysis suggest three major clusters of Gbe varieties: a western, a central and an eastern cluster. Furthermore, the results identify two sub-groups among the western Gbe varieties, the Ewe and Gen clusters, as well as two sub-groups among the eastern Gbe varieties, the Fon and Phla-Phera clusters; the central Gbe cluster consists entirely of the Aja language varieties. This distinction of five sub-clusters concurs with Capo’s (1986) distinction of the same five Gbe clusters: Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen and Phla-Phera. However, in addition, the phrase-list results indicate a possible third cluster for the western Gbe varieties including the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties, as well as a possible third cluster for the eastern Gbe varieties, including the Alada, Gun, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties and, possibly, the Arohun and northern Weme varieties. (See Kluge 1999.)
3.3. RESEARCH FOCUS OF THIS DISSERTATION
This dissertation, as mentioned above, is embedded in SIL Togo-Benin’s larger study of the Gbe language continuum, which has as its main objective to assess whether and to what extent the Gbe varieties could benefit from existing literacy efforts in Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen or Gun, or whether additional language-based development programs in some of the remaining communities would be beneficial and if so, whether and to what extent SIL Togo-Benin should be involved in these development programs.
24 Building on the author’s previous preliminary analysis of the word and phrase lists elicited among 49 Gbe varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo (Kluge 1999), as described in Section 3.2 above, the focus of this dissertation is the quantitative analysis of the previously computed percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity.
This analysis is conducted with hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling, the main objectives of the analysis being the following:
1) To identify clusters of Gbe varieties and their components; 2) To explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists yields comparable results; and, 3) To establish priorities for further, more in-depth studies of the Gbe communities.
25 CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY
Quantitative analysis of the computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices was conducted with the statistical computer package SPSS for Windows, release 9.0 (SPSS Inc. 1998), applying hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. (See Aldenderfer et al. 1984; Garrett et al. 1999; Hair et al. 1998; Kruskal et al. 1978; Manly1986; Norušis 1993; SPSS Inc. 1998.)
4.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
Hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) is a statistical procedure that reorganizes a set of observations or ‘cases’ into groups that are relatively homogeneous. This reorganization is achieved by grouping the cases “according to their profile on a set of variables (the cluster variate) in which observations in close proximity to each other are grouped together” (Hair et al. 1998:572).
An example of a possible application of this method to linguistics is provided by Batagelj et al. (1992) who present the automatic grouping of 65 languages into clusters according to the analysis of 16 common words. Likewise, the main objective of CA in the context of this dissertation is to identify clusters of Gbe varieties and their components.
The method of forming clusters employed for this dissertation is agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, which forms clusters by a process of agglomeration. The primary guide for determining adequate cluster solutions is the agglomeration schedule provided by SPSS, which shows how the cases are clustered together at each stage of the analysis. In addition, the agglomeration schedule indicates a value, the ‘coefficient value,’ which represents the distance between two speech varieties or clusters of varieties merged at each stage. These coefficient values can be used as an indication of the appropriate cluster solution: a relatively large increase in the value between two adjoining agglomeration steps indicates that at this stage, two clusters are joined into a single cluster that is notably less homogeneous than clusters joined at a previous step, and that therefore the data are best described by the clusters identified so far.
The method chosen to decide which speech varieties should be joined at each step is the ‘average linkage between-groups method’ that “defines the distance between two clusters as the average of the distances between all pairs of cases in which one member of the pair is from each of the cluster” (Norušis 1993:97). The measure chosen to estimate the similarity between two varieties is the ‘squared Euclidean distance measure.’ Both the average linkage between-groups method and the squared Euclidean distance measure were chosen, since they are considered generally
26 applicable in the absence of information which would suggest a specific alternative, as is the case for this analysis.
The results of CA are displayed in two ways: first, in a table indicating the cluster membership for each speech variety, and secondly in a dendrogram that displays graphically how the clusters are joined at each step of the agglomeration process.
4.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
According to Scholfield (1991), data such as words can not only be analyzed with CA but also with multidimensional scaling (MDS), which is designed to analyze the structure of dissimilarity (or similarity) data. Rather than taking into account the profile of values as CA does, MDS considers all pairs of observations and approximates the distances between all of these pairs.
The results of MDS are displayed in a ‘derived stimulus configuration,’ a perceptual map that indicates the data as a configuration of points, as on a map, along two, three or more dimensions. In addition, MDS provides for each configuration a measure of fit (the ‘squared simple correlation’ – RSQ) and a measure of stress (‘Kruskal’s stress’) that indicate how well the MDS model corresponds to the actual raw data.
The number of dimensions that should form the basis for the computed perceptual map is generally determined by means of subjective evaluation and/or the evaluation of the measures of fit and stress. In the first approach, the researcher makes a subjective evaluation of the computed MDS plot as to whether the displayed configuration seems reasonable while aiming at the smallest number of dimensions. The second approach takes into account the RSQ values and Kruskal’s stress values: RSQ values of ≥0.60 are generally considered acceptable, whereas with Kruskal’s measure of stress, small values approaching 0.0 indicate an acceptable goodness of fit.
For the interpretation of the computed perceptual maps, the displayed MDS plots do not directly indicate what the dimensions and configurations refer to; it is left to the researcher to interpret what they represent. Most commonly, ‘dimensional interpretation’ is applied, focusing on large distances along the dimensions of the computed plots. However, as Kruskal and Wish (1978:43) point out, sometimes “structure can be observed in the multidimensional space in addition to or instead of that provided by dimensional interpretation.” This alternative interpretation primarily takes into account large similarities and focuses on data clustering in the space, therefore called ‘neighborhood interpretation.’ Kruskal and Wish (1978) suggest employing neighborhood
27 interpretation in addition to dimensional interpretation to explain as much of the displayed configuration as possible.
4.3. ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
4.3.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
The triangular-shaped word- and phrase-list similarity matrices computed by WORDSURV (Wimbish 1989) had, during the previously conducted analysis, been imported into Microsoft Excel 97. For CA with SPSS, they had to be imported into SPSS. However, since SPSS requires symmetrical or rectangular-shaped rather than triangular-shaped matrices, the three word- and phrase-list matrices were first converted into square symmetrically shaped matrices by reflection along the leading diagonal, and then imported into SPSS.
As already mentioned in Section 4.1 (p. 26), CA was conducted applying the average linkage between-groups method and the squared Euclidean measure. The results of the CA for each of the three computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices, i.e., word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC, are displayed in a cluster-membership table and a dendrogram. However, this graphical representation in a dendrogram should not be mistaken as a ‘language family tree’ indicating genetic relationships between the surveyed speech varieties. It is further noted that the displayed dendrograms do not indicate the actual distances between the speech varieties but rescale them to numbers between 0 and 25.
To determine adequate cluster solutions for each word- and phrase-list similarity matrix, the agglomeration schedule with its coefficient values was employed as previously described in Section 4.1 (p. 26), and for each of the three computations a particular cluster solution was chosen which determines the number of clusters most appropriate for the respective computation. Based on these indications of adequate cluster solutions, the cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the three computations were evaluated and the respective clusters and their components identified.18 Since CA was employed as an exploratory data analysis tool for this dissertation, no rigorous validation techniques have been applied.
For further evaluation and discussion, the results of the three cluster analyses were transferred into Microsoft Word 97 and displayed in tables with the respective clusters and their components
18 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the word- and phrase-list computations. 28 lined up side by side, thus facilitating the comparison of the results (as an example see Table 4, p. 38).
For each of the three word- and phrase-list computations, the indicated clusters and their components were compared to the original similarity matrices to examine whether and to what extent the indicated groupings match the similarity percentages. Furthermore, the findings of the CA of the three computations were compared to each other to determine whether and to what extent the results concur.
In this context, mention needs to be made of the following disparities between the findings of the CA and the results indicated by a sociolinguistic survey conducted among two of the 49 investigated Gbe varieties, Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) and Aja-Sikpi. As will be discussed in more detail in Sections 5.1.1 (p. 31) and 5.1.3 (p. 45), the findings of the CA indicate Tohoun-Hwe to be a component of a western Gbe cluster and Sikpi to be a component of an eastern Gbe cluster. By contrast, the findings of a more recent sociolinguistic survey of these communities in late 1996 clearly identified Tohoun-Hwe and Sikpi as varieties of Aja and therefore as components of a central Gbe cluster that consists entirely of Aja varieties. Thus, to guard against skewed results with regard to the clustering of the remaining Gbe varieties, an alternative version of CA was conducted excluding the Tohoun-Hwe and Sikpi varieties. This version of CA is the basis for the presented clustering of the remaining Gbe varieties in ‘Western Gbe varieties’ (p. 35) and ‘Eastern Gbe varieties’ (p. 47).
4.3.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
Multidimensional scaling (MDS) was based on the same above-mentioned triangular-shaped word- and phrase-list similarity matrices. To apply MDS to these matrices using SPSS, the triangular similarity matrices were converted into triangular distance matrices, since MDS is a method that uses distance information. These distance matrices were then converted into square symmetrically shaped matrices and imported into SPSS.
As already mentioned in Section 4.2 (p. 27), the determination of the number of dimensions that should form the basis for the computed perceptual maps is generally made through subjective evaluation and/or the evaluation of the measures of fit and stress. For the analysis of the Gbe data, the decision on the number of dimensions the computed MDS plots were to be based on was in large part pragmatic, taking into account both ease of use and interpretability. Other considerations were that the displayed configurations should look reasonable and the computed
29 RSQ values and Kruskal’s stress values should be acceptable.19 Thus, a two-dimensional analysis was employed for this study with the scaling model based on the default ‘Euclidean distance measure’ and the level of measurement being ‘ratio.’
For each of the three word- and phrase-list distance matrices, three MDS plots were computed: one including all 49 Gbe varieties, a second one referring only to the western Gbe varieties and a third one including only the eastern Gbe varieties. This approach to the analysis was chosen because the large number of varieties results in very dense configurations, thus rendering a more detailed interpretation of the computed plots difficult.
For the interpretation of the MDS configurations presented in this dissertation, a combination of dimensional interpretation and neighborhood interpretation was applied as suggested by Kruskal et al. (1978). Thus, the computed perceptual maps were investigated as to what the displayed dimensions represent while at the same time taking into account the clustering of the data. Given that as with CA, MDS is employed as an exploratory data analysis tool, no rigorous validation techniques have been applied.
For further evaluation and discussion, the computed plots of the three word- and phrase-list computations were imported into Microsoft Word 97 and compared to each other to explore whether and to what extent they match (as example see Figure 2, p. 34). Furthermore, the findings indicated by MDS were compared to the results indicated by CA and to the original similarity matrices to examine whether and to what extent these results concur.
19 See Appendix 3.1 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values. 30 CHAPTER 5. RESULTS
In the following section, the clustering of the Gbe varieties is discussed according to the findings of the quantitative analysis of the computed similarity matrices for the word and phrase lists. This presentation of the findings is followed in Section 5.2 (p. 64) by an evaluation of the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results.
5.1. CLUSTERING OF THE GBE LANGUAGE VARIETIES
The clustering of the Gbe language varieties presented in the following sections is based on the findings of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of the computed similarity matrices for the word and phrase lists. Following a brief overview of the Gbe varieties as a whole, detailed results are presented according to the larger groupings of these varieties.20
5.1.1. OVERVIEW
A cluster analysis of the computed similarity matrices for the word and phrase lists, applying a three-cluster solution, identifies three major groupings of Gbe varieties.
Western Gbe varieties21 Central Gbe varieties Eastern Gbe varieties
− Located in Togo and Ghana − Located in Togo and Benin along − Located in Benin and Nigeria between the Mono river to the both sides of the Mono river to between the Mono river in east and the Volta and Dayi the west and the Kouffo river to southwestern Benin and the rivers to the west. the east. Yewa river in southwestern Nigeria. − Capo’s (1986) ‘Ewe’ and − Capo’s ‘Aja’ cluster. − Capo’s ‘Fon’ and ‘Phla-Phera’ ‘Gen’ clusters. clusters.
Table 2: Major Gbe groupings
It is noted that a two-cluster solution based on the two word-list computations indicates the grouping of the central and western varieties within one cluster, whereas the eastern varieties constitute a distinct second cluster. By contrast, a two-cluster solution based on the phrase-list
20 See Figure 1 (p. 7) for a map of the Gbe language area and Appendix 1 (p. 81) for word- and phrase-list similarity matrices. 21 The terminology ‘western, central and eastern Gbe varieties,’ based on the geographical location of these three groups, is used for reference purposes in this report, and is not intended to be construed as the definitive nomenclature for these groups. 31 computation groups the central and eastern varieties within a single cluster, whereas the western varieties constitute a distinct second cluster.22
Overall, the word- and phrase-list results concur with respect to the distribution of the elicited Gbe varieties among the three major groupings, with the CA identifying the following components for each grouping:
Western Gbe varieties Central Gbe varieties Eastern Gbe varieties
Adan Ho Aja-Dogbo Agbome Gbesi Seto Agoi / Gliji23 Kpelen Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Ajra Gbokpa Tofin Agu Kpesi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Alada Gun Toli Anexo Togo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Arohun Kotafon Weme Aveno Vlin Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)* Ayizo Kpase Xwela Awlan Vo Aja-Sikpi* Ci Maxi Xwla (eastern) Be Waci Daxe Movolo Xwla (western)* Gbin Wance Fon Saxwe Gen Wundi Gbekon Se
Table 3: Elicited Gbe varieties according to their larger geographical setting
Although the three computations generally agree with respect to the components of these major groupings, there were a few exceptions as indicated by an asterisk:
Group 1) The CA of the two word-list computations identifies Aja-Sikpi as a component of the eastern Gbe cluster. Furthermore, the CA of the three word- and phrase-list computations indicates Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) to be a component of the western Gbe cluster. It is noted, though, that a more recent and in-depth sociolinguistic survey of the Aja communities was conducted in late 1996, involving the elicitation of word lists. The results of the word-list analysis indicate that Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe are, in fact, varieties of Aja and thus components of the central Gbe cluster. Therefore, the results concerning these two varieties are discussed together with the results for the remaining Aja varieties in ‘Central Gbe varieties’ (p. 45).
Group 2) The CA of phrase-list computation PLC identifies western Xwla as a component of the central Gbe cluster. However, the findings based on the two word- list computations identify Xwla as an eastern Gbe variety, and therefore the results for Xwla are presented together with the results for eastern Gbe (see Section 5.1.3, p. 47).
22 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the
32 Overall, the word-list results indicate lexical similarity of <75% for computation WLC-1 and of <70% for computation WLC-2 among the three major Gbe groupings.24 The sole exceptions with higher degrees of similarity, excluding those mentioned above, are those Gbe varieties that are geographically located in the neighborhood of varieties from a different cluster:
1) The western Gbe varieties located directly west of the Mono river (Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen) and the central and eastern Gbe varieties situated directly east of the Mono river (WLC-1: the Aja varieties, Gbokpa, Kotafon and Saxwe; WLC-2: Aja-Dogbo, Aja-Hwe and Gbokpa).
2) The Aja-Dogbo and Aja-Hwe varieties and the eastern Gbe varieties located in the proximity of the Aja area (WLC-1: Gbokpa, Kotafon and Saxwe; WLC-2: Gbesi).
Concerning the degrees of within-group similarity of the three major clusters, word-list computation WLC-1 indicates 71-100% lexical similarity among the western Gbe varieties, 86- 100% among the central Gbe varieties (excluding the Sikpi and Tohoun Hwe varieties) and 72- 100% among the eastern Gbe varieties. Computation WLC-2 yields degrees of within-group similarity that are generally slightly lower: 66-100% among the western Gbe varieties, 82-100% among the central Gbe varieties (again, excluding Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe) and 55-100% among the eastern varieties.
To further explore the underlying relationships among the Gbe varieties, multidimensional scaling of the computed distance matrices for the word- and phrase-list computations was conducted. Based on the three computations, the MDS stress values range from 0.187 to 0.264, and the RSQ values range from 0.710 to 0.905, thus indicating that the reproduced distances from the MDS analysis have an acceptable correlation with the original distance matrices.25
The figures below display the MDS plots based on the three computations, with the solid ovals indicating the author’s interpretation of the clusters as indicated by dimension 1 of the MDS plots. According to this interpretation, dimension 1 represents a perceptual east-west axis, with east located to the left and west to the right.
word- and phrase-list computations. 23 While Capo (1986) lists two separate entries for Agoi and Gliji, only one common set of word and phrase lists was elicited for both varieties during the SIL study. 24 It is noted that, overall, the similarity calculations for computation WLC-2 are lower than the calculations for computation WLC-1. (See Section 5.2, p. 64, for a detailed evaluation of the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results.) 25 See Appendix 3.1 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values. 33 The plots of the three computations indicate the same three major groupings of Gbe varieties as identified by the CA, applying a three-cluster solution. Concurring with the findings of the CA, the MDS plots of the two word-list computations indicate Aja-Sikpi to be a component of the eastern Gbe cluster and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) to be a component of the western Gbe cluster. Further concurring with the findings of the CA, the MDS plot of phrase-list computation PLC indicates Tohoun- Hwe but not Sikpi to be a component of the western Gbe cluster. However, in contrast to the findings of the CA, western Xwla is indicated to be a component of the eastern Gbe cluster.
Central Gbe Central Gbe
Sikpi Sikpi
Tohoun-Hwe Tohoun-Hwe Eastern Gbe Western Gbe Eastern Gbe Western Gbe Dimension 2 Dimension Dimension 2 Dimension
Dimension 1 Dimension 1
Figure 2: Major Gbe groupings – MDS Figure 3: Major Gbe groupings – MDS plot of computation WLC-1 plot of computation WLC-2
With regard to the spatial representation of the three clusters, the MDS plots situate the eastern and western Gbe clusters on opposite ends of the perceptual east-west axis according to their geographical distribution. It is noted, though, that for phrase-list computation PLC, the eastern varieties are further spread out along dimension 1 than is the case for the two word-list MDS plots.
Along dimension 2, the central Gbe varieties are situated in the upper right section of the space, whereas the western varieties are placed below the central varieties, spreading into the lower right section of the space. The eastern Gbe varieties are spread out along dimension 2 with its varieties being placed both in the upper left and lower left sections of the space.
34 For the two word-list computations, the spatial representation of the three clusters w. Xlwa matches the results of the CA, applying a two- Central Gbe Sikpi cluster solution that groups the central and western varieties within a single cluster and Western Gbe the central varieties within a distinct second Tohoun-Hwe Eastern Gbe cluster. By contrast, for phrase-list
computation PLC, this distribution of Gbe 2 Dimension Dimension 1 varieties does not appear to concur with the above-mentioned results of the CA, applying Figure 4: Major Gbe groupings – MDS a two-cluster solution that groups the central plot of computation PLC and eastern Gbe varieties within one cluster and the western varieties into a distinct second cluster.
In the following sections, detailed findings of the CA and MDS of the computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices are presented according to their larger geographical grouping, i.e., the western, central and eastern Gbe varieties. In this context, it should be reiterated that the phrase-list similarity percentages given in this study exclude the range of error, whereas all lexical similarity percentages include the upper range of error. Furthermore, it is noted that, as already mentioned in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28), the following discussion of the findings of the CA is based on an alternative version of the CA excluding the Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) and Aja-Sikpi varieties, to guard against skewed results due to the inaccurate assignment of these varieties to the western and eastern Gbe clusters, respectively.
5.1.2. WESTERN GBE VARIETIES
The western Gbe varieties are located in Ghana and Togo between the Volta and Dayi rivers to the west and the Mono river to the east.26 Capo (1986:101, map 1b) groups the western Gbe varieties into two clusters, Ewe and Gen, assigning to each the following speech varieties:
Ewe: Adan, Agu, Anfoin, Avedakpa, Aveno, Awlan, Be, Dayin, Fodome, Gbin, Ho, Kpando, Kpelen, Kpesi, Peki, Towun, Ve, Vlin, Vo, Waci, and Wance;
Gen: Agoi, Anexo, Gen, and Gliji.
26 Unless mentioned otherwise, the description of the location of the Gbe varieties areas is based on the information provided by Capo (1986: map 1a). 35 It is noted that for the study reported here, neither word nor phrase lists were elicited in the following varieties: Anfoin, Avedakpa, Dayin, Fodome, Kpando, Peki, Towun and Ve. Instead, additional word and phrase lists were elicited in the Togo and Wundi varieties, both mentioned by Capo (1986:12) but thus far unclassified.
Thus, the following western Gbe varieties are included in the current analysis:
1) Adan, Agoi/Gliji, Agu, Anexo, Aveno, Awlan, Be, Gbin, Gen, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi, Togo, Vlin, Vo, Waci, Wance, Wundi
To investigate the clustering of these varieties, the computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices were analyzed by means of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling.
5.1.2.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
The primary guide for determining adequate cluster solutions for the CA was SPSS’ agglomeration schedule, as explained in Section 4.1 (p. 26). Taking into account all 47 Gbe varieties,27 the agglomeration schedule suggests an 11-cluster solution for the two word-list computations and a 13-cluster solution for phrase-list computation PLC.
Based on these cluster solutions and focusing on the western Gbe varieties, the SPSS dendrogram that graphically displays the clustering of the Gbe varieties identifies five homogeneous groupings for the two word-list computations, and four homogeneous groupings for phrase-list computation PLC. Furthermore, the dendrogram indicates that these groupings are joined together to form two major clusters, preliminarily referred to as ‘cluster 1’ (gray shading) and ‘cluster 2’ (no shading) (see Table 4).28
The findings for cluster 1 show that Adan and Awlan are identified across all three computations as components of this cluster. The word-list computations indicate a lexical similarity of 100% between the two varieties, results matched by phrase-list computation PLC which likewise shows 100% similarity between the two. As previously mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p, 8), standard Ewe is based on the Awlan variety. It is a major language of non-formal education in Togo, while in Ghana it is also a language of formal education for secondary school and university education.
27 This total of 47 Gbe varieties does not include the Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun varieties due to the reasons explained in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28). (See also Figure 1, p. 7, for a map of the Gbe language area.) 28 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the word- and phrase-list computations. 36 As for cluster 2, Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen are identified across all three computations as components of this cluster. The two word-list computations indicate markedly high levels of within-group lexical similarity among these varieties (WLC-1: 97-100%; WLC-2: 92-99%); likewise, phrase-list computation PLC indicates a calculation of 100% among these three varieties. Gen is one of the languages of wider communication (LWC) of both southern Togo and southwestern Benin, and, as mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p, 8), a language of non-formal education in the Mono region of Benin. (Capo 1986; Direction Nationale de l’Alphabétisation n.d., b; Duthie 1988)
Lexical similarity between the Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen varieties and the Adan and Awlan varieties is considerably lower, with calculations of 78-79% for word-list computation WLC-1 and calculations of 67-71% for computation WLC-2; the percentages for phrase-list computation PLC are still lower (≤56%). These findings indicate that cluster 1 refers to the Ewe cluster and cluster 2 to the Gen cluster, with the findings of the CA pointing to Adan and Awlan as the ‘core Ewe cluster varieties’ and to Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen as the ‘core Gen cluster varieties.’
The clustering of these varieties and the remaining western Gbe varieties within the Ewe or Gen clusters is shown, below with Table 4 indicating the components and homogeneous sub-groups of these clusters according to each of the three computations.
37 WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Ewe Adan Adan Adan Awlan Awlan Awlan Agu Aveno Aveno Be Be Togo Togo Vo Waci Wance Wundi Kpelen Kpelen Kpelen Gbin Gbin Gbin Ho Ho Ho Vlin Vlin Vlin Agu Gen Kpesi Kpesi Kpesi Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Anexo Anexo Anexo Gen Gen Gen
Vo Vo Waci Waci Wance Wance Wundi Wundi Agu Aveno Be Togo
Table 4: Components of the Ewe and Gen clusters according to the findings of the CA
1) Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, the CA of the three computations identifies Gbin, Ho and Vlin as varieties of a homogeneous sub-group within the Ewe cluster. In addition, the findings based on the two word-list computations suggest Kpelen as a fourth component of this sub-group, whereas the results based on phrase-list computation PLC indicate that Gbin, Ho and Vlin form a homogeneous sub-group with Kpesi but not with Kpelen. Furthermore, the CA of word-list computation WLC-2 identifies Agu as a fifth component of this sub-group.
Although the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Ho varieties are identified as components of the Ewe cluster, it is noted that for computation WLC-1, their degrees of lexical similarity to the core Gen cluster varieties is slightly higher than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (78-81% versus 71-76%). The same pattern of higher similarity calculations with the core Gen than with the core Ewe cluster varieties applies to phrase-list computation PLC for Gbin, Ho and Vlin (71% versus 59-63%), whereas for Kpelen the degrees of similarity to the core Gen and the core Ewe cluster varieties
38 are equally low (57% versus 54-57%). The findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 indicate comparable but generally not very high degrees of lexical similarity between the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties and the core Ewe and the core Gen cluster varieties (71-73% versus 71-76%).
2) Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo
The CA of the two word-list computations identifies Aveno, Be and Togo as varieties of a homogeneous sub-group. In addition, the analysis of computation WLC-1 suggests Agu as a fourth component of this sub-group, whereas the findings based on computation WLC-2 indicate that Agu is included in a homogeneous sub-group with Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin.
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, an analysis of word-list computation WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC identifies Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo as varieties of the Ewe cluster. It is noted, though, that computation WLC-2 shows that the degree of lexical similarity of the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties to the core Ewe cluster varieties is not very high (73-79%) and is generally comparable to their degree of similarity to the core Gen cluster varieties (66- 79%). Computation PLC shows that the degree of similarity of Aveno to the core Ewe cluster varieties is rather high (88-94%), whereas it is lower between the Agu, Be and Togo varieties and the core Ewe cluster varieties (76-81%). In contrast to the findings of computations WLC-2 and PLC, the results of computation WLC-1 indicate that these varieties are grouped within the Gen cluster. It is noted, though, that the degrees of lexical similarity of the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties to the core Gen and core Ewe cluster varieties are basically the same (75-83% versus 79-81%).
3) Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification, the analysis of the two word-list computations identifies Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi as components of a homogeneous sub-group within the Gen cluster, with these four varieties having slightly higher degrees of lexical similarity to the core Gen than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (WLC-1: 80-86% versus 73-76%; WLC-2: 75- 81% versus 68-71%). By contrast, analysis of phrase-list computation PLC points to the grouping of the Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties within the Ewe cluster, thus concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification.
39 4) Kpesi
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification, the findings based on the two word-list computations identify Kpesi as a component of the Gen cluster, having slightly higher degrees of lexical similarity to the core Gen than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (WLC-1: 88-90% versus 82%; WLC-2: 81-87% versus 70%). By contrast, the analysis of phrase-list computation PLC indicates Kpesi to be a variety of the Ewe cluster within one sub-group with Gbin, Ho and Vlin. However, it is noted that, although generally rather low, the degrees of similarity of Kpesi to either the core Gen or the core Ewe cluster varieties are comparable (71% versus 65-69%).
5.1.2.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
The computed percentage matrices were further explored by means of multidimensional scaling to clarify some of the underlying relationships, especially with regard to the disparities between the findings of the CA and the respective similarity matrices. Across the three computations, the MDS stress values range from 0.165 to 0.256, and the RSQ values range from 0.665 to 0.891. These values indicate that the reproduced distances from the MDS analysis have an acceptable correlation with the original distance matrices.29
The figures below display the MDS plots of the three computations, with the solid ovals indicating the author’s interpretation of the clusters as indicated by dimension 1 of the MDS plots. According to this interpretation, dimension 1 indicates the extent to which the western Gbe varieties are grouped within the Ewe or Gen clusters.
In contrast to the results of the CA, which identify two major western Gbe clusters, the MDS plots of the three computations indicate that there are three clusters distributed along dimension 1, the Ewe and Gen clusters and a third cluster including Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin, preliminarily referred to as ‘cluster 3.’ This distinct placement of Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin corresponds to the distinct geographical location of these varieties, with Gbin, Kpelen and Vlin being the western Gbe varieties located the furthest north. (The sole exception is Kpesi that is located still further north.)
1) Word-list computation WLC-1
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-1 (Figure 5), with its display of three clusters,
29 See Appendix 3.2 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values. 40 suggests two major differences from the
Wance Agu findings of the CA. First, the MDS plot Wundi Vo Be
Aveno Togo suggests that Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin are Waci components of a distinct cluster along Kpelen
Gbin dimension 1, whereas the CA groups them Ho Vlin within the Ewe cluster. However, the MDS Kpesi Agoi- Adan + Gliji Awlan plot places Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin in Gen Anexo closer proximity to the Gen than to the Ewe 2 Dimension Dimension 1 cluster. This location concurs with the Figure 5: Western Gbe varieties – MDS respective percentages of lexical similarity, plot of computation WLC-1 with the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties having slightly higher percentages of similarity to the core Gen than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (78-82% versus 71-76%).
Secondly, the MDS plot suggests that Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo are grouped together with the core Ewe varieties, whereas the findings of the CA identify them as varieties of the Gen cluster. It is noted, though, that along dimension 1, the distances indicated for the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties from the core Gen varieties are approximately the same as from the core Ewe varieties. These findings are matched by their respective degrees of lexical similarity, i.e., the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties have basically the same degree of similarity to the core Ewe as to the core Gen cluster varieties (79-81% versus 75-83%).
With regard to their spatial distribution along dimension 2, the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties and the core Ewe varieties are at opposite ends, and the same applies to the Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties and the core Gen varieties. This distribution corresponds to the rather moderate degrees of lexical similarity between the respective varieties (79-81% and 80- 86%, respectively).
2) Word-list computation WLC-2
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-2 (Figure 6) also indicates Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin to be components of a distinct third cluster, whereas the CA of computation WLC-2 identifies these varieties as components of the Ewe cluster. However, in contrast to the MDS plot of computation WLC-1, the plot of computation WLC-2 situates Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin between the Ewe and Gen clusters. This placement corresponds to the respective degrees of lexical similarity which are basically the same for these varieties relative to the core Ewe and the
41 core Gen cluster varieties (71-73% versus 71-
Wance Wundi Togo 76%). Be
Vo Aveno Adan + Waci Awlan A second difference from the findings of the Gen Agu CA is indicated with regard to the Agu Anexo Agoi-Gliji variety. Identifying Agu as a component of Kpesi Kpelen the Ewe cluster, the CA groups it together Ho Gbin Vlin with Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin within the Dimension 2 Dimension same homogeneous sub-group, although the Dimension 1 percentages of similarity are higher between Figure 6: Western Gbe varieties – MDS Agu and the Aveno, Be and Togo varieties. plot of computation WLC-2 MDS takes these differences in distance into account and locates Agu in the proximity of the Aveno, Be and Togo varieties rather than of the cluster 3 varieties. It is noted, though, that Agu is placed closer to Awlan and Adan than to the Aveno, Be and Togo varieties, although the lexical similarity of Agu to the latter is slightly higher than to the former varieties (76-83% versus 73%).
As for the remaining western Gbe varieties, the results of MDS match those of the CA and indicate that Aveno, Agu, Be and Togo are components of the Ewe cluster and Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi components of the Gen cluster. As with word-list computation WLC-1, the respective similarity calculations do not indicate very high degrees of lexical similarity between the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties and the core Ewe cluster varieties (73-79%) or between the Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties and the core Gen varieties (75-81%). However, the corresponding sub-groups are not spread out along dimension 2 as widely as is the case for computation WLC-1.
3) Phrase-list computation PLC
The MDS plot of phrase-list computation PLC (Figure 7) also points to a distinct third cluster along dimension 1 that, concurring with the MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-2, is located between the Ewe and Gen clusters. Cluster 3 includes Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi and Vlin, whereas the CA identifies these varieties as components of the Ewe cluster.
Along dimension 2, cluster 3 is placed toward the top of the space, whereas the core Ewe and Gen cluster varieties are situated toward the bottom of the space. This distinct placement of Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Kpesi and Vlin corresponds to the rather low degrees of similarity between these varieties and both the core Ewe and the core Gen varieties (≤71%). It is noted, though, that 42 the Gbin, Ho and Vlin varieties are placed in closer proximity to the Gen cluster than to the Kpelen Ewe cluster. This placement concurs with the
Kpesi slightly higher degrees of similarity of the Ho + Gbin + Vlin Gbin, Ho and Vlin varieties to the core Gen Vo than to the core Ewe cluster varieties (71% Waci Agu versus 59-63%). The horizontal placement of Agoi/Gliji + W.+W. Anexo + Be + Aveno Gen Kpelen and Kpesi between the Ewe and Gen Togo AdanAwlan Dimension 2 Dimension
Dimension 1 clusters reflects the fact that the degrees of similarity of Kpelen and Kpesi to the core Figure 7: Western Gbe varieties – MDS 30 Ewe and the core Gen cluster varieties are plot of computation PLC comparable (Kpelen: 54-57% versus 57%; Kpesi: 65-69% versus 71%).
The remaining western Gbe varieties, i.e., the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties as well as the Vo, Waci, Wance, Wundi varieties, are placed in the general neighborhood of the core Ewe cluster varieties, thus matching the results of the CA. With regard to their spatial distribution along dimension 2, it is noted that the varieties placed the furthest apart from the Adan and Awlan varieties are Vo and Waci in the upper section of the space, whereas Agu, Aveno, Be, Togo, Wance and Wundi are situated together with Adan and Awlan in the lower section. Again, this distribution concurs with the respective similarity calculations that indicate rather low levels of similarity between the Vo and Waci varieties and the Adan and Awlan varieties (71-75%). The similarity calculations are slightly higher for the Agu, Be, Togo, Wance and Wundi varieties relative to Adan (81%) whereas they are slightly lower relative to Awlan (76%); the sole exception is Aveno with a similarity calculation of 94% relative to Adan and 88% relative to Awlan.
30 W.+W. = Wance + Wundi. 43 4) Summary
The findings of multidimensional scaling are summarized below, with Table 5 indicating the three major clusters of western Gbe varieties that have been identified.
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Ewe Adan Adan Adan Awlan Awlan Awlan Agu Agu Agu Aveno Aveno Aveno Be Be Be Togo Togo Togo Wance Wundi Waci Vo Cluster 3 Kpelen Kpelen Kpelen Gbin Gbin Gbin Ho Ho Ho Vlin Vlin Vlin Gen Kpesi Kpesi Kpesi Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Agoi/Gliji Anexo Anexo Anexo Gen Gen Gen Vo Vo Waci Waci Wance Wance Wundi Wundi
Table 5: Grouping of the western Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification and the findings of the CA, the MDS analysis of the three computations indicates three distinct clusters, the Ewe cluster, the Gen cluster and a third cluster that comprises Ho, Gbin, Kpelen and Vlin and, according to the findings based on phrase- list computation PLC, Kpesi.
The Ewe cluster consists of Adan, Agu, Aveno, Awlan, Be and Togo and, taking into account phrase-list computation PLC, of Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi, thus concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification. However, the findings based on the two word-list computations suggest that, in contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification, Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi are components of the Gen cluster.
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, the Gen cluster comprises Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen. However, Kpesi , which according to Capo (1986) is included in the Ewe cluster, and the
44 Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties as well, are also indicated to be components of the Gen cluster, according to the findings based on the two word-list computations.
5.1.3. CENTRAL GBE VARIETIES
The central grouping of Gbe varieties constitutes entirely of the Aja language and its varieties. These are located in both Benin and Togo over a large area on both sides of the Mono river. The Aja varieties of Benin are primarily situated in an area bordered by the Kouffo river to the east and the Mono river to the west in Benin’s Mono region, whereas the Togolese Aja varieties are situated west of the Mono river in the southeastern corner of the Plateaux region and the eastern part of the Maritime region. (Tompkins et al. 1997)
As previously mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p. 8), Aja was one of the six national languages selected by the Benin government in 1992 for non-formal adult education (Direction de l’Alphabétisation 1992).
The Aja varieties are listed by Capo (1986:101) as follows:
− Dogbo, Hwe, Sikpi, Tado
Within the context of the SIL study, word and phrase lists were elicited in 1988 and 1991 in the Dogbo variety, in the Hwe varieties spoken at Aplahoué, Azovè and Tohoun, and in the Sikpi variety.
Evaluation of the computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices indicates moderate to high degrees of within-group lexical similarity among the Dogbo, Aplahoué-Hwe, Azovè-Hwe and Gboto-Hwe varieties (WLC-1: 86-100%; WLC-2: 82-100%), with lexical similarity being especially high between Dogbo and Gboto-Hwe (100%). With regard to Dogbo and Gboto-Hwe, these results are matched by phrase-list computation PLC, which likewise shows 100% similarity between the two varieties; as for the other varieties, the phrase-list calculations are lower.
The findings regarding Dogbo and Hwe concur with Capo’s (1986) grouping of these varieties within the Aja cluster, whereas results for Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe differ notably from Capo’s classification.
The CA of the two word-list computations identifies Sikpi as an eastern Gbe variety. Furthermore, analysis of computation WLC-1 suggests the grouping of Sikpi with the Daxe, Saxwe and Se varieties within the same homogeneous sub-group, whereas analysis of
45 computation WLC-2 points to the grouping of Sikpi with Saxwe but not with Daxe and Se within the same sub-group. These findings are matched by the rather low degrees of lexical similarity between Sikpi and the Dogbo and Hwe varieties (WLC-1: 71-81%; WLC-2: 61-75%), whereas lexical similarity with the eastern Gbe varieties Daxe, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Kpase, Saxwe and Se is higher or slightly higher (WLC-1: ≥86%; WLC-2: ≥78%); in addition, computation WLC-1 provides similarity calculations of 87% with Fon and of 86% with Gbekon. By contrast, the CA of phrase-list computation PLC concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification and identifies Sikpi as a component of the central Gbe cluster. It is noted, though, that the similarity calculation for Sikpi with Aplahoué-Hwe (76%) yields only moderate results; it is still lower with Azovè-Hwe (59%).
As for Tohoun-Hwe, the CA identifies this variety as a component of the western rather than of the central Gbe cluster, with the CA of all three computations indicating the grouping of Tohoun-Hwe together with Wance and Wundi within the same homogeneous sub-group. Again, these findings are matched by the rather low degrees of lexical similarity between Tohoun-Hwe and the Dogbo and Hwe varieties (WLC-1: 67-72%; WLC-2: 65-69%), whereas lexical similarity is higher with the western Gbe varieties (WLC-1: 80-98%; WLC-2: 71-100%); similarity is especially high between Tohoun-Hwe and the Wance and Wundi varieties (98- 100%). Likewise, phrase-list computation PLC indicates that Tohoun-Hwe is more similar to the western Gbe varieties than to the Aja varieties.
In late 1996, a more recent and in-depth sociolinguistic study of the Aja communities was conducted that included the verification of the word lists elicited in the Dogbo, Aplahoué-Hwe, Tohoun-Hwe and Sikpi varieties. In addition, word lists were elicited in Aja-Tado and Aja- Tala.31 (See Tompkins et al. 1997.)
Aplahoué-Hwe 97 Sikpi 98 97 Tohoun-Hwe 94 94 96 Dogbo 94 96 93 93 Tado 94 93 95 95 94 Tala
Figure 8: Lexical similarity percentages for the Aja varieties (Tompkins et al. 1997)
31 During the Aja survey, village elders and inhabitants of several Aja villages in Togo’s Lacs prefecture identified the Aja variety spoken in their villages as ‘Tala.’ Therefore, an additional word list was elicited in this variety. 46 The results of the word-list analysis show a rather high degree of lexical similarity, with calculations of ≥93% among the six Aja varieties, including Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe32 (see Figure 8). These results indicate that all five varieties are fairly homogeneous with respect to their lexical inventory. Although the results do not include the western Gbe varieties, the findings clearly identify Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe as varieties of Aja and therefore as components of the central Gbe cluster, thus concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification of the Aja varieties.33
This disparity between the findings of the Aja survey and the findings of the current CA could be due to the different elicitation procedures employed. For the study reported here, word and phrase lists were elicited from L1 speakers of the variety in question, of whom some were not residing in the language area, whereas all word lists for the Aja survey were elicited from groups of long-term resident L1 speakers. This procedure allowed for the discussion of variants, near- synonyms and synonyms, and group decisions could be made as to which form to include in the lists, thus increasing reliability.34
5.1.4. EASTERN GBE VARIETIES
The eastern Gbe varieties are located in Benin and Nigeria east of the Mono river, with the sole exception of a few western Xwla communities located to the west of the Mono river in southeastern Togo, in and around the town of Adamé (see Henson et al. 1999).
Capo’s classification (1986:101, map 1b) indicates two clusters of eastern Gbe varieties, Fon and Phla-Phera, with the latter, according to Capo (1986:100f), differing substantially as far as the vocabulary of its components is concerned. The following varieties are assigned to the Fon and Phla-Phera clusters:
Fon: Agbome, Arohun, Gun, Kpase, Maxi, and Weme;
Phla-Phera: Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela, and Xwla.
In addition to these varieties, word and phrase lists were elicited in a number of varieties that are also located in the larger Fon – Phla-Phera area and mentioned by Capo (1986:13f, map 1a) but that are thus far unclassified: Ci, Daxe, Gbekon, Gbokpa, Movolo and Seto. Furthermore, word
32 The criteria applied for the initial similarity groupings correspond to those for word-list computation WLC-1; for details see Tompkins et al. 1997. 33 In addition it is noted that, according to the Aja informants, Tohoun-Hwe is identical to the Hwe spoken in Aplahoué and Azovè in Benin (see Tompkins et al. 1997).
47 and phrase lists were elicited in the Ajra and Gbokpa varieties, also situated in the larger Fon – Phla-Phera area but not mentioned by Capo (1986).
Thus, the following eastern Gbe varieties are included in this analysis:
− Ajra, Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo, Ci, Daxe, Fon, Gbekon, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon, Kpase, Maxi, Movolo, Saxwe, Se, Seto, Tofin, Toli, northern and southern Weme, Xwela, eastern and western Xwla.
Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of the computed similarity matrices were conducted to explore the clustering of these varieties.
5.1.4.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
As explained in Section 4.1 (p. 26), the primary guide for determining adequate cluster solutions for the CA was SPSS’ agglomeration schedule that indicates an 11-cluster solution for the two word-list computations and a 13-cluster solution for phrase-list computation PLC, taking into account all 47 Gbe varieties.35
Based on these cluster solutions and focusing on the eastern Gbe varieties, the SPSS dendrogram with its graphical display of the clustering of the Gbe varieties identifies five homogeneous groupings for the two word-list computations and eight homogeneous groupings for phrase-list computation PLC. Furthermore, the dendrogram indicates that most of the groupings are joined together to form three major clusters, preliminarily referred to as ‘cluster 1’ (gray shading), ‘cluster 2’ (diagonal shading) and ‘cluster 3’ (no shading) (see Table 6).36
As for cluster 1, a number of varieties are identified by the CA of all three computations as components, i.e., Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun. According to Capo’s classification (1986:101, map 1b), Agbome, Arohun and Gun are components of the Fon cluster, whereas Alada is included in the Phla-Phera cluster; Ci37 and Gbekon are thus far unclassified. These findings suggest that cluster 1, with the addition of a separate entry for the Fon variety,
34 For details on the elicitations procedures, see Appendix 4.2 (p. 105). 35 This total of 47 Gbe varieties does not include the Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun varieties due to the reasons explained in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28). 36 See Appendix 2 (p.90) for the agglomeration schedules, cluster-membership tables and dendrograms for the word- and phrase-list computations. 37 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Ci as a variety of Fon on a separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b), Ci is not listed. 48 refers to the Fon cluster, and therefore, Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun are referred to below as ‘proposed Fon cluster varieties.’
By contrast, no one single variety is identified across all three computations as a component of cluster 2 or cluster 3. It is noted, though, that those varieties that are identified as possible components of one of the two clusters are classified by Capo (1986:101, map 1b) as varieties of the Phla-Phera cluster, i.e., Ayizo, Gbesi, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela or Xwla. The sole exceptions are Maxi and Weme in computation WLC-1 and Kpase in computation WLC-2, all three of which, according to Capo (1986), are included in the Fon cluster. These findings suggest that cluster 2 and cluster 3 refer to the Phla-Phera varieties.
Furthermore, it is noted that those of Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera varieties and those of the thus far unclassified Ajra, Daxe, Movolo and Seto varieties, which are located in the southwestern part of Benin are indicated to be components of cluster 2, whereas the ones identified as components of cluster 3 are located in the southeastern part of Benin. The sole exception is Xwela, a Phla-Phera variety situated in southwestern Benin that is identified by the findings based on phrase-list computation PLC as a component of cluster 3. These findings suggest that cluster 2 refers to a western Phla-Phera cluster and cluster 3 to an eastern Phla-Phera cluster. Thus, the Ayizo, Daxe, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Xwela and western Xwla varieties are referred to below as ‘proposed western Phla-Phera cluster varieties,’ whereas the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties are referred to as ‘proposed eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties.’
The clustering of the eastern Gbe varieties within the Fon or Phla-Phera clusters is given below, with Table 6 indicating the components and homogeneous sub-groups of these clusters as determined by the CA of each of the three computations.
49 WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Maxi Maxi Weme Weme Xwela Eastern Ajra Ajra Ajra Phla-Phera Movolo Movolo Movolo Tofin Tofin Tofin Toli Toli Toli Seto Seto Seto Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Ayizo Fon Alada Alada Alada Gbekon Gbekon Gbekon Gun Gun Gun Arohun Arohun Arohun Agbome Agbome Agbome Fon Fon Fon Ci Ci Ci Maxi Weme Kpase Kpase Kpase Ayizo Ayizo Western Gbokpa Gbokpa Gbokpa Phla-Phera Kotafon Kotafon Kotafon Gbesi Gbesi Gbesi Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwela Xwela Saxwe Saxwe Saxwe Se Se Se Daxe Daxe Daxe
Table 6: Components of the Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters according to the findings of the CA
1) Fon cluster
All three computations identify Agbome, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun as components of the Fon cluster. As already mentioned in ‘Language development’ (p. 8), Fon is one of Benin’s major languages of wider communication (LWC) and was selected by the Benin government in 1992 as one of six national languages for non-formal adult education, while Gun is the Gbe variety chosen for non-formal education in the Ouémé region in southeastern Benin. (Direction de l’Alphabétisation 1992; Direction de l’Alphabétisation n.d., a,b,c)
The results indicate particularly high degrees of lexical similarity between Agbome and Fon, with 99% similarity in word-list computation WLC-1 and 97% in computation WLC-2, results matched by the high degree of similarity in phrase-list computation PLC (100%). The degrees of similarity are lower or slightly lower between any other pairs of the proposed Fon cluster varieties (WLC-1: 87-97%; WLC-2: 73-85%; PLC: 53-82%). It is noted, though, that the
50 findings based on phrase-list computation PLC indicate Alada, Gbekon and Gun to be components of a homogeneous sub-group within the Fon cluster.
As previously mentioned, Ci and Gbekon are thus far unclassified, whereas Alada is identified by Capo (1986) as a component of the Phla-Phera cluster. However, concurring with the findings of the CA, the three computations generally indicate higher degrees of similarity of Alada to the Agbome, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun varieties than to the components of Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera cluster, i.e., Ayizo, Gbesi, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela and Xwla (WLC-1: 90-97% versus 81-94%; WLC-2: 74-85% versus 62-78%; PLC: 65-76% versus 35- 71%).
Kpase, Maxi and Weme are also classified by Capo (1986) as components of the Fon cluster. By contrast, the analysis of word-list computation WLC-1 identifies Maxi and Weme as components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster, although both varieties are lexically more similar to the proposed Fon than to the proposed eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties (Maxi: 81-88% versus 73-80%; Weme: 89-94% versus 77-85%). The findings based on word-list computation WLC- 2 indicate Kpase to be a variety of the western Phla-Phera cluster, while the degrees of lexical similarity of Kpase to the proposed Fon cluster varieties and the identified western Phla-Phera varieties are comparable (76-90% versus 75-92%). Furthermore, the results based on computation WLC-2 indicate that Maxi constitutes a distinct cluster by itself, with rather low degrees of lexical similarity between Maxi and the remaining eastern Gbe varieties: 67-80% with the proposed Fon cluster varieties, which is lower than the degrees of within-group lexical similarity among the proposed Fon cluster varieties (73-97%).
2) Western Phla-Phera cluster
As for the clustering of the proposed western Phla-Phera cluster varieties, i.e., Ayizo, Daxe, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Xwela and western Xwla, the CA of the two word-list computations identifies Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla as components of the western Phla- Phera cluster, with lexical similarity calculations among these three varieties being 82-90% in computation WLC-1 and 73-79% in computation WLC-2. In addition, the findings based on computation WLC-1 indicate Daxe and Se to be western Phla-Phera cluster varieties, with lexical similarity to the Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla varieties calculated at 81-86%. By contrast, the findings based on computation WLC-2 indicate Daxe and Se to be components of a
51 distinct cluster, with lexical similarity to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera varieties calculated at 65-75%.
The CA of phrase-list computation PLC identifies Daxe, Saxwe and Se, but not Xwela or western Xwla, as components of the western Phla-Phera cluster. Within this cluster, Daxe and Se are identified as a homogeneous sub-group with a notably high degree of similarity (100%), whereas the similarity of the two varieties to Saxwe is rather low (50%). Xwela is identified as a component of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster, although its degrees of similarity to the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties are rather low (43-64%); still, they are higher than the degrees of similarity between Xwela and the remaining proposed western Phla- Phera varieties (21-43%). Western Xwla is identified as a variety of the central Gbe cluster; however, its degrees of similarity to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera varieties and to the central Gbe varieties are comparable, though very low (21-47% versus 29-47%).
As for the grouping of Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon, the findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 identify Ayizo and Kotafon together with Gbokpa and Kpase as components of a homogeneous sub-group within the western Phla-Phera cluster, while Gbesi is identified together with Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla as components of a second homogeneous sub-group. It is noted, though, that the degrees of lexical similarity of the remaining identified western Phla-Phera varieties, i.e., Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla, to Ayizo and Gbesi are not very high (69-72% and 72-76%, respectively), while their degrees of similarity to Gbokpa and Kotafon are slightly higher (79-87% and 77-80%, respectively).
In contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification and the findings of WLC-2 , the results based on computation WLC-1 identify Ayizo as an eastern Phla-Phera variety, although its lexical similarity to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera cluster varieties is slightly higher than to the proposed eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties (75-88% versus 73-83%); lexical similarity to the proposed Fon cluster varieties is still slightly higher (84-87%). Kotafon which is included in the Phla-Phera cluster, according to Capo (1986),38 is identified as a variety of the Fon cluster, with Kotafon having slightly higher degrees of lexical similarity to the proposed Fon cluster varieties than to the remaining components of Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera cluster, i.e., Ayizo, Gbesi, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela and Xwla39 (90-94% versus 81-91%). Likewise, Gbokpa is identified as a component of the Fon cluster, with lexical similarity calculations of 89-94%
38 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Kotafon as variety of Fon on a separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b) Kotafon is listed as a Phla-Phera variety. 39 Alada is included in the ‘proposed Fon cluster varieties.’ 52 with the proposed Fon cluster varieties. Gbesi, however, is indicated to be a component of the western Phla-Phera cluster, which concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification of Gbesi as a Phla- Phera variety.
The findings based on phrase-list computation PLC indicate Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon to be varieties of the Fon cluster. This grouping of Ayizo, Gbesi and Kotafon within the Fon cluster rather than, as suggested by Capo (1986), within the Phla-Phera cluster is matched by the respective similarity calculations: the degrees of similarity of the Ayizo, Gbesi and Kotafon varieties to the proposed Fon cluster varieties, though generally rather low, are higher than to the remaining components of Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera cluster (Ayizo: 57-71% versus 36-50%; Gbesi: 59-76% versus 29-53%; Kotafon: 57-79% versus 29-50%).
3) Eastern Phla-Phera cluster
The CA of word-list computation WLC-1 and phrase-list computation PLC identifies Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla as components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster, a grouping that concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification of Tofin, Toli and Xwla as Phla-Phera varieties. With regard to computation PLC, however, it is noted that the degree of within-group similarity among the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties is generally rather low and the range rather large (47-88%).
In contrast to the findings of computations WLC-1 and PLC, the results based on word-list computation WLC-2 do not indicate a distinct eastern Phla-Phera cluster. Instead, Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli, Weme and eastern Xwla are identified as components of the Fon cluster, although the degrees of lexical similarity between the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties and the proposed Fon cluster varieties are, at 70-85%, not very high. By contrast, the degrees of within-group similarity are higher or slightly higher among the Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla varieties (76-100%) and among the proposed Fon cluster varieties (73-97%), thus indicating a possible alternative grouping of Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla within a distinct cluster.
5.1.4.2. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
The computed percentage matrices were further explored by means of multidimensional scaling to clarify some of the underlying relationships, especially with regard to the disparities between
53 the findings of the CA and the respective similarity matrices. Across the three computations, the MDS stress values range from 0.235 to 0.284, and the RSQ values range from 0.677 to 0.746, thus indicating that the reproduced distances from the MDS analysis have an acceptable correlation with the original distance matrices.40
The figures below display the MDS plots of the three computations, with the solid ovals indicating the author’s interpretation of the clustering of the eastern Gbe varieties. According to this interpretation, both dimension 1 and dimension 1' roughly indicate a perceptual east-west axis, with west located to the left and east to the right, whereas both dimension 2 and dimension 2' represents the extent to which the eastern Gbe varieties are grouped within the Fon or the Phla- Phera clusters.
Concurring with the findings of the CA, the MDS plots of all three computations indicate three clusters, the Fon cluster and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters.
1) Word-list computation WLC-1
Overall, the MDS plot of word-list Fon computation WLC-1 displays the Fon cluster Maxi varieties in the upper part of the space and the Ayizo Weme Ci
Phla-Phera varieties in the lower part (see Agbome Kotafon Arohun F. Gb. Figure 9). On the perceptual east-west axis, West Kpase Alada East Gun Gbokpa Toli Ajra the western Phla-Phera varieties are situated Saxwe Gbesi e. Xwla Daxe Seto Tofin to the left and the eastern varieties to the Se w. Xwla Movolo right, whereas the Fon cluster varieties are Xwela Dimension 2 Phla-Phera Dimension 1 located in the center, as in their actual geographical distribution. Figure 9: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-141 In agreement with the results of the CA, Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon and Kpase are indicated to be components of the Fon cluster. It is noted, though, that both Gbokpa and Gun are placed in the lower left and lower right of the space near the western and eastern Phla-Phera varieties, respectively, thus suggesting a possible alternative grouping, placing Gbokpa with the western and Gun with the eastern varieties. With regard to Gun, this placement in the lower right of the space agrees with the comparably high degrees of lexical similarity of Gun to the identified
40 See Appendix 3.3 (p. 98) for detailed stress and RSQ values.
54 eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties, as to the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (88-94% versus 87-96%). Likewise for Gbokpa, lexical similarity to the identified western Phla-Phera varieties is generally as high as it is to the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (84-96% versus 89-98%).
In contrast to the findings of the CA, Ayizo, Maxi and Weme are also identified as components of the Fon cluster, with Ayizo and Maxi being placed at the upper end along dimension 2. This somewhat distinct placement concurs with the degrees of lexical similarity between the Ayizo and Maxi varieties and the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (84-89% and 81-88%, respectively), which are slightly lower than the degrees of within-group similarity among the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties (87-99%).
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-1 further suggests Daxe, Gbesi, Saxwe, Se, Xwela and western Xwla as components of the western Phla-Phera cluster, thus concurring with the findings of the CA. It is noted, though, that the Xwela and western Xwla varieties are situated closer to the eastern Phla-Phera varieties than are the remaining western Phla-Phera varieties. These findings are matched by the calculated similarity degrees for these varieties: overall, Xwela and western Xwla share slightly higher degrees of lexical similarity with the eastern Phla- Phera varieties than do the remaining western Phla-Phera varieties (80-88% versus 72-84%).
Further concurring with the findings of the CA, Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla are indicated to be components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
2) Word-list computation WLC-2
The MDS plot of word-list computation WLC-2 indicates the same three major Fon and Phla- Phera clusters (see Figure 10). With regard to the dimensional interpretation of the displayed plot, however, it is noted that dimension 1 and dimension 2 do not lend themselves to a clear interpretation. But, the MDS plot suggests a dimensional interpretation along the superimposed dashed lines: dimension 1' roughly indicates the above-mentioned perceptual east-west axis, whereas dimension 2' represents the extent to which the eastern Gbe varieties are grouped within the Fon or the Phla-Phera clusters. Thus, the Fon cluster varieties are placed at the lower end of dimension 2'. The Phla-Phera varieties are placed toward the upper end, with the western Phla- Phera cluster located toward the left and the eastern cluster toward the right along the perceptual east-west axis, while the Fon cluster varieties are situated approximately in the middle.
41 F. Gb. = Fon, Gbekon. 55 Concurring with the findings of the CA, the Tofin Phla-Phera Ajra East Dim.-2' S. X. M. MDS plot indicates Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Gun Toli Dim.-1' Xwela Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme to be components w. Xwla of the Fon cluster. However, in contrast to Alada Gbesi Gbokpa Se Saxwe Arohun Kotafon the findings of the CA, the MDS plot further Daxe Fon Kpase Agbome Weme suggests the grouping of Gun within the Gbekon
West Ci Maxi eastern Phla-Phera cluster and the grouping of Ayizo Ayizo, Kpase and Maxi within the Fon Fon Dimension 2 Dimension
Dimension 1 cluster. It is noted, though, that for Ayizo the degrees of lexical similarity to the identified Figure 10: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation WLC-242 Fon cluster varieties and the identified western Phla-Phera varieties, i.e., Daxe, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Xwela and western Xwla, are comparable (67-83% versus 65-82%). Likewise, the degrees of similarity of Kpase to the identified Fon cluster varieties and the identified western Phla-Phera varieties are comparable (73-90% versus 68-92%). As for Maxi, it is placed within the Fon cluster, but located in the lower right corner of the space. This somewhat distinct placement concurs with the lexical similarity of 67-80% between Maxi and the above-mentioned Fon cluster varieties, which is generally slightly lower than the degrees of within-group lexical similarity among the remaining identified Fon cluster varieties (67-97%).
As for the western Phla-Phera cluster, the MDS plot of computation WLC-2 suggests the Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon, Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla varieties as components as well as the Daxe and Se varieties, which the CA identifies as components of a distinct cluster among the eastern Gbe varieties. Daxe and Se are grouped within the western Phla-Phera cluster, but it is noted that they are placed at the left end along dimension 1', together with Saxwe. This somewhat distinct placement corresponds to the calculated degrees of lexical similarity of the Daxe, Saxwe and Se varieties to the remaining identified western Phla-Phera cluster varieties, which are lower than the degrees of within-group lexical similarity among the remaining identified western Phla- Phera cluster varieties (65-79% versus 71-91%).
It is further noted that Gbokpa, Kotafon and Xwela are the western Phla-Phera varieties placed furthest right in the space and thus closest to the Fon and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. This somewhat distinct placement concurs with the calculated degrees of lexical similarity of Gbokpa, Kotafon and Xwela to the identified eastern Phla-Phera and Fon cluster varieties. All three
42 S. X. M. = Seto, eastern Xwla, Movolo. 56 varieties have a higher degree of lexical similarity to the identified eastern Phla-Phera varieties (Gbokpa: 78-83%; Kotafon: 74-81%; Xwela: 73-80%) than do the remaining western Phla- Phera varieties (61-76%). At the same time, Gbokpa and Kotafon have a higher degree of lexical similarity to the Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme varieties (77-85% and 73-81%, respectively) than does Xwela (66-78%); similarity between the Gbokpa and Kotafon varieties and Maxi is also slightly higher than between Xwela and Maxi (70-73% versus 67%). Hence, Xwela is placed in close proximity to the eastern Phla-Phera cluster varieties but not to the Fon cluster varieties, whereas Gbokpa and Kotafon are also situated in close proximity to the Fon cluster varieties.
The MDS plot of computation WLC-2 further indicates a distinct cluster for the eastern Phla- Phera varieties including Ajra, Gun, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, whereas the CA indicates these varieties to be components of the Fon cluster. This distinct placement of the eastern Phla-Phera varieties concurs with the calculated degrees of lexical similarity of the eastern Phla-Phera varieties to the Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme varieties. These degrees of between-group similarity (70-83%) are slightly lower than the degrees of within-group similarity among the identified eastern Phla-Phera varieties (76-100%) and among the Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Weme varieties (73-97%).
3) Phrase-list computation PLC
The MDS plot of phrase-list computation
Fon Dim.-2' Dim.-1' East
PLC also indicates the same three major Fon Gbekon Kotafon Alada Maxi Gun Ajra Weme and Phla-Phera clusters (see Figure 11). As A. A. Arohun Tofin Gbesi Movolo Gbokpa Ci Kpase Toli with the MDS plot of word-list computation Fon e. Xwla WLC-2, the MDS plot of computation PLC Seto Xwela suggests a dimensional interpretation along Saxwe Daxe + Se the superimposed dashed lines: again, w. Xwla West Phla-Phera dimension 1' roughly indicates a perceptual Dimension 2 Dimension
Dimension 1 east-west axis, with west located to the left and east to the right, whereas dimension 2' Figure 11: Eastern Gbe varieties – MDS plot of computation PLC43 represents the extent to which the eastern Gbe varieties are grouped within the Fon or the
43 A. A. = Ayizo, Agbome. 57 Phla-Phera clusters. However, in contrast to the MDS plot of computation WLC-2, this plot locates the Fon cluster varieties in the upper part of the space, whereas the Phla-Phera varieties are situated in the lower part along dimension 2'. Again, the western Phla-Phera cluster is located toward the left and the eastern cluster toward the right along the perceptual east-west axis, whereas the Fon cluster varieties are situated approximately in the middle.
Concurring with the findings of the CA, the MDS plot suggests Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo, Ci, Fon, Gbekon, Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon, Kpase, Maxi and Weme as components of the Fon cluster. The MDS plot further indicates that Arohun, Gun and Weme are situated in closer proximity to the eastern Phla-Phera varieties than are the remaining varieties of the Fon cluster. This placement corresponds to the slightly higher calculations of average between-group similarity of the eastern Phla-Phera varieties to Arohun (60%), Gun (60%) and Weme (65%) than to the remaining identified Fon cluster varieties (≤55%).
Also in agreement with the results of the CA, the MDS plot indicates Daxe, Saxwe and Se to be components of the western Phla-Phera cluster. In addition, western Xwla is identified as a fourth component of this cluster, whereas the CA identifies western Xwla as a central Gbe variety. However, it is noted that, although generally very low, the degrees of similarity between western Xwla and both the remaining identified western Phla-Phera varieties and the central Gbe varieties are comparable (29-47% versus 29-47%). These low degrees of similarity are evidenced by the placement of western Xwla in the lower left corner of the space.
The components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster as indicated by the MDS plot are Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, as well as Xwela, a grouping that concurs with the findings of the CA.
58 4) Summary
The findings of multidimensional scaling are summarized below, with Table 7 indicating the three major clusters of eastern Gbe varieties.
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC
Xwela Eastern Ajra Ajra Ajra Phla-Phera Movolo Toli Toli Seto Tofin Tofin Tofin Movolo Movolo Toli Seto Seto Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Xwla (eastern) Fon Gun Gun Gun Alada Alada Alada Gbekon Gbekon Gbekon Arohun Arohun Arohun Fon Fon Fon Agbome Agbome Agbome Ci Ci Ci Maxi Maxi Maxi Weme Weme Weme Kpase Kpase Kpase Ayizo Ayizo Ayizo Kotafon Kotafon Kotafon Gbokpa Gbokpa Gbokpa Western Gbesi Gbesi Gbesi Phla-Phera Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwla (western) Xwela Xwela Saxwe Saxwe Saxwe Se Se Se Daxe Daxe Daxe
Table 7: Grouping of the eastern Gbe varieties according to the findings of MDS
The displayed groupings concur only to a certain degree with Capo’s (1986) classification, with major disparities occurring in the composition of the Fon cluster and the identification of two Phla-Phera clusters and their components.
1) Fon cluster
Concurring with Capo’s (1986) classification, the Fon cluster comprises Agbome, Arohun, Kpase, Maxi and Weme, as well as the additional entry for Fon and the thus far unclassified Ci and Gbekon varieties.
However, the findings of MDS also suggest Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi and Kotafon as well as the thus far unclassified Gbokpa variety as components of this cluster, whereas Capo (1986) classifies
59 Alada, Ayizo and Kotafon as components of the Phla-Phera cluster. Furthermore, the findings suggest a possible alternative grouping of Gun within the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
As for Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon, the MDS plots of the three computations suggest the grouping of Alada within the Fon cluster, whereas for Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon the findings indicate some disparities across the three computations. The MDS plot of phrase- list computation PLC indicates the grouping of Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon within the Fon cluster, whereas the findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 identify these varieties as components of the western Phla-Phera cluster. The results based on word-list computation WLC-1 suggest the grouping of Kotafon and Gbokpa within the Fon cluster and the grouping of Gbesi within the western Phla-Phera cluster. However, it is noted that the MDS plot of computation WLC-1 also suggests an alternative grouping of Gbokpa within the western Phla- Phera cluster.
Gun is indicated to be a variety of the Fon cluster by the MDS plots of word-list computation WLC-1 and phrase-list computation PLC, whereas analysis of word-list computation WLC-2 indicates that it is a component of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. In addition, it is noted that the MDS plot of computation WLC-1 also indicates a possible alternative grouping of Gun within eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
2) Western Phla-Phera cluster
As for the western Phla-Phera cluster, the MDS plots of the three computations indicate Daxe, Saxwe, Se and western Xwla to be components of this cluster.
In addition, analysis of word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 suggests the grouping of Gbesi and Xwela within this cluster, whereas according to the analysis of phrase-list computation PLC, Gbesi is included in the Fon cluster and Xwela in the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. The findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 also indicate Gbokpa and Kotafon to be components of the western Phla-Phera cluster, whereas the MDS plots of the remaining two computations place Gbokpa and Kotafon within the Fon cluster. However, as mentioned above, the MDS plot of computation WLC-1 also suggests a possible alternative grouping of Gbokpa within the western Phla-Phera cluster.
These groupings concur only to certain degree with Capo’s (1986) classification. While Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera varieties Saxwe, Se and Xwla are identified as components of the western Phla-Phera cluster, Gbesi and Kotafon are also identified as varieties of the Fon cluster and
60 Xwela as an eastern Phla-Phera variety (Gbesi: computation PLC; Kotafon: computations WLC-1 and PLC; Xwela: computation PLC). Ayizo is indicated to be a component of the Fon cluster across all three computations.
3) Eastern Phla-Phera cluster
The eastern Phla-Phera cluster comprises Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, a grouping that concurs with Capo’s (1986) classification of Tofin, Toli and Xwla as Phla-Phera varieties. In addition, the findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 indicate Gun to be a component of this cluster. However, as already mentioned, the MDS plot of computation WLC- 1 also indicates an alternative grouping of Gun within the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. Furthermore, the analysis of phrase-list computation PLC suggests the grouping of Xwela within the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
5.1.5. SUMMARY
The findings of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling identify three major groupings of the investigated 49 Gbe varieties, a western, a central and an eastern cluster.
5.1.5.1. WESTERN GBE
The western Gbe varieties form, according to Capo’s (1986) classification, two major clusters, the Ewe and Gen clusters. The Gen cluster comprises the Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen varieties, while the remaining western Gbe varieties are identified as varieties of the Ewe cluster.
A cluster analysis of the three word- and phrase-list computations identifies the same two Ewe and Gen clusters, with all three computations indicating Adan, Awlan, Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin to be components of the Ewe cluster and Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen to be varieties of the Gen cluster. For the remaining varieties, however, the results differ across the three computations. The CA of the two word-list computations indicates Kpesi, Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi to be varieties of the Gen cluster, whereas the results based on phrase-list computation PLC identify these varieties as components of the Ewe clusters. As for the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties, the CA of word-list computation WLC-1 indicates that they are components of the Gen cluster, whereas according to the findings for computations WLC-2 and PLC, these varieties are grouped within the Ewe cluster. It is noted, though, that the evaluation of the three
61 similarity matrices indicates a possible alternative grouping of the Gbin, Kpelen, Ho and Vlin varieties within the Gen cluster and, for word-list computation WLC-1, of Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo within the Ewe cluster, and, for phrase-list computation PLC, of Kpesi within the Gen cluster.
In contrast to the results of the CA, the findings of MDS suggest three clusters, the Ewe and Gen clusters and a third cluster that comprises Gbin, Ho, Vlin and Kpelen and, for phrase-list computation PLC, Kpesi. The Ewe cluster consists of Adan, Agu, Aveno, Awlan, Be and Togo and, for phrase-list computation PLC, of Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi. The Gen cluster comprises Agoi/Gliji, Anexo and Gen and, for the two word-list computations, Kpesi, Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi, the latter set being in contrast to Capo’s (1986) classification.
5.1.5.2. CENTRAL GBE
The central Gbe cluster consists entirely of Aja varieties and includes, according to Capo’s (1986) classification, Dogbo, Hwe, Sikpi and Tado.
Concurring with this classification, the CA indicates Aja-Dogbo and the Aja-Hwe varieties of Aplahoué, Azovè and Gboto to be components of the central Gbe cluster. Aja-Sikpi, however, is identified as a variety of the eastern Gbe cluster and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun as a component of the western Gbe cluster. However, it is noted that the lexicostatistical analysis of word lists elicited during a more recent sociolinguistic study of the Aja communities in 1996 shows that Sikpi and Tohoun-Hwe are, in fact, Aja varieties and thus components of the central Gbe cluster.
5.1.5.3. EASTERN GBE
According to Capo’s (1986) classification, the eastern Gbe varieties group into two major clusters, the Fon cluster that comprises the Agbome, Arohun, Gun, Kpase, Maxi and Weme varieties, and the Phla-Phera cluster that consists of the Alada, Ayizo, Gbesi, Kotafon, Saxwe, Se, Tofin, Toli, Xwela and Xwla varieties.
In contrast to this classification, the CA indicates three major clusters for the eastern Gbe varieties, the Fon and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. The components of the Fon cluster, as determined by the CA of the three word- and phrase-list computations, are Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ci, Fon, Gbekon and Gun, whereas in the grouping of the remaining eastern Gbe varieties there are major disparities among the findings for the three computations.
62 Some of the disparities concern Kpase, Maxi and Weme, which Capo (1986) assigns to the Fon cluster. Across the three computations, Maxi and Weme are identified as components of either the Fon cluster or the eastern Phla-Phera cluster or, in the case of Maxi, of a distinct cluster, whereas Kpase is identified as a component of the Fon cluster or the western Phla-Phera cluster. It is noted, though, that the degrees of similarity of Kpase, Maxi and Weme to the proposed Fon cluster varieties are generally higher or slightly higher than to the remaining proposed western or eastern Phla-Phera varieties.
Other disparities concern Capo’s (1986) Phla-Phera varieties and a number of thus far unclassified eastern Gbe varieties. Overall, the findings indicate the varieties located in the southwestern part of Benin, i.e., Ayizo, Kotafon, Gbesi, Saxwe, Xwela and western Xwla, as well as the thus far unclassified Daxe, Gbokpa and Se varieties, to be components either of the western Phla-Phera cluster or of the Fon cluster. However, it is noted that the degrees of similarity of Ayizo, Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon to the proposed Fon cluster varieties are generally higher or slightly higher than to the remaining proposed western Phla-Phera cluster varieties. As for the varieties located in the southeastern part of Benin, i.e., Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla, a CA of word-list computation WLC-1 and phrase-list computation PLC identifies them as components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. By contrast, the findings based on word-list computation WLC-2 indicate these varieties to be components of the Fon cluster, although the evaluation of the respective similarity degrees suggests a possible alternative grouping within a distinct cluster.
The results of MDS indicate the same three Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. The findings suggest Agbome, Alada, Arohun, Ayizo, Ci, Fon, Gbekon, Kpase, Maxi and Weme as varieties of the Fon cluster, whereas Daxe, Saxwe, Se and western Xwla are indicated to be varieties of the western Phla-Phera cluster, and Ajra, Movolo, Seto, Tofin, Toli and eastern Xwla to be components of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster. Across the three computations, the findings are less clear with regard to Gbesi, Gbokpa, Gun, Kotafon and Xwela. Gbokpa, Gbesi and Kotafon are identified as western Phla-Phera cluster varieties (WLC-1: Gbesi; WLC-2: Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon) as well as components of the Fon cluster (WLC-1: Gbokpa, Kotafon; PLC: Gbesi, Gbokpa, Kotafon), whereas Gun is indicated to be a variety of the Fon cluster but also of the eastern Phla-Phera cluster (WLC-2). Xwela is indicated to be a component of the western Phla-Phera cluster by MDS of the two word-list computations, whereas MDS of phrase-list computation PLC suggests the grouping of Xwela within the eastern Phla-Phera cluster.
63 5.2. COMPARABILITY OF WORD- AND PHRASE-LIST RESULTS
Across the three word- and phrase-list computations, the findings of the CA and MDS indicate several disparities in the grouping of the investigated Gbe varieties. Therefore, to evaluate the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results, the respective similarity matrices were compared as well as the groupings of the Gbe varieties across the three computations according to the findings of the CA and MDS.
In the first comparison, the three similarity matrices indicate differences in the degrees of within- group similarity among the 47 Gbe varieties.44 Word-list computation WLC-1 indicates 71- 100% lexical within-group similarity among the western Gbe varieties, 86-100% among the central varieties and 72-100% among the eastern Gbe varieties. For computation WLC-2, the degrees of within-group similarity are, overall, slightly lower due to the different set of criteria for the similarity groupings (see Section 3.2.1.1, p. 18): 66-100% among the western Gbe varieties, 82-100% among the central varieties, and 55-100% among the eastern varieties. For phrase-list computation PLC the degrees of within-group similarity are still lower: 53-100% among the western Gbe varieties; 65-100% among the central varieties; and 21-100% among the western varieties. Presumably, the larger range in computation PLC is due to the small number of records (17) which brings out similarities and differences much more strongly than would a larger number of records.
The second comparison concerns the groupings of Gbe varieties based on the findings of the CA and MDS.
According to the findings of the CA, SPSS’ agglomeration schedule indicates 11 homogeneous groups for the two word-list computations and 13 groups for phrase-list computation PLC. The findings further indicate that, in a later step in the agglomeration process, these groups are joined together to form six larger clusters, the Aja, Ewe, Gen, Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters, which are of particular interest in the context of this dissertation. In a still later step, the Ewe and Gen clusters are joined together to form the western Gbe cluster, and the Fon and western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters to the eastern Gbe cluster, while the Aja varieties remain the sole components of the central Gbe cluster.
The findings indicate that the distribution of the Gbe varieties among the western, central and eastern Gbe clusters is comparable across the three computations. Including the Aja-Sikpi and
44 Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe of Tohoun are excluded from this comparison because of the previously discussed problems regarding the reliability of the word and phrase lists elicited in these varieties (see Section 4.3.1, p. 28). 64 Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) varieties, the CA of word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 indicates 100% of the 49 Gbe varieties to be components of the same clusters, while a slightly lower percentage of Gbe varieties (96% – 47/49) is assigned to the same clusters by analysis of phrase- list computation PLC and word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2, respectively.
However, with regard to the distribution of the western Gbe varieties among the identified Ewe and Gen clusters, the findings for the three computations show considerably lower levels of agreement. The CA of the two word-list computations indicate 78% (14/18) of the western Gbe varieties to be components of the same clusters, and 72% (13/18) are assigned to the same clusters by the CA of word-list computation WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC. By contrast, only 50% (9/18) of the varieties are indicated by analysis of computations WLC-1 and PLC to be components of the same clusters.
Likewise, the findings indicate considerable disparities in the distribution of the eastern Gbe varieties among the identified Fon, eastern and western Phla-Phera clusters and the distinct clusters for Maxi and the Daxe and Se varieties. The CA of word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 suggests only 28% (7/25) of the eastern Gbe varieties as components of the same clusters, and the analysis of computation WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC indicates 32% (8/25) to be components of the same clusters, whereas analysis of computations WLC-1 and PLC assigns 76% (19/25) to the same clusters.
The distribution of the central Gbe varieties across the three computations is not compared, since two of the Aja varieties, Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun), had to be excluded from the subsequent analysis.
The findings of MDS concur with the findings of the CA with regard to the distribution of all 49 Gbe varieties among the western, central and eastern Gbe clusters: the analysis of the two word- list computations suggests 100% of the Gbe varieties as components of the same clusters, while 99% (48/49) of the varieties are indicated to be components of the same clusters by analysis of phrase-list computation PLC and word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2, respectively.
In contrast to the findings of the CA, however, the results of MDS suggest a considerably higher percentage of western and eastern Gbe varieties as components of the same clusters. MDS of the two word-list computations indicates 100% (18/18) of the western Gbe varieties to be components of the same clusters, i.e., the Ewe and Gen clusters and ‘cluster 3.’ A lower percentage, 72% (13/18), is assigned to the same clusters by analysis of phrase-list computation PLC and word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2, respectively.
65 With regard to the distribution of the eastern Gbe varieties among the Fon, western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters, the analysis of word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 suggests 88% (22/25) of the eastern varieties as components of the same clusters, while the analysis of computation WLC-1 and phrase-list computation PLC indicates 92% (23/25) to be components of the same clusters, and the analysis of computations WLC-2 and PLC suggests 80% (20/25) as varieties of the same clusters.
This comparison of the findings of the CA and MDS as to the distribution of the Gbe varieties among the identified clusters indicates, on the whole, a higher level of agreement among the three computations for MDS than for CA. As for CA, the lower level of agreement is most likely related to the fact that the findings of CA agree with the respective similarity calculations to a lesser degree than do the groupings indicated by MDS. This is, as already discussed, due to the fact that CA considers the profile of similarities across all the other speech varieties, whereas MDS approximates the distances between all of these pairs. The to some extent rather low levels of agreement for CA thus render the comparability of the word- and phrase-list computations questionable, whereas the rather high levels of agreement for MDS suggest the comparability of these results.
66 CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Embedded in a larger study of the Gbe language continuum of West Africa, which was initiated by SIL Togo-Benin, this dissertation focused on the findings of quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features elicited among 49 Gbe language varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo.
Building on the author’s previous, preliminary analysis of the elicited word- and phrase-list data, the focus of this dissertation was hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of the previously computed percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity. This analysis had as its main objectives: (1) to identify clusters of Gbe varieties and their components; (2) to explore whether and to what extent the analysis of the elicited word and phrase lists yields comparable results; and (3) to establish priorities for further, more in-depth studies of the Gbe communities.
In the following sections, the findings of this analysis are discussed according to the major objectives of this study.
6.1. CLUSTERING OF THE GBE LANGUAGE VARIETIES
The findings of the quantitative analysis by means of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling identify three major Gbe clusters: a western, a central and an eastern cluster.
The western Gbe varieties are located in southeastern Ghana and southern Togo. According to the findings of the CA, these varieties are grouped within two larger clusters, the Ewe and Gen clusters, whereas MDS suggests an additional distinct cluster for the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties. The central Gbe varieties are situated in southeastern Togo and southwestern Benin, this group consisting entirely of the Aja varieties. The eastern Gbe varieties are located in southeastern Togo and southern Benin. The CA identifies three larger clusters of these varieties, the Fon cluster and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters, as well as additional smaller clusters for the Maxi variety and the Se and Daxe varieties. By contrast, MDS indicates only the three larger Fon, western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters.
The comparison of the suggested groupings with the actual similarity calculations suggests that the groupings of Gbe varieties as suggested by MDS agree with the respective similarity calculations to a higher degree than do the groupings indicated by CA. These disparities are most likely due to the fact that CA takes into account the profile of similarities across all the other speech varieties, whereas MDS considers all pairs of speech varieties and approximates the
67 distances between all of these pairs. Thus, the findings of MDS are generally matched by the respective similarity calculations and appear to reflect the structure of the data more accurately than does CA.
Thus, the following proposed groupings of Gbe varieties are based on the findings of MDS. Those Gbe varieties, which, across the three word- and phrase-list computations, are identified as components of different clusters, are listed in a separate column labeled ‘unclear grouping.’
Western Gbe Central Gbe Eastern Gbe
Ewe Gen Cluster 3 unclear Aja Fon Western Eastern Unclear grouping Phla-Phera Phla-Phera grouping
Adan Agoi/Gliji Gbin Kpesi Dogbo Agbome Daxe Ajra Gbesi Agu Anexo Kpelen Vo Hwe (Aplahoué) Alada Saxwe Movolo Gbokpa Aveno Gen Ho Waci Hwe (Azovè) Arohun Se Seto Gun Awlan Vlin Wance Hwe (Gboto) Ayizo Xwla (w.) Tofin Kotafon Be Wundi Hwe (Tohoun) Ci Toli Xwela Togo Sikpi Fon Xwla (e.) Gbekon Kpase Maxi Weme
Table 8: Proposed grouping of the Gbe varieties
The proposed groupings correspond to Capo’s (1986) classification only to a certain degree. For the western Gbe varieties, the differences concern Kpesi and the proposed third cluster comprised of the Gbin, Kpelen, Ho and Vlin varieties, which Capo (1986) lists as components of the Ewe cluster. As for the eastern Gbe varieties, the differences concern the grouping of the Phla-Phera varieties into two clusters. Furthermore, the proposed groupings suggest Alada and Ayizo to be components of the Fon cluster, whereas Capo (1986) lists them as Phla-Phera varieties.
Those Gbe varieties that are listed under ‘unclear grouping’ because of their contradictory groupings are further discussed in ‘Priorities for further sociolinguistic research’ (p. 70).
6.2. COMPARABILITY OF WORD- AND PHRASE-LIST RESULTS
The quantitative analysis conducted in this study involved CA and MDS of three word- and phrase-list similarity matrices indicating the degrees of linguistic similarity between the 49
68 investigated Gbe varieties: word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC.
The two word-list computations indicate the degree of lexical similarity between the Gbe varieties based on the elicitation of 100 lexical items in each of these varieties. Similarity groupings of the elicited items were conducted according to two different sets of criteria: for computation WLC-1, apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication were ignored, whereas for computation WLC-2, apparently affixed morphemes and reduplication were included in the analysis.
Phrase-list computation PLC is based on the quantification of 17 grammatical features elicited in 35 phrases. It should to be reiterated, though, that the computer program used to quantify these features, WORDSURV, is not designed to analyze grammatical features. Therefore it cannot be assumed that the computed percentage and variance matrices reflect the actual degrees of grammatical similarity between these varieties, especially given the low number of records for this computation (17). Thus, the calculations for grammatical similarity were not interpreted as the actual degrees of grammatical similarity but only as rough indications of how the Gbe varieties are grouped.
To evaluate the comparability of the word- and phrase-list results, the respective similarity matrices were compared as well as the groupings of the Gbe varieties across the three computations according to the findings of CA and MDS.
The comparison of the three similarity matrices indicates different degrees of lexical similarity for the two word-list computations due to the different criteria for the similarity groupings of lexical items. However, rather than investigating which computation reflects the actual degrees of lexical similarity more accurately, the focus of the analysis was to compare the different groupings of the Gbe varieties as indicated by CA and MDS. The comparison of the two word- list computations with phrase-list computation PLC indicates that similarity degrees for computation PLC are lower than for the word-list computations, while the range is larger.
Regarding the groupings of the Gbe varieties across the three computations, the comparison of the results based on CA and MDS show, overall, a higher level of agreement between the groupings indicated by MDS than between those indicated by CA. Most likely this higher level of agreement for MDS is due to the fact that the groupings indicated by MDS generally agree with the respective similarity calculations to a higher degree than do the groupings indicated by CA. This is, as already discussed, due to the fact that MDS approximates the distances between
69 all pairs of speech varieties, whereas CA considers the profile of similarities across all the other speech varieties.
It is noted, though, that the findings do not indicate patterns of higher or lower levels of agreement according to the compared computations. Instead, the comparison of the two word- list computations identifies disparities in the groupings of several eastern Gbe varieties as suggested by MDS, whereas the comparison of the two word-list computations with the phrase- list computation also indicates disparities in the groupings of several western Gbe varieties. These identified disparities across the three computations were taken as an indication of where more in-depth research should be conducted.
6.3. PRIORITIES FOR FURTHER SOCIOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH
The third major objective of this dissertation was to establish priorities for further, more in-depth sociolinguistic research of the Gbe language continuum.
As previously mentioned in Section 3.1 (p. 16), the current strategy of SIL Togo-Benin is to promote the use of already developed language materials by L1 speakers of a given speech variety and by those who have adequate comprehension of that variety. Thus, SIL’s larger study of the Gbe language continuum focuses on the question of whether and to what extent the Gbe varieties of Benin and Togo could benefit from the existing literacy efforts in Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen or Gun, or whether additional language-based development programs in some of the remaining communities would be beneficial and if so, whether and to what extent SIL Togo- Benin should be involved in these development programs.
In view of this strategy, further research of the Gbe communities should include comprehension testing to assess whether these communities have adequate levels of comprehension of Aja, Ewe, Fon, Gen or Gun for the use of any of the existing language materials. SIL’s previously mentioned ‘Language assessment criteria’ (Bergman 1990:2) recommends conducting comprehension testing if the indicated lexical similarity between two speech varieties is more than about 70% at the upper confidence limit of the calculation. However, given that word-list computation WLC-1 indicates lexical within-group similarity of more than 70% for each of the identified western, central and eastern Gbe clusters, such research needs to be prioritized.
Thus, the author suggests that further research should prioritize the identified ‘cluster 3’ and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters, since none of these clusters is composed of Gbe
70 varieties that have already undergone language development on a larger scale. Moreover, the speakers of the Gbe varieties within these clusters are the ones most likely to have low levels of comprehension of the already standardized Gbe varieties and may therefore be unable to make use of any of the language materials in these varieties. More in-depth research should also focus on those Gbe varieties that, across the three computations, were identified as components of different clusters. In addition, further research should investigate those Gbe varieties that are identified as components of the Aja, Ewe, Fon or Gen clusters but have rather low degrees of lexical similarity with the already standardized varieties within these clusters.
Among the western varieties, further research should therefore prioritize the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties and investigate the levels of comprehension of Ewe and Gen within these speech communities to assess whether these communities could make use of the existing language materials in Ewe or Gen, or whether a language-based development program for these communities would be beneficial. If so, further research should investigate which variety could serve as a reference variety for the whole group and whether and to what extent SIL Togo-Benin should be involved in a development program among these communities.
In addition, further research should be conducted in the Kpesi, Vo, Waci, Wance and Wundi varieties, given that across the three computations, these varieties were identified as components of the Ewe and the Gen clusters. Further research should also be conducted in the Agu, Aveno, Be and Togo varieties, given that their degrees of lexical similarity to the core Ewe and the core Gen cluster varieties are approximately the same, and further given that these similarity degrees are not very high for word-list computation WLC-2. Such research should investigate whether the comprehension levels of these speech communities are higher in Ewe or in Gen and whether these levels are adequate for the use of the existing language materials in Ewe or Gen.
Among the eastern Gbe varieties, further sociolinguistic research should prioritize the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. For the western Phla-Phera varieties, including Gbesi, Gbokpa and Kotafon, the main objective would be to determine the levels of comprehension of Fon and Gen within these speech communities, while Fon and Gun comprehension levels should be investigated among the eastern Phla-Phera varieties to assess whether these speech communities could make use of the existing language materials in Fon, Gen and Gun.
In addition, further research should determine potential reference varieties for the western and eastern Phla-Phera varieties, should comprehension levels in Fon, Gen or Gun prove inadequate for the use of the existing language materials. In this case, further research should also establish
71 whether the Xwela communities have a higher level of comprehension of the western or the eastern Phla-Phera reference variety.
Since Gun has already undergone language-based development on a larger scale, there is no need in the context of this study to establish whether in the Gun speech communities comprehension levels are higher in Fon or in the eastern Phla-Phera reference variety.
6.4. CONCLUSIONS
Embedded in a larger study of the Gbe language continuum of West Africa, this dissertation focused on the quantitative analysis of lexical and grammatical features elicited among the Gbe varieties of Benin, Ghana and Togo. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of previously computed percentage matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity were conducted to identify the clustering of the Gbe varieties, to explore the comparability of the computed word- and phrase-list similarity matrices and to establish priorities for further, more in-depth research of the Gbe communities.
The findings of hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling identify three major groupings of Gbe varieties, a western, a central and an eastern grouping. The western Gbe varieties group into two larger clusters, the Ewe and Gen clusters, with MDS suggesting an additional distinct cluster for the Gbin, Ho, Kpelen and Vlin varieties. By contrast, the central grouping of Gbe varieties consists entirely of the Aja varieties. The eastern Gbe varieties generally group into three larger clusters, the Fon cluster and the western and eastern Phla-Phera clusters. Although both CA and MDS proved valid exploratory tools to identify the clustering of the Gbe varieties, the comparison of the suggested groupings with the actual similarity calculations suggests that MDS reflects the structure of the data more accurately than does CA.
Furthermore, the findings suggest that MDS of the word- and phrase-list computations yields comparable results for the grouping of the Gbe varieties, whereas this comparability is questionable in the results of CA of the three computations. The identified disparities across the three computations with regard to the grouping of the Gbe varieties were interpreted as an indication of where more in-depth research among the Gbe varieties should be conducted.
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79 APPENDICES
1. Gbe word and phrase lists: Matrices for lexical and grammatical similarity ...... 81 2. Cluster analysis ...... 90 2.1. Agglomeration schedule...... 90 2.2. Cluster membership ...... 91 2.3. Dendrograms ...... 92 3. Multidimensional scaling: Kruskal’s stress and RSQ values ...... 98 3.1. Gbe overview: 49 Gbe varieties ...... 98 3.2. Western Gbe cluster...... 98 3.3. Eastern Gbe cluster ...... 98 4. Gbe word and phrase lists: Background information...... 99 4.1. Alternative spellings of Gbe variety names ...... 99 4.2. Investigated Gbe varieties and elicitation procedures...... 105 4.3. Information on research locations, informants and researchers ...... 106 4.4. Transcription of elicited items...... 110 5. Gbe word-list data ...... 111 5.1. French glosses...... 111 5.2. Elicited data sorted by gloss...... 112 6. Gbe phrase-list data...... 162 6.1. French phrases ...... 162 6.2. Categories for similarity groupings ...... 164 6.3. Elicited data sorted by phrase...... 169
80 1. GBE WORD AND PHRASE LISTS: MATRICES FOR LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SIMILARITY
1.1. Word-list computation WLC-1: Similarity percentages at the upper confidence limit ...... 82 1.2. Word-list computation WLC-2: Similarity percentages at the upper confidence limit ...... 83 1.3. Phrase-list computation PLC: Similarity percentages ...... 84 1.4. Word-list computation WLC-1: Similarity percentages without variance...... 85 1.5. Word-list computation WLC-2: Similarity percentages without variance...... 86 1.6. Word-list computation WLC-1: Variance...... 87 1.7. Word-list computation WLC-2: Variance...... 88 1.8. Phrase-list computation PLC: Variance...... 89
81 1.1. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-1: SIMILARITY PERCENTAGES AT THE UPPER CONFIDENCE LIMIT
Adan 100 Awlan 80 80 Be 80 80 100 Togo 81 81 96 96 Aveno 79 79 87 86 86 Agu 75 75 83 83 85 85 Wance 76 76 84 84 85 85 99 Wundi 75 75 82 82 83 81 88 88 Waci 73 73 81 81 81 80 87 87 99 Vo 79 79 79 79 82 77 80 80 85 83 Anexo 79 79 79 79 81 76 82 82 86 85 100 Gen 78 78 80 80 83 75 81 81 85 84 97 99 Agoi/Gliji 82 82 83 83 84 80 82 81 83 82 88 88 90 Kpesi 76 76 81 81 83 80 84 83 84 81 80 81 82 82 Kpelen 72 72 73 73 76 77 79 79 80 79 78 78 79 78 85 Vlin 71 71 74 74 77 79 78 78 81 79 78 78 79 79 86 98 Gbin 73 73 75 75 78 80 79 79 82 80 79 79 81 80 88 98 98 Ho 56 56 61 61 61 57 64 64 64 63 65 65 63 62 58 57 56 57 Ajra 56 56 59 59 59 56 62 62 66 65 68 68 64 62 57 57 57 57 97 Toli 56 56 58 58 58 56 59 59 64 63 66 66 64 58 55 55 54 55 90 88 Tofin 56 56 57 58 57 55 59 59 63 62 65 66 63 58 56 54 54 54 88 87 100 Movolo
82 59 59 64 63 62 58 64 64 66 64 68 68 66 64 63 56 55 57 92 92 88 88 Seto 60 60 68 67 66 64 70 70 69 68 68 68 65 64 63 62 61 63 88 85 82 81 90 Xwla (eastern) 62 62 66 66 65 60 66 66 70 68 73 72 71 66 64 58 57 59 90 90 88 88 94 90 Gun 63 63 64 64 64 63 68 68 71 71 72 72 71 65 63 59 59 58 87 86 90 89 89 84 96 Alada 56 56 58 58 57 58 64 64 64 63 68 68 64 62 58 57 57 56 85 85 83 83 83 77 89 92 Weme 61 61 64 64 64 64 68 68 70 69 71 72 68 63 61 60 60 59 86 88 87 86 85 81 94 95 94 Arohun 63 63 63 63 62 62 68 68 70 69 72 72 69 67 63 59 58 60 84 85 87 86 90 83 94 96 94 97 Gbekon 63 63 62 62 63 62 65 65 68 67 71 72 71 66 63 60 60 60 85 87 87 86 86 82 92 97 91 93 97 Fon 61 61 61 62 61 59 64 64 66 65 70 70 68 64 60 60 60 60 86 89 85 85 83 82 90 94 90 92 94 99 Agbome 63 63 65 65 65 64 70 70 71 70 72 73 72 69 63 61 60 59 85 88 85 85 90 84 90 94 86 92 92 95 93 Kpase 59 59 58 59 58 58 61 61 64 65 66 66 65 63 58 57 57 58 78 80 76 76 79 73 81 85 85 83 88 88 87 85 Maxi 65 65 68 68 66 65 70 70 72 72 74 75 74 72 67 63 63 63 84 85 81 80 88 84 93 94 86 91 94 92 90 95 85 Kotafon 62 62 67 67 66 64 71 71 71 71 69 71 70 70 68 63 62 63 80 83 74 73 81 79 84 85 80 85 87 85 85 89 76 88 Ayizo 62 62 63 63 63 62 63 63 66 65 69 71 71 69 62 58 59 59 79 83 79 78 84 79 87 90 90 90 93 91 90 89 84 92 85 Ci 65 65 71 71 70 64 70 70 71 70 76 77 78 71 66 64 63 63 84 87 84 84 87 82 91 94 86 89 93 92 90 94 84 98 85 92 Gbokpa 57 57 64 64 64 64 69 69 67 65 70 70 72 65 65 62 61 62 78 81 78 78 84 77 85 85 83 85 88 85 83 90 78 91 79 85 96 Gbesi 58 58 64 64 63 57 64 64 68 66 70 71 70 64 63 56 55 56 82 85 85 84 88 80 84 85 78 81 85 85 81 85 77 85 75 82 90 85 Xwela 62 62 64 64 64 63 67 67 68 66 73 73 73 65 64 59 58 59 80 83 84 84 84 80 86 87 77 83 84 84 82 85 76 85 77 81 91 84 90 Xwla (western) 63 63 65 65 65 59 64 64 71 68 76 77 76 70 64 62 61 61 74 77 77 76 80 73 85 85 80 84 85 86 81 88 77 86 78 85 92 84 82 88 Saxwe 58 58 61 61 63 56 64 64 65 63 68 68 66 63 59 58 57 58 75 78 75 75 78 72 81 81 80 83 85 85 83 81 74 82 77 80 84 81 81 85 84 Se 59 59 61 61 64 57 64 64 65 63 70 70 68 63 61 58 57 58 77 79 77 77 79 74 81 82 81 84 86 87 85 83 75 83 78 81 84 82 84 86 85 100 Daxe 65 65 69 70 72 68 68 68 73 71 76 75 82 71 69 66 68 70 66 66 62 63 68 68 72 68 62 67 68 66 66 72 64 76 65 71 78 73 68 70 72 66 67 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 69 69 71 71 72 66 65 65 75 74 79 79 79 70 65 66 65 68 63 63 61 60 64 63 71 63 58 63 65 62 63 64 60 69 63 66 72 66 64 68 70 63 63 86 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 64 64 70 69 71 68 65 65 72 70 79 79 79 71 63 61 60 63 64 63 65 64 69 65 72 69 63 68 70 67 64 71 63 77 63 70 77 71 69 72 75 68 69 92 88 Aja-Dogbo 65 65 69 68 71 70 66 66 73 71 79 79 80 71 64 62 61 63 63 63 64 63 69 66 72 69 63 68 70 66 63 70 63 76 63 69 76 70 68 72 74 67 69 91 86 100 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 62 62 64 64 65 58 63 63 69 67 75 75 73 68 60 59 58 59 75 78 76 75 81 75 85 85 80 83 86 87 84 86 77 86 79 85 88 80 81 84 87 89 90 76 71 81 80 Aja-Sikpi 80 80 88 88 90 91 98 98 87 86 85 85 85 85 85 83 83 84 62 61 59 59 63 69 66 66 62 66 68 63 63 68 60 69 71 62 69 69 63 68 66 63 63 72 67 68 69 62 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
1.2. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-2: SIMILARITY PERCENTAGES AT THE UPPER CONFIDENCE LIMIT
Adan 100 Awlan 75 75 Be 76 76 99 Togo 79 79 91 90 Aveno 73 73 78 76 83 Agu 68 68 72 72 78 76 Wance 69 69 73 72 77 77 100 Wundi 71 71 72 71 78 75 79 79 Waci 69 69 71 70 76 74 79 79 99 Vo 67 67 72 71 75 66 75 75 77 75 Anexo 71 71 73 72 76 67 77 77 81 79 99 Gen 67 67 73 72 79 68 75 75 81 79 92 95 Agoi/Gliji 70 70 74 73 78 72 72 71 76 76 81 84 87 Kpesi 71 71 75 74 81 79 73 72 75 74 71 72 73 76 Kpelen 73 73 70 70 77 74 68 68 75 73 72 74 75 73 81 Vlin 71 71 71 70 78 76 69 69 74 72 72 72 74 75 82 98 Gbin 72 72 72 71 79 77 70 70 77 75 73 75 76 75 83 98 97 Ho 51 51 53 52 54 47 53 53 54 54 58 57 56 53 51 52 51 51 Ajra 55 55 54 54 56 50 53 53 55 54 56 55 57 54 51 53 52 53 92 Toli 50 50 54 53 55 52 51 51 53 52 54 56 54 51 51 48 47 48 82 83 Tofin 51 51 52 51 54 50 52 52 54 53 55 56 54 52 50 49 48 49 82 83 100 Movolo
83 53 53 55 54 58 52 54 54 56 54 58 59 59 54 54 49 48 49 84 83 81 82 Seto 54 54 55 54 61 55 61 61 62 61 61 61 60 56 57 55 54 55 79 77 76 76 85 Xwla (eastern) 58 58 57 56 60 53 57 57 63 61 65 64 64 57 57 55 54 55 81 82 79 80 85 83 Gun 55 55 56 56 58 54 57 57 57 56 59 58 60 56 54 50 51 52 76 78 75 75 77 78 80 Alada 51 51 49 48 51 49 55 55 53 52 60 61 57 52 50 51 51 51 72 72 72 72 71 72 74 81 Weme 54 54 55 54 57 54 56 56 55 54 59 59 59 55 52 52 52 54 75 77 78 77 74 73 83 85 81 Arohun 53 53 52 51 56 53 54 54 57 55 61 61 61 56 53 52 51 52 72 73 72 73 77 77 77 82 81 84 Gbekon 54 54 54 53 56 54 57 57 56 55 63 63 60 54 53 50 50 50 79 79 80 80 77 76 79 82 81 79 83 Fon 53 53 53 53 55 53 56 56 55 54 62 62 59 53 51 51 51 51 80 79 78 79 74 76 77 81 80 79 83 97 Agbome 55 55 58 57 64 59 61 61 63 62 63 65 65 64 57 55 54 55 76 73 76 76 79 78 76 79 75 79 82 90 88 Kpase 49 49 49 48 50 46 48 48 50 50 53 53 53 50 47 47 47 47 67 70 69 69 66 67 69 67 74 71 74 80 78 73 Maxi 63 63 62 63 65 58 62 62 65 64 69 69 69 65 58 58 57 58 75 75 74 74 78 77 81 76 73 78 74 81 79 85 70 Kotafon 56 56 64 63 66 58 64 64 68 67 64 67 67 64 58 57 56 58 72 73 70 70 76 74 72 71 67 73 71 79 80 83 68 82 Ayizo 54 54 54 53 55 51 53 53 55 54 58 58 59 57 53 54 54 54 71 75 70 71 72 71 74 74 73 73 77 80 81 77 75 78 77 Ci 61 61 68 67 68 62 64 64 68 66 71 72 73 66 63 62 61 63 80 79 78 78 83 79 82 85 77 81 82 84 84 92 73 91 82 82 Gbokpa 55 55 59 58 59 55 59 59 62 59 64 64 66 61 57 58 57 58 70 70 70 71 71 73 75 70 72 72 71 75 72 80 66 80 70 72 85 Gbesi 52 52 54 55 55 50 52 52 57 55 59 62 63 56 52 49 47 49 73 73 80 79 79 76 74 72 66 71 72 78 74 80 67 80 72 73 87 76 Xwela 53 53 53 52 58 53 54 54 61 58 64 66 66 57 52 50 49 51 68 74 70 72 70 71 73 72 70 70 72 73 72 75 63 78 71 71 83 75 79 Xwla (western) 53 53 55 55 56 51 55 55 63 63 63 65 65 64 55 55 53 54 64 63 67 68 67 63 68 65 63 66 64 68 67 76 60 77 69 66 79 72 73 79 Saxwe 51 51 51 50 54 46 51 51 56 54 58 59 58 54 48 49 48 50 61 62 62 63 64 63 67 62 58 64 66 68 68 68 55 70 65 66 75 68 69 75 74 Se 51 51 50 49 54 47 51 51 57 55 60 62 60 54 49 48 47 49 63 63 61 62 64 65 68 63 59 64 70 70 70 70 57 70 66 67 75 69 71 75 72 95 Daxe 54 54 59 58 66 60 65 65 63 59 62 64 70 64 63 61 61 64 55 54 50 51 56 56 60 52 51 54 56 57 58 64 51 65 62 59 69 57 59 62 58 54 56 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 59 59 58 57 66 58 65 65 70 69 64 70 71 62 59 60 57 61 52 50 45 46 52 54 58 49 48 50 53 51 53 58 47 61 60 54 63 51 54 54 55 50 52 82 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 54 54 59 58 67 62 68 68 63 62 63 67 73 66 60 60 57 60 54 54 52 53 55 54 61 53 53 55 55 58 56 65 51 66 60 57 71 58 58 62 64 55 56 86 84 Aja-Dogbo 56 56 57 56 65 62 67 67 64 63 63 66 72 64 59 59 56 59 54 54 51 52 54 54 59 53 52 54 54 57 55 64 50 65 59 56 70 57 57 62 64 54 55 85 84 100 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 55 55 59 58 63 54 56 56 63 62 65 66 66 64 55 56 55 56 67 69 65 65 71 68 73 67 64 69 70 72 71 78 62 78 70 71 84 73 72 75 79 79 80 64 61 75 74 Aja-Sikpi 72 72 77 76 80 79 100 100 75 74 78 78 77 76 74 71 71 72 53 53 51 53 56 60 58 55 53 54 55 56 56 61 48 61 65 53 63 58 53 55 56 50 50 67 65 69 69 58 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
1.3. PHRASE-LIST COMPUTATION PLC: SIMILARITY PERCENTAGES
Adan 100 Awlan 81 76 Be 81 76 100 Togo 94 88 94 94 Aveno 81 76 94 94 88 Agu 81 76 88 88 88 94 Wance 81 76 88 88 88 94 100 Wundi 75 71 82 82 76 82 76 76 Waci 75 71 76 76 71 76 71 71 100 Vo 56 53 71 71 65 65 65 65 53 47 Anexo 56 53 71 71 65 65 65 65 53 47 100 Gen 56 53 71 71 65 65 65 65 53 47 100 100 Agoi/Gliji 69 65 71 71 71 71 71 71 82 76 71 71 71 Kpesi 54 57 64 64 64 64 64 64 57 57 57 57 57 64 Kpelen 63 59 76 76 76 76 76 76 65 59 71 71 71 76 71 Vlin 63 59 76 76 76 76 76 76 65 59 71 71 71 76 71 100 Gbin 63 59 76 76 76 76 76 76 65 59 71 71 71 76 71 100 100 Ho 38 41 35 35 35 35 35 35 29 24 24 24 24 35 43 47 47 47 Ajra 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 35 35 35 35 47 43 59 59 59 71 Toli 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 35 35 35 35 41 36 53 53 53 59 71 Tofin 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 35 35 35 35 41 36 53 53 53 59 71 88 Movolo
84 38 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 29 29 29 29 35 36 35 35 35 47 47 47 53 Seto 44 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 35 35 35 35 41 36 41 41 41 59 59 53 59 76 Xwla (eastern) 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 41 41 41 47 36 53 53 53 53 59 65 59 59 65 Gun 44 47 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 35 29 29 29 41 43 41 41 41 65 53 59 53 41 35 76 Alada 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 41 41 41 53 57 59 59 59 71 76 71 71 47 53 71 71 Weme 56 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 47 47 47 47 59 57 65 65 65 59 65 65 59 53 59 82 71 94 Arohun 44 47 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 35 29 29 29 53 50 47 47 47 65 41 47 47 35 41 53 71 76 71 Gbekon 56 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 47 41 41 41 59 43 59 59 59 35 41 47 47 47 41 59 65 59 65 59 Fon 56 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 47 41 41 41 59 43 59 59 59 47 47 53 53 47 41 59 71 59 65 65 100 Agbome 56 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 47 41 41 41 59 50 65 65 65 47 53 53 53 47 41 59 65 65 71 59 94 94 Kpase 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 41 41 41 59 50 65 65 65 53 59 59 59 35 41 59 59 76 71 65 82 82 82 Maxi 46 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 36 36 36 36 43 43 50 50 50 43 43 57 50 43 43 71 71 64 71 57 79 79 79 79 Kotafon 38 36 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 36 36 36 36 57 43 64 64 64 64 50 43 43 43 43 57 64 79 71 71 71 71 79 79 64 Ayizo 56 59 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 47 47 47 47 59 57 65 65 65 65 59 59 59 41 47 65 71 76 76 71 71 71 76 82 71 71 Ci 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 47 47 47 53 43 59 59 59 65 59 65 59 29 35 65 71 76 71 71 71 76 71 82 86 71 82 Gbokpa 50 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 41 47 47 47 47 36 53 53 53 47 41 53 47 35 41 71 65 65 76 59 65 71 65 65 79 64 71 82 Gbesi 46 50 43 43 43 43 43 43 36 29 36 36 36 50 50 50 50 50 64 64 50 50 43 50 36 43 50 43 36 36 43 50 43 36 36 50 43 29 Xwela 31 29 35 35 29 29 29 29 35 35 41 41 41 47 29 35 35 35 24 24 24 29 35 29 35 35 35 35 29 41 41 41 29 29 43 35 47 47 21 Xwla (western) 46 43 50 50 50 50 50 50 43 36 36 36 36 43 36 57 57 57 43 50 50 50 36 36 50 50 57 50 43 50 57 57 50 50 50 50 50 43 43 29 Saxwe 44 47 47 47 41 41 41 41 41 35 47 47 47 53 43 53 53 53 41 47 41 41 29 35 53 41 53 59 41 47 47 53 53 43 50 65 59 53 43 47 50 Se 44 47 47 47 41 41 41 41 41 35 47 47 47 53 43 53 53 53 41 47 41 41 29 35 53 41 53 59 41 47 47 53 53 43 50 65 59 53 43 47 50 100 Daxe 44 41 53 53 47 47 47 47 47 47 53 53 53 53 43 47 47 47 29 35 35 35 29 35 41 29 47 47 35 35 35 35 35 29 36 41 41 53 21 47 21 41 41 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 56 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 65 65 53 53 53 65 43 53 53 53 41 41 41 41 29 35 41 35 47 47 41 41 41 41 41 36 50 47 41 53 36 47 43 41 41 76 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 56 53 47 47 47 47 47 47 53 53 41 41 41 53 36 47 47 47 35 35 35 35 29 35 41 35 47 47 41 47 47 47 47 43 43 47 47 59 36 35 29 35 35 65 82 Aja-Dogbo 56 53 47 47 47 47 47 47 53 53 41 41 41 53 36 47 47 47 41 41 41 41 29 35 41 35 47 47 41 47 47 47 47 43 43 47 47 59 43 35 36 35 35 65 82 100 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 56 53 47 47 47 47 47 47 53 47 41 41 41 59 43 53 53 53 41 41 35 35 29 35 41 35 53 53 41 47 47 53 53 43 50 53 53 59 43 35 29 41 41 59 76 88 88 Aja-Sikpi 81 76 88 88 88 94 100 100 76 71 65 65 65 71 64 76 76 76 35 47 47 47 35 41 47 41 47 53 41 53 53 53 47 43 43 53 47 47 43 29 50 41 41 47 53 47 47 47 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
1.4. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-1: SIMILARITY PERCENTAGES WITHOUT VARIANCE
Adan 99 Awlan 73 73 Be 73 73 98 Togo 74 74 92 92 Aveno 72 72 81 80 80 Agu 67 67 76 76 79 78 Wance 68 68 77 77 78 79 96 Wundi 67 67 75 75 76 74 82 82 Waci 65 65 74 74 74 73 81 81 97 Vo 71 71 71 71 75 69 73 73 78 76 Anexo 72 72 71 71 74 68 75 75 80 78 99 Gen 70 70 73 73 76 67 74 74 79 77 94 96 Agoi-Gliji 75 75 76 76 77 73 75 74 76 75 82 82 84 Kpesi 68 68 74 74 76 73 77 76 77 74 73 74 75 75 Kpelen 64 64 65 65 68 69 71 71 73 71 70 70 71 70 78 Vlin 63 63 66 66 69 72 70 70 74 72 70 70 72 72 80 95 Gbin 65 65 67 67 70 73 71 71 75 73 71 72 74 73 82 95 95 Ho 46 46 51 51 51 47 55 55 55 54 56 56 54 52 48 47 46 47 Ajra 46 46 49 49 49 46 52 52 57 56 59 59 55 52 47 47 47 47 93 Toli 46 46 48 48 48 46 49 49 54 53 57 57 54 48 45 44 43 44 84 82 Tofin 46 46 47 48 47 45 49 49 53 52 56 57 54 48 46 44 43 44 82 81 99 Movolo
85 49 49 54 53 52 48 54 54 57 55 59 59 57 55 53 46 45 47 87 87 82 82 Seto 50 50 59 58 57 55 61 61 60 59 59 59 56 55 54 52 51 53 82 78 75 74 84 Xwla (eastern) 52 52 57 57 56 50 57 57 61 59 65 64 62 57 55 48 47 49 84 85 82 82 89 84 Gun 53 53 54 55 54 53 59 59 63 62 64 64 62 56 53 49 49 48 81 80 84 83 83 77 92 Alada 46 46 48 48 47 48 54 54 54 53 59 59 55 52 48 47 47 46 78 79 76 76 76 69 83 87 Weme 51 51 55 55 54 54 59 59 61 60 63 63 59 54 51 50 50 49 80 82 81 80 79 74 89 91 89 Arohun 53 53 53 53 52 52 59 59 61 60 64 64 60 58 54 49 48 50 77 78 81 80 84 76 90 92 90 93 Gbekon 54 54 52 52 53 52 56 56 59 58 63 63 62 57 54 50 50 50 79 81 81 80 80 75 87 93 86 88 93 Fon 51 51 51 52 51 49 55 55 57 56 61 61 59 55 50 50 50 50 80 83 78 78 76 75 84 89 85 87 89 97 Agbome 53 53 56 56 56 54 61 61 62 61 64 65 64 60 54 51 50 49 79 82 79 78 84 77 85 90 80 87 87 91 88 Kpase 49 49 48 49 48 48 51 51 55 56 57 57 56 53 48 47 47 48 70 73 68 68 72 65 74 79 79 76 82 82 81 78 Maxi 55 55 59 59 57 55 61 61 64 63 66 67 66 64 58 53 53 53 77 79 74 73 82 77 88 89 79 85 89 87 84 91 78 Kotafon 52 52 58 58 57 54 62 62 63 62 60 62 61 61 59 53 52 54 73 76 66 65 74 71 77 79 73 78 81 79 79 83 68 82 Ayizo 52 52 53 53 53 52 53 53 57 56 60 62 62 60 52 48 49 49 71 76 71 70 77 71 81 85 85 84 88 86 85 83 77 87 78 Ci 56 56 62 62 61 55 61 61 63 61 68 69 70 62 57 55 53 54 77 81 77 77 81 75 86 89 80 83 88 87 85 89 77 94 78 87 Gbokpa 47 47 55 54 54 54 60 60 58 56 61 61 64 56 56 52 51 52 70 74 70 70 77 69 79 78 76 78 82 79 76 84 70 85 72 78 92 Gbesi 48 48 54 54 53 47 55 55 59 57 61 62 61 55 53 46 45 46 75 79 78 77 82 73 77 79 70 74 78 78 74 79 69 78 67 75 85 79 Xwela 52 52 54 55 55 53 58 58 59 57 65 65 65 56 54 49 48 49 73 76 77 77 77 73 80 81 69 76 77 77 75 78 68 78 69 74 86 77 85 Xwla (western) 53 53 55 55 56 49 55 55 62 59 68 69 68 61 54 52 51 51 66 69 69 68 73 65 78 79 73 77 78 80 74 82 69 80 70 78 87 77 75 82 Saxwe 48 48 51 51 53 46 55 55 56 54 59 59 57 53 49 48 47 48 67 70 67 67 70 64 74 74 73 76 79 79 76 74 66 75 69 73 77 74 74 79 77 Se 49 49 51 51 54 47 55 55 56 54 61 61 59 54 51 48 47 48 69 72 69 69 72 66 74 75 74 77 80 81 78 76 67 76 70 74 77 75 77 80 78 98 Daxe 56 56 60 61 63 59 59 59 65 62 68 67 75 62 60 57 59 61 57 57 52 53 59 59 63 59 52 58 59 57 57 63 55 68 56 62 70 65 59 61 64 57 58 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 60 60 62 62 64 57 56 56 67 66 71 72 71 61 56 57 56 59 54 53 51 50 54 54 62 54 48 54 56 52 53 55 50 60 54 57 64 57 54 59 61 53 53 80 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 55 55 61 60 62 59 56 56 64 61 71 71 72 63 54 51 50 53 55 54 55 55 60 56 64 60 53 59 61 58 55 62 54 69 54 61 69 62 60 63 67 59 60 87 82 Aja-Dogbo 56 56 60 59 62 61 57 57 65 62 71 71 73 63 55 52 51 54 54 54 54 54 60 57 64 60 53 59 61 57 54 61 53 68 54 60 68 61 59 64 66 58 60 86 80 99 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 52 52 55 55 56 48 53 53 60 58 67 67 65 59 50 49 48 49 67 70 68 67 74 67 78 79 73 76 80 81 77 80 69 80 71 78 82 73 74 77 81 83 85 68 63 74 73 Aja-Sikpi 72 72 82 82 84 85 94 95 80 79 78 78 78 78 78 76 76 77 52 50 48 48 53 60 56 56 51 56 58 53 53 58 49 59 62 52 59 59 53 58 56 53 53 63 57 58 59 52 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
1.5. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-2: SIMILARITY PERCENTAGES WITHOUT VARIANCE
Adan 98 Awlan 67 67 Be 68 68 97 Togo 72 72 86 85 Aveno 65 65 70 68 76 Agu 59 59 64 63 70 68 Wance 60 60 65 64 69 69 98 Wundi 62 62 63 62 70 67 72 72 Waci 60 60 62 61 68 66 71 71 96 Vo 58 58 63 62 67 57 67 67 69 67 Anexo 62 62 65 64 68 58 69 69 74 72 96 Gen 58 58 65 64 71 59 67 67 74 72 87 91 Agoi-Gliji 61 61 66 65 70 64 64 63 68 68 74 77 81 Kpesi 62 62 67 66 74 72 65 64 67 66 62 64 65 68 Kpelen 65 65 61 61 69 66 59 59 67 65 64 66 67 65 74 Vlin 63 63 62 61 70 68 60 60 66 64 64 64 66 67 75 95 Gbin 64 64 63 62 71 69 61 61 69 67 65 67 68 67 76 95 93 Ho 40 40 42 41 44 36 42 42 44 43 48 47 46 42 40 41 40 40 Ajra 45 45 44 43 46 39 42 42 45 44 46 45 47 44 40 42 41 42 87 Toli 39 39 43 42 44 41 40 40 42 41 43 45 43 40 40 37 36 37 75 76 Tofin 40 40 41 40 44 39 41 41 43 42 45 46 44 41 39 38 37 38 75 76 98 Movolo
86 42 42 44 43 48 41 43 43 46 44 48 49 49 44 43 38 37 38 77 76 74 75 Seto 44 44 45 43 51 45 51 51 52 51 51 51 50 46 47 45 44 45 72 69 68 68 78 Xwla (eastern) 48 48 47 46 50 42 47 47 53 51 56 55 55 47 47 45 44 45 74 75 72 73 78 76 Gun 45 45 46 46 48 43 47 47 47 46 49 48 50 46 43 39 40 41 68 70 67 67 69 70 73 Alada 40 40 38 37 40 38 45 45 42 41 50 51 47 41 39 40 40 40 63 63 63 63 62 64 66 74 Weme 44 44 45 44 47 43 46 46 45 44 49 49 49 45 41 41 41 43 67 69 70 69 66 65 76 79 74 Arohun 42 42 41 40 46 42 44 44 47 45 51 51 51 46 42 41 40 41 64 65 64 65 69 69 69 75 74 77 Gbekon 43 43 43 42 46 43 47 47 46 45 53 53 50 44 42 39 39 39 72 71 73 73 69 68 71 75 74 71 76 Fon 42 42 42 42 45 42 46 46 45 44 52 52 49 42 40 40 40 40 73 72 70 71 66 68 69 74 73 71 76 94 Agbome 45 45 48 47 55 49 51 51 53 52 54 56 56 55 47 45 43 45 68 65 68 68 71 70 68 71 67 71 75 84 82 Kpase 38 38 38 37 39 35 37 37 39 39 42 42 42 39 36 36 36 36 58 61 60 60 57 58 60 58 66 62 66 73 70 65 Maxi 53 53 52 53 55 48 52 52 56 54 60 60 60 56 48 48 47 48 67 67 66 66 70 69 74 68 64 70 66 74 72 78 61 Kotafon 46 46 54 53 57 48 55 55 59 58 55 58 58 55 48 47 46 48 64 65 61 61 68 66 64 63 58 65 62 72 73 76 59 75 Ayizo 43 43 43 42 45 40 42 42 45 43 48 48 49 47 42 44 43 43 62 67 61 62 64 63 66 66 65 65 69 73 74 69 67 70 69 Ci 51 51 59 58 59 52 55 55 59 57 63 64 65 57 54 52 51 53 73 72 70 70 76 72 75 78 69 74 75 77 77 87 65 86 75 75 Gbokpa 45 45 49 48 49 45 49 49 52 49 55 54 57 51 47 48 47 48 61 61 61 62 62 65 67 61 64 63 62 67 64 73 57 73 61 64 79 Gbesi 41 41 43 44 45 39 41 41 47 45 49 52 53 46 41 38 36 38 65 65 72 72 71 68 66 63 57 62 64 70 66 73 58 73 64 65 81 68 Xwela 42 42 42 41 48 42 44 44 51 48 55 57 57 47 41 39 38 40 59 66 61 64 61 62 65 63 61 61 63 65 63 67 53 70 62 62 76 67 72 Xwla (western) 42 42 44 45 46 40 45 45 53 53 53 56 56 54 45 44 42 43 54 53 58 59 58 53 59 56 53 57 54 59 58 68 50 69 60 57 72 63 65 71 Saxwe 40 40 40 39 43 35 40 40 46 44 48 49 48 43 37 38 37 39 51 52 52 53 54 53 58 52 48 55 57 59 59 59 45 61 56 57 67 59 60 67 66 Se 40 40 39 38 44 36 40 40 47 45 50 52 50 44 38 37 36 38 53 54 51 52 55 56 59 54 49 55 61 61 61 61 47 61 57 58 67 60 62 67 64 91 Daxe 43 43 49 48 57 50 56 56 53 49 52 54 61 54 53 51 51 54 45 43 39 40 46 46 50 41 40 43 46 47 48 55 40 56 52 49 60 47 49 52 48 44 46 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 49 49 48 47 57 48 56 56 61 60 55 61 63 52 49 50 47 51 41 39 34 35 41 44 48 38 37 39 42 40 42 48 36 51 50 43 54 40 44 43 45 39 41 75 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 44 44 49 48 58 52 59 59 54 52 54 58 65 57 50 50 47 50 44 43 41 42 45 43 51 42 42 45 45 48 46 56 40 57 50 47 62 48 48 52 55 45 46 80 77 Aja-Dogbo 46 46 47 46 56 52 58 58 55 53 53 57 64 55 49 49 46 49 43 43 40 41 44 43 49 42 41 44 44 47 45 55 39 56 49 46 61 47 47 52 54 44 45 78 77 98 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 45 45 49 48 53 44 46 46 53 52 56 57 57 55 45 46 45 46 58 60 56 56 62 59 65 58 55 60 61 64 62 70 52 70 61 63 77 65 64 67 72 72 73 55 51 67 66 Aja-Sikpi 63 63 68 67 72 71 97 98 66 65 70 70 69 67 65 62 62 63 41 42 39 41 45 49 47 44 41 43 44 45 45 50 36 51 55 42 53 47 42 44 45 38 38 57 55 60 59 47 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
1.6. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-1: VARIANCE
Adan 1.4 Awlan 7.3 7.3 Be 7.3 7.3 2.0 Togo 7.1 7.1 4.0 4.0 Aveno 7.4 7.4 6.1 6.3 6.3 Agu 8.0 8.0 6.8 6.8 6.4 6.5 Wance 7.8 7.8 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.4 2.8 Wundi 8.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 6.8 7.1 5.9 5.9 Waci 8.2 8.2 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.3 6.0 6.0 2.4 Vo 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.0 7.8 7.2 7.2 6.5 6.8 Anexo 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.1 7.9 7.0 7.0 6.2 6.5 1.4 Gen 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.3 6.8 8.0 7.1 7.1 6.4 6.6 3.4 2.8 Agoi-Gliji 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 7.3 6.9 7.1 6.8 6.9 5.9 5.9 5.5 Kpesi 7.8 7.8 7.1 7.1 6.8 7.3 6.6 6.8 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.1 6.9 6.9 Kpelen 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.9 7.8 7.5 7.5 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.6 6.5 Vlin 8.4 8.4 8.1 8.1 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.6 7.1 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.3 7.3 6.2 3.1 Gbin 8.2 8.2 8.0 8.0 7.6 7.3 7.5 7.5 6.9 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.1 7.2 5.9 3.1 3.1 Ho 10.2 10.2 9.8 9.8 9.8 10.1 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.4 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.6 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.1 Ajra 10.2 10.2 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.2 9.6 9.6 9.1 9.2 8.9 9.0 9.3 9.6 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 3.7 Toli 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.4 10.0 10.0 9.6 9.7 9.3 9.3 9.6 10.1 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.5 5.6 6.0 Tofin 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.3 9.9 9.9 9.5 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.4 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.5 10.4 5.9 6.0 1.4 Movolo
87 9.9 9.9 9.5 9.6 9.7 10.1 9.5 9.5 9.2 9.4 9.0 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 10.2 10.3 10.1 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.9 Seto 9.8 9.8 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.4 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.5 5.9 6.5 7.0 7.1 5.6 Xwla (eastern) 9.7 9.7 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.9 9.2 9.2 8.7 9.0 8.3 8.4 8.6 9.2 9.4 10.0 10.1 9.9 5.6 5.4 6.0 5.9 4.6 5.6 Gun 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.6 8.9 8.9 8.4 8.5 8.3 8.4 8.5 9.2 9.5 9.9 9.9 10.0 6.0 6.2 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.6 3.9 Alada 10.3 10.3 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.1 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.0 9.0 9.4 9.7 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.3 6.6 6.4 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.8 5.8 5.1 Weme 9.7 9.7 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.5 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.8 8.4 8.5 8.9 9.4 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.9 6.2 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.4 7.1 4.6 4.2 4.6 Arohun 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 8.9 8.9 8.7 8.8 8.3 8.4 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.9 10.0 9.8 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.2 5.6 6.8 4.4 3.9 4.4 3.7 Gbekon 9.4 9.4 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.2 9.2 8.9 9.0 8.4 8.5 8.5 9.1 9.4 9.8 9.8 9.8 6.4 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.9 5.0 3.7 5.2 4.8 3.7 Fon 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.3 9.3 9.1 9.2 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.3 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 6.2 5.7 6.6 6.5 6.8 6.9 5.6 4.6 5.4 5.0 4.6 2.4 Agbome 9.5 9.5 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.5 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.7 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.8 9.4 9.7 9.8 9.9 6.4 5.9 6.4 6.5 5.6 6.6 5.4 4.4 6.3 5.0 5.0 4.2 4.8 Kpase 9.9 9.9 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.0 9.7 9.7 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.5 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.0 7.6 7.2 8.0 7.8 7.4 8.2 7.1 6.4 6.4 6.8 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.5 Maxi 9.5 9.5 9.0 9.0 9.3 9.5 8.8 8.8 8.4 8.6 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.4 9.1 9.7 9.7 9.7 6.7 6.4 7.3 7.3 6.0 6.7 4.9 4.7 6.5 5.5 4.7 5.1 5.6 4.2 6.6 Kotafon 9.6 9.6 9.1 9.1 9.2 9.5 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.5 8.8 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.5 9.6 9.4 7.2 6.8 8.2 8.2 7.1 7.5 6.7 6.4 7.3 6.5 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.7 7.8 6.0 Ayizo 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.5 9.5 9.1 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.5 8.8 9.6 10.0 9.9 9.9 7.5 6.8 7.6 7.6 6.7 7.5 6.1 5.4 5.4 5.5 4.8 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.6 5.1 6.5 Ci 9.2 9.2 8.6 8.6 8.7 9.4 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.7 7.8 7.8 7.6 8.5 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.4 6.6 6.0 6.7 6.6 6.1 6.9 5.2 4.6 6.3 5.7 4.8 5.0 5.4 4.6 6.6 3.5 6.5 5.0 Gbokpa 10.1 10.1 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.5 8.8 8.8 9.1 9.3 8.7 8.7 8.4 9.3 9.3 9.7 9.8 9.7 7.6 7.1 7.7 7.6 6.7 7.8 6.4 6.5 6.9 6.5 5.9 6.4 6.8 5.6 7.6 5.5 7.4 6.5 3.9 Gbesi 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.5 9.6 10.2 9.4 9.4 9.0 9.2 8.7 8.6 8.7 9.4 9.6 10.2 10.3 10.2 7.0 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.0 7.3 6.7 6.4 7.7 7.1 6.5 6.5 7.1 6.4 7.8 6.6 8.0 7.0 5.4 6.4 Xwela 9.7 9.7 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.1 9.1 9.0 9.2 8.3 8.3 8.3 9.3 9.5 9.9 10.0 9.9 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.3 6.3 6.1 7.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.9 6.6 7.8 7.1 5.2 6.7 5.4 Xwla (western) 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4 10.0 9.4 9.4 8.6 9.0 7.9 7.8 7.9 8.7 9.5 9.7 9.8 9.8 8.1 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.3 8.3 6.6 6.4 7.4 6.7 6.6 6.3 7.1 6.0 7.8 6.3 7.6 6.6 5.1 6.7 7.0 6.0 Saxwe 10.0 10.0 9.8 9.8 9.6 10.2 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.4 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.5 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.0 8.0 7.6 8.1 8.0 7.6 8.3 7.1 7.1 7.3 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.8 7.1 8.1 7.0 7.7 7.2 6.6 7.1 7.1 6.4 6.7 Se 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.5 10.1 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.4 8.7 8.7 8.9 9.4 9.7 10.0 10.1 10.0 7.7 7.3 7.8 7.7 7.4 8.1 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.6 6.2 6.0 6.5 6.8 8.0 6.9 7.6 7.1 6.6 7.0 6.7 6.2 6.6 2.0 Daxe 9.3 9.3 8.8 8.7 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.3 8.6 7.9 8.0 7.0 8.6 8.8 9.2 9.0 8.7 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.6 9.0 9.0 8.5 9.0 9.8 9.1 9.0 9.2 9.2 8.5 9.4 8.0 9.3 8.6 7.6 8.3 9.0 8.7 8.4 9.2 9.1 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 8.8 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.4 9.2 9.2 9.2 8.0 8.1 7.5 7.4 7.5 8.7 9.2 9.1 9.2 8.9 9.4 9.5 9.9 9.8 9.5 9.4 8.6 9.4 10.1 9.4 9.2 9.6 9.5 9.3 9.8 8.9 9.4 9.1 8.3 9.2 9.5 9.0 8.7 9.5 9.5 6.2 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 9.3 9.3 8.7 8.8 8.6 9.0 9.2 9.2 8.3 8.7 7.5 7.5 7.3 8.4 9.4 9.7 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.3 8.8 9.2 8.4 8.8 9.6 8.9 8.7 9.0 9.3 8.5 9.4 7.8 9.4 8.7 7.7 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.0 8.9 8.8 5.0 5.9 Aja-Dogbo 9.2 9.2 8.8 9.0 8.6 8.7 9.1 9.1 8.2 8.5 7.5 7.5 7.2 8.4 9.3 9.6 9.7 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.6 9.4 8.8 9.1 8.4 8.8 9.6 8.9 8.7 9.1 9.4 8.7 9.5 8.0 9.4 8.8 7.8 8.7 9.0 8.4 8.1 9.0 8.8 5.2 6.2 1.4 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 9.6 9.6 9.4 9.4 9.3 10.0 9.5 9.5 8.8 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.9 9.8 9.9 10.0 9.9 8.0 7.6 8.0 8.0 7.1 8.0 6.5 6.4 7.3 6.8 6.2 6.0 6.6 6.2 7.7 6.3 7.5 6.5 5.9 7.3 7.1 6.7 6.1 5.7 5.4 7.9 8.4 7.1 7.2 Aja-Sikpi 7.9 7.9 6.4 6.4 6.0 5.8 3.7 3.3 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.2 10.3 10.6 10.9 10.8 10.3 9.4 9.9 9.9 10.6 9.9 9.7 10.2 10.2 9.7 10.7 9.5 9.2 10.3 9.5 9.6 10.3 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.2 9.1 9.8 9.7 9.5 10.3 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
1.7. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-2: VARIANCE
Adan 2.0 Awlan 8.0 8.0 Be 7.9 7.9 2.4 Togo 7.4 7.4 5.2 5.4 Aveno 8.3 8.3 7.6 7.9 6.9 Agu 8.9 8.9 8.4 8.5 7.6 7.9 Wance 8.8 8.8 8.3 8.4 7.8 7.8 2.0 Wundi 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.6 7.6 8.0 7.3 7.3 Waci 8.8 8.8 8.6 8.7 7.9 8.1 7.5 7.5 2.8 Vo 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.6 8.0 9.2 8.0 8.0 7.7 8.0 Anexo 8.6 8.6 8.3 8.4 7.9 9.1 7.8 7.8 7.1 7.4 2.8 Gen 9.0 9.0 8.3 8.4 7.5 9.0 8.0 8.0 7.1 7.3 5.0 4.2 Agoi-Gliji 8.7 8.7 8.1 8.3 7.6 8.4 8.3 8.4 7.8 7.8 7.1 6.7 6.0 Kpesi 8.5 8.5 8.0 8.1 7.1 7.4 8.2 8.3 8.0 8.1 8.5 8.4 8.2 7.8 Kpelen 8.2 8.2 8.7 8.7 7.8 8.1 8.9 8.9 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.2 7.1 Vlin 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.7 7.6 7.9 8.8 8.8 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.1 8.0 6.9 3.1 Gbin 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.6 7.5 7.8 8.7 8.7 7.7 8.0 8.2 8.0 7.8 8.0 6.8 3.1 3.7 Ho 10.7 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.4 11.1 10.6 10.6 10.4 10.5 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.7 Ajra 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.2 10.8 10.6 10.6 10.3 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.1 10.4 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 5.0 Toli 11.0 11.0 10.7 10.8 10.6 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.8 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.9 10.9 11.2 11.2 11.2 7.0 6.9 Tofin 10.7 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.4 10.8 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.3 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.0 10.9 6.9 6.8 2.0 Movolo
88 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.6 10.1 10.8 10.5 10.5 10.2 10.4 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.4 10.5 10.9 11.0 10.9 6.7 6.8 7.2 7.0 Seto 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.5 9.8 10.3 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.8 10.2 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.3 7.3 7.7 8.0 7.8 6.5 Xwla (eastern) 10.0 10.0 10.2 10.3 9.9 10.7 10.1 10.1 9.6 9.8 9.3 9.4 9.4 10.1 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.3 7.1 7.0 7.4 7.3 6.5 6.8 Gun 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.0 10.5 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.2 9.9 10.0 9.8 10.2 10.5 10.8 10.7 10.6 7.8 7.6 8.1 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.3 Alada 10.9 10.9 11.1 11.2 10.9 11.1 10.4 10.4 10.7 10.8 9.9 9.9 10.2 10.8 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.9 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.1 7.1 Weme 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.1 10.5 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.4 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.3 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.5 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.1 8.2 6.8 6.4 7.1 Arohun 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.2 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.1 10.3 9.7 9.8 9.7 10.2 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.6 8.3 8.2 8.4 8.2 7.8 7.7 7.8 6.9 7.1 6.6 Gbekon 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.2 10.5 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 10.4 10.6 10.8 10.8 10.8 7.3 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.8 7.8 7.5 6.9 7.1 7.5 6.8 Fon 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.3 10.6 10.2 10.2 10.3 10.4 9.6 9.7 9.9 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 7.2 7.3 7.7 7.5 8.1 7.8 7.8 7.1 7.3 7.5 6.8 3.4 Agbome 10.3 10.3 10.0 10.1 9.4 9.9 9.7 9.7 9.5 9.6 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.3 7.8 8.2 8.0 7.8 7.5 7.6 7.9 7.5 8.0 7.5 6.9 5.5 5.9 Kpase 10.9 10.9 10.9 11.0 10.8 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.8 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 9.0 8.7 8.9 8.8 9.2 9.0 8.8 9.0 8.1 8.5 8.1 7.2 7.6 8.2 Maxi 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.7 9.5 10.2 9.8 9.8 9.4 9.6 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.4 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.1 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.2 7.8 7.8 7.2 8.0 8.5 7.7 8.2 7.2 7.4 6.6 8.8 Kotafon 10.2 10.2 9.5 9.6 9.2 10.0 9.3 9.3 8.9 9.0 9.3 9.1 9.0 9.3 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.0 8.3 8.2 8.8 8.7 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.4 9.1 8.2 8.5 7.3 7.2 6.8 8.9 7.0 Ayizo 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.3 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.3 10.5 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.1 10.6 10.4 10.5 10.5 8.5 8.0 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.2 7.7 7.2 7.1 7.7 8.0 7.7 7.7 Ci 9.7 9.7 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.7 9.3 9.3 8.9 9.1 8.4 8.4 8.2 9.1 9.4 9.6 9.7 9.5 7.2 7.3 7.7 7.6 6.8 7.3 7.0 6.5 7.8 7.1 6.9 6.6 6.6 5.0 8.2 5.3 6.9 6.9 Gbokpa 10.3 10.3 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.4 9.9 9.9 9.7 9.9 9.4 9.5 9.2 9.8 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.0 8.7 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.3 8.0 8.7 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.0 8.4 7.3 9.2 7.4 8.7 8.4 6.4 Gbesi 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.5 10.4 11.0 10.6 10.6 10.1 10.3 9.9 9.7 9.6 10.2 10.6 10.9 11.1 10.9 8.3 8.3 7.5 7.4 7.5 7.9 8.1 8.5 9.3 8.6 8.4 7.6 8.1 7.3 9.1 7.4 8.4 8.3 6.1 7.9 Xwela 10.6 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.1 10.7 10.4 10.4 9.8 10.0 9.4 9.2 9.2 10.1 10.6 10.8 10.9 10.7 9.0 8.1 8.8 8.4 8.7 8.6 8.3 8.5 8.8 8.7 8.5 8.3 8.5 8.0 9.6 7.8 8.6 8.6 6.8 8.0 7.4 Xwla (western) 10.7 10.7 10.5 10.4 10.3 10.9 10.4 10.4 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.4 9.3 9.5 10.4 10.5 10.7 10.6 9.5 9.6 9.2 9.0 9.1 9.6 9.0 9.3 9.7 9.2 9.5 9.0 9.1 7.9 9.9 7.9 8.8 9.2 7.4 8.6 8.3 7.6 Saxwe 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.5 11.2 10.7 10.7 10.2 10.4 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.5 11.0 10.9 11.0 10.8 9.7 9.6 9.8 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.1 9.6 10.1 9.3 9.1 8.9 8.9 8.9 10.3 8.8 9.2 9.1 8.0 9.0 8.8 8.0 8.1 Se 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.7 10.1 10.3 9.8 9.7 9.8 10.4 10.9 11.0 11.1 10.9 9.5 9.4 9.9 9.6 9.4 9.2 9.0 9.4 10.0 9.3 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 10.1 8.8 9.1 9.0 8.0 8.8 8.6 8.0 8.4 4.2 Daxe 10.5 10.5 10.0 10.1 9.2 9.9 9.3 9.3 9.6 9.9 9.7 9.5 8.7 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.8 9.5 10.3 10.5 11.1 10.7 10.3 10.2 9.9 10.6 10.9 10.5 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.4 10.7 9.4 9.7 9.9 8.8 10.2 10.0 9.7 10.1 10.4 10.2 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.1 9.2 10.0 9.2 9.2 8.7 8.8 9.3 8.7 8.4 9.6 9.9 9.8 10.1 9.7 10.6 10.8 11.4 11.2 10.6 10.4 10.0 10.9 11.2 10.8 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.0 11.1 9.9 9.8 10.5 9.4 10.7 10.4 10.5 10.4 10.8 10.6 7.0 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 10.4 10.4 9.9 10.0 9.1 9.7 8.9 8.9 9.4 9.6 9.4 9.1 8.2 9.1 9.8 9.8 10.1 9.8 10.4 10.5 10.8 10.6 10.3 10.5 9.8 10.6 10.7 10.3 10.3 10.0 10.2 9.2 10.7 9.3 9.8 10.1 8.5 10.0 10.0 9.7 9.4 10.3 10.2 6.2 6.6 Aja-Dogbo 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.2 9.3 9.7 9.0 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.5 9.2 8.3 9.3 9.9 9.9 10.2 9.9 10.5 10.5 10.9 10.6 10.4 10.5 9.9 10.6 10.8 10.4 10.4 10.1 10.3 9.3 10.8 9.4 9.9 10.2 8.7 10.1 10.1 9.7 9.5 10.4 10.3 6.5 6.6 2.0 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 10.3 10.3 9.9 10.0 9.6 10.4 10.2 10.2 9.5 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.1 9.3 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.2 9.0 8.8 9.4 9.2 8.6 8.9 8.3 9.0 9.4 8.8 8.7 8.3 8.5 7.6 9.6 7.7 8.7 8.4 6.6 8.3 8.4 8.0 7.4 7.3 7.2 9.4 9.7 8.0 8.1 Aja-Sikpi 9.1 9.1 8.5 8.6 8.0 8.1 2.6 2.1 8.7 8.8 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.6 8.8 9.2 9.2 9.1 11.5 11.4 11.8 11.5 11.2 10.7 10.9 11.2 11.5 11.3 11.2 11.0 11.0 10.6 11.9 10.4 10.1 11.4 10.2 10.9 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.7 11.7 9.8 10.1 9.4 9.5 10.9 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
1.8. PHRASE-LIST COMPUTATION PLC: VARIANCE
Adan 0.0 Awlan 15.1 16.4 Be 15.1 16.4 0.0 Togo 8.5 11.6 8.2 8.2 Aveno 15.1 16.4 8.2 8.2 11.6 Agu 15.1 16.4 11.6 11.6 11.6 8.2 Wance 15.1 16.4 11.6 11.6 11.6 8.2 0.0 Wundi 17.3 18.2 14.2 14.2 16.4 14.2 16.4 16.4 Waci 17.3 18.2 16.4 16.4 18.2 16.4 18.2 18.2 0.0 Vo 22.9 23.1 18.2 18.2 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 23.1 24.5 Anexo 22.9 23.1 18.2 18.2 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 23.1 24.5 0.0 Gen 22.9 23.1 18.2 18.2 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 23.1 24.5 0.0 0.0 Agoi/Gliji 19.3 19.9 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 14.2 16.4 18.2 18.2 18.2 Kpesi 26.1 24.3 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 24.3 22.2 Kpelen 21.2 21.6 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 19.9 21.6 18.2 18.2 18.2 16.4 19.9 Vlin 21.2 21.6 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 19.9 21.6 18.2 18.2 18.2 16.4 19.9 0.0 Gbin 21.2 21.6 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 19.9 21.6 18.2 18.2 18.2 16.4 19.9 0.0 0.0 Ho 27.5 25.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 28.1 29.6 29.6 29.6 29.6 27.0 28.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 Ajra 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 24.5 28.0 21.6 21.6 21.6 18.2 Toli 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 25.8 29.8 23.1 23.1 23.1 21.6 18.2 Tofin 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 25.8 29.8 23.1 23.1 23.1 21.6 18.2 11.6 Movolo
89 27.5 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 27.0 29.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 Seto 26.0 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 25.8 29.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 21.6 21.6 23.1 21.6 16.4 Xwla (eastern) 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 24.5 29.8 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 21.6 19.9 21.6 21.6 19.9 Gun 26.0 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 27.0 28.1 28.1 28.1 25.8 28.0 25.8 25.8 25.8 19.9 23.1 21.6 23.1 25.8 27.0 16.4 Alada 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 23.1 24.3 21.6 21.6 21.6 18.2 16.4 18.2 18.2 24.5 23.1 18.2 18.2 Weme 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 21.6 24.3 19.9 19.9 19.9 21.6 19.9 19.9 21.6 23.1 21.6 14.2 18.2 8.2 Arohun 26.0 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 27.0 28.1 28.1 28.1 23.1 26.2 24.5 24.5 24.5 19.9 25.8 24.5 24.5 27.0 25.8 23.1 18.2 16.4 18.2 Gbekon 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 21.6 28.0 21.6 21.6 21.6 27.0 25.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 21.6 19.9 21.6 19.9 21.6 Fon 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 21.6 28.0 21.6 21.6 21.6 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.1 24.5 25.8 21.6 18.2 21.6 19.9 19.9 0.0 Agbome 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 21.6 26.2 19.9 19.9 19.9 24.5 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 25.8 21.6 19.9 19.9 18.2 21.6 8.2 8.2 Kpase 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 21.6 26.2 19.9 19.9 19.9 23.1 21.6 21.6 21.6 27.0 25.8 21.6 21.6 16.4 18.2 19.9 14.2 14.2 14.2 Maxi 28.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 29.8 29.8 29.8 29.8 28.0 28.0 26.2 26.2 26.2 28.0 28.0 24.3 26.2 28.0 28.0 19.9 19.9 22.2 19.9 24.3 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 Kotafon 30.1 29.8 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 29.8 29.8 29.8 29.8 24.3 28.0 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 26.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 24.3 22.2 17.0 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 17.0 17.0 22.2 Ayizo 22.9 21.6 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 21.6 24.3 19.9 19.9 19.9 19.9 21.6 21.6 21.6 25.8 24.5 19.9 18.2 16.4 16.4 18.2 18.2 18.2 16.4 14.2 19.9 19.9 Ci 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 28.0 21.6 21.6 21.6 19.9 21.6 19.9 21.6 28.1 27.0 19.9 18.2 16.4 18.2 18.2 18.2 16.4 18.2 14.2 13.9 19.9 14.2 Gbokpa 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 29.8 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 25.8 23.1 24.5 27.0 25.8 18.2 19.9 19.9 16.4 21.6 19.9 18.2 19.9 19.9 17.0 22.2 18.2 14.2 Gbesi 28.2 26.2 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 29.8 31.4 29.8 29.8 29.8 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 22.2 22.2 26.2 26.2 28.0 26.2 29.8 28.0 26.2 28.0 29.8 29.8 28.0 26.2 28.0 29.8 29.8 26.2 28.0 31.4 Xwela 28.7 28.1 27.0 27.0 28.1 28.1 28.1 28.1 27.0 27.0 25.8 25.8 25.8 24.5 31.4 27.0 27.0 27.0 29.6 29.6 29.6 28.1 27.0 28.1 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 28.1 25.8 25.8 25.8 28.1 31.4 28.0 27.0 24.5 24.5 32.6 Xwla (western) 28.2 28.0 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 28.0 29.8 29.8 29.8 29.8 28.0 29.8 24.3 24.3 24.3 28.0 26.2 26.2 26.2 29.8 29.8 26.2 26.2 24.3 26.2 28.0 26.2 24.3 24.3 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 26.2 28.0 28.0 31.4 Saxwe 26.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 27.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 28.0 23.1 23.1 23.1 25.8 24.5 25.8 25.8 28.1 27.0 23.1 25.8 23.1 21.6 25.8 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.1 28.0 26.2 19.9 21.6 23.1 28.0 24.5 26.2 Se 26.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 27.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 28.0 23.1 23.1 23.1 25.8 24.5 25.8 25.8 28.1 27.0 23.1 25.8 23.1 21.6 25.8 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.1 28.0 26.2 19.9 21.6 23.1 28.0 24.5 26.2 0.0 Daxe 26.0 25.8 23.1 23.1 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 28.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 28.1 27.0 27.0 27.0 28.1 27.0 25.8 28.1 24.5 24.5 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 31.4 29.8 25.8 25.8 23.1 32.6 24.5 32.6 25.8 25.8 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1 19.9 19.9 23.1 23.1 23.1 19.9 28.0 23.1 23.1 23.1 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 28.1 27.0 25.8 27.0 24.5 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 29.8 26.2 24.5 25.8 23.1 29.8 24.5 28.0 25.8 25.8 16.4 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 22.9 23.1 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.1 25.8 25.8 25.8 23.1 29.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 28.1 27.0 25.8 27.0 24.5 24.5 25.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 28.0 28.0 24.5 24.5 21.6 29.8 27.0 31.4 27.0 27.0 19.9 14.2 Aja-Dogbo 22.9 23.1 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.1 25.8 25.8 25.8 23.1 29.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 25.8 28.1 27.0 25.8 27.0 24.5 24.5 25.8 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 28.0 28.0 24.5 24.5 21.6 28.0 27.0 29.8 27.0 27.0 19.9 14.2 0.0 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 22.9 23.1 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 23.1 24.5 25.8 25.8 25.8 21.6 28.0 23.1 23.1 23.1 25.8 25.8 27.0 27.0 28.1 27.0 25.8 27.0 23.1 23.1 25.8 24.5 24.5 23.1 23.1 28.0 26.2 23.1 23.1 21.6 28.0 27.0 31.4 25.8 25.8 21.6 16.4 11.6 11.6 Aja-Sikpi 15.1 16.4 11.6 11.6 11.6 8.2 0.0 0.0 16.4 18.2 19.9 19.9 19.9 18.2 22.2 16.4 16.4 16.4 27.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 27.0 25.8 24.5 25.8 24.5 23.1 25.8 23.1 23.1 23.1 24.5 28.0 28.0 23.1 24.5 24.5 28.0 28.1 26.2 25.8 25.8 24.5 23.1 24.5 24.5 24.5 Aja-Hwe (Tohoun)
2. CLUSTER ANALYSIS
2.1. AGGLOMERATION SCHEDULE
The agglomeration schedule shows how the speech varieties are clustered together at each stage of the analysis and indicates a value, the ‘coefficient value.’ These coefficient values can be used as an indication of the appropriate cluster solution; a relatively large increase in the value between two adjoining agglomeration steps indicates that at this stage two clusters have been joined into a single cluster that is notably less homogeneous than the clusters joined at a previous step, and that therefore the data are best described by the clusters identified thus far. The following table indicates the coefficient values for word-list computations WLC-1 and WLC-2 and phrase-list computation PLC; the Aja-Skpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) varieties are excluded due to the reasons explained in Section 4.3.1 (p. 28).
Stage WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 8.000 7.000 0.000 3 9.000 44.000 0.000 4 29.000 44.000 0.000 5 35.000 57.000 0.000 6 38.000 81.000 0.000 7 45.000 113.000 0.000 8 76.000 115.500 241.000 9 92.500 120.000 242.000 10 108.000 143.000 483.000 11 157.500 217.000 551.000 12 182.000 292.000 614.000 13 193.000 487.500 770.000 14 194.000 625.000 786.222 15 199.000 830.500 909.500 16 243.000 928.500 1340.000 17 269.000 983.000 1909.000 18 381.667 984.000 2502.000 19 488.000 1154.500 2573.000 20 500.800 1267.000 2857.000 21 509.500 1269.000 3079.000 22 570.500 1271.000 3091.000 23 642.000 1305.500 3636.000 24 845.714 1388.667 3944.833 25 973.167 1521.333 4352.000 26 1023.000 1538.000 4574.500 27 1027.000 1691.667 4743.000 28 1111.667 1792.250 5373.200 29 1113.333 1961.500 5808.667 30 1124.333 1969.667 5829.333 31 1151.125 2004.000 5979.500 32 1172.000 2062.167 6447.933 33 1258.667 2205.000 7072.667 34 1519.000 2233.000 7085.000 35 1560.500 2487.000 8141.576 36 1598.000 2589.939 8926.100 37 1965.200 3076.333 9469.000 38 2047.375 3118.375 10197.000 39 2344.633 3659.400 10302.857 40 2453.143 3689.125 11667.100 41 2545.556 4099.161 13364.600 42 2967.500 4816.050 15708.096 43 3882.500 5358.864 17816.771 44 4038.694 7054.630 19092.000 45 7736.583 9697.833 26548.400 46 19949.600 21412.154 30087.811 Cluster solution 11 11 13
90 2.2. CLUSTER MEMBERSHIP
The following table gives the cluster membership for each Gbe speech variety according to the cluster solution indicated by the agglomeration schedule; both the Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun) varieties are excluded.
WLC-1 WLC-2 PLC 11-cluster 11-cluster 13-cluster solution solution solution Adan 1 1 1 Awlan 1 1 1 Be 2 2 1 Togo 2 2 1 Aveno 2 2 1 Agu 2 3 1 Wance 3 4 1 Wundi 3 4 1 Waci 3 4 1 Vo 3 4 1 Anexo 4 5 2 Gen 4 5 2 Agoi/Gliji 4 5 2 Kpesi 4 5 3 Kpelen 5 3 4 Vlin 5 3 3 Gbin 5 3 3 Ho 5 3 3 Ajra 6 6 5 Toli 6 6 5 Tofin 6 6 5 Movolo 6 6 5 Seto 6 6 6 Xwla (eastern) 7 6 6 Gun 8 6 7 Alada 8 6 7 Weme 9 6 8 Arohun 8 6 8 Gbekon 8 6 7 Fon 8 6 8 Agbome 8 6 8 Kpase 8 7 8 Maxi 9 8 8 Kotafon 8 7 8 Ayizo 7 7 8 Ci 8 6 8 Gbokpa 8 7 8 Gbesi 10 9 8 Xwela 10 9 9 Xwla (western) 10 9 10 Saxwe 10 9 11 Se 10 10 12 Daxe 10 10 12 Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 11 11 13 Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 11 11 13 Aja-Dogbo 11 11 13 Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 11 11 13
91 2.3. DENDROGRAMS
2.3.1. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-1
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, excluding Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòòòø Awlan 2 ò÷ ó Vlin 16 òø ùòø Gbin 17 òôòø ó ó Ho 18 ò÷ ùòòòòò÷ ó Kpelen 15 òòò÷ ó Anexo 11 òø ùòòòòòòòø Gen 12 òôòø ó ó Agoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Kpesi 14 òòò÷ ó ó ó Wance 7 òûòø ùòòò÷ ó Wundi 8 ò÷ ùòø ó ó Waci 9 òûò÷ ó ó ó Vo 10 ò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø Be 3 òø ó ó ó Togo 4 òôòø ó ó ó Aveno 5 ò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Agu 6 òòò÷ ó ó Aja-Dogbo 46 òø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ ó Kotafon 34 òûòø ó Gbokpa 37 ò÷ ó ó Fon 30 òø ó ó Agbome 31 òú ùòø ó Alada 26 òú ó ó ó Gbekon 29 òú ó ó ó Arohun 28 òôòø ó ó Kpase 32 òú ó ùòø ó Gun 25 ò÷ ó ó ó ó Ci 36 òòò÷ ó ó ó Se 42 òûòø ó ó ó Daxe 43 ò÷ ó ó ó ó Xwela 39 òûòûò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ Xwla (western) 40 ò÷ ó ó Gbesi 38 òòò÷ ó Saxwe 41 òòò÷ ó Xwla (eastern) 24 òòòòòûòø Ayizo 35 òòòòò÷ ó Tofin 21 òûòø ó Movolo 22 ò÷ ùòø ó Ajra 19 òø ó ó ó Toli 20 òôò÷ ùò÷ Seto 23 ò÷ ó Weme 27 òòòûò÷ Maxi 33 òòò÷
92 Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, including Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòòòø Awlan 2 ò÷ ó Vlin 16 òø ó Gbin 17 òôòø ó Ho 18 ò÷ ùòòòòò÷ Kpelen 15 òòò÷ ó Anexo 11 òø ùòòòòòòòòòòòø Gen 12 òôòø ó ó Agoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Kpesi 14 òòò÷ ó ó ó Be 3 òø ùò÷ ó Togo 4 òôòø ó ó Aveno 5 ò÷ ùòø ó ó Agu 6 òòò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø Waci 9 òûòø ó ó ó Vo 10 ò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Wance 7 òø ó ó ó Wundi 8 òôò÷ ó ó Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) 49 ò÷ ó ó Aja-Dogbo 46 òø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ ó Kotafon 34 òûòø ó Gbokpa 37 ò÷ ó ó Fon 30 òø ó ó Agbome 31 òú ùòø ó Alada 26 òú ó ó ó Gbekon 29 òú ó ó ó Arohun 28 òôòø ó ó Kpase 32 òú ó ùòø ó Gun 25 ò÷ ó ó ó ó Ci 36 òòò÷ ó ó ó Xwela 39 òûòø ó ó ó Xwla (western) 40 ò÷ ó ó ó ó Gbesi 38 òòòüò÷ ó ó Se 42 òûòø ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ Daxe 43 ò÷ ó ó Saxwe 41 òûò÷ ó Aja-Sikpi 48 ò÷ ó Xwla (eastern) 24 òòòûòòòø Ayizo 35 òòò÷ ó Tofin 21 òûòø ó Movolo 22 ò÷ ùòø ó Ajra 19 òø ó ó ó Toli 20 òôò÷ ùò÷ Seto 23 ò÷ ó Weme 27 òòòûò÷ Maxi 33 òòò÷
93 2.3.2. WORD-LIST COMPUTATION WLC-2
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, excluding Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòø Awlan 2 ò÷ ùòø Be 3 òûòø ó ó Togo 4 ò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Aveno 5 òòò÷ ùòø Vlin 16 òø ó ó Ho 18 òôòòòø ó ó Gbin 17 ò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Agu 6 òòòûò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòø Kpelen 15 òòò÷ ó ó Anexo 11 òø ó ó Gen 12 òôòø ó ó Agoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Kpesi 14 òòò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Wance 7 òûòòòø ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø Wundi 8 ò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Waci 9 òûòòò÷ ó ó Vo 10 ò÷ ó ó Aja-Dogbo 46 òø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ ó Se 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó Daxe 43 ò÷ ó ó Fon 30 òûòòòø ó ó Agbome 31 ò÷ ó ó ó Alada 26 òûòø ó ó ó Arohun 28 ò÷ ó ó ó ó Gbekon 29 òòòüòüòø ó ó Weme 27 òòò÷ ó ó ó ó Ci 36 òòòòò÷ ùòø ó ó Seto 23 òòòø ó ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ Xwla (eastern) 24 òòòüòø ó ó ó Gun 25 òòò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Tofin 21 òûòø ó ó ó Movolo 22 ò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Ajra 19 òûò÷ ùòòòø ó Toli 20 ò÷ ó ó ó Kotafon 34 òòòø ó ó ó Gbokpa 37 òòòüòø ó ó ó Kpase 32 òòò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Ayizo 35 òòòòò÷ ó ùòòò÷ Xwela 39 òòòûòø ó ó Xwla (western) 40 òòò÷ ó ó ó Gbesi 38 òòòòòüòòò÷ ó Saxwe 41 òòòòò÷ ó Maxi 33 òòòòòòòòòòòòò÷
94 Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, including Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+
Adan 1 òûòòòòòø Awlan 2 ò÷ ùòø Be 3 òûòø ó ó Togo 4 ò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Aveno 5 òòò÷ ùòø Vlin 16 òø ó ó Ho 18 òôòòòø ó ó Gbin 17 ò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Agu 6 òòòûò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòø Kpelen 15 òòò÷ ó ó Wance 7 òø ó ó Wundi 8 òôòòòòòòòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) 49 ò÷ ó ó ó Waci 9 òûòòòø ùò÷ ó Vo 10 ò÷ ó ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø Anexo 11 òø ùòòò÷ ó ó Gen 12 òôòø ó ó ó Agoi/Gliji 13 ò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Kpesi 14 òòò÷ ó ó Aja-Dogbo 46 òûòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 ò÷ ó ó ó Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 òòòüòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòò÷ ó Se 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó Daxe 43 ò÷ ó ó Kotafon 34 òòòø ó ó Gbokpa 37 òòòüòø ó ó Kpase 32 òòò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Ayizo 35 òòòòò÷ ùòø ó ó Saxwe 41 òòòûòòòø ó ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ Aja-Sikpi 48 òòò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Xwela 39 òòòûòø ó ó ó Xwla (western) 40 òòò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Gbesi 38 òòòòò÷ ó ó Fon 30 òûòòòø ó ó Agbome 31 ò÷ ó ó ó Alada 26 òûòø ó ùòòòòò÷ Arohun 28 ò÷ ó ó ó Gbekon 29 òòòüò÷ ó Weme 27 òòò÷ ó ó Ci 36 òòòòòüòòòø ó Seto 23 òòòø ó ó ó Xwla (eastern) 24 òòòüòø ó ó Gun 25 òòò÷ ó ó ó Tofin 21 òûòø ó ùò÷ Movolo 22 ò÷ ùò÷ ó Ajra 19 òûò÷ ó Toli 20 ò÷ ó Maxi 33 òòòòòòòòò÷
95 2.3.3. Phrase-list computation PLC
Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, excluding Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+
Se 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø Daxe 43 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòø Saxwe 41 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Seto 23 òòòòòûòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ùòø Xwla (western) 24 òòòòò÷ ó ó ó Tofin 21 òûòòòø ùòòòòòòò÷ ó Movolo 22 ò÷ ùòòòòòø ó ó Toli 20 òòòòò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Ajra 19 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Xwela 39 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Weme 27 òòòûòòòø ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø Arohun 28 òòò÷ ùòø ó ó Ci 36 òòòòòø ó ó ó ó Gbokpa 37 òòòòòüò÷ ùòø ó ó Maxi 33 òòòòò÷ ó ó ó ó Ayizo 35 òòòòòòòòò÷ ùòø ó ó Fon 30 òø ó ó ó ó Agbome 31 òôòòòòòòòø ó ó ó ó Kpase 32 ò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòø Kotafon 34 òòòòòòòûò÷ ó ó ó Gbesi 38 òòòòòòò÷ ó ó ó Alada 26 òòòòòòòûòòòø ó ó ó Gbekon 29 òòòòòòò÷ ùò÷ ó ó Gun 25 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó ó Aja-Dogbo 46 òûòòòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 ò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó ó Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 òòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Xwla (western) 40 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Gen 12 òø ó Agoi/Gliji 13 òôòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó Anexo 11 ò÷ ó ó Gbin 17 òø ó ó Ho 18 òôòòòòòø ó ó Vlin 16 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòø ó ó Kpesi 14 òòòòòòò÷ ó ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ Waci 9 òòòûòòòòòø ùòø ó Vo 10 òòò÷ ó ó ó ó Adan 1 òûòòòòòø ùòòòòò÷ ó ó Awlan 2 ò÷ ó ó ó ó Wance 7 òø ùò÷ ó ó Wundi 8 òú ó ùòòòòò÷ Agu 6 òôòòòòò÷ ó Be 3 òú ó Togo 4 òú ó Aveno 5 ò÷ ó Kpelen 15 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷
96 Dendrogram using the average linkage between-groups method, including Aja-Sikpi and Aja-Hwe (of Tohoun).
Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine
C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+
Wundi 8 òø Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) 49 òú Wance 7 òú Agu 6 òôòòòòòø Be 3 òú ó Togo 4 òú ùòòòø Aveno 5 ò÷ ó ó Adan 1 òûòòòòò÷ ùòòòø Awlan 2 ò÷ ó ó Waci 9 òòòûòòòòòòò÷ ó Vo 10 òòò÷ ùòòòòòø Gbin 17 òø ó ó Ho 18 òôòòòòòø ó ó Vlin 16 ò÷ ùòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø Kpesi 14 òòòòòòò÷ ó ó Gen 12 òø ó ó Agoi/Gliji 13 òôòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó ó Anexo 11 ò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Kpelen 15 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Weme 27 òòòûòòòø ó Arohun 28 òòò÷ ùòø ó Maxi 33 òòòûòø ó ó ó Gbokpa 37 òòò÷ ùò÷ ùòø ó Ci 36 òòòòò÷ ó ó ó Ayizo 35 òòòòòòòòò÷ ùòø ó Fon 30 òø ó ó ó Agbome 31 òôòòòòòòòø ó ó ó Kpase 32 ò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó Kotafon 34 òòòòòòòûò÷ ó ó ó Gbesi 38 òòòòòòò÷ ó ó ó Alada 26 òòòòòûòòòòòø ó ó ó Gbekon 29 òòòòò÷ ùò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó Gun 25 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó ó ó Se 42 òûòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó ó ó Daxe 43 ò÷ ùòòòòòòòø ó ó ó Saxwe 41 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó ó ó ó Seto 23 òòòòòûòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ùòòò÷ ó ó Xwla (eastern) 24 òòòòò÷ ó ó ó ó Tofin 21 òûòòòø ùòòòòò÷ ó ó Movolo 22 ò÷ ùòòòòòø ó ùòòòòò÷ Toli 20 òòòòò÷ ùòòòø ó ó Ajra 19 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòò÷ ó Xwela 39 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷ ó Aja-Dogbo 46 òø ó Aja-Hwe (Gboto) 47 òôòòòø ó Aja-Sikpi 48 ò÷ ùòòòòòø ó Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) 45 òòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòø ó Aja-Hwe (Azovè) 44 òòòòòòòòòòò÷ ùòòòòòòò÷ Xwla (western) 40 òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò÷
97 3. MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING: KRUSKAL’S STRESS AND RSQ VALUES
The results of MDS are displayed in a ‘derived stimulus configuration,’ a perceptual map that indicates the data as a configuration of points, as on a map, along two, three or more dimensions. In addition, MDS provides for each configuration a measure of fit (the ‘squared simple correlation’ – RSQ) and a measure of stress (‘Kruskal’s stress’) that indicate how well the MDS model corresponds to the actual raw data.
3.1. GBE OVERVIEW: 49 GBE VARIETIES
Kruskal’s stress values RSQ values
WLC-1 0.187 0.905 WLC-2 0.246 0.857 PLC 0.264 0.710
3.2. WESTERN GBE CLUSTER
Kruskal’s stress values RSQ values
WLC-1 0.208 0.787 WLC-2 0.256 0.665 PLC 0.165 0.891
3.3. EASTERN GBE CLUSTER
Kruskal’s stress values RSQ values
WLC-1 0.235 0.746 WLC-2 0.284 0.677 PLC 0.280 0.711
98 4. GBE WORD AND PHRASE LISTS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION
4.1. ALTERNATIVE SPELLINGS OF GBE VARIETY NAMES
The following is a listing of the various spellings of Gbe varieties: their English spelling45 as employed by this dissertation as well as their spellings according to the language map for Benin (CENALA 1990), Capo (198646), Duthie (1988:91) and the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996). (For additional information on the language varieties, see the notes which follow, p. 102.)
List English spelling CENALA (1990) Capo (1986) Duthie (1988) Grimes (1996)
A47 Adan (T48) Adán (Ewe cl.49) q Agbome (B) Agbóme (Fon cl.) Agbóme (Fon cl.) R Agoi / Gliji (B,T) Agÿ§i, Glijí (Gen cl.) Glidji (Gen cl.) B Agu (T) Agu (Ewe cl.) D Aja-Dogbo (B) Aja Dogbó (Aja cl.) Dogbó (Aja cl.) Dògbó (dialect of Aja) E Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) (B) Aja Hwe (Aja cl.) Hwe (Aja cl.) Hwè (dialect of Aja) C Aja-Hwe (Azovè) (B) s.a. s.a. s.a. s.a. s Aja-Hwe (Gboto) (T) s.a. s.a. s.a. -- Aja-Hwe (Tado) (T) Stádó (Aja cl.) 99 e Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) (T) b Aja-Sikpi (B) Sikpí (Aja cl.) F Ajra (B) G Alada (B,N) Alada (Phla-Phera cl.) Alada (Phla-Phera cl.) Alada (a.n.:50 Gun) H Anexo (T) Anéxÿ (Gen cl.) Anéchÿ 'Gen cl.) --51 Anfoin (G) Anfóin (Ewe cl.) x Arohun (B) Arÿhún (Fon cl.) -- Ave (T) Av⁄§ -- Avedakpa (G) Av⁄§dakpá (Ewe cl.) Avédakpá (Ewe cl.) t Aveno (G) Av⁄§no (Ewe cl.) Avénÿ (Ewe cl.)
45 I.e., using the English alphabet. 46 Unless mentioned otherwise, the following listing refers to Capo’s (1986) ‘Localisation des parlers Gbe’ (map 1a) and ‘Le complexe linguistique Gbe’ (map 1b). Most but not all of these varieties are also mentioned in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (p.101). 47 Abbreviation assigned to each Gbe variety on the original elicited word and phrase lists. 48 The language area is located in: B = Benin, G = Ghana, N = Nigeria, T = Togo. 49 cl. = cluster. Capo (1986:101) refers to Aja as ‘Ajá,’ to Ewe as ‘Vhe,’ and to Phla-Phera as ‘Phla-Pherá.’ 50 a.n. = alternative name. 51 Not investigated during SIL Togo-Benin’s study of the Gbe language continuum.
List English spelling CENALA (1990) Capo (1986) Duthie (1988) Grimes (1996)
I Awlan (G,T) Awlan (a.s.:52 Anglo) (Ewe cl.) A“lÿ (Ewe cl.) Anglo (dialect of Ewe) J Ayizo (B) Ayizÿ Ayizÿ (Phla-Phera cl.) Ayizo K Be (T) B⁄ (Ewe cl.) p Ci (B) Ci Cí Ci -- Dayin (G) Dayin (Ewe cl.) Danyi (Ewe cl.) L Daxe (B) Rax⁄ (a.s.: Dax⁄) (Phla-Phera cl.) -- Fodome (G) Fodome (Ewe cl.) Fódom⁄ (Ewe cl.) M Fon (B) Fÿn Fon Fon Fon N Gbekon (B,N) Gbékon O Gbesi (B) Gbési (Phla-Phera cl.) v Gbin (G) Gbin (Ewe cl.) Gbi∆ (Ewe cl.) P Gbokpa (B) Gbokpa Q Gen (B,T) G⁄n Gen (Gen cl.) Gen Gen S Gun (B,N) Gun Gun (Fon cl.) Gun (Fon cl.) Gun w Ho (G) Hó (Ewe cl.) Ho® (Ewe cl.) T Kotafon (B) Ko Kotafon (Phla-Phera cl.) Kotafon (Phla-Phera cl.) Ko (B) -- Kpando (G) Kpándo (Ewe cl.) Kpándo (Ewe cl.)
100 U Kpase (B) Kpas⁄ (Fon cl.) V Kpelen (G) Kpelen (Ewe cl.) W Kpesi (T) Kpési (Ewe cl.) Kpessi -- Kuma (T) Kúmá X Maxi (B) Maxi Maxí (Fon cl.)) Maxi (Fon cl.) Maxi r Movolo (B) Movÿ§lÿ -- Peki (G) Pecí (Ewe cl.) Pekí (Ewe cl.) -- Savi (B,N) Savi Y Saxwe (B) Saxw⁄ Tsáph⁄ (Phla-Phera cl.) Saxwe Z Se (B) S⁄ (Phla-Phera cl.) a Seto (B,N) S⁄tÿ Aséntÿ§ (a.s.: Sèto) Seto d Tofin (B) Tÿfin Tÿfin (Phla-Phera cl.) Tofin c Togo (T) Tógó f Toli (B) Tÿli Tÿli (Phla-Phera cl.) Toli -- Towun (G) Tÿwun (Ewe cl.) Tÿ“u (Ewe cl.) u Vlin (G) Vhlin (Ewe cl.) Vli (Ewe cl.) -- Ve (G) V⁄§ (Ewe cl.) V⁄ (Ewe cl.) g Vo (T) Vo (Ewe cl.)
52 a.s. = alternative spelling. The listing of alternative spellings is not meant to be exhaustive. The alternative spellings listed are those which relate the varieties mentioned by Capo to the other linguistic references mentioned in this paper. For a more complete listing of alternative spellings see Capo’s ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe’ (1986:11-14).
List English spelling CENALA (1990) Capo (1986) Duthie (1988) Grimes (1996)
h Waci (B,T) Waci Wací (Ewe cl.) Waci i Wance (T) Wancé (Ewe cl.) k Weme (B,N) Wem⁄ Wéme (Fon cl.) Weme -- Wudu (T) Vhudu Wudu l Wundi (T) Wundí m Xwela (B) Xwela Phelá (Phla-Phera cl.) Phla-Phera cl. Xwela n Xwla (eastern) (B) s.a. s.a. s.a. s.a. o Xwla (western) (T) Xwla Phla (Phla-Phera cl.) Phla-Phera cl. Xwla
101
4.1.1. NOTES
Agoi / Gliji − In ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe,’ Capo (1986:13) lists Gliji and Agoi as two separate entries. − Map 1a refers to both varieties by listing the towns of Glidji (transcribed Glijí; Lacs prefecture, Maritime region, Togo) and Agoué (transcribed as Agÿ§i; Grand-Popo sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin), while neither town is listed on map 1b (Capo 1986).
Aja-Hwe − Under Togo, the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:420) lists ‘Hwé’ as a separate entry, classified as Gbe- Aja with the comment: “close to Éwé; closer to Aja.”
Aja-Hwe − Gboto: The word and phrase lists were elicited in Gboto from an Aja-Hwe speaker living in Gboto. However, according to the findings of the Aja survey (Tompkins et al. 1997), Aja-Hwe communities are found north of Gboto but not in Gboto, where Waci is the predominant language. − Tohoun: According to information provided by the word and phrase lists, the elicited Aja-Hwe variety refers to Hwe of Tohoun, although the informant was born and resided in Aplahoué (Benin), where the word and phrase lists were elicited.
Aja-Sikpi − Transcribed as Sikpí in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Sikpi on map 1a.
Ajra − Not mentioned by Capo (1986); unclassified. − During SIL’s study of the Gbe language continuum, the Ajra word and phrase lists were elicited in Cotonou (Benin) from an Ajra speaker born in Sado (Avrankou sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin), close to the town of Adjara (Adjara sub-prefecture, Ouémé region). Neither the language map for Benin (CENALA 1990), Capo (1986), the Atlas sociolinguistique du Bénin (CNL du Bénin 1983) nor the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996) lists Ajra. However, it appears likely that the elicited Ajra list refers to the language spoken in Adjara.
Alada − Duthie (1988:91) refers to Phla-Phera as Xlwa-Xweda.
Anexo − Anexo refers to the town of Aného (Lacs prefecture, Maritime region, Togo). − Transcribed as Anéxÿ in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Anecho on map 1b.
Arohun − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Fon cluster variety (p. 101).
Ave − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Aveno − According to Capo (1986: map 1a,b), located in Ghana; however, for SIL’s study both the word and the phrase lists were elicited in Togo. − Transcribed as Av⁄§no in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Av⁄no on map 1a.
Ci − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.53
Daxe − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified. Daxe refers to the town of Dahé (Houéyogbé sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin).
Fodome − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as an Ewe cluster variety (p. 101).
Fon − Not mentioned by Capo as a distinct variety but only as a cluster (Capo 1986: map 1a,b).
53 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Ci as a variety of Fon on a separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b) Ci is not listed. 102 Gbekon − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified. − According to Capo’s (1986:14) listing of Gbe varieties, the Gbekon language area is located in Nigeria. However, according to ‘Localisation des parlers Gbe’ (1986: map 1a), the language area is located south of Porto-Novo, i.e., in Benin. For SIL’s study, the word and phrase lists were elicited in Agnanlin which, according to Wiesemann (1993), is located near Honvié (Adjara sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin).
Gbokpa − Capo (1986) does not list Gbokpa as a distinct variety of Gbe neither in ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe’ (p. 11-14) or on map 1b. However, Capo mentions the town of Bopa (1986: map 1b), which is also listed as Gbokpa (map 1a).
Kotafon − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Phla-Phera cluster variety (p. 101).54 − The Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:419) lists Kotafon as a dialect of Ewe in its Togo section.
Kuma − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Movolo − For SIL’s study, the word and phrase lists were elicited in Agbalilame (a rural commune of Agblangandan, Sèmè-Kpodji sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin). − Mentioned in ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:14) but not on map 1a or 1b.
Savi − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Saxwe − Transcribed as Tsáph⁄ in ‘Un regroupement des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:101) and as Tsaph⁄ on map 1a.
Seto − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Tofin − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Phla-Phera cluster variety (p. 101).
Togo − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Toli − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as a Phla-Phera cluster variety (p. 101).
Vlin − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as an Ewe cluster variety (p. 101).
Ve − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); classified as an Ewe cluster variety (p. 101).
Wance − Wance is, according to Capo (1986: map 1a,b), located somewhat south of Notsé (Haho prefecture, Plateaux region, Togo); however, for SIL’s study the word and phrase lists were elicited in Anfoin which is located in the Lacs prefecture (Maritime region, Togo).
Wudu − Listed on map 1a but not on map 1b (Capo 1986); unclassified.
Wundi − Mentioned in ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe’ (Capo 1986:14) but not on map 1a or 1b.
Xwela − Duthie (1988:91) does not mention Xwela or Xwla as distinct varieties, but lists the ‘Xlwa- Xweda’ cluster as one of five Gbe dialect-clusters. The Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:169) lists ‘Xweda’ as a separate entry in addition to Xwela. However, ‘Xweda’ is an alternative name for Xwela (see Henson et al. 1999b).
54 As previously mentioned in footnote 6 (p. 10), Capo (1986: map 2) marks Kotafon as a variety of Fon on a separate map for the Gbe varieties of the Mono region, ‘Les parlers de la Province du Mono,’ whereas in his official classification (p. 101, map 1b) Kotafon is listed as a Phla-Phera variety. 103 Xwla − In addition to Xwla, the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996:420) lists ‘Hwla’ as a separate entry for Togo suggesting that ‘Hwla’ might be the same as ‘Xwla-Gbe’ in Benin or ‘Hwe’ in Togo. However, Takassi (1983:32,33), in his ‘Inventaire linguistique du Togo,’ lists ‘Hwla’ with ‘Phla’ as an alternative spelling, the latter corresponding to Capo’s (1986) spelling of Xwla. Therefore it can be concluded that the Ethnologue entry for ‘Hwla,’ in fact, refers to Xwla.
104 4.2. INVESTIGATED GBE VARIETIES AND ELICITATION PROCEDURES
Based on Capo’s (1986) research and information provided by the language map of Benin (CENALA 1990) and the Ethnologue (Grimes 1996), SIL Togo-Benin chose 49 varieties of the Gbe continuum for the elicitation of word and phrase lists.
In each of the chosen 49 communities, one set of word and phrase lists was elicited, with the exceptions of the Aja- Hwe and Xwla varieties: in Aja-Hwe four sets of word and phrase lists were elicited, and in Xwla two sets.55
Benin Ghana Togo
Agbome Gun (Nigeria) Aveno Adan Aja-Dogbo Kotafon Awlan (Togo) Agu Aja-Hwe (Togo)56 Kpase Gbin Agoi / Gliji (Benin)57 Aja-Sikpi Maxi Ho Aja-Hwe (Benin) Ajra58 Movolo59 Kpelen Anexo Alada (Nigeria) Saxwe Vlin Be Arohun Se Kpesi Ayizo Seto (Nigeria)59 Togo59 Ci Tofin Vo Daxe59 Toli Wance Fon Waci (Togo) Wundi59 Gbekon (Nigeria)59 Weme (Nigeria) Xwla (Benin) Gbesi Xwela Gbokpa59 Xwla (Togo) Gen (Togo)
The word and phrase lists were elicited by two Beninese research assistants, J. Gandonou and V. Johnson, between October 1988 and August 1992.60 The word and phrase lists were elicited from individual L1 speakers of the variety in question, not all of whom were residing in the language area. Ideally though, word and phrase lists should be elicited from groups of long-term resident L1 speakers. This procedure allows for the discussion of synonyms, near- synonyms and variants, and group decisions can be made about which form to include in the lists, thus increasing reliability (see Sanders 1989:6f). Thus, the non-standard procedure applied during the study reported here potentially decreased the reliability of the elicited lists. (See Appendix 4.3, p. 106, for background information on research locations, informants and researchers.)
55 In addition, a second set of Weme word and phrase lists was elicited in Cotonou, Benin’s capital city, from a Weme speaker born in Dangbo, in Benin’s Ouémé region. However, due to doubts regarding their reliability, both lists were excluded from the analysis (Wiesemann 1992). 56 According to information provided by Capo (1986) and the background information collected with the elicited lists, this variety is also located in a neighboring country, as indicated in parenthesis. 57 During the SIL study, only one set of common word and phrase lists was elicited for both Gliji and Agoi, whereas Capo (1986:13) lists Gliji and Agoi as two separate entries in his ‘Inventaire des parlers Gbe.’ 58 Not mentioned by Capo (1986). 59 Not classified by Capo (1986). 60 Gandonou and Johnson have master’s degrees in linguistics from the Université Nationale du Bénin, Abomey- Calavi, Benin (Département d’Etudes Linguistiques et de Tradition Orale). During the initial stages of the elicitations, both were still linguistics students at the Université Nationale du Bénin. 105 4.3. INFORMATION ON RESEARCH LOCATIONS, INFORMANTS AND RESEARCHERS
In the following listing pertinent background information for the elicited word and phrase lists is given concerning research location, informant’s birth location, permanent residence, name, gender and age, eliciting researchers and date of elicitation. (For additional information, see the notes which follow, p. 108.)
List Elicited variety Research location Birth location61 Residence62 Informant Researcher(s) Date
A63 Adan (T64) Lomé65 (T) Tsévié (T) Lomé (T) Benissan, T.; male; 39 J. Gand., V. John.66 29. Sept. 1991 q Agbome (B) Abomey (B) Abomey-Houndjroto (B) Gbecon-Houegbo (B) Visoh, H.; male; 49 J. Gand., V. John. 5. May 1992 R Agoi / Gliji (B,T) Aného (T) Aného-Lolamè (T) Aného (T) Lawson, E.; male; 42 J. Gand., V. John. 10. Aug. 1991 B Agu (T) Agou (T) Agou-Kebo (T) Agou (T) Ekpe, A.L.; male; 40 J. Gand., V. John. 7. Sept. 1991 D Aja-Dogbo (B) Dogbo (B) Xw⁄®n Agam⁄ Dogbo (B) Kossiwa, T.; female; 36 J. Gand., V. John. 22. July 1991 E Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) (B) Cotonou (B) Aplahoué (B) Cotonou (B) Zoci; female; 30 V. Johnson 13. March 1989 C Aja-Hwe (Azovè) (B) Azovè (B) Azovè (B) Azovè (B) Davi, K.M.; male; 37 J. Gand., V. John. 25. Aug. 1991 s Aja-Hwe (Gboto) (T) Gboto (T) S⁄dom⁄ Gboto (T) Djekpe, K.; male; 40 J. Gand., V. John. 28. May 1992 e Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) (T) Aplahoué (B) Aplahoué (B) Aplahoué (B) Dansou, A.; male; 45 J. Gand., V. John. 13. Oct. 1991 b Aja-Sikpi (B) Aplahoué (B) Aplahoué (B) Aplahoué (B) Capo, K.P.; male; 39 J. Gand., V. John. 25. Aug. 1991 F Ajra (B) Cotonou (B) Sado (B) Sado (B) Sodjemou, B.; male; 60 V. Johnson March 1989
106 G Alada (B,N) Porto-Novo (B) Porto-Novo (B) Porto-Novo (B) Hounkpe; male; 75 J. Gand., V. John. 17. July 1991 Badagri (N) H Anexo (T) Aného / Zébé (T) Lomé (T) Zébé (T) Akouete, G.; male; 42 J. Gand., V. John. 29. Oct. 1991 x Arohun (B) Damè-Wogon (B) Akpomè (B) Damè-Wogon (B) Adinsi, D.; male; 40 J. Gand., V. John. 29. Aug. 1992 t Aveno (G) Assahoun (T) Kpalimé (T) Assahoun (T) Mensah, K.; male; 36 J. Gand., V. John. 15. May 1992 I Awlan (G,T) Aflao (G or T) Keta (G) Aflao (G or T) Aissi, F.; male; 43 J. Gand., V. John. 1. Nov. 1991 J Ayizo (B) Allada (B) Zè (B) Allada (B) Tonan, A.; male; 39 V. Johnson 4. March 1990 K Be (T) Lomé (T) Tsévié (T) Lomé (T) Aboni, M.; male; 40 J. Gand., V. John. 17. Sept. 1991 p Ci (B) Toviklin (B) Tchi-Ahomadégbé (B) Tovinklin (B) Ahounsou, A.; male; 44 J. Gand., V. John. 10. May 1992 L Daxe (B) Dahé (B) Dahé (B) Dahé (B) Kossi, S.F.; male; 40 J. Gand., V. John. 28. Aug. 1991 M Fon (B) Cotonou (B) Abomey (B) Cotonou (B) Deha, J.-J.; male; 30 Deha, J.-J. March 1989 N Gbekon (B,N) Agnanlin (B) Agnanlin (B) Agnanlin (B) Akosinou, B.; male; 52 J. Gand., V. John. 3. Sept. 1991 O Gbesi (B) Possotomè (B) Ouocome (B) Possotomè (B) Botty, K.; male; 40 J. Gand., V. John. 7. July 1991 v Gbin (G) Aflao (G or T) Kwati Denu (G) Ohoussou, V.; female; 37 J. Gand., V. John. 27. May 1992
61 Birth location: only elicited on the phrase lists. 62 Residence: only elicited on the word lists. 63 Abbreviation assigned to each Gbe variety on the original elicited word and phrase lists. 64 Abbreviations: B = Benin, G = Ghana, N = Nigeria, T = Togo. 65 The listed locations can be found on the road maps for Benin and Togo (IGN 1992; IGN 1991) unless mentioned otherwise. 66 J. Gandonou, V. Johnson.
List Elicited variety Research location Birth location61 Residence62 Informant Researcher(s) Date
P Gbokpa (B) Bopa (B) Hounontin (B) Bopa (B) Lantefo, K.; male; 42 J. Gand., V. John. 8. July 1991 Q Gen (B,T) Cotonou (B) Agoué (B) Agoué (B) Johnson, V.; male; 30 V. Johnson Dec. 1988 S Gun (B,N) ---- Porto-Novo (B) Porto-Novo (B) Akplogan, J.A.; male; 28 ---- 22. Febr. 1989 w Ho (G) Denu (G) Ho Xÿdwaba Kodzi, G.; male; 4467 J. Gand., V. John. 16. May 1992 T Kotafon (B) ------U Kpase (B) Savi (B) Ouidah (B) Savi (B) Adjovi, K.; male; 43 J. Gand., V. John. 15. Aug. 1991 V Kpelen (G) Lomé (T) Kpalimé (T) Lomé (T) Massan, A.; female; 39 V. Johnson 10. March 1990 W Kpesi (T) Lomé (T) Anié (T) Lomé (T) Akassi, A.; male; 36 J. Gand., V. John. 2. Nov. 1991 X Maxi (B) Cotonou (B) Savalou (B) Cotonou (B) Degelo, P.; male; 34 V. Johnson March 1989 r Movolo (B) Agalilame (B) ---- Agbalilame (B) Adouhouekonou, L.; male; 50 J. Gand., V. John. 12. May 1992 Y Saxwe (B) Lobogo (B) Doutou (B) Lobogo (B) Phlt:68 Hounsounou; male; 41 V. Johnson 17. Febr. n.d. Wdlt:69 Lankon; male; 42 Z Se (B) Sè (B) Sè (B) Sè (B) Mekli, D.; male; 38 J. Gand., V. John. 24. Aug. 1991 a Seto (B,N) Cotonou (B) Porto-Novo (B) Cotonou (B) Housou, M.; male; 30 V. Johnson March 1989 d Tofin (B) Cotonou (B) So-Tchanhoué (B) Cotonou (B) Zosson, H.A.; male; 30 Zossou, H.A. 22. March 1989 c Togo (T) Lomé (T) Togoville (T) Lomé (T) Ameyansi, L.; male; 39 J. Gand., V. John. 25. Sept. 1991
107 f Toli (B) Honvié (B) Honvié (B) Honvié (B) Yaca, H.; male; 71 Anago, A.D.P. 12. Febr. 1989 u Vlin (G) Aflao (G or T) Keta (G) Aflao (G or T) Amou, L.; male; 39 J. Gand., V. John. 23. May 1992 g Vo (T) Anfoin (T) Vogan (T) Anfoin (T) Aguessou, D.; male; 45 J. Gand., V. John. 18. Sept. 1991 h Waci (B,T) Cotonou (B) Cotonou (B) Cotonou (B) Kiki, M.M.; female; 43 V. Johnson March 1989 i Wance (T) Anfoin (T) Game-Seva Anfoin (T) Mawule, G.; male; 39 J. Gand., V. John. 28. Sept. 1991 k Weme (B,N) Adjohoun (B) ------J. Gandonou ---- l Wundi (T) Nogokpo (T) Sanguéra (T) Nogokpo (T) Agbaglo; male; 46 J. Gand., V. John. 24. Sept. 1991 m Xwela (B) Guézin (B) Guézin (B) Guézin (B) Phlt: Amoussou, N.; male; 44 V. Johnson 7. April 1990 Wdlt: Bessan, A.; male; 38 n Xwla (eastern) (B) Djeffa (B) Djeffa (B) Djeffa (B) Zannou, M.; male; 44 V. Johnson March 1989 o Xwla (western) (T) Adamé (T) Adamé (T) Cotonou (B) Nicoue; male; 50 Amoni, J. Dec. 1988
67 According to the word-list background information: “38/44” years. 68 Phlt = phrase list. 69 Wdlt = word list.
4.3.1. NOTES
Adan − Residence location: Notsé (Togo) (Wiesemann 1993).
Agbome − Abomey-Houndjroto: on the phrase list transcribed as Houndjroto. According to J.-J. Deha and L. Boko, translators with Alliance Biblique au Bénin (Bible Society of Benin), ‘Houndjroto’ means the area around Abomey’s central market, which is called ‘Houndjro’ (Deha et al. 1999). − Gbecon-Houegbo: rural commune of Djegbe (Abomey circonscription-urbaine, Zou region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994d:7).
Agoi / Gliji − Aného-Lolamè: neighborhood in the center of Aného; on the phrase list transcribed as Lonam⁄-
Agu − Agou: refers to Agou-Gadzépé (Wiesemann 1993). − Agou-Kebo: listed neither by IGN 1980 nor by IGN 1991. However, according to Bewald (1999), Agou-Kebo is located close to Agou-Etoé, which lies approximately 4 km east of Agou- Gadzépé, south of Mt. Agou (Kloto prefecture, Plateaux region, Togo) (IGN 1977). (IGN 1980 lists Etoé as Toé.)
Aja-Dogbo − Xw⁄®n Agam⁄: listed neither by IGN 1992 nor by Ministère du Plan 1994b. However, IGN 1992 lists the town of Houégamè (Djakotomè sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin), northeast of Djakotomè.
Aja-Hwe − Research location: it is noted that the predominant language of Gboto is Waci and not Aja, (Gboto) according to the findings of a more recent and thorough study of the Aja communities in late 1996; Aja-Hwe communities are found north of Gboto (see Tompkins et al. 1997). Birth location: S⁄dom⁄ is, according to information provided by inhabitants of Aného (Togo), located near Tabligbo (Yoto prefecture, Maritime region, Togo) (Johnson 1999c).
Alada − Badagri: located approximately 20 km east of the Benin-Nigeria border (IGN 1992).
Anexo − Research location: Aného, according to the word list; Zébé, according to the phrase list. − Zébé: located northeast of Aného (IGN 1980).
Arohun − Akpomè: rural commune of Sèdjè-Houègoudo (Zè sub-prefecture, Atlantique region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994a:36).
Aveno − Assahoun: on the word and phrase lists transcribed as Azanhoun with Wiesemann (1993) specifying Azanhoun (Agadzepe, Togo). Thus, Assahoun might refer to Assahoun-Fiagbé (Kloto prefecture, Plateaux region, Togo) located south of Agou-Gadzépé (approximately 20 km southeast of Kpalimé). However, Assahoun could also refer to the town of Assahoun near Kévé (Golf prefecture, Maritime region, Togo), approximately 50 km northwest of Lomé.
Awlan − Aflao: it is unclear whether Aflao refers to the Lomé suburb called Aflao located northwest of Lomé (Togo) on the road to Kpalimé (IGN 1980), or to the town of Aflao (Volta region, Ghana), located west of Lomé (Survey of Ghana 1994).
Gbekon − Agnanlin: located near Honvié (Adjara sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin) (Wiesemann 1993)
Gbesi − Ouocome: rural commune of Possotomè (Bopa sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994b:10); on the phrase list transcribed as Xokome.
Gbin − Kwati: listed neither by IGN 1991 nor by Survey of Ghana 1994. − Denu: located west of Lomé (IGN 1991).
Gbokpa − Hounontin: located between Guantitomé and Ouassa-Topka (Bopa sub-prefecture, Mono region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994b:26).
Gun − Research location: Cotonou (Wiesemann 1993) − Researcher: Akplogan, J.A. (Wiesemann 1993).
108 Kotafon − Research location: Lokossa (Wiesemann 1993). − Researcher: V. Johnson (Wiesemann 1993)
Movolo − Agalilame: rural commune of Agblangandan (Sèmè-Kpodji sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994c:27).
Saxwe − Doutou: on the word and phrase lists transcribed as Saxwe Dutun.
Tofin − So-Tchanhoué: So-Awa sub-prefecture (Atlantique region, Benin) (Ministère du Plan 1994a:44). − Residence location: Cotonou (Ganvié) (Wiesemann 1993).
Togo − Residence location: Lomé (Togoville) (Wiesemann 1993).
Wance − Game-Seva: − Given that both lists were elicited in Anfoin, Game-Seva could refer to Agomé-Séva (southeast of Tabligbo) also located in the Lacs prefecture (Maritime region, Togo); − Given the location of the Wance language area south of Notsé, Game-Seva could also refer to Gamé, approximately 15 km south of Notsé, or to Séva, approximately 10 km southwest of Notsé (Togo). In addition, IGN 1980 lists two villages named Gamé, Gamé-Kové and Gamé-Lili; Gamé-Lili is also listed by IGN 1991 as being west of Agbélouvé, 32 km south of Notsé. Thus, there may be a village called Gamé-Séva located near one of these two locations, which does not appear on the maps.
Weme − Residence location: Porto-Novo (Wiesemann 1993).
Wundi − Nogokpo: located between Atitogou and Tanou (Lacs prefecture, Maritime region, Togo) (Wiesemann 1993). − Sanguéra: approximately 15 km northwest of Lomé (Golf prefecture, Maritime region, Togo) (IGN 1991); on the phrase list transcribed as Zanguera.
Xwela − Residence: Cotonou, Grand-Popo (Wiesemann 1993).
Xwla − Djeffa: rural commune of Ekpè (Sèmè-Kopdji sub-prefecture, Ouémé region, Benin) (Ministère (eastern) du Plan 1994c:27).
109 4.4. TRANSCRIPTION OF ELICITED ITEMS
On the original word and phrase lists, the elicited items were not strictly transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Instead, they were transcribed using Benin’s national alphabet as employed by the language map of Benin (CENALA 1990) or the character set employed by Capo in his Renaissance du gbe (1986:ix). Some of these sounds are represented by different IPA characters; however, during the application of the grouping criteria for the word-list analysis, they were analyzed according to their phonetic values when employed by CENALA (1990) and Capo (1986).
The elicited lists were entered into the computer program WORDSURV, Release 2.4 (Wimbish 1989), for further analysis. This early version of WORDSURV does support the ASCII extended character set, which includes a number of special symbols, though not the entire IPA character set. Therefore, special characters employed for the transcription of the elicited lists had to be represented by the available characters, as listed below. A consequence was that the elicited items were entered without tone, though tone was transcribed on the original lists.
For representation in this dissertation, the WORDSURV database was reformatted so that the special characters employed on the original lists are retained except for nasalization: nasalized vowels are represented according to the IPA rather than as [vowel] + [n] as originally transcribed.
IPA Original elicited lists WORDSURV Dissertation database (Appendices 5.2 & 6.3)
[‡] [‡] [D] [‡] [kw] [kw] [Q] [kw] [kp] [kp] [K] [kp] [gb] [gb] [G] [gb] [“] [“] [N] [“] [Ú] [Ú] [ñ] [Ú] [∏] [ƒ] [ƒ] [ƒ] [X] [x]; (IPA [x] = voiceless velar fricative) [x] [x] [] [h]; (IPA [h] = voiced pharyngeal fricative) [h] [h] w w [X ] [xw]; (IPA [x ] = rounded voiceless velar fricative) [X] [xw] w w [ ] [hw]; (IPA [h ] = rounded voiced pharyngeal fricative) [H] [hw] [] [Ó]; (IPA [Ó] = voiced velar fricative) [R] [Ó] [] [S] [S] [S] ["] ["] [Z] ["] [ts] [ts] [C] [ts] [dz] [dz] [J] [dz] [t] [c]; (IPA [c] = voiceless palatal plosive) [c] [c] [d"] [j]; (IPA [j] = voiced palatal approximant) [j] [j] [⁄] [⁄] [è] [⁄] [Ï] [Ï] [E] [Ï] [ÿ] [ÿ] [ç] [ÿ] Z⁄¶] [⁄n] [ë] [⁄¶¶] [ÿ¶] [ÿn] [Ç] [ÿ¶] [nasalized [vowel + n] (e.g., an, en, in) [vowel + ^] [nasalized vowel] (e.g., â, ê, î) vowel]
110 5. GBE WORD-LIST DATA
5.1. FRENCH GLOSSES
The word list is based on Swadesh’s 100-word list (Swadesh 1955) and the word list published in the Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (Dieu et al. 1983):
3) oeil 56) arbre 4) oreille 57) racine 5) nez 58) l’écorce (peau de l’arbre) 6) dent 59) feuille (d’arbre) 7) langue 60) année 8) tête 61) un, une 9) cou 62) deux 10) ventre 63) trois 11) cordon du ventre 64) quatre 12) sein (de la femme) 65) cinq 13) genou 66) chaud (il fait chaud) 14) ongle 67) froid (il fait froid) 15) peau 68) long (horizontal) 16) homme 69) grande taille (un homme grand) 17) mari, époux 70) petite taille (un homme petit) 18) père (pas ancêtre) 71) rouge 19) femme 72) noir 20) épouse 73) blanc 21) nom 74) mordre 22) vache 75) manger 23) chèvre (pas mouton) 76) boire 24) chien 77) vomir 25) éléphant 78) tousser 26) serpent 79) sucer (doigt) 27) poux (de tête) 80) cracher 28) poulet 81) souffler 29) oiseau 82) siffler (par la bouche) 30) plume 83) chanter 31) corne (de vache) 84) rire 32) queue (de chien) 85) parler 33) oeuf (d’oiseau) 86) aboyer (chien) 34) lait (de vache) 87) sentir (la nourriture) 35) graisse (d’animal) 88) écouter 36) pot (pour cuisine) 89) pousser 37) couteau (petit coupe coupe) 90) tirer 38) siège 91) jeter 39) case (l’endroit pour dormir) 92) battre (avec bâton) 40) village 93) nager 41) ficelle (pour attacher) 94) s’asseoir 42) nuit 95) se mettre debout 43) lune 96) se coucher 44) étoile 97) tomber 45) soleil 98) dormir 46) nuage 99) laver (un pot) 47) pluie (pas la saison) 100) laver (la lessive) 48) eau 101) gratter (avec ongle) 49) feu 102) verser (liquide) 50) fumée 51) bois de chauffage 52) cendres (pl.) 53) terre (pas souillure) 54) poussière (dans l’air) 55) pierre
111 5.2. ELICITED DATA SORTED BY GLOSS
1. oeil 2. oreille
Adan “ku Adan eto Agbome nt¶kt¶ Agbome to Agoi/Glidji “kuvi Agoi/Glidji eto Agu “ku Agu to Aja-Dogbo nkuvi Aja-Dogbo eto Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) “kuvi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eto Aja-Hwe (Azovè) “kuvi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eto Aja-Hwe (Gboto) “kuvi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eto Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) “ku Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eto Aja-Sikpi nkt¶ Aja-Sikpi eto nkuvi oto Ajra nt¶kt¶ Ajra oto Alada nt¶kt¶ Alada oto Anexo “ku Anexo eto Arohun nt¶kt¶ Arohun oto Aveno “ku Aveno to Awlan “ku Awlan eto Ayizo “kuvi Ayizo Ïto Be “ku Be eto Ci nt¶kt¶ Ci to Daxe “kt¶s‹∆ Daxe oto Fon nt¶kt¶ toboe Gbekon n¶“kt¶ Fon to Gbesi nt¶ku Gbekon oto Gbin “ku Gbesi oto Gbokpa “ku Gbin eto nt¶ku Gbokpa oto Gen “kuvi ÿto Gun nt¶kt¶ Gen eto Ho nku Gun oto Kotafon nt¶kt¶ Ho eto Kpase nt¶kt¶ Kotafon to Kpelen nku Kpase to Kpesi “kuvi Kpelen ⁄to Maxi nt¶kt¶ Kpesi eto Movolo nt¶kt¶ Maxi togbe Saxwe “kusi Movolo oto Se “kt¶s‹∆ Saxwe oto Seto nt¶kt¶ Se to Tofin nt¶kt¶ toboe Togo “ku Seto oto Toli nt¶kt¶ Tofin oto Vlin nku Togo eto Vo “kuvi Toli oto Waci “kuvi Vlin eto Wance “ku Vo ⁄to Weme nt¶kt¶ Waci eto Wundi “ku ⁄to Xwela okt¶ Wance eto Xwla (eastern) nt¶kt¶ Weme to Xwla (western) ÿ“kusi Wundi eto Xwela oto Xwla (eastern) to Xwla (western) ÿtÿ
112 3. nez 4. dent
Adan “ÿ¶ti Adan a‡u Agbome awÿ¶t‹∆ Agbome a‡u Agoi/Glidji “ÿ¶ti Agoi/Glidji a‡u Agu “ÿ¶ti Agu a‡u Aja-Dogbo “ÿ¶ci Aja-Dogbo a‡u Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) “ÿ¶c‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a‡u Aja-Hwe (Azovè) “ÿ¶ti Aja-Hwe (Azovè) a‡u Aja-Hwe (Gboto) “ÿ¶ci Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a‡u Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) wÿ¶ti Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a‡u Aja-Sikpi wÿ¶t‹∆ Aja-Sikpi a‡u Ajra ÿ“ÿ¶t‹∆ Ajra a‡u Alada awÿ¶t‹∆ Alada a‡u Anexo “ÿ¶ti Anexo a‡u Arohun awÿ¶t‹∆ Arohun a‡u Aveno “ÿ¶ci Aveno a‡u Awlan “ÿ¶ti Awlan a‡u Ayizo “ÿ¶ti Ayizo a‡u Be “ÿ¶ci Be a‡u Ci awÿ¶t‹∆ Ci a‡u Daxe wÿ¶t‹∆ Daxe a‡u Fon awÿ¶t‹∆ Fon a‡u Gbekon awÿ¶t‹∆ Gbekon a‡u Gbesi a“ÿ¶ti Gbesi a‡u Gbin “a¶ti Gbin a‡u Gbokpa a“ÿ¶ti Gbokpa a‡u “ÿ¶ti Gen a‡u Gen “ÿ¶ti Gun a‡u Gun awÿ¶t‹∆ Ho a‡u Ho “a¶ti Kotafon a‡u Kotafon awÿ¶t‹∆ Kpase a‡u Kpase awÿ¶ti Kpelen a‡u Kpelen “a¶ti Kpesi a‡u Kpesi “ÿ¶ti Maxi a‡u Maxi a“ÿ¶t‹∆ Movolo a‡u Movolo ÿwÿ¶t‹∆ Saxwe a‡u Saxwe “ÿ¶ti Se a‡u Se wÿ¶t‹∆ Seto a‡u Seto a“ÿ¶t‹∆ Tofin a‡u Tofin ÿwÿ¶t‹∆ Togo a‡u Togo “ÿ¶ci Toli a‡u Toli awÿ¶t‹∆ Vlin a‡u Vlin “a¶ti Vo a‡u Vo a“ÿ¶t‹∆ Waci a‡u Waci a“ÿ¶t‹∆ Wance a‡u Wance wÿ¶ti Weme a‡u Weme awÿ¶t‹∆ Wundi a‡u Wundi wÿ¶ti Xwela a‡u Xwela owÿ¶ti Xwla (eastern) a‡u Xwla (eastern) ÿwÿ¶ti Xwla (western) a‡u Xwla (western) ÿ“ÿ¶t‹∆
113 5. langue 6. tète
Adan a‡e Adan eta Agbome ‡⁄ Agbome ta Agoi/Glidji a‡e Agoi/Glidji eta Agu a‡e Agu ta Aja-Dogbo a‡e Aja-Dogbo ata Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a‡e Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eta Aja-Hwe (Azovè) a‡e Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eta Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a‡e Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ata Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a‡u Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a‡e Aja-Sikpi a‡⁄ Aja-Sikpi ota Ajra ⁄‡⁄ Ajra takt¶ Alada o‡⁄ Alada ota Anexo a‡⁄ Anexo eta Arohun ‡⁄ Arohun ota Aveno a‡e Aveno eta Awlan a‡e Awlan eta Ayizo a‡⁄ Ayizo Ïta Be a‡e Be eta Ci ‡⁄ Ci ta Daxe ⁄‡⁄ Daxe ota Fon ‡⁄ Fon ta Gbekon e‡⁄ Gbekon ta ⁄‡⁄ Gbesi ota o‡⁄ Gbin eta Gbesi ‡⁄ Gbokpa ota Gbin a‡e Gen eta Gbokpa o‡⁄ Gun ota ÿ‡⁄ Ho eta Gen a‡e Kotafon taa Gun o‡⁄ Kpase ta Ho a‡⁄ Kpelen ⁄ta Kotafon ‡⁄ Kpesi eta Kpase ‡⁄ Maxi nta Kpelen a‡⁄ Movolo takt¶ Kpesi a‡e Saxwe ota Maxi ‡⁄ Se ota Movolo ⁄‡⁄ Seto takt¶ Saxwe ⁄‡⁄ Tofin takt¶ Se ⁄‡⁄ Togo eta Seto o‡⁄ Toli takt¶ Tofin ⁄‡⁄ Vlin eta Togo a‡e Vo ⁄ta Toli o‡⁄ Waci ⁄ta Vlin a‡e Wance eta Vo a‡⁄ Weme ota Waci a‡⁄ Wundi eta Wance a‡e Xwela takt¶ Weme o‡⁄ Xwla (eastern) ota Wundi a‡e Xwla (western) eta Xwela e‡⁄ Xwla (eastern) o‡⁄ Xwla (western) ⁄‡⁄
114 7. cou 8. ventre
Adan ekÿ Adan fodo Agbome kÿ Agbome adÿgo Agoi/Glidji ekÿ Agoi/Glidji podo Agu ekÿ Agu ƒodo Aja-Dogbo ekÿ Aja-Dogbo hodu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ekÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xodu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ekÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xodu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ekÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) hodu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ekÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) fodo Aja-Sikpi ekÿ Aja-Sikpi dÿma¶ okÿ Ajra ÿ‡ÿgo Ajra okÿ Alada adÿgo Alada okÿ Anexo adÿma¶ Anexo ekÿ Arohun adÿgo Arohun okÿ Aveno ƒodo Aveno ekÿ Awlan fodo Awlan ekÿ Ayizo podo Ayizo Ïkÿ Be ƒodo Be ekÿ Ci xodo Ci cÿ Daxe dÿma¶ Daxe ohlo Fon adÿgo Fon kÿ Gbekon o‡ÿgo Gbekon kÿ Gbesi xoma¶ v⁄go Gbin dÿma¶ Gbesi okÿ Gbokpa adÿgo Gbin Ïkÿ xoto Gbokpa oko Gen adÿma¶ okÿ podo Gen ekÿ Gun xoto Gun okÿ Ho epo Ho Ïkÿ Kotafon hoto Kotafon kÿ Kpase adÿgo Kpase kÿ Kpelen podo Kpelen ⁄kÿ Kpesi podo Kpesi ekÿ Maxi ‡ÿgo Maxi kÿ Movolo ÿdÿgÿ cÿ Saxwe dÿma¶ Movolo okÿ Se dÿma¶ Saxwe okÿ Seto xoto Se ohlo Tofin ÿdÿgÿ Seto kÿtt¶ Togo fodo Tofin okÿ Toli adÿgbe Togo ekÿ Vlin dÿma¶ Toli okÿ Vo dÿma¶ Vlin Ïkÿ Waci dÿma¶ Vo ⁄kÿ Wance ƒodo Waci ⁄kÿ Weme adÿgo Wance ekÿ Wundi fodo Weme okÿ Xwela ÿdÿgÿ Wundi ekÿ Xwla (eastern) goto Xwela ikÿ Xwla (western) ÿdÿ Xwla (eastern) okÿ Xwla (western) ekÿ
115 9. cordon du ventre 10. sein
Adan ahÿ¶ Adan enÿ¶ Agbome hÿ¶ Agbome anÿ¶ Agoi/Glidji axÿ¶vi Agoi/Glidji anÿ¶ Agu agbugbÿ Agu nÿ¶ Aja-Dogbo hÿ¶vi Aja-Dogbo anÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ehÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) anÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) exÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) anÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) hÿ¶vi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) anÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) enÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi hÿ¶vi Aja-Sikpi anÿ¶ Ajra ÿhÿ¶ Ajra ÿnÿ¶ Alada a‡ÿvi Alada anÿ¶ Anexo ahÿ¶ Anexo anÿ¶ Arohun hÿ¶ka¶ Arohun anÿ¶ hÿ¶ Aveno anÿ¶ Aveno avugbÿ Awlan enÿ¶ Awlan ahÿ¶ Ayizo anÿ¶ Ayizo axÿ¶vi Be anÿ¶ Be agbugbÿ Ci anÿ¶ Ci hÿ¶vi Daxe ÿnÿ¶ Daxe ÿhÿ¶ Fon anÿ¶ Fon hÿ¶ Gbekon onÿ¶ hÿ¶vi Gbesi anÿ¶ Gbekon hÿ Gbin enÿ¶ ohÿ Gbokpa anÿ¶ Gbesi axÿnt¶ Gen anÿ¶ Gbin agÿbÿ Gun anÿ¶ Gbokpa axÿ¶vi Ho enÿ¶ Gen ahÿ¶ Kotafon anÿ¶ Gun ahÿ¶ Kpase anÿ¶ Ho agÿbÿ Kpelen ⁄nÿ¶ Kotafon ---- Kpesi anÿ¶ Kpase xÿ¶vi Maxi anÿ¶ Kpelen agbÿgbÿ Movolo ÿnÿ¶ Kpesi ahÿ¶vi Saxwe anÿ¶ Maxi hÿka¶ Se ÿnÿ¶ Movolo ÿhÿ¶ka¶ Seto anÿ¶ Saxwe axÿ¶vi Tofin ÿnÿ¶ Se ÿhÿ¶ Togo anÿ¶ Seto ahÿ¶ Toli anÿ¶ Tofin ÿhÿ¶ka¶ Vlin enÿ¶ Togo agbugbÿ Vo anÿ¶ Toli ahÿka¶ Waci anÿ¶ Vlin agÿbÿ Wance enÿ¶ Vo ahÿ¶ Weme anÿ¶ Waci ahÿ¶ Wundi enÿ¶ Wance ahÿ¶ Xwela onÿ¶ Weme ohÿ¶ Xwla (eastern) ÿnÿ¶ Wundi ahÿ¶ Xwla (western) ÿnÿ¶ Xwela oxÿ¶vi Xwla (eastern) ÿhÿ¶ Xwla (western) ÿhÿ¶vi
116 11. genou 12. ongle
Adan eklo Adan fetu Agbome koli Agbome fa¶ Agoi/Glidji eklo Agoi/Glidji fest¶ Agu koli Agu fecu Aja-Dogbo eklo Aja-Dogbo efa¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eklo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) fa¶su kln¶“t⁄vi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) efa¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eklo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) efa¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eklo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) fecu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eklo Aja-Sikpi ⁄fa¶ Aja-Sikpi eklota Ajra efa¶ klita Alada ofa¶ Ajra xligo Anexo fesu Alada kiligont¶ Arohun ofa¶ Anexo eklo Aveno fecu Arohun kiligont¶ Awlan fetu Aveno koli Ayizo fecu klont¶ Be fesu Awlan eklo Ci fa¶ Ayizo kligont¶ Daxe efa¶ Be klont¶ Fon fa¶ Ci klotant¶ Gbekon efa¶ Daxe klita Gbesi ofa¶ Fon koli Gbin efa¶ Gbekon kiligo Gbokpa ofa¶ Gbesi kolont¶ Gen fest¶ Gbin eklo Gun ofa¶ Gbokpa koligo Ho efa¶ klota Kotafon fa¶ Gen eklÿ Kpase fa¶ Gun klo Kpelen ⁄f⁄ Ho eklo Kpesi efesu Kotafon kligont¶ efevi Kpase koli Maxi fa¶ Kpelen koli Movolo ⁄fa¶ Kpesi kolitevi Saxwe efa¶ Maxi kogoli Se efa¶ Movolo an‹∆klo Seto fa¶tt¶ Saxwe klitant¶ Tofin efa¶ Se klita Togo fesu Seto koligo Toli ofa¶ Tofin an‹∆klo Vlin efa¶ Togo klont¶ Vo fecu Toli xligo Waci fecu Vlin eklo Wance fecu Vo ⁄klo Weme ofa¶ Waci ⁄klo Wundi fecu kln¶“kui Xwela efa¶ Wance eklo Xwla (eastern) ofa¶ Weme kiligont¶ Xwla (western) ⁄fa¶ Wundi eklo Xwela kolikpa¶ Xwla (eastern) koligo Xwla (western) ÿklont¶
117 13. peau 14. homme
Adan “t¶tigbal⁄ Adan “t¶tsu Agbome aÚt¶ Agbome sunt¶ Agoi/Glidji agbaze Agoi/Glidji nsu Agu nti Agu ncu Aja-Dogbo gbaza Aja-Dogbo nsu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) gbaza Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) “su Aja-Hwe (Azovè) gbaza Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu gotu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) “su Aja-Hwe (Gboto) gbaza Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ncu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) agbaje Aja-Sikpi gb⁄tÿ Aja-Sikpi gbaza Ajra xwt¶xwa¶ Ajra ayu Alada sunt¶si Alada agbasa Anexo nsu aÚt¶ Arohun sunt¶si Anexo agbaze Aveno nt¶cu Arohun awutu ncu Aveno agbaje Awlan “t¶tsu Awlan “t¶tigbal⁄ Ayizo ncu Ayizo agbazi Be nt¶cu Be agbaze ncu Ci awutu Ci sunt¶ Daxe gbaza Daxe gb⁄tÿ Fon aÚt¶ Fon sunt¶ Gbekon agbaza gb⁄tÿ Gbesi awutu Gbekon sunt¶si Gbin nti Gbesi sunt¶ ew‹∆ Gbin ncu Gbokpa agbaza Gbokpa sunt¶si Gen agbaze Gen nsu Gun agbaza Gun sunt¶ Ho ew‹∆ Ho ncu Kotafon agbaza Kotafon sunt¶ Kpase agbaza Kpase sunt¶ wutu Kpelen ncu Kpelen agbaje Kpesi ncu Kpesi agbaze Maxi sunt¶ Maxi aÚt¶ suna¶ Movolo ayu Movolo st¶si Saxwe gbaza Saxwe nsuglo Se gbaza Se gb⁄tÿ Seto agbaza Seto xwt¶xwa¶ Tofin ayu Tofin st¶si Togo agbaze Togo nt¶cu Toli ayu Toli xwt¶xwa¶ wutu Vlin ncu Vlin ew‹∆ Vo “cu Vo agbaje Waci “cu Waci agbaje Wance ncu Wance agbaje Weme gb⁄tÿ Weme aÚt¶ Wundi ncu awutu Xwela srt¶ Wundi agbaje Xwla (eastern) st¶nt¶ Xwela agbaza Xwla (western) t¶st¶ Xwla (eastern) agbaza Xwla (western) agbaza
118 15. mari, époux 16. père
Adan srÿ¶ Adan etÿ “t¶tsu Agbome tÿ Agbome asu Agoi/Glidji etÿ Agoi/Glidji esrÿ¶ Agu etÿ Agu acu Aja-Dogbo eda Aja-Dogbo asu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eda Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) asu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) da Aja-Hwe (Azovè) asu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eda Aja-Hwe (Gboto) asu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) etÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) esrÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi etÿ Aja-Sikpi asu Ajra baba Ajra osu Alada otÿ Alada asu Anexo etÿ Anexo esrÿ¶ Arohun otÿ Arohun asu Aveno etÿ Aveno esrÿ¶ Awlan etÿ Awlan srÿ¶ fofo “t¶tsu Ayizo etÿ Ayizo Ïsrÿ¶ Be etÿ Be srÿ¶ Ci tÿ ncu Daxe otÿ Ci asu sunt¶ Daxe suwe Fon tÿ Fon asu Gbekon otÿ Gbekon asu Gbesi atÿ Gbesi asu Gbin tÿ Gbin esrÿ¶ Gbokpa otÿ Gbokpa asu atÿ Gen esrÿ¶ Gen etÿ Gun asu Gun baba Ho esrÿ¶ Ho tÿ Kotafon asu Kotafon tÿ Kpase asu Kpase tÿ Kpelen esrÿ¶ Kpelen papa Kpesi esrÿ¶ Kpesi etÿ Maxi asu Maxi tÿ Movolo osu Movolo otÿ Saxwe osu Saxwe dida Se suwe Se otÿ Seto asu sunt¶ Tofin osu Seto baba Togo srÿ¶ Tofin otÿ Toli asu Togo etÿ osu Toli otÿ Vlin esrÿ¶ Vlin tÿ Vo esrÿ¶ Vo etÿ Waci esrÿ¶ Waci etÿ Wance esrÿ¶ Wance etÿ Weme asu Weme otÿ Wundi esrÿ¶ Wundi etÿ Xwela osu Xwela itÿ Xwla (eastern) acu Xwla (eastern) baba Xwla (western) ÿsu Xwla (western) etÿ
119 17. femme 18. épouse
Adan Úÿ¶nt¶ Adan srÿ¶ Agbome Úÿ¶nt¶ Úÿ¶nt¶ Agoi/Glidji Úÿ¶nt¶ Agbome asi Agu Úÿ¶nt¶ Agoi/Glidji esrÿ¶ Aja-Dogbo Úÿ¶nt¶ Agu asi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Úÿ¶nt¶ Aja-Dogbo asi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Úÿ¶nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) aci Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Úÿ¶nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ai Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) Úÿ¶nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) asi Aja-Sikpi Úÿ¶nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) esrÿ Ajra Úÿ¶si Úÿ¶nt¶ Alada Úÿ¶nt¶si Aja-Sikpi asi Anexo Úÿ¶nt¶ Ajra osi Arohun Úÿ¶nt¶si yawo Aveno Úÿ¶nt¶ Alada asi Awlan Úÿ¶nt¶ Anexo esrÿ¶ Ayizo Úÿ¶nt¶ Arohun asi Be Úÿ¶nt¶ Aveno srÿ¶ Ci asi Awlan srÿ¶ Daxe Úÿ¶nt¶ Úÿ¶nt¶ Fon Úÿ¶nt¶ Ayizo Ïsrÿ¶ Gbekon Úÿ¶nt¶si Be srÿ¶ Gbesi Úÿ¶nt¶ Úÿ¶nt¶ Gbin Úÿ¶nt¶ Ci asi Gbokpa Úÿ¶nt¶ Daxe siye Úÿ¶nt¶si Fon asi Gen Úÿ¶nt¶ Gbekon asi Gun Úÿ¶nt¶ Gbesi asi Ho Úÿ¶nt¶ Gbin esrÿ¶ Kotafon Úÿ¶nt¶ Gbokpa asi Kpase Úÿ¶nt¶ Gen esrÿ¶ Kpelen Úÿ¶nt¶ Gun asi Kpesi Úÿ¶nt¶ Ho esrÿ¶ Maxi Úÿ¶na¶ Kotafon asi Úÿ¶nt¶ Kpase asi Movolo Úÿ¶si Kpelen esrÿ¶ Saxwe Úÿ¶nt¶ Kpesi esrÿ¶ Se Úÿ¶nt¶ Maxi asi Seto Úÿ¶nt¶si Movolo osi Tofin Úÿ¶si Saxwe osi Togo Úÿ¶nt¶ Se siye Toli Úÿ¶si Seto asi Vlin Úÿ¶nt¶ Tofin osi Vo Úÿ¶nt¶ Togo srÿ¶ Waci Úÿ¶nt¶ Úÿ¶nt¶ Wance Úÿ¶nt¶ Toli asi Weme asi osi Wundi Úÿ¶nt¶ Vlin esrÿ¶ Xwela Úÿ¶si Vo esrÿ¶ Xwla (eastern) Úÿ¶nt¶si Waci esrÿ¶ Xwla (western) Úÿ¶nt¶ Wance esrÿ¶ Úÿ¶nt¶ Weme asi Wundi esrÿ¶ Xwela osi Xwla (eastern) aci Xwla (western) ÿsi
120 19. nom 20. vache
Adan “kÿ Adan eÚ‹∆ Agbome Ú‹∆kÿ Agbome Ú‹∆bu Agoi/Glidji Ú‹∆kÿ Agoi/Glidji eÚ‹∆ Agu “kÿ Agu eÚ‹∆ Aja-Dogbo Ú‹∆kÿ Aja-Dogbo xwe“‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) “kÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xe“‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Ú‹∆kÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xwe“‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Ú‹∆kÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xweÚ‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) “kÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eÚ‹∆ Aja-Sikpi Ú‹∆kÿ Aja-Sikpi Ú‹∆bu Ajra Ú‹∆kÿ Ajra ⁄n‹∆si Alada Ú‹∆kÿ Alada oÚ‹∆ Anexo Ú‹∆kÿ Anexo eÚ‹∆ Arohun Ú‹∆kÿ Arohun Ú‹∆ Aveno “kÿ Ú‹∆bu Awlan “kÿ Aveno eÚ‹∆ Ayizo Ú‹∆kÿ Awlan eÚ‹∆ Be “kÿ Ayizo Ú‹∆bu Ci Ú‹∆kÿ Be Ú‹∆nÿ¶ Daxe Ú‹∆kÿ Ci aÚ‹∆bu Fon Ú‹∆kÿ Daxe Ú‹∆bu Gbekon Ú‹∆kÿ oÚ‹∆ Gbesi aÚ‹∆kÿ Fon Ú‹∆bu Gbin “kÿ Gbekon eÚ‹∆ Gbokpa “kÿ Gbesi aÚ‹∆bu aÚ‹∆kÿ Gbin eÚ‹∆ Gen Ú‹∆kÿ Gbokpa Ú‹∆bu Gun Ú‹∆kÿ Gen eÚ‹∆ Ho “kÿ Gun oÚ‹∆ Kotafon aÚ‹∆kÿ Ho eÚ‹∆ Kpase nkÿ Kotafon aÚ‹∆bu Kpelen nkÿ Kpase Ú‹∆bu Kpesi “kÿ Kpelen ⁄Ú‹∆ Maxi Ú‹∆kÿ Kpesi eÚ‹∆ Movolo Ú‹∆kÿ Maxi Ú‹∆bu Saxwe Ú‹∆kÿ Movolo ⁄n‹∆si Se Ú‹∆kÿ Saxwe Ú‹∆bu Seto Ú‹∆kÿ Se Ú‹∆bu Tofin Ú‹∆kÿ Seto oÚ‹∆ Togo “kÿ Tofin ⁄n‹∆si Toli Ú‹∆kÿ Togo Ú‹∆nÿ¶ Vlin “kÿ Toli oÚ‹∆ Vo Ú‹∆kÿ ⁄Ú‹∆ Waci Ú‹∆kÿ Vlin eÚ‹∆ Wance “kÿ Vo ⁄Ú‹∆ Weme Ú‹∆kÿ Waci ⁄Ú‹∆ Wundi “kÿ Wance eÚ‹∆ Xwela Ú‹∆kÿ Weme oÚ‹∆ Xwla (eastern) Ú‹∆kÿ Wundi eÚ‹∆ Xwla (western) Ú‹∆kÿ Xwela Ú‹∆bu Xwla (eastern) ⁄Ú‹∆ Xwla (western) ⁄Ú‹∆
121 21. chèvre 22. chien
Adan egbÿ¶ Adan avu Agbome gbÿ Agbome cuku gbÿgbÿ⁄ Agoi/Glidji avt¶ Agoi/Glidji egbÿ Agu avu Agu egbÿ Aja-Dogbo avu Aja-Dogbo egbÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) avt¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) egbÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) avu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) egbÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) avu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) egbÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) avu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) gbÿnÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi ovt¶ Aja-Sikpi ogbÿ Ajra ovt¶ Ajra gbÿ Alada xweka¶l‹∆ Alada ogbÿgbÿ⁄ Anexo avt¶ Anexo gbÿgboe Arohun avt¶ Arohun ogbÿ Aveno avu Aveno egbÿ Awlan avu Awlan egbÿ¶ Ayizo avt¶ Ayizo Ïgbÿ Be avu Be gbÿnÿ¶ Ci duvi Ci gbÿ Daxe ovt¶ Daxe ogbÿ Fon cuku Fon xwegbÿ Gbekon avt¶ Gbekon gbÿ Gbesi avt¶ Gbesi gbÿ Gbin aƒt¶ Gbin egbÿ Gbokpa avt¶ Gbokpa ogbÿ duvi gbagba Gen avt¶ Gen gbÿgboe Gun avt¶ Gun gbÿ Ho avt¶ Ho egbÿ Kotafon duvi Kotafon gbÿ Kpase avt¶ Kpase gbÿ Kpelen avu Kpelen egbÿ Kpesi avu Kpesi egbÿ Maxi aft¶ Maxi kpÿ Movolo avt¶ Movolo ogbÿ Saxwe ovt¶ Saxwe ogbÿ Se ovt¶ Se ogbÿ Seto avt¶ Seto ogbÿ Tofin avt¶ Tofin ogbÿ Togo avu Togo gbÿnÿ¶ Toli avt¶ Toli gbÿ ovt¶ Vlin egbÿ Vlin avt¶ Vo egbÿ Vo avt¶ Waci egbÿ Waci avt¶ Wance gbÿnÿ¶ Wance avu Weme gbÿgbÿ⁄ Weme hweka¶Ú‹∆ Wundi gbÿnÿ¶ Wundi avu Xwela igbÿ Xwela ovu Xwla (eastern) ogbÿ Xwla (eastern) avt¶ Xwla (western) egbÿ Xwla (western) ÿvt¶
122 23. éléphant 24. serpent
Adan atigliÚ‹∆ Adan eda¶ Agbome ajina¶ku Agbome oda¶ Agoi/Glidji atigin‹∆ Agoi/Glidji eda¶ Agu atigliÚ‹∆ Agu eda Aja-Dogbo ajina¶ku Aja-Dogbo la¶vi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ga¶l‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eda¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ajina¶ku Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eda¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ajina¶ku Aja-Hwe (Gboto) la¶vi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) tegliÚ‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eda Aja-Sikpi ajina¶ku Aja-Sikpi la¶vi Ajra ajra¶ku Ajra oda¶ Alada ajina¶kugeli Alada oda¶ Anexo atig‹∆l‹∆ Anexo eda¶ Arohun ajana¶ku Arohun oda¶ Aveno atigliÚ‹∆ Aveno eda Awlan atigliÚ‹∆ Awlan eda¶ Ayizo at‹∆gil‹∆ Ayizo Ïda¶ Be atigliÚ‹∆ Be eda¶ Ci jija¶kugelu Ci da¶ Daxe oÚ‹∆ Daxe la¶vi ajina¶ku Fon da¶ Fon ajina¶ku Gbekon da Gbekon aja¶na¶ku Gbesi oda¶ Gbesi ajina¶ku Gbin eda Gbin atigliÚ‹∆ Gbokpa oda¶ Gbokpa ajina¶ku Gen eda¶ Gen atig‹∆l‹∆ Gun oda¶ Gun ajina¶ku Ho eda Ho atigliÚ‹∆ Kotafon da¶ Kotafon ajina¶ku Kpase da¶ Kpase ajina¶ku Kpelen eda Kpelen tigliÚ‹∆ Kpesi eda¶ Kpesi atigliÚ‹∆ Maxi ‡a¶ Maxi ajina¶ku Movolo oda¶ Movolo ajla¶ku Saxwe oda¶ Saxwe ekpÿ Se la¶vi Se oÚ‹∆ Seto oda¶ ajina¶ku Tofin oda¶ Seto ajina¶ku Togo eda¶ Tofin ajla¶ku Toli oda¶ Togo atigliÚ‹∆ Vlin eda Toli ajra¶ku Vo eda¶ Vlin atigliÚ‹∆ Waci eda¶ Vo tig‹∆l‹∆ Wance eda Waci tig‹∆l‹∆ Weme oda¶ Wance tegliÚ‹∆ Wundi eda Weme aja¶na¶ku Xwela ida¶ Wundi tegliÚ‹∆ Xwla (eastern) oda¶ Xwela ajina¶ku Xwla (western) eda¶ Xwla (eastern) ajina¶ku Xwla (western) ajra¶ku
123 25. poux 26. poulet
Adan eyÿ Adan koklo Agbome jÿ Agbome koklo Agoi/Glidji eyÿ Agoi/Glidji koklo Agu eyÿ Agu koklo Aja-Dogbo eyÿ⁄ Aja-Dogbo kloklo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eyÿ⁄ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kloklo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eyÿ⁄ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kloklo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eyÿ⁄ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kloklo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eyÿ⁄ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) koklo Aja-Sikpi ojÿ Aja-Sikpi kokolo Ajra oju Ajra koklo Alada ojÿ Alada okokolo Anexo eyÿ Anexo kokolo Arohun ojÿ Arohun koklo Aveno eyÿ Aveno koklo Awlan eyÿ Awlan koklo Ayizo jÿ Ayizo koklo Be eyÿ Be koklo Ci jÿ Ci kokolo Daxe ojÿ Daxe koklo Fon jÿ Fon koklo Gbekon jÿ Gbekon kokolo Gbesi ojÿ Gbesi kokolo Gbin eji Gbin koklo Gbokpa ojÿ Gbokpa koklo Gen eyÿ Gen kokolo Gun jÿ Gun koklo Ho eyÿ⁄ Ho koklo Kotafon jÿ Kotafon koklo Kpase jÿ Kpase koklo Kpelen ⁄yÿ⁄ Kpelen koklo Kpesi eyÿ Kpesi koklo Maxi jÿ Maxi koklo Movolo ojÿ Movolo koklo Saxwe ojÿ Saxwe koklo Se ojÿ Se koklo Seto ojÿ Seto koklo Tofin ojÿ Tofin koklo Togo eyÿ Togo koklo Toli ojÿ Toli koklo Vlin eji Vlin koklo Vo eyÿ Vo koklo Waci eyÿ Waci koklo Wance eyÿ⁄ Wance koklo Weme jÿ Weme kokolo Wundi eyÿ⁄ Wundi koklo Xwela ijÿ Xwela koklo Xwla (eastern) ojÿ Xwla (eastern) koklo Xwla (western) ejÿ Xwla (western) koklo
124 27. oiseau 28. plume
Adan xevi Adan xefu Agbome x⁄ Agbome ft¶ Agoi/Glidji xevi Agoi/Glidji eft¶ Agu xevi Agu efu Aja-Dogbo xevi Aja-Dogbo eft¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) x⁄vi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eft¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xevi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) efu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xevi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eft¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xevi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) efu Aja-Sikpi ox⁄ Aja-Sikpi ox⁄ft¶ Ajra ⁄x⁄ Ajra oft¶ Alada ox⁄ Alada ox⁄ft¶ Anexo xevi Anexo eft¶ Arohun x⁄vi Arohun x⁄ft¶ x⁄ Aveno efu Aveno xevi Awlan xefu Awlan xevi Ayizo Ïfu Ayizo xevi Be xefu Be xevi Ci x⁄ft¶ Ci x⁄vi Daxe oxeft¶ x⁄ Fon ft¶ Daxe oxe Gbekon oft¶ Fon x⁄ ofu Gbekon ox⁄ Gbesi ft¶ Gbesi ox⁄ Gbin efu Gbin xevi Gbokpa ox⁄fu Gbokpa x⁄vi ofu ox⁄ Gen eft¶ Gen xevi Gun x⁄ft¶ Gun ox⁄ Ho efu Ho xevi Kotafon ft¶ Kotafon x⁄vi Kpase ft¶ Kpase x⁄ Kpelen ⁄fu Kpelen x⁄vi Kpesi efu Kpesi xevi Maxi x⁄ft¶ Maxi x⁄vi Movolo oft¶ Movolo ⁄x⁄ Saxwe oft¶ Saxwe ox⁄ Se oxeft¶ Se oxe Seto ft¶ Seto ox⁄ Tofin oft¶ Tofin ⁄x⁄ Togo xefu Togo xevi Toli x⁄ft¶ Toli x⁄yi Vlin efu ox⁄ Vo eft¶ Vlin xevi Waci eft¶ Vo xevi Wance efu Waci xevi Weme oft¶ Wance xevi Wundi efu Weme ox⁄ Xwela oft¶ Wundi xevi Xwla (eastern) oft¶ Xwela ex⁄ Xwla (western) ÿft¶ Xwla (eastern) ⁄x⁄ Xwla (western) ⁄x⁄
125 29. corne 30. queue
Adan azo Adan asik⁄ Agbome zo Agbome osi azo si Agoi/Glidji azo Agoi/Glidji asike Agu ejo Agu asike Aja-Dogbo azo Aja-Dogbo ike Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ezo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ike Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ezo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ike Aja-Hwe (Gboto) dzo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ike Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ejo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) asige Aja-Sikpi azo Aja-Sikpi sike Ajra azo Ajra osi Alada azo Alada osi Anexo azo Anexo asike Arohun azo Arohun osi Aveno azo Aveno asike Awlan azo Awlan asik⁄ Ayizo ajo Ayizo asikÏ Be azo Be sike Ci azo Ci si Daxe azo Daxe vÿnt¶ Fon zo Fon si Gbekon ozo Gbekon esi Gbesi azo Gbesi asi Gbin ejo Gbin ebl⁄ Gbokpa azo Gbokpa asike Gen azo Gen asike Gun azo Gun osi Ho ejo Ho ebl⁄ Kotafon azo Kotafon asige Kpase zo Kpase sike Kpelen ⁄jo Kpelen ⁄ble Kpesi ezo Kpesi asige Maxi zo Maxi si Movolo azo Movolo asi Saxwe azo Saxwe fÿga¶ Se azo Se vÿnt¶ Seto azo Seto osi Tofin azo Tofin asi Togo azo Togo sike Toli azo Toli osi Vlin ejo Vlin ebl⁄ Vo ajo Vo asike Waci ajo Waci asike Wance ejo Wance asige Weme azo Weme usi Wundi ejo Wundi asige Xwela ozo Xwela ovÿnt¶ Xwla (eastern) ÿjo Xwla (eastern) osi Xwla (western) ---- ÿnÿ¶s‹∆ Xwla (western) ovÿnt¶
126 31. oeuf 32. lait
Adan azi Adan anÿ¶tsi Agbome az‹∆ Agbome nÿ¶s‹∆ Agoi/Glidji az‹∆ Agoi/Glidji anÿ¶si Agu azi Agu nÿ¶ci Aja-Dogbo aj‹∆ Aja-Dogbo anÿ¶si Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) anÿ¶u Aja-Hwe (Azovè) az‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) anÿ¶u Aja-Hwe (Gboto) aj‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) anÿ¶si Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) azi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) anÿ¶ci Aja-Sikpi az‹∆ Aja-Sikpi anÿ¶s‹∆ Ajra az‹∆ Ajra ÿnÿ¶s‹∆ Alada az‹∆ Alada anÿ¶s‹∆ Anexo az‹∆ Anexo anÿ¶si Arohun az‹∆ Arohun anÿ¶si Aveno azi Aveno anÿ¶ci Awlan azi Awlan anÿ¶tsi Ayizo a‹∆ Ayizo anÿ¶si Be az‹∆ Be anÿ¶si Ci az‹∆ Ci anÿ¶s‹∆ Daxe az‹∆ Daxe anÿ¶s‹∆ Fon az‹∆ Fon anÿ¶s‹∆ Gbekon azi Gbekon onÿ¶s‹∆ Gbesi az‹∆ Gbesi anÿ¶s‹∆ Gbin azi Gbin enÿ¶ci Gbokpa az‹∆ Gbokpa anÿ¶si Gen az‹∆ Gen anÿ¶si Gun az‹∆ Gun anÿ¶s‹∆ Ho azi Ho enÿ¶ci Kotafon az‹∆ Kotafon anÿ¶s‹∆ Kpase az‹∆ Kpase anÿ¶si Kpelen azi Kpelen ÿnÿ¶ti Kpesi azi Kpesi anÿ¶ci Maxi az‹∆ Maxi anÿ¶s‹∆ Movolo az‹∆ Movolo ÿnÿ¶s‹∆ Saxwe az‹∆ Saxwe anÿ¶si Se az‹∆ Se anÿ¶s‹∆ Seto az‹∆ Seto anÿ¶s‹∆ Tofin az‹∆ Tofin ÿnÿ¶s‹∆ Togo az‹∆ Togo anÿ¶si Toli az‹∆ Toli anÿ¶s‹∆ Vlin azi Vlin enÿ¶ci Vo az‹∆ Vo anÿ¶ci Waci az‹∆ Waci anÿ¶ci Wance azi Wance anÿ¶ci Weme az‹∆ Weme anÿ¶s‹∆ Wundi azi Wundi anÿ¶ci Xwela az‹∆ Xwela anÿ¶si Xwla (eastern) az‹∆ Xwla (eastern) ÿnÿ¶s‹∆ Xwla (western) az‹∆ Xwla (western) ÿnÿ¶s‹∆
127 33. graisse 34. pot
Adan am‹∆ Adan eze Agbome jo Agbome ja¶ Agoi/Glidji am‹∆ Agoi/Glidji eze Agu am‹∆ Agu eze Aja-Dogbo am‹∆ ezÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) am‹∆ Aja-Dogbo eze Aja-Hwe (Azovè) am‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) zevi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) am‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eze Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) am‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eze Aja-Sikpi oju Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Ajra oju Aja-Sikpi ⁄za¶ Alada ojo Ajra kpl⁄gba¶ Anexo am‹∆ Alada oza¶ Arohun ojo Anexo eze Aveno am‹∆ Arohun oza¶ Awlan am‹∆ Aveno eze Ayizo jo Awlan eze Be am‹∆ Ayizo za¶ Ci ojo Be eze Daxe oju Ci za¶ Fon jo Daxe oza¶ Gbekon jo Fon za¶ Gbesi oju Gbekon eza¶vi Gbin am‹∆ Gbesi oza¶ Gbokpa oju Gbin eze Gen am‹∆ Gbokpa doza¶ Gun ojo za¶ jo Gen ---- Ho am‹∆ Gun oza¶ Kotafon jo za¶ Kpase jo Ho eze Kpelen am‹∆ Kotafon za¶ Kpesi am‹∆ Kpase za¶ Maxi jo Kpelen ⁄z⁄ Movolo oju Kpesi eze Saxwe oju Maxi sa¶ Se oju Movolo oza¶ Seto oju Saxwe oza¶ Tofin oju Se oza¶ Togo am‹∆ Seto oza¶ Toli oju Tofin oza¶ Vlin am‹∆ Togo eze Vo am‹∆ Toli kpant¶ Waci am‹∆ Vlin eze Wance am‹∆ Vo ⁄za¶ Weme ojo Waci ⁄za¶ Wundi am‹∆ Wance ⁄za¶ Xwela oju Weme ka Xwla (eastern) ojo Wundi ⁄za¶ Xwla (western) eju Xwela iza¶ Xwla (eastern) oza¶ Xwla (western) ez‹∆
128 35. couteau 36. siège
Adan eh⁄ Adan ezi Agbome jivi Agbome z‹∆kpo Agoi/Glidji kakla Agoi/Glidji azikpe Agu exe Agu ama¶goe Aja-Dogbo ewi azikpui Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ewi Aja-Dogbo jikp‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ‹∆kp‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ewi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) jikp‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kakla Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jikpa¶ Aja-Sikpi ehwi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Ajra jivu Aja-Sikpi z‹∆kpoe Alada oha Ajra oja¶ Anexo kakla Alada az‹∆kpo Arohun ohi Anexo azikpe Aveno ehi Arohun akpot‹∆ eh⁄ Aveno azikpui Awlan eh⁄ Awlan ezi Ayizo xa Ayizo at‹∆kpo Be xi Be tefe ehe Ci ma¶goevi Ci ohwi az‹∆kpo havi kpo Daxe na¶ht¶gbohi kpo jivi Daxe okpo Fon jivi az‹∆kpoe hlilik⁄ Fon z‹∆kpo Gbekon ohavi Gbekon atikpo Gbesi oxi akpoti Gbin ex⁄ Gbesi at‹∆kpo Gbokpa oxi Gbin kpukpo Gen kakla Gbokpa az‹∆kpo Gun ohi at‹∆kpo Ho ex⁄ Gen azikpe Kotafon xikl⁄vi Gun oja¶ Kpase jivi Ho kpukpo Kpelen ⁄x⁄ Kotafon Kpesi kakla Kpase az‹∆kpo Maxi civi Kpelen ⁄zikpe Movolo oji Kpesi azikpe Saxwe oxwi Maxi z‹∆kpo Se na¶ht¶gbohi Movolo oja¶ Seto oji Saxwe ---- Tofin oji Se okpo Togo xi Seto toklo ehe Tofin oja¶ Toli jivu Togo tefe jikp⁄vu Toli awa¶s‹∆nt¶ Vlin ex⁄ oja¶ Vo ⁄vi Vlin kpukpo Waci ⁄wi Vo azikpo Wance kakla Waci azikpo Weme oha Wance azikpo Wundi kakla Weme ja¶ Xwela iji kpoti Xwla (eastern) oji Wundi azikpo Xwla (western) ehi Xwela z‹∆kpe Xwla (eastern) aj‹∆kpo Xwla (western) az‹∆kpe
129 37. case 38. village
Adan exÿ Adan kofe Agbome xÿ Agbome gletoxo Agoi/Glidji exÿ Agoi/Glidji kÿpe Agu exÿ axwe Aja-Dogbo exÿ Agu afe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exÿ edu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) exÿ Aja-Dogbo axwe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) exÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kÿxwi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) exÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) axwe Aja-Sikpi oxÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) axwe Ajra oxÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Alada oxÿ Aja-Sikpi oto Anexo exÿ Ajra gbeta Arohun oxÿ Alada ogletoxo Aveno exÿ Anexo kÿpe Awlan oxÿ kÿÚ‹∆ Ayizo xÿ Arohun geletoxo Be xÿ Aveno kÿƒe Ci xÿ Awlan kofe Daxe oxÿ Ayizo gbeta Fon xÿ Be kÿfe Gbekon xÿ Ci xwe Gbesi oxÿ Daxe oto Gbin exÿ Fon gletoxo Gbokpa oxÿ Gbekon geletoxo Gen exÿ Gbesi xwe Gun oxÿ to Ho exÿ Gbin kÿpe Kotafon xÿ Gbokpa oxwe Kpase xÿ ÿxwe Kpelen exÿ Gen kÿpe Kpesi exÿ kÿ¶ji Maxi xÿ Gun to Movolo oxÿ Ho kÿpe Saxwe oxÿ Kotafon ---- Se oxÿ Kpase gletoxo Seto oxÿ Kpelen kÿpe Tofin oxÿ Kpesi kÿpe Togo xÿ Maxi he Toli oxÿ Movolo oto Vlin exÿ Saxwe oxwe Vo exÿ Se oto Waci exÿ Seto oto Wance exÿ Tofin oto Weme oxÿ Togo kÿfe Wundi exÿ Toli gbeta Xwela ixÿ Vlin kÿpe Xwla (eastern) oxÿ Vo agbleta Xwla (western) exÿ Waci agbleta Wance agbleta Weme ---- Wundi agbleta Xwela ito Xwla (eastern) to Xwla (western) ÿxwe
130 39. ficelle 40. nuit
Adan eka Adan eza¶ Agbome ka¶ Agbome za¶ Agoi/Glidji eka Agoi/Glidji eza¶ Agu eka Agu eza¶ Aja-Dogbo eka Aja-Dogbo za¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eka Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) za¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eka Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eza¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eka Aja-Hwe (Gboto) za¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eka Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eza¶ Aja-Sikpi eka¶ Aja-Sikpi oza¶ Ajra seka¶ Ajra oza¶ Alada oka¶ Alada oza¶ Anexo ekavi Anexo eza ¶ Arohun oka¶ Arohun oza¶ Aveno eka Aveno za¶ Awlan eka Awlan eza¶ Ayizo ka¶ Ayizo za¶ Be ‡ecika Be za¶ Ci ka¶ Ci za¶ Daxe oka¶ Daxe oza¶ Fon ka¶ Fon za¶ Gbekon oka Gbekon oza Gbesi ka¶ Gbesi oza¶ Gbin eka Gbin za¶ Gbokpa oka¶ Gbokpa za¶ Gen ekavi oza¶ Gun oka¶ Gen eza¶ Ho eka Gun oza¶ Kotafon ka¶ Ho za¶ Kpase ka¶ Kotafon za¶ Kpelen ⁄ka Kpase za¶ Kpesi eka Kpelen za¶ Maxi ka¶ Kpesi eza¶ Movolo oka¶ Maxi za¶ Saxwe oka¶ Movolo oza¶ Se oka¶ Saxwe oza¶ Seto oka¶ Se oza¶ Tofin oka¶ Seto oza¶ Togo ‡ecika Tofin oza¶ Toli oka¶ Togo za¶ Vlin eka Toli oza¶ Vo eka Vlin za¶ Waci eka Vo za¶ Wance eka Waci za¶ Weme oka¶ Wance eza¶ Wundi eka Weme za¶ Xwela oka¶ Wundi eza¶ Xwla (eastern) oka¶ Xwela oza¶ Xwla (western) eka¶ Xwla (eastern) oza¶ Xwla (western) aza¶
131 41. lune 42. étoile
Adan dzint¶ Adan xlilivi Agbome st¶ Agbome st¶vi Agoi/Glidji wetri Agoi/Glidji wetrivi Agu wleti Agu wletivi Aja-Dogbo xwleci Aja-Dogbo xwlecivi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) wleci Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) wlecivi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) wleci Aja-Hwe (Azovè) wlecivi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xwleci Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xwlecivi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xleti Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xletivi Aja-Sikpi ⁄st¶ Aja-Sikpi ost¶hwevi Ajra ost¶ Ajra st¶hwlevu Alada ost¶ st¶vi Anexo wetri Alada ost¶vi Arohun ost¶ Anexo wetrivi Aveno wleti Arohun ost¶vi Awlan dzint¶ Aveno wletivi Ayizo st¶ Awlan xlilivi Be wleti Ayizo st¶vi Ci st¶xwe Be wletivi st¶ Ci st¶vi Daxe ost¶ Daxe ost¶hwehwevi Fon st¶ Fon st¶vi Gbekon su Gbekon suvi Gbesi st¶xwle Gbesi st¶vi Gbin jint¶ Gbin letrivi letri Gbokpa st¶xwl⁄vi Gbokpa ost¶ Gen wetrivi Gen wetri Gun st¶xwl⁄vi Gun st¶xwl⁄ Ho letrivi Ho jint¶ Kotafon st¶vi Kotafon st¶ Kpase st¶vi Kpase st¶ Kpelen wletivi Kpelen wleti Kpesi wetrivi Kpesi wetri Maxi st¶vi Maxi st¶ Movolo st¶vi Movolo ost¶ Saxwe ost¶vi Saxwe ost¶ Se ost¶hwehwevi Se ost¶ Seto st¶vi Seto ost¶ Tofin st¶vi Tofin ost¶ Togo wletivi Togo wleti Toli st¶vi Toli ost¶ Vlin letrivi Vlin jint¶ Vo witri Vo ewli Waci witri Waci ewli Wance xletivi Wance xleti Weme ost¶vi Weme ost¶ Wundi xletivi Wundi xleti Xwela st¶vi Xwela ist¶ Xwla (eastern) ct¶vi Xwla (eastern) ct¶ Xwla (western) st¶hw⁄l⁄ Xwla (western) est¶
132 43. soleil 44. nuage
Adan “dÿ Adan alilikpo Agbome hwe Agbome avivi Agoi/Glidji dÿ¶“kusu Agoi/Glidji lilikpo Agu ndÿ Agu lilikpo Aja-Dogbo Ú‹∆dÿ¶ Aja-Dogbo j‹∆kusi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Ú‹∆dÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) azÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewe Aja-Hwe (Azovè) azÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Ú‹∆dÿ¶ j‹∆kui Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ndÿkucu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) j‹∆kusi Aja-Sikpi ohwe Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) axu Ajra ohwe Aja-Sikpi oju Alada ohwe Ajra z‹∆vlu Anexo dÿ¶“kusu Alada ojiwu ohwe Anexo lilikpo Arohun ohwent¶vÿ Arohun jiwuwu Aveno ndÿ jiwu xwe Aveno lilikpo Awlan “dÿ Awlan alilikpo Ayizo xwe Ayizo jixwest¶ nt¶vÿ Be alilikpo Be xwe Ci jiwu Ci sÿvÿ Daxe oju Daxe ohwe ojudo Fon hwe Fon akpÿkpÿ Gbekon ohwelivÿ Gbekon ejiwu ohwe Gbesi ---- Gbesi xwevÿ Gbin lilikpo Gbin ndÿ Gbokpa st¶wÿ Gbokpa oxwe Gen lilikpo oxwevÿ Gun ---- Gen dÿ¶“kusu Ho lilikpo Gun ohwe Kotafon jivot‹∆zÿ Ho ndÿ Kpase akplÿkplÿ Kotafon xlevÿ Kpelen lilikpo Kpase xwe Kpesi j‹∆gÿ Kpelen ndÿ Maxi azÿ Kpesi dÿ¶“kusu Movolo jlokt¶do Maxi hezivÿ Saxwe st¶wÿ Movolo sÿvÿ Se oju Saxwe n‹∆dÿ¶ ojudo Se ohwe Seto ---- Seto oxwe Tofin ---- Tofin sÿvÿ Togo alilikpo Togo xwe Toli ahÿ Toli ohwe Vlin lilikpo Vlin ndÿ Vo j‹∆“gba Vo Ú‹∆‡ÿ Waci j‹∆“gba Waci Ú‹∆dÿ Wance axu Wance ndÿkucu Weme Weme hwent¶vÿ Wundi axu Wundi ndÿkucu Xwela kp⁄t⁄vi Xwela s⁄zo Xwla (eastern) ÿzizÿ Xwla (eastern) ohwe Xwla (western) ÿvidrÿ Xwla (western) ÿn‹∆zÿ¶
133 45. pluie 46. eau
Adan tsidzadza Adan etsi Agbome ji Agbome s‹∆ Agoi/Glidji eji os‹∆ Agu cijaja Agoi/Glidji esi Aja-Dogbo eji Agu ci Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ei Aja-Dogbo esi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ei Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ei Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ji Aja-Hwe (Azovè) esi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ecijaja Aja-Hwe (Gboto) esi Aja-Sikpi eji Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) eci Ajra jokt¶ Aja-Sikpi ⁄s‹∆ Alada ojikt¶ Ajra ⁄s‹∆ Anexo eji Alada os‹∆ Arohun oji Anexo esi Aveno cijaja Arohun os‹∆ Awlan tsidzadza Aveno ci Ayizo ji Awlan etsi Be cijaja Ayizo s‹ ∆ Ci ji Be ci Daxe oju Ci asi Fon ji Daxe ⁄s‹∆ Gbekon eji Fon s‹∆ Gbesi jikt¶ Gbekon es‹∆ Gbin ecijaja Gbesi os‹∆ Gbokpa ojikt¶ Gbin ecinÿ¶nt¶ Gen eji Gbokpa os‹∆ Gun jikt¶ Gen esi Ho ecijaja Gun os‹∆ Kotafon ji Ho ecinÿ¶nt¶ Kpase ji Kotafon s‹∆ Kpelen eci Kpase s‹∆ Kpesi eji Kpelen ⁄ti Maxi ci Kpesi esi Movolo jlokt¶ Maxi s‹∆ Saxwe oji Movolo ⁄s‹∆ Se oju Saxwe ⁄s‹∆ Seto jokt¶ Se ⁄s‹∆ Tofin jlokt¶ Seto os‹∆ Togo cijaja Tofin ⁄s‹∆ Toli jokt¶ Togo ci Vlin ecijaja Toli os‹∆ Vo eci Vlin ecinÿ¶nt¶ Waci eci Vo eci Wance ecijaja Waci eci Weme oji Wance eci Wundi ecijaja Weme os‹∆ Xwela jokt¶ Wundi eci Xwla (eastern) jikt¶ Xwela es‹∆ Xwla (western) ÿji Xwla (eastern) ⁄c‹∆ Xwla (western) ⁄s‹∆
134 47. feu 48. fumée
Adan edzo Adan dzudzo Agbome m‹∆ÿ¶ Agbome azÿ Agoi/Glidji ezo Agoi/Glidji azizÿ Agu jo Agu ajujÿ Aja-Dogbo ezo Aja-Dogbo zizÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ezo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) izÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ezo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) azÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ezo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) zizÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ejo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ajujÿ Aja-Sikpi ozo Aja-Sikpi izÿ Ajra om‹∆ÿ¶ Ajra ÿzÿ Alada om‹∆ÿ¶ Alada azÿ Anexo ezo Anexo azizÿ Arohun om‹∆ÿ¶ Arohun azÿ Aveno jo Aveno ajujÿ Awlan edzo Awlan dzudzo Ayizo m‹∆ÿ¶ Ayizo azÿ Be jo Be ajujÿ Ci zo Ci azÿ Daxe ozo Daxe ÿzo Fon m‹∆ÿ¶ ÿzÿ Gbekon m‹∆ÿ¶ Fon azÿ Gbesi ozo Gbekon ozÿ Gbin ejo Gbesi azizÿ Gbokpa ozo Gbin ajijÿ Gen ezo Gbokpa azizÿ Gun m‹∆ÿ¶ azÿ Ho ejo Gen azizÿ Kotafon zo Gun azÿ Kpase zo Ho ajijÿ m‹∆ÿ¶ Kotafon azÿ Kpelen ⁄jo Kpase azizÿ Kpesi ezo Kpelen ajijÿ Maxi m‹∆ÿ¶ Kpesi azizÿ Movolo om‹∆ÿ¶ Maxi zÿ Saxwe ozo Movolo ÿzÿ Se ozo Saxwe azizÿ Seto m‹∆ÿ¶ Se ÿzo Tofin om‹∆ÿ¶ ÿzÿ Togo jo Seto azÿ Toli m‹∆ÿ¶ Tofin ÿzÿ Vlin ejo Togo ajujo Vo ⁄jo Toli azÿ Waci ⁄jo Vlin ajijÿ Wance ejo Vo ajijÿ Weme m‹∆ÿ¶ Waci ajijÿ Wundi ejo Wance ajujÿ Xwela izo Weme azÿ Xwla (eastern) m‹∆ÿ¶ Wundi ajujÿ Xwla (western) ezo Xwela ozÿ Xwla (eastern) ÿjÿ Xwla (western) ÿzÿ
135 49. bois de chauffage 50. cendres
Adan na¶ke Adan afi Agbome na¶ki Agbome af‹∆ Agoi/Glidji ana¶ke Agoi/Glidji af‹∆ Agu ana¶ke Agu ---- Aja-Dogbo na¶ke Aja-Dogbo afi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) na¶ke Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) af‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) na¶ke Aja-Hwe (Azovè) asii Aja-Hwe (Gboto) na¶ke Aja-Hwe (Gboto) afi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ana¶ke Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi na¶ke Aja-Sikpi af‹∆ Ajra na¶ke Ajra af‹∆ Alada na¶ki Alada af‹∆ na¶ke Anexo af‹∆ Anexo ana¶ke Arohun af‹∆ Arohun na¶ke Aveno afi Aveno ana¶ke Awlan afi Awlan na¶ke Ayizo af‹∆ Ayizo na¶ke Be afi Be ana¶ka Ci af‹∆f‹∆ Ci na¶ke Daxe of‹∆ Daxe na¶k⁄ Fon af‹∆ Fon na¶ki Gbekon af‹∆ Gbekon na¶ki afi Gbesi na¶ke Gbesi af‹∆ Gbin na¶k⁄ Gbin jÿwÿ Gbokpa na¶ke Gbokpa af‹∆ Gen ana¶ke azÿf‹∆ Gun na¶ke Gen af‹∆ Ho na¶k⁄ Gun af‹∆ Kotafon na¶ke Ho jÿwÿ Kpase na¶ki Kotafon af‹∆ Kpelen na¶ke Kpase af‹∆ Kpesi ana¶ke Kpelen jÿfi Maxi ‡aki Kpesi azÿfi Movolo na¶ke Maxi af‹∆ Saxwe na¶ke Movolo af‹∆ Se na¶k⁄ Saxwe of‹∆ Seto na¶ke Se of‹∆ Tofin na¶ke Seto af‹∆ Togo ana¶ka Tofin af‹∆ Toli na¶ke Togo afi Vlin na¶k⁄ Toli af‹∆ Vo ana¶ke Vlin jÿwÿ Waci ana¶ke Vo afi Wance ana¶ke Waci afi Weme na¶ke Wance afi Wundi ana¶ke Weme af‹∆ Xwela na¶ke Wundi afi Xwla (eastern) na¶ke Xwela of‹∆ Xwla (western) na¶ke Xwla (eastern) af‹∆ Xwla (western) ÿf‹∆
136 51. terre 52. poussière
Adan aÚ‹∆gba¶ Adan vuvu Agbome ayikt¶gba¶ Agbome aft¶tt¶tt¶ Agoi/Glidji aÚ‹∆gba¶ Agoi/Glidji xt¶xt¶ Agu aÚ‹∆gba Agu ßußu Aja-Dogbo Ú‹∆gba¶ Aja-Dogbo xt¶xt¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Ú‹∆gba¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xt¶xt¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Ú‹∆gba Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ---- Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Ú‹∆gba¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xt¶xt¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) aÚ‹∆gba Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi Ú‹∆gba¶ Aja-Sikpi xt¶xt¶ Ajra ayigba Ajra af‹∆f‹∆ Alada ayigba Alada af‹∆f‹∆ Anexo aÚ‹∆gba¶ Anexo xt¶xt¶ Arohun ayigba Arohun af‹∆f‹∆ Aveno aÚ‹∆gba¶ Aveno ßußu Awlan aÚ‹∆gba¶ Awlan vuvu Ayizo ayigba Ayizo aft¶tt¶tt¶ Be aÚ‹∆gba Be wudedi Ci aÚ‹∆gba¶ Ci aft¶tt¶tt¶ Daxe Ú‹∆kt¶da¶ Daxe fl‹∆zo Fon ayikt¶gba¶ Fon aft¶tt¶tt¶ Gbekon ayigba Gbekon afitutu Gbesi kÿ Gbesi af‹∆f‹∆ Gbin aÚ‹∆gba Gbin fufu Gbokpa kÿ Gbokpa af‹∆tutt¶ Gen aÚ‹∆gba¶ af‹∆f‹∆ Gun ayigba Gen xt¶xt¶ Ho aÚ‹∆gba Gun af‹∆f‹∆ Kotafon aÚ‹∆gba Ho fufu Kpase ayikuda¶ Kotafon af‹∆f‹∆ Kpelen aÚ‹∆gba Kpase af‹∆tt¶tt¶ Kpesi aÚ‹∆gba Kpelen fufu Maxi ayi Kpesi fufu Movolo asaxw⁄ Maxi afitt¶tt¶ Saxwe Ú‹∆xÿ Movolo aft¶tt¶tt¶ Se Ú‹∆kt¶da¶ Saxwe f‹∆zÿ Seto ayigba Se fl‹∆zo Tofin asaxw⁄ Seto afitt¶tt¶ Togo aÚ‹∆gba Tofin aft¶tt¶tt¶ Toli ayigba Togo wudedi Vlin aÚ‹∆gba Toli af‹∆f‹∆ Vo aÚ‹∆gba¶ Vlin fufu Waci aÚ‹∆gba¶ Vo afifi Wance aÚ‹∆gba Waci afifi Weme ayigba Wance afifi Wundi aÚ‹∆gba Weme af‹∆f‹∆ Xwela awla¶glo Wundi afifi Xwla (eastern) ayigba Xwela of‹∆tt¶tt¶ Xwla (western) awaza¶ Xwla (eastern) af‹∆f‹∆ Xwla (western) xt¶xt¶
137 53. pierre 54. arbre
Adan ekpe Adan ati Agbome awiÚa¶ Agbome at‹∆ Agoi/Glidji ekpe Agoi/Glidji ati Agu ekpe Agu ati Aja-Dogbo ekpe Aja-Dogbo aci Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ekpe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) aci Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ekpe Aja-Hwe (Azovè) aci Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ekpe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) aci Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ekpe Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ati Aja-Sikpi ekpa¶ Aja-Sikpi aci Ajra oso Ajra ot‹∆ sa¶vi Alada at‹∆ Alada ose Anexo ati aga¶ Arohun at‹∆ Anexo ekpe Aveno aci Arohun oz‹∆ja Awlan ati Aveno ekpe Ayizo at‹∆ Awlan ekpe Be aci Ayizo awia¶ Ci at‹∆ Be ekpe Daxe ot‹∆ Ci hwa¶ Fon at‹∆ Daxe ekpa¶ Gbekon ati Fon aw‹∆Úa¶ Gbesi at‹∆ Gbekon awiÚa¶ Gbin ati Gbesi oxwa¶ Gbokpa at‹∆ Gbin ekpe Gen ati Gbokpa okpa¶ Gun at‹∆ Gen ekpe Ho ati Gun aga¶ Kotafon at‹∆ Ho ekpe Kpase at‹∆ Kotafon kpe Kpelen ati Kpase awiÚa¶ Kpesi ati Kpelen ekpe Maxi at‹∆ Kpesi ekpe Movolo ot‹∆ Maxi awia¶ Saxwe ot‹∆ Movolo ose Se ot‹∆ Saxwe ⁄kpa¶ Seto at‹∆ Se ⁄kpa¶ Tofin ot‹∆ Seto sa¶Ú‹∆ Togo aci aga¶ Toli ot‹∆ ga¶ga¶hw‹∆ at‹∆ Tofin ose Vlin ati Togo ekpe Vo ati Toli sa¶Ú‹∆ Waci ati Vlin ekpe Wance ati Vo kpekui Weme at‹∆ Waci kpekui Wundi ati Wance ekpe Xwela ot‹∆ Weme ohwa¶ Xwla (eastern) at‹∆ Wundi ekpe Xwla (western) ÿt‹∆ Xwela ekpa¶ Xwla (eastern) adakt¶ Xwla (western) ⁄kpa¶
138 55. racine 56. écorce
Adan atifeke Adan atitsro Agbome at‹∆‡ÿ Agbome at‹∆flo Agoi/Glidji eke Agoi/Glidji atikpa Agu eke Agu ecrio atike Aja-Dogbo acikpa Aja-Dogbo acike Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) acikpa Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) eke Aja-Hwe (Azovè) acikpa Aja-Hwe (Azovè) eke Aja-Hwe (Gboto) acikpa Aja-Hwe (Gboto) acike Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) aticro Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) atike Aja-Sikpi acikpa Aja-Sikpi acike Ajra ot‹∆flo Ajra ÿ‡ÿ Alada at‹∆flo Alada at‹∆‡ÿ Anexo atikpa Anexo eke Arohun at‹∆flo Arohun at‹∆‡ÿ Aveno ecro Aveno eke akpa Awlan atifeke Awlan atitsro Ayizo ‡ÿ Ayizo at‹∆flo Be eke Be akpa Ci a‡ÿ Ci flo Daxe ok‹∆ÿ¶ at‹∆flo Fon ‡ÿ Daxe atikpa at‹∆‡ÿ Fon at‹∆flo Gbekon ati‡ÿ Gbekon atigoto Gbesi a‡ÿ Gbesi akpa Gbin ⁄k⁄ Gbin ecro Gbokpa o‡ÿ Gbokpa at‹∆kpa at‹∆‡ÿ at‹∆goto Gen eke Gen atikpa Gun a‡ÿ Gun at‹∆kpa Ho ⁄k⁄ at‹∆flo Kotafon a‡ÿ Ho ecro Kpase at‹∆‡ÿ Kotafon at‹∆kpa Kpelen eke Kpase at‹∆goto Kpesi eke Kpelen kpalakoco Maxi ‡ÿ Kpesi akplafo Movolo ÿ‡ÿ Maxi ot‹∆flo Saxwe ok‹∆ÿ¶ Movolo ot‹∆flo Se ok‹∆ÿ¶ Saxwe ot‹∆kpa okt¶ÿ¶ Se ot‹∆kpa Seto a‡ÿ Seto at‹∆flo Tofin ÿ‡ÿ Tofin ot‹∆flo Togo eke Togo akpa Toli a‡ÿ Toli ot‹∆flo Vlin ⁄k⁄ t‹∆flo Vo ⁄ke Vlin ecro Waci ⁄ke Vo atikpa Wance atike Waci atikpa Weme a‡ÿ Wance aticro Wundi atike Weme at‹∆flo Xwela o‡ÿ Wundi aticro Xwla (eastern) ÿ‡ÿ Xwela ot‹∆kpa Xwla (western) ÿ‡ÿ Xwla (eastern) at‹∆flo Xwla (western) ÿt‹∆kpa
139 57. feuille 58. année
Adan aÚt¶gba Adan efe Agbome ama¶ Agbome xwe Agoi/Glidji ama¶kpa Agoi/Glidji epe Agu ama¶kpa Agu efe Aja-Dogbo ma¶kpa Aja-Dogbo exwe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ma¶kpa Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exwe Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ma¶kpa Aja-Hwe (Azovè) exwe Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ma¶kpa Aja-Hwe (Gboto) exwe Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama¶kpa Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) efe Aja-Sikpi ama¶ Aja-Sikpi exwe Ajra ma¶klo Ajra oxwe ama¶klo Alada oxwe Alada at‹∆ma¶ Anexo epe Anexo ama¶ Arohun oxwe Arohun ama¶ Aveno eƒe at‹∆ma¶ Awlan efe Aveno ama¶kpa Ayizo xwe Awlan aÚt¶gba Be efe Ayizo ama¶ Ci xwe Be ama¶kpa Daxe oxwe Ci ama¶ Fon xwe Daxe ama¶ Gbekon oxwe Fon ama¶ Gbesi oxwe Gbekon atima¶ Gbin ep⁄ Gbesi ama¶ Gbokpa oxwe Gbin ama¶kpa Gen epe Gbokpa ama¶ Gun oxwe Gen ama¶ Ho ep⁄ Gun ama¶ Kotafon xwe Ho ama¶kpa Kpase xwe Kotafon ama¶ Kpelen epe Kpase ama¶ Kpesi epe Kpelen ama¶kpa Maxi hwe Kpesi ama¶kpa Movolo oxwe Maxi ama¶ Saxwe ---- Movolo ama¶ Se oxwe Saxwe ama¶ Seto oxwe Se ama¶ Tofin oxwe Seto ama¶ Togo efe Tofin ama¶ Toli oxwe Togo ama¶kpa Vlin ep⁄ Toli ama¶klo Vo epe Vlin ama¶kpa Waci epe Vo ama¶kpa Wance eƒe Waci ama¶kpa Weme hwe Wance ama¶kpa Wundi efe Weme ama¶ Xwela ixwe at‹∆ma¶ Xwla (eastern) oxwe Wundi ama¶kpa Xwla (western) exwe Xwela ama¶ Xwla (eastern) ama¶ Xwla (western) ama¶
140 59. un, une 60. deux
Adan ‡eka Adan eve Agbome ‡okpo Agbome we Agoi/Glidji ‡eka Agoi/Glidji eve Agu ‡eka Agu eve Aja-Dogbo ‡eka Aja-Dogbo ama¶ve Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ‡eka Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama¶ve Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ‡eka Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama¶ve Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ‡eka Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama¶ve Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ‡eka Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama¶ve Aja-Sikpi ‡okpo Aja-Sikpi ÿwe Ajra ‡ekpo Ajra ÿwe Alada ‡okpo Alada awe Anexo ‡eka Anexo eve Arohun o‡e Arohun awe Aveno ‡eka Aveno eve Awlan ‡eka Awlan eve Ayizo ‡okpo Ayizo awe Be ‡eka Be eve Ci ‡okpo Ci awe Daxe ‡okpo Daxe ÿwe Fon ‡okpo Fon we Gbekon ‡e Gbekon owe ‡ekpo Gbesi awe Gbesi ‡okpo Gbin eve Gbin ‡eka Gbokpa awe Gbokpa ‡okpo Gen eve Gen ‡eka Gun awe Gun ‡okpo Ho eve Ho ‡eka Kotafon awe Kotafon ‡okpo Kpase we Kpase ‡okpo Kpelen eve Kpelen ‡eka Kpesi eve Kpesi ‡eka Maxi owe Maxi t¶kpo Movolo ÿwe Movolo ‡ekpo Saxwe owe Saxwe lokpo Se ÿwe Se ‡okpo Seto ÿwe Seto ‡okpo Tofin ÿwe Tofin ---- Togo eve Togo ‡eka Toli awe Toli ‡ekpo Vlin eve Vlin ‡eka Vo ⁄ve Vo ‡eka Waci ⁄ve Waci ‡eka Wance ama¶ve Wance ‡eka Weme awe Weme ‡okpo Wundi ama¶ve Wundi ‡eka Xwela owe Xwela lokpo Xwla (eastern) ÿwe Xwla (eastern) lokpo Xwla (western) ÿwe Xwla (western) lokpo
141 61. trois 62. quatre
Adan etÿ¶ Adan end¶ Agbome atÿ¶ Agbome ⁄na¶ Agoi/Glidji etÿ¶ Agoi/Glidji ena¶ Agu etÿ¶ Agu ena¶ Aja-Dogbo ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Dogbo ama¶na¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama¶na¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama¶na¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama¶na¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama¶na¶ Aja-Sikpi ÿtÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi ⁄na¶ Ajra ÿtÿ¶ Ajra ⁄na¶ Alada atÿ¶ Alada ⁄na¶ Anexo etÿ¶ Anexo ena¶ Arohun atÿ¶ Arohun ⁄na¶ Aveno etÿ¶ Aveno end¶ Awlan etÿ Awlan end¶ Ayizo atÿ¶ Ayizo ⁄na¶ Be etÿ¶ Be ena¶ Ci atÿ¶ Ci ⁄na¶ Daxe ÿtÿ¶ Daxe ⁄na¶ Fon atÿ¶ Fon ⁄na¶ Gbekon otÿ Gbekon ena¶ Gbesi atÿ¶ Gbesi ⁄na¶ Gbin etÿ¶ Gbin ena¶ Gbokpa atÿ¶ Gbokpa ⁄na¶ Gen etÿ¶ Gen ena¶ Gun atÿ¶ Gun ⁄na¶ Ho etÿ¶ Ho ena¶ Kotafon atÿ¶ Kotafon ⁄na¶ Kpase atÿ¶ Kpase ⁄na¶ Kpelen etÿ¶ Kpelen ⁄na¶ Kpesi etÿ¶ Kpesi ena¶ Maxi otÿ¶ Maxi ⁄na¶ Movolo ÿtÿ¶ Movolo ⁄na¶ Saxwe atÿ¶ Saxwe ⁄na¶ Se ÿtÿ¶ Se ⁄na¶ Seto atÿ¶ Seto ⁄na ¶ Tofin ÿtÿ¶ Tofin ⁄na¶ Togo etÿ¶ Togo ena¶ Toli atÿ¶ Toli ⁄na¶ Vlin etÿ¶ Vlin ena¶ Vo ⁄tÿ¶ Vo ⁄na¶ Waci ⁄tÿ¶ Waci ⁄na¶ Wance ama¶tÿ¶ Wance ama¶na¶ Weme atÿ¶ Weme ⁄na¶ Wundi ama¶tÿ¶ Wundi ama¶na¶ Xwela otÿ¶ Xwela ena¶ Xwla (eastern) ÿtÿ¶ Xwla (eastern) ⁄na¶ Xwla (western) ÿtÿ¶ Xwla (western) ⁄na¶
142 63. cinq 64. chaud
Adan atÿ¶ Adan dzodzo Agbome atÿ¶ÿ¶ Agbome yozo Agoi/Glidji atÿ¶ fiÿfiÿ Agu atÿ¶ Agoi/Glidji zozo Aja-Dogbo ama¶tÿ¶ Agu jojo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Dogbo zozu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) f‹∆ÿ¶f‹∆ÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ama¶tÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) zozo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ama¶tÿ¶ f‹∆ÿ¶f‹∆ÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi atÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) zozu Ajra atÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) zozo Alada atÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi zozo Anexo atÿ¶ Ajra yozo Arohun atÿ¶ fiÿfiÿ Aveno atÿ¶ Alada m‹∆awu Awlan atÿ¶ Anexo zozo Ayizo atÿ¶ Arohun ht¶m‹∆ÿ¶ Be atÿ¶ Aveno zozo Ci atÿ¶ Awlan dzodzo Daxe atÿ¶ Ayizo fiofio Fon atÿ¶ÿ¶ Be zozo Gbekon atÿ Ci ayufiÿ Gbesi atÿ¶ Daxe zozo Gbin atÿ¶ Fon zozo Gbokpa atÿ¶ m‹∆ÿ¶‡owu Gen atÿ¶ Gbekon m‹∆ÿ¶wu Gun atÿ¶ hum‹∆ÿ¶ Ho atÿ¶ Gbesi zozo Kotafon atÿ¶ÿ¶ Gbin afifia Kpase atÿ¶ÿ¶ Gbokpa ozozo Kpelen atÿ¶ yÿzo Kpesi atÿ¶ Gen zozo Maxi atÿ Gun m‹∆a¶wu Movolo atÿ¶ Ho afifia Saxwe att¶ Kotafon zozo Se atÿ¶ Kpase zozo Seto atÿ¶ Kpelen jojo Tofin atÿ¶ Kpesi zozo Togo atÿ¶ Maxi xt¶m‹∆ÿ¶ Toli atÿ¶ Movolo m‹∆ÿ¶go Vlin atÿ¶ Saxwe zoji Vo atÿ¶ Se zozo Waci atÿ¶ Seto m‹∆a¶wu Wance ama¶tÿ¶ Tofin m‹∆ÿ¶go Weme atÿnÿ¶ Togo zozo Wundi ama¶tÿ¶ Toli fiÿfiÿ Xwela atÿ¶ Vlin afifia Xwla (eastern) atÿ¶ÿ¶ Vo jojo Xwla (western) atÿ¶ Waci jojo Wance zozo Weme hum‹∆ÿ¶ Wundi zozo Xwela zozo Xwla (eastern) yozo Xwla (western) zozo
143 65. froid 66. long
Adan fafa Adan dzidzimd¶ Agbome avivÿ Agbome gaga jÿhÿ¶ Agoi/Glidji didi Agoi/Glidji fafa lÿbÿ Agu fafa Agu didi Aja-Dogbo fafa Aja-Dogbo jiji Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) vuvÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) j‹∆j‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) fafa Aja-Hwe (Azovè) didi vuvÿ lagba Aja-Hwe (Gboto) fafa Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jiji Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) fafa Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi fifa didi Ajra vivÿ Aja-Sikpi gaga Alada fifa Ajra gaga m‹∆ÿ¶m‹∆ÿ¶ Alada gaa Anexo fafa ‡ite Arohun m‹∆ÿ¶ Anexo lÿbÿ m‹∆ÿ¶m‹∆ÿ¶ Arohun ga Aveno fafa ‡ite Awlan fafa Aveno didi Ayizo avivÿ Awlan dzidzimd¶ Be fafa Ayizo gaga Ci efa Be didi avivÿ Ci gaga Daxe fifa Daxe gaga vivo Fon gaga Fon fifa Gbekon gaga Gbekon fifa gaa Gbesi fafa Gbesi ‡iga Gbin avuvÿ Gbin didi Gbokpa fifa Gbokpa ‡iga vivÿ gaga Gen fafa Gen lÿbÿ Gun m‹∆m‹∆ÿ¶ Gun ga Ho avuvÿ Ho didi Kotafon fifa lÿbÿ Kpase fifa Kotafon gaa Kpelen fafa Kpase gagaa Kpesi fafa Kpelen didi Maxi fa Kpesi didi Movolo fifa Maxi ‡iga Saxwe fifa Movolo oga Se fifa Saxwe gaga vivo Se gaga Seto fifa Seto gaga m‹∆m‹∆ÿ¶ Tofin oga Tofin fifa Togo didi Togo fafa Toli gaa Toli vivÿ Vlin lÿbÿ Vlin avuvÿ Vo didii Vo fafa Waci didii Waci fafa Wance ‡i‡ii Wance fafa Weme ‡iga Weme m‹∆ÿ¶ Wundi ‡i‡ii Wundi fafa Xwela ziza Xwela fifa Xwla (eastern) gaga Xwla (eastern) ÿvivÿ Xwla (western) gaga Xwla (western) fifa
144 67. taille, grande 68. taille, petite
Adan kÿkÿ Adan kpi Agbome gaga Agbome gli Agoi/Glidji lÿbÿ Agoi/Glidji kpokpoe didi Agu kpui Agu ekÿji Aja-Dogbo kpokpo didi Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kpokpo Aja-Dogbo jiji Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kpoe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) j‹∆j‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpokpo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) lagba Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kpokpoe didi Aja-Sikpi kpokpo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jiji Ajra glui Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Alada ma¶gili Aja-Sikpi gaga Anexo kpokpoe Ajra gaga Arohun gili Alada gaa Aveno kpui Anexo didi Awlan kpi Arohun ga Ayizo gli Aveno kÿkÿ Be vi Awlan kÿkÿ Ci hwegili Ayizo gaga Daxe kpokpoe Be kÿkÿ Fon gli Ci gaga Gbekon gili yiji Gbesi kpokpoe Daxe gaga Gbin kpoe Fon gaga Gbokpa gli Gbekon gaga Gen kpokpoe gaa Gun gli Gbesi ‡ite Ho kpoe Gbin lÿbÿ Kotafon glii didi Kpase kp⁄vi Gbokpa gaga gli ‡ite Kpelen kpe‡e Gen didi Kpesi kpokpoe Gun ga Maxi kp⁄vi Ho didi Movolo ogbli Kotafon gaa Saxwe kpokpoe Kpase ‡iga Se kpokpoe Kpelen didi Seto kp⁄vi Kpesi kÿyiji Tofin ogbli Maxi ‡axo Togo vi Movolo oga Toli glui Saxwe gaga Vlin kpoe Se gaga Vo kpokpui Seto gaga Waci kpokpui Tofin oga Wance kpokpoe Togo kÿkÿ Weme hwete Toli gaa Wundi kpokpoe tt¶te Xwela giga¶ Vlin ‡i‡i Xwla (eastern) kp⁄vi Vo didii Xwla (western) kpokpoe Waci didii Wance ‡i‡ii Weme ‡ite ‡iga Wundi ‡i‡ii Xwela ziza Xwla (eastern) gaga Xwla (western) gaga
145 69. rouge 70. noir
Adan dzi Adan yibÿ Agbome vÿvÿ Agbome wiwi Agoi/Glidji ja¶ Agoi/Glidji yibÿ Agu jia¶ Agu yibÿ Aja-Dogbo ej‹∆ Aja-Dogbo eyu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ja¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) yu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) jt¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) yu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ej‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) eyu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) je Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) yibÿ Aja-Sikpi ov⁄ Aja-Sikpi owi Ajra fifiÿ Ajra viÿ Alada v⁄v⁄ Alada yuyu Anexo j⁄ Anexo yibÿ Arohun v⁄ Arohun wi Aveno jie Aveno yibÿ Awlan dzi Awlan yibÿ Ayizo v⁄⁄ Ayizo wiwi Be ji⁄ Be yibÿ Ci h⁄h⁄ Ci wiwi Daxe ov⁄ Daxe owi Fon vÿvÿ Fon wiwi Gbekon v⁄v⁄ Gbekon wiwi Gbesi v⁄ Gbesi yuu Gbin j⁄ Gbin yibÿ Gbokpa v⁄v⁄ Gbokpa yuyu Gen ja¶ Gen yibÿ Gun v⁄ Gun yu Ho ja¶ Ho yibÿ Kotafon v⁄⁄ Kotafon yuu Kpase vÿvÿ Kpase wiwi m‹∆a¶m‹∆a¶ Kpelen yibÿ Kpelen je Kpesi yibÿ Kpesi je Maxi wiwi Maxi vÿvÿ Movolo ÿvÿ Movolo fÿfÿ Saxwe wi Saxwe v⁄⁄ Se owi Se ov⁄ Seto viÿ Seto fifiÿ Tofin ovÿ Tofin fÿfÿ Togo yibÿ Togo jie Toli viÿ Toli bibia Vlin yibÿ Vlin ja¶ Vo yibÿ Vo ja¶ Waci yibÿ Waci ja¶ Wance yibÿ Wance je Weme jÿwi Weme jov⁄ Wundi yibÿ Wundi je Xwela veyi Xwela f⁄f⁄yi xwÿ Xwla (eastern) f⁄f⁄ Xwla (eastern) yuu Xwla (western) j⁄j⁄ yuyu Xwla (western) hihÿ
146 71. blanc 72. mordre
Adan Ói Adan ‡u Agbome wewe Agbome ha¶‡u Agoi/Glidji he Agoi/Glidji ha¶‡u Agu hititi Agu ‡u Aja-Dogbo ehi Aja-Dogbo ‡a‡u Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Ói Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ‡a‡u hi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ‡a‡u Aja-Hwe (Azovè) yi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ‡a‡u Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ehi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xe Aja-Sikpi h⁄‡u Aja-Sikpi owe Ajra ha¶‡u Ajra wewe Alada xua‡u Alada wewe Anexo ha¶‡u Anexo he Arohun ha¶‡u Arohun wewe Aveno ‡u Aveno hie Awlan ‡u Awlan Ói Ayizo ha¶‡u Ayizo we Be ‡u Be ---- Ci ha¶‡u Ci wewe Daxe ha¶‡u Daxe owe Fon ha¶‡u Fon wewe Gbekon ha‡u Gbekon wewe Gbesi ha¶‡u Gbesi we Gbin ‡u Gbin xe Gbokpa ha¶‡u Gbokpa wewe Gen a‡u Gen he hd¶ Gun wewe ha¶‡u Ho xe Gun ha¶‡u Kotafon wee Ho ‡u Kpase wewe Kotafon xa¶‡u Kpelen xee Kpase ha¶‡u Kpesi xe Kpelen ‡u Maxi wewe Kpesi ka Movolo wewe Maxi ha¶‡u Saxwe we Movolo ‡u Se owe Saxwe ‡u Seto wewe Se e‡u Tofin wewe Seto ha¶‡u Togo ---- Tofin ‡u Toli wewe Togo ‡u Vlin xe Toli ha¶‡⁄ Vo ⁄Ói Vlin ‡u Waci ⁄Ói Vo ‡u Wance xe Waci ‡u Weme wiwe Wance ‡u Wundi xe Weme ha¶‡u Xwela wewe Wundi ‡u Xwla (eastern) wewe Xwela ha¶‡u Xwla (western) wewe Xwla (eastern) ha¶‡u Xwla (western) a‡u ‡u
147 73. manger 74. boire
Adan ‡unt¶ Adan nn¶ Agbome ‡u Agbome nt¶ Agoi/Glidji ‡u Agoi/Glidji nt¶ Agu ‡u Agu nÿ¶nt¶ Aja-Dogbo ‡u Aja-Dogbo nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ‡u Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ‡u Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ‡u Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nt¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ‡u Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nt¶ Aja-Sikpi ‡u Aja-Sikpi nt¶ Ajra ‡u Ajra nt¶ Alada ‡u Alada nt¶ Anexo ‡u Anexo nt¶ Arohun ‡u Arohun nt¶ Aveno ‡u Aveno nÿ¶ Awlan ‡unt¶ Awlan nn¶ Ayizo ‡u Ayizo nt¶ Be ‡u Be nÿ¶nt¶ Ci ‡u Ci nt¶ Daxe ‡u Daxe nt¶ Fon ‡u Fon nt¶ Gbekon ‡u Gbekon nt¶ Gbesi ‡u Gbesi nt¶ Gbin ‡u Gbin nÿ¶ Gbokpa ‡u Gbokpa nt¶ Gen ‡u Gen nt¶ Gun ‡u Gun nt¶ Ho ‡u Ho nÿ¶ Kotafon ‡unt¶ Kotafon nt¶ Kpase ‡u Kpase nt¶ Kpelen ‡u Kpelen kÿnÿ¶ Kpesi ‡u Kpesi nt¶ Maxi ‡u Maxi nt¶ Movolo ‡u Movolo nt¶ Saxwe ‡unt¶ Saxwe nt¶ Se ‡u Se nt¶ Seto ‡u Seto nt¶ Tofin ‡u Tofin nÿ¶nt¶ Togo ‡unt¶ Togo nÿ¶nt¶ Toli ‡u Toli nt¶ Vlin ‡u Vlin nÿ¶ ‡unt¶ Vo nt¶ Vo ‡u Waci nt¶ Waci ‡u Wance nt¶ Wance ‡u Weme nt¶ Weme ‡u Wundi nt¶ Wundi ‡u Xwela nt¶ Xwela ‡unt¶ Xwla (eastern) nt¶ Xwla (eastern) ‡u Xwla (western) nt¶ Xwla (western) ‡u
148 75. vomir 76. tousser
Adan ‡exe Adan kpekpe Agbome vi Agbome kpa¶kpa¶ Agoi/Glidji tru Agoi/Glidji kukpa¶ Agu trunt¶ Agu kpekpi Aja-Dogbo tru Aja-Dogbo kpa¶kpa¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) tru Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kukpa¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) tru Aja-Hwe (Azovè) fukpa¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) tru Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpa¶kpa¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) cru Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kpe⁄kpe Aja-Sikpi vi Aja-Sikpi kpa¶kpa¶ Ajra xlu Ajra kpa¶kpa¶ Alada sulu Alada kpa¶kpa¶ Anexo tru Anexo kukpa¶ Arohun sulu Arohun kpa¶kpa¶ Aveno jont¶ Aveno kpekpe Awlan ‡exe Awlan kpekpe Ayizo vi Ayizo kpa¶kpa¶ Be jont¶ Be kpekpe Ci vi Ci kpa¶kpa¶ Daxe vi Daxe kpa¶kpa¶ Fon vi Fon kpa¶kpa¶ Gbekon sulu Gbekon kpa¶kpa¶ Gbesi sulu ekpa¶ Gbin tru Gbesi kpa¶kpa¶ Gbokpa slu Gbin kpekpa¶ sru Gbokpa kpa¶kpa¶ Gen tru Gen kukpa¶ Gun sru kuekpa¶ Ho tru Gun kpa¶kpa¶ Kotafon sru Ho kpekpa¶ Kpase sru Kotafon kpa¶kpa¶ Kpelen ‡ent¶ Kpase kpa¶kpa¶ Kpesi tru Kpelen kpa¶kpa¶ Maxi sru Kpesi kpekÿ¶ Movolo slu Maxi kpa¶ Saxwe tru Movolo kpa¶kpa¶ Se vi Saxwe ku⁄kpa¶ Seto xlu Se kpa¶kpa¶ Tofin slu Seto kpa¶kpa¶ Togo jÿnt¶ Tofin kpa¶kpa¶ Toli xlu Togo kpekpe Vlin tru Toli kpa¶kpa¶ Vo tru Vlin kpekpa¶ Waci tru Vo kp⁄⁄kpa¶ Wance cru Waci kp⁄⁄kpa¶ Weme sulu Wance kpe⁄kpe Wundi cru Weme kpa¶kpa¶ Xwela sru Wundi kpe⁄kpe Xwla (eastern) sru Xwela kpa¶kpa¶ Xwla (western) sru Xwla (eastern) kp⁄⁄kpa¶ Xwla (western) kpa¶⁄kpa¶
149 77. sucer 78. cracher
Adan gbugbÿ Adan tu Agbome gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Agbome tt¶ Agoi/Glidji ‡i‡ÿ Agoi/Glidji tu Agu gbigbÿ¶ Agu ‡e Aja-Dogbo gbÿgbÿ Aja-Dogbo cu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) gbÿgb‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) tu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ‡i‡ÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) cu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) gbÿ¶gbÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) cu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kukpe Aja-Sikpi gbÿ¶gbÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi tt¶ Ajra gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Ajra tÿ Alada gbigbÿ¶ zetÿ Anexo gbigbÿ¶ b⁄ Arohun gbigbÿ¶ Alada tt¶ Aveno Anexo tu Awlan gbugbÿ Arohun tt¶ta¶ Ayizo gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Aveno tu Be gbugbÿ¶ Awlan tu Ci gbigbÿ¶ Ayizo tt¶ Daxe nÿ¶ Be tu Fon gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Ci tt¶ Gbekon gbugbÿ¶ Daxe tt¶ Gbesi ‡i‡ÿ Fon tt¶ Gbin ‡u‡ÿ Gbekon tuÚ‹∆ Gbokpa gb‹∆gbÿ¶ tu Gen gbigbÿ¶ Gbesi tu Gun gbigbÿ¶ Gbin tu Ho ‡u‡ÿ Gbokpa tt¶ Kotafon gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Gen tu Kpase gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Gun tt¶ Kpelen Ú‹∆ Ho tu Kpesi gbugbÿ¶ Kotafon tt¶ Maxi kpt¶“gbÿ¶ Kpase tt¶ Movolo gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Kpelen tu Saxwe gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Kpesi tu Se nÿ¶ Maxi tu Seto gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Movolo tt¶ Tofin gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Saxwe tt¶ Togo gbugbÿ¶ Se tt¶ Toli gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Seto tt¶ Vlin ‡u‡ÿ Tofin tt¶ Vo gbigbÿ¶ Togo tu Waci gbigbÿ¶ Toli Ú‹∆ Wance nÿ¶ tt¶ Weme gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Vlin tu Wundi nÿ¶ Vo tu Xwela gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Waci tu Xwla (eastern) gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Wance kukpe Xwla (western) gb‹∆gbÿ¶ Weme tt¶ Wundi kukpe Xwela tt¶ Xwla (eastern) tt¶ Xwla (western) tt¶
150 79. souffler 80. siffler
Adan ‡epupu Adan liakwi Agbome ft¶ft¶ Agbome kw‹∆kw‹∆ Agoi/Glidji plu Agoi/Glidji luyakwi Agu ‡ofufui luiakwi Aja-Dogbo fufu Agu luiÿaku Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ‡efufu Aja-Dogbo lakwi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ‡efufu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) yakwi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) fufu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) lakwi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) lakwi Aja-Sikpi fufu Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) lÿaku Ajra fufu Aja-Sikpi lakwi Alada gbÿ Ajra kt¶xwa dofufu Alada kt¶xwe Anexo plu kt¶kw‹∆ Arohun dofufu Anexo luiÿ Aveno ‡eƒuƒui Arohun kt¶xwe Awlan ‡epupu Aveno kuze Ayizo doft¶ft¶ Awlan liakwi Be flu Ayizo kt¶kt¶ Ci fu Be kuze fufu Ci kt¶kw‹∆ Daxe ‡efufu Daxe nt¶kt¶kt¶ Fon ft¶ft¶ Fon kwi Gbekon fu Gbekon ku Gbesi fu Gbesi kt¶ Gbin dopupu Gbin yrÿkwi Gbokpa fufu Gbokpa kt¶xwe ‡efufu kt¶kw‹∆ Gen plu Gen luiÿ Gun fu Gun kt¶xwe Ho dofufu Ho yrÿkwi Kotafon dofufu Kotafon kw‹∆kw‹∆ Kpase doduft¶ Kpase kw‹∆kw‹∆ Kpelen dopupui Kpelen lÿku Kpesi flu Kpesi luyakwi fluaya luiakwi Maxi ft¶ Maxi kw‹∆ Movolo fufu Movolo kt¶xwe Saxwe fuaya Saxwe dokwi Se ‡efufu Se nt¶kt¶kt¶ Seto fufu Seto kt¶xwe Tofin fufu Tofin kt¶xwe Togo flu Togo kuze Toli fufu Toli kt¶t⁄ Vlin dopupu kt¶xwe Vo plÿ Vlin yrÿkwi Waci plÿ Vo liakwi Wance plÿ Waci liakwi Weme fu Wance lÿaku Wundi plÿ Weme kt¶ Xwela gbÿfufu Wundi lÿaku Xwla (eastern) fu Xwela kt¶xwe Xwla (western) gbÿfufu Xwla (eastern) kt¶xwe Xwla (western) kt¶
151 81. chanter 82. rire
Adan dziha Adan kont¶ Agbome jiha¶ Agbome ko Agoi/Glidji jiha kont¶ Agu jiha Agoi/Glidji kont¶ Aja-Dogbo jiha Agu kont¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) jiha Aja-Dogbo kont¶kui Aja-Hwe (Azovè) jiha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kont¶kui Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jiha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kont¶kui Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) jiha Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kont¶kui Aja-Sikpi jiha¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kont¶ Ajra jiha¶ Aja-Sikpi kont¶ Alada jiha¶ Ajra ko⁄d⁄ Anexo jiha Alada kont¶ Arohun jiha¶ Anexo kont¶ Aveno jiha Arohun kont¶ Awlan dziha Aveno ko Ayizo jiha¶ kont¶ Be jiha Awlan kont¶ Ci jiha¶ Ayizo kont¶ Daxe jiha¶ Be kont¶ jioha¶ Ci ko Fon jiha¶ Daxe ko Gbekon ji Fon kont¶ Gbesi jiha¶ Gbekon ko Gbin jiha Gbesi kont¶ Gbokpa jiha¶ Gbin kont¶ Gen jiha Gbokpa kod⁄ Gun jiha¶ Gen kÿnt¶ Ho jiha Gun kont¶ Kotafon jiha¶ Ho kont¶ Kpase jiha¶ Kotafon kont¶ Kpelen jiha Kpase kont¶ Kpesi jiha Kpelen kont¶ Maxi jiha¶ Kpesi kont¶ Movolo jiha¶ Maxi kont¶ Saxwe jiha¶ Movolo ko Se jiha¶ kont¶ jioha¶ Saxwe ko⁄d⁄ Seto jiha¶ Se ko Tofin jiha¶ Seto kont¶ Togo jiha Tofin kont¶ Toli jiha¶ Togo kont¶ Vlin jiha Toli kont¶ Vo jiha kod⁄ Waci jiha Vlin kont¶ Wance jiha Vo kont¶ Weme jiha¶ Waci kont¶ Wundi jiha Wance kont¶ Xwela jiha¶ Weme kont¶ Xwla (eastern) jiha¶ Wundi kont¶ Xwla (western) j‹∆ha¶ Xwela koed⁄ Xwla (eastern) kont¶ Xwla (western) ko
152 83. parler 84. aboyer
Adan font¶ Adan klo Agbome ‡ÿxo Agbome ho Agoi/Glidji pont¶po Agoi/Glidji gbo Agu font¶fo Agu xo Aja-Dogbo xont¶xu Aja-Dogbo wo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xont¶xu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) gbogbo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xont¶xu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) wo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xont¶xu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) wo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) font¶fo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) xo Aja-Sikpi xoli‡ÿ Aja-Sikpi wo Ajra lÿxo Ajra gbo Alada ‡ÿxo ‡axo Anexo pont¶po Alada gbo Arohun ‡ÿxo ho Aveno ƒo Anexo gbo ƒont¶ Arohun gbo Awlan font¶ ho Ayizo ‡ÿxo Aveno gbo Be font¶ wo Ci ‡ÿ Awlan klo Daxe xolilÿ Ayizo xo Fon ‡ÿxo Be gbo Gbekon ‡ÿ Ci ho Gbesi ‡ÿxo Daxe gbo Gbin pont¶ Fon ho Gbokpa ‡ÿxo Gbekon ho Gen pont¶po Gbesi xo Gun ‡ÿxo Gbin wo Ho pont¶ Gbokpa gbo Kotafon ‡ÿxo wo Kpase ‡ÿxo Gen gbo Kpelen pont¶ Gun gbo Kpesi pont¶ ho Maxi ‡ÿxo Ho wo Movolo ‡ÿxo Kotafon xo Saxwe lÿxo Kpase xo Se xolilÿ Kpelen dapa Seto ‡ÿxo Kpesi xo Tofin ‡ÿxo Maxi ho Togo font¶ Movolo gbo Toli lÿxo Saxwe gbo Vlin pont¶ Se gbo Vo pont¶po Seto xo Waci pont¶po Tofin gbo Wance font¶fo Togo gbo Weme ‡ÿxo Toli gbo Wundi font¶fo Vlin wo Xwela lÿxo Vo gbogbo Xwla (eastern) lÿxo Waci gbogbo Xwla (western) lÿxo Wance xo Weme ho Wundi xo Xwela gbigbo Xwla (eastern) xo Xwla (western) gbo
153 85. sentir 86. écouter
Adan ve Adan se Agbome hwa¶ Agbome ‡oto hwa¶wa¶ Agoi/Glidji se Agoi/Glidji hwa¶se Agu ‡oto Agu vivi Aja-Dogbo se Aja-Dogbo xwa¶kpÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) se Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xw‹∆se Aja-Hwe (Azovè) se Aja-Hwe (Azovè) hwa¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) se Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xwa¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- xwa¶kpÿ¶ ‡oto Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi se Aja-Sikpi ha¶kpÿ¶ Ajra ‡oto Ajra hwla¶kpÿ¶ Alada ‡oto hwla¶wa¶ Anexo se Alada hwa¶wa¶ Arohun ‡oto Anexo xa¶go Aveno ‡oto Arohun nt¶wa¶ Awlan se Aveno ßi Ayizo se Awlan ve ‡oto Ayizo xwla¶kpÿ¶ Be ‡oto Be xwa¶se Ci se Ci sewa¶ Daxe se Daxe hwihwil‹∆ Fon se Fon sent¶wa¶ ‡oto Gbekon nt¶wa¶ Gbekon se Gbesi xwa¶ Gbesi se Gbin ß⁄ßa¶ Gbin se Gbokpa xwa¶kpÿ¶ Gbokpa se hwa¶la¶ Gen se Gen xa¶se Gun se Gun sewa¶ Ho se Ho ß⁄ßa¶ Kotafon se Kotafon hla¶kpÿ¶ Kpase ‡oto Kpase ha¶kpÿ¶ Kpelen sent¶ Kpelen xwa¶se Kpesi sent¶ Kpesi vekpÿ Maxi se Maxi hwa¶ Movolo ‡oto Movolo hwa¶ Saxwe sent¶ Saxwe xa¶kpÿ¶ Se se Se hwil‹∆ Seto se Seto xwa¶kpÿ¶ Tofin ‡oto Tofin ---- Togo ‡oto Togo hwa¶se Toli se Toli hwla¶kpÿ¶ ‡oto Vlin ß⁄ßa¶ xÿto Vo xwl‹∆se Vlin se Waci xwl‹∆se Vo ‡oto Wance xwl‹∆se Waci se Weme nt¶wa¶ ‡oto Wundi xwl‹∆se Wance ‡oto Xwela xwa¶se Weme se Xwla (eastern) sewa¶ setont¶ Xwla (western) hwa¶ ‡oto Wundi ‡oto Xwela se Xwla (eastern) se ‡oto Xwla (western) se
154 87. pousser 88. tirer
Adan tutu Adan he Agbome sis⁄ Agbome dÿ¶ tt¶ Agoi/Glidji dÿ¶ Agoi/Glidji tutu Agu hi Agu tutu Aja-Dogbo dt¶‹∆ Aja-Dogbo cuicui Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ‡t¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) cucu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) dÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) cucu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) dt¶‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) cuicui Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) dÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) tutu Aja-Sikpi dt¶‹∆ Aja-Sikpi cuicui Ajra dÿ¶ Ajra sis⁄ Alada dÿ¶ Alada sis⁄ Anexo dÿ¶ Anexo tutu Arohun dÿ¶ Arohun sis⁄ Aveno dÿ Aveno tutu Awlan he Awlan tutu Ayizo dÿ¶ Ayizo sis⁄ Be dÿ¶ Be tutu Ci dÿ¶ Ci tt¶do Daxe dÿna¶ Daxe t‹∆tr‹∆ dÿ¶ Fon sis⁄ Fon dÿ¶ tt¶ Gbekon dÿ¶ Gbekon ti Gbesi dÿ¶ Gbesi kpikpe Gbin xevama¶gbe titr‹∆ Gbokpa dÿ¶ Gbin tutu Gen dÿ¶ Gbokpa t‹∆t‹∆ Gun dÿ¶ Gen tutu Ho xeva Gun sis⁄ Kotafon dÿ¶ Ho tutu Kpase dÿ¶ Kotafon sis⁄ Kpelen dÿva Kpase kpikpe Kpesi he sis⁄ Maxi ‡ÿ¶ Kpelen tutu Movolo dÿ¶ Kpesi tudu Saxwe dÿnÿ¶ Maxi tt¶ Se dÿna¶ Movolo sis⁄ dÿ¶ Saxwe t‹∆tii Seto dÿ¶ Se t‹∆tr‹∆ Tofin dÿ¶ Seto sis⁄ Togo dÿ¶ Tofin sis⁄ Toli dÿ¶ Togo tutu Vlin xevama¶gbe Toli sis⁄ Vo ‡ÿ¶ Vlin tutu Waci dÿ¶ Vo tutu Wance dÿ Waci tutu Weme dÿ¶ Wance tutu Wundi dÿ Weme wu Xwela dÿ¶ Wundi tutu Xwla (eastern) dÿ¶ Xwela tt¶tt¶ Xwla (western) dÿ¶ Xwla (eastern) sisi Xwla (western) tt¶tt¶
155 89. jeter 90. battre
Adan fugbe Adan fo Agbome Ú‹∆ Agbome xo Agoi/Glidji da¶“gbe Agoi/Glidji po Agu de‡a Agu fo Aja-Dogbo sÿdÿ Aja-Dogbo xo Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) da¶“kpe Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xo Aja-Hwe (Azovè) dÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) xo Aja-Hwe (Gboto) sÿdÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) xo Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ---- Aja-Sikpi sÿdÿ Aja-Sikpi xo dla¶ Ajra xo Ajra zedra¶ Alada xo Alada zeda¶la¶ Anexo po sÿÚ‹∆gbe Arohun xo Anexo da zint¶do Arohun zeÚ‹∆gbe Aveno ƒo Aveno fuigbe Awlan fo Awlan fugbe Ayizo xo Ayizo Ú‹∆ Be fu Be fugbe Ci xo Ci Ú‹∆ Daxe xo Daxe xÿfl‹∆ xoe Fon Ú‹∆ Fon xo Gbekon zeÚ‹∆gbe Gbekon xo sÿÚ‹∆gbe Gbesi xo Gbesi Ú‹∆gbe Gbin po Gbin da¶gbe Gbokpa xo Gbokpa kÿÚ‹∆gbe Gen po fl‹∆“gbe Gun xo Gen da Ho po Gun zedla¶ Kotafon xo Ho da¶gbe Kpase xo Kotafon Ú‹∆gbe Kpelen poe Kpase zeÚ‹∆gbe Kpesi po Kpelen cÿpugbe Maxi xo Kpesi cÿda¶gbe Movolo xo Maxi Ú‹∆ Saxwe xo Movolo zeda¶la¶ Se xo Saxwe fla¶ xoe Se xÿfl‹∆ Seto xo Seto zedra¶ Tofin xo Tofin zeda¶la¶ Togo fu Togo fugbe Toli xo Toli dra¶ Vlin po Ú‹∆ Vo xu Vlin da¶gbe Waci xu Vo da¶“gbe Wance xu Waci da¶“gbe Weme xo Wance da¶“gbe Wundi xu Weme zeÚ‹∆gbe Xwela xo Wundi da¶“gbe Xwla (eastern) xo Xwela dt¶ Xwla (western) xo Xwla (eastern) jedra¶ Xwla (western) dra¶
156 91. nager 92. s’asseoir
Adan futsi Adan nÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Agbome l‹∆tÿ Agbome jijÿna¶yi Agoi/Glidji pusi Agoi/Glidji nÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Agu fuci Agu nÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Aja-Dogbo husi Aja-Dogbo na¶nÿ¶nÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) xui Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nÿ¶Ú‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) l‹∆tÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nÿ¶nÿ¶nÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) husi Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nÿ¶nÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) puci na¶nÿ¶nÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi husi Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) na¶Ú‹∆ Ajra l‹∆tÿ Aja-Sikpi nÿ¶ayi Alada l‹∆tÿ na¶nÿ¶nÿ¶ Anexo pusi Ajra s‹∆a¶ Arohun l‹∆s‹∆ Alada jijÿna¶yi Aveno ƒuci Anexo na¶Ú‹∆ Awlan futsi Arohun jijÿna¶yi Ayizo l‹∆tÿ Aveno na¶Ú‹∆ Be fuci Awlan nÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Ci l‹∆ Ayizo flaÚ‹∆ Daxe linn¶s‹∆ Be na¶Ú‹∆ s‹∆l‹∆l‹∆ Ci flaÚ‹∆ Fon l‹∆tÿ Daxe Ú‹∆hihilÿ¶ Gbekon l‹∆ Fon j‹∆jÿna¶yi Gbesi l‹∆tÿ Gbekon jijÿayi Gbin puci siÚ‹∆ Gbokpa l⁄tÿ Gbesi flaÚ‹∆ xotÿ Gbin na¶Ú‹∆ Gen pusi Gbokpa flaÚ‹∆ Gun l⁄tÿ Gen na¶Ú‹∆ Ho puci Gun sina¶Ú‹∆ Kotafon l‹∆tÿ siaÚ‹∆ Kpase l‹∆tÿ Ho na¶Ú‹∆ Kpelen letÿ Kotafon flaÚ‹∆ Kpesi puci flaaÚ‹∆ Maxi l‹∆ Kpase jijaÚ‹∆ Movolo n‹∆⁄s‹∆ Kpelen na¶Ú‹ ∆ Saxwe xu⁄s‹∆ Kpesi na¶Ú‹∆ Se s‹∆l‹∆l‹∆ Maxi ciyÿ¶ Seto l‹∆s‹∆ Movolo s‹∆a¶wa¶ Tofin nd¶⁄s‹∆ Saxwe xinÿ¶Ú‹∆ Togo fuci xinÿ¶Ú‹∆ Toli l‹∆tÿ Se Ú‹∆hihilÿ¶ Vlin puci Seto s‹∆a¶wa¶ Vo poci Tofin s‹∆a¶wa¶ Waci poci Togo na¶Ú‹∆ Wance puci Toli s‹∆a¶wa¶ Weme l‹∆s‹∆ s‹∆a¶ Wundi poci Vlin na¶Ú‹∆ Xwela l‹∆tÿ Vo na¶Ú‹∆ Xwla (eastern) lina¶c‹∆ Waci na¶Ú‹∆ Xwla (western) Ú‹∆tÿ Wance na¶Ú‹∆ Weme jijÿna¶yi Wundi na¶Ú‹∆ Xwela xina¶wa¶ Xwla (eastern) s‹∆a¶wa¶ Xwla (western) sinÿ¶awa¶
157 93. se mettre debout 94. se coucher
Adan tsitre Adan mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Agbome site Agbome mlÿ¶ayi Agoi/Glidji nÿ¶te mla¶Ú‹∆ Agu citre Agoi/Glidji mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Aja-Dogbo nÿ¶te Agu mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nÿ¶te Aja-Dogbo mla¶Ú‹∆ cite Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mla¶Ú‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) sojete Aja-Hwe (Azovè) mla¶Ú‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nÿ¶te Aja-Hwe (Gboto) mla¶Ú‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) cite Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Aja-Sikpi nÿ¶te Aja-Sikpi mla¶Ú‹∆ Ajra nÿ¶te Ajra fia¶ Alada cite fia¶wa¶ Anexo nÿ¶te Alada mla¶Ú‹∆ Arohun cite Anexo mla¶Ú‹∆ Aveno citre Arohun mÿ¶lÿ¶ayi Awlan tsitre Aveno mlÿ¶Ú‹∆ Ayizo cite Awlan mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Be citre Ayizo mla¶Ú‹∆ Ci cite Be mlÿ¶Ú‹∆ Daxe cite Ci mla¶Ú‹∆ Fon site Daxe Ú‹∆h‹∆hlÿ¶ Gbekon kiete Fon mlÿ¶ayi Gbesi nÿ¶te mla¶Ú‹∆ Gbin to Gbekon mlÿ¶ayi Gbokpa cite Gbesi mla¶Ú‹∆ Gen nÿ¶te Gbin mlÿ¶Ú‹∆ Gun nÿ¶te Gbokpa mla¶Ú‹∆ Ho to Gen mla¶Ú‹∆ Kotafon cite Gun mlÿ¶ayi Kpase nÿ¶te Ho mlÿ¶Ú‹∆ Kpelen co Kotafon mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Kpesi co mla¶Ú‹∆ na¶tre Kpase mla¶Ú‹∆ Maxi cite Kpelen mla¶Ú‹∆ Movolo fÿ¶ Kpesi mla¶Ú‹∆ Saxwe nÿ¶te Maxi mla¶Ú‹∆ Se cite Movolo fia¶wa¶ Seto cite Saxwe hlÿÚ‹∆ tite Se Ú‹∆h‹∆hlÿ¶ Tofin fÿ¶ Seto fia¶ Togo citre Tofin fia¶wa¶ Toli nÿ¶te Togo mlÿ¶Ú‹∆ tite Toli fia¶ Vlin to fia¶wa¶ Vo nÿ¶te Vlin mlÿ¶Ú‹∆ site Vo mla¶Ú‹∆ Waci nÿ¶te Waci mla¶Ú‹∆ site Wance mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Wance co Weme mÿ¶lÿ¶ayi cite Wundi mlÿ¶aÚ‹∆ Weme nÿ¶te Xwela fia¶wa¶ Wundi cite Xwla (eastern) via¶wa¶ Xwela cite Xwla (western) hlÿ¶awa¶ Xwla (eastern) cite via¶awa¶ Xwla (western) cite
158 95. tomber 96. dormir
Adan ge Adan dÿlÿ¶ Agbome j⁄ayi Agbome damÿ¶lÿ¶ jayi Agoi/Glidji dÿna¶lÿ¶ Agoi/Glidji jaÚ‹∆ Agu dÿalÿ Agu jeaÚ‹∆ Aja-Dogbo da¶lÿ¶ Aja-Dogbo jaÚ‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) da¶lÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) jt¶ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) da¶lÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) jaÚ‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) da¶lÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) jaÚ‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) dÿna¶lÿ¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) jaÚ‹∆ Aja-Sikpi ÿwlÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi jaÚ‹∆ Ajra dÿ¶mlÿ¶ Ajra jaa Alada da¶mlÿ¶ jawa¶ Anexo dÿna¶lÿ¶ Alada jayi Arohun dÿa¶mlÿ¶ Anexo jaÚ‹∆ Aveno dÿlÿ¶ Arohun j⁄ayi Awlan dÿlÿ¶ Aveno jaÚ‹∆ Ayizo da¶mlÿ¶ Awlan ge Be dÿlÿ¶ Ayizo jayi Ci da¶mlÿ¶ Be jaÚ‹∆ Daxe ÿwlÿ¶ Ci jayi Fon dÿ Daxe j⁄Ú‹∆ dÿamlÿ¶ Fon j⁄ayi da¶mlÿ¶ jayi Gbekon dÿ¶mlÿ¶ Gbekon jayi Gbesi da¶mlÿ¶ Gbesi jayi Gbin da¶lÿ¶ Gbin jaÚ‹∆ Gbokpa da¶mlÿ¶ Gbokpa jayi Gen dÿna¶lÿ¶ Gen ga¶ da¶lÿ¶ jaÚ‹∆ Gun da¶mlÿ¶ Gun jayi Ho da¶lÿ¶ Ho jaÚ‹∆ Kotafon dÿa¶mlÿ¶ Kotafon jaÚ‹∆ da¶mlÿ¶ Kpase jayi Kpase da¶lÿ¶ Kpelen jaÚ‹∆ Kpelen dalÿ¶ Kpesi jaÚ‹∆ Kpesi dalÿ¶ Maxi jayi Maxi da¶mlÿ¶ Movolo za¶wa¶ Movolo dÿ¶mlÿ¶ Saxwe j⁄Ú‹∆ Saxwe dawlÿ¶ Se j⁄Ú‹∆ Se dÿwlÿ¶ Seto jawa¶ Seto dÿ¶mlÿ¶ Tofin za¶wa¶ Tofin dÿ¶mlÿ¶ Togo jaÚ‹∆ Togo dÿlÿ¶ Toli jawa¶ Toli dÿ¶mlÿ¶ fl⁄ da¶mlÿ¶ Vlin jaÚ‹∆ dÿwlÿ¶ Vo ja¶Ú‹∆ Vlin da¶lÿ¶ Waci ja¶Ú‹∆ Vo da¶lÿ¶ Wance jaÚ‹∆ Waci da¶lÿ¶ Weme j⁄ayi Wance dÿna¶lÿ¶ Wundi jaÚ‹∆ Weme dÿa¶mlÿ¶ Xwela jawa¶ Wundi dÿna¶lÿ¶ Xwla (eastern) jawa¶ Xwela dÿÿlÿ¶ Xwla (western) j⁄awa¶ Xwla (eastern) dÿ¶mlÿ¶ Xwla (western) dÿÿ¶“lÿ
159 97. laver (un pot) 98. laver (la lessive)
Adan klÿ Adan Úa¶nt¶ Agbome kÿlÿ Agbome Úa¶ Agoi/Glidji klÿ Agoi/Glidji Úa¶ Agu klÿ Agu Úa¶ Aja-Dogbo klÿ Aja-Dogbo Úa¶ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) klÿ Ú‹∆ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) klÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Úa¶ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) klÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Úa¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) klÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) Úa¶nt¶ Aja-Sikpi klÿ Úa¶ Ajra klÿ Ú‹∆ Alada kÿlÿza¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) Úa¶ Anexo klÿ Aja-Sikpi Úa¶ Arohun kÿlÿ Ajra Úa¶ Aveno klÿ Alada Úa¶vÿ Awlan klÿ Anexo Úa¶ Ayizo klÿ Arohun Úa¶ Be klÿ Aveno Úa¶ Ci klÿ Awlan Úa¶nt¶ Daxe klÿ Ayizo Úa¶ l⁄s‹∆ Be Úa¶ Fon klÿ Ci Úa¶ Gbekon kÿlÿ Daxe Úa¶nt¶ Gbesi klÿ Úa¶ kÿlÿ Fon Úa¶ Gbin klÿ Gbekon Úa¶ Gbokpa klÿ Gbesi kÿlÿ Gen klÿ Gbin Úa¶ Gun klÿ Gbokpa Úa¶ Ho klÿ Gen Úa¶ Kotafon klÿ Gun Úa¶ Kpase klÿ Ho Úa¶ Kpelen klÿ Kotafon Úa¶ Kpesi klÿ Kpase Úa¶ Maxi klÿ Kpelen Úa¶ Movolo klÿ Kpesi Úa¶ Saxwe klÿ Maxi Úa¶ Se klÿ Movolo Úa¶ Seto klÿ Saxwe Úa¶ Tofin klÿ Se Úa¶nt¶ Togo klÿ Úa¶ Toli klÿ Seto Úa¶ Vlin klÿ Tofin Úa¶ Vo klÿ Togo Úa¶ Waci klÿ Toli Úa¶vÿ¶ Wance klÿ Vlin Úa¶ Weme Úa¶ Vo Úa¶ Wundi klÿ Waci Úa¶ Xwela klÿ Wance Úa¶ Xwla (eastern) klÿ Weme nt¶Ú‹∆Úa¶ Xwla (western) klÿ Wundi Úa¶ Xwela Úa¶ Xwla (eastern) Úa¶ Xwla (western) Úa¶nt¶
160 99. gratter 100. verser
Adan ku Adan kÿ Agbome xw⁄l⁄ Agbome kÿ¶ Agoi/Glidji klu Agoi/Glidji kÿ Agu ku Agu fugbe Aja-Dogbo klu Aja-Dogbo kÿ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) klu Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kÿ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) klu Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kÿ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) klu Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kÿ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kt¶ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) kÿ ku Aja-Sikpi kÿ¶ Aja-Sikpi klu Ajra kÿ¶ Ajra kikÿ¶ ‡iÿ klu Alada kÿ¶ Alada kusu Anexo kÿ Anexo kliko Arohun kÿ¶ Arohun kusu Aveno kÿ Aveno klu Awlan kÿ Awlan ku Ayizo kÿ¶ Ayizo klu Be kÿ Be klu Ci kÿ¶ Ci kÿ¶ Daxe xÿkt¶ kluyi Fon kÿ¶ klu Gbekon kÿ¶ Daxe xwele Gbesi ‡iÿ xwel⁄ Gbin kt¶“gb⁄ Fon xw⁄l⁄ Gbokpa kÿ¶ Gbekon xw⁄l⁄ Gen kÿ Gbesi xw⁄l⁄ Gun kÿ¶ Gbin kuwi Ho kt¶“gb⁄ Gbokpa klu Kotafon kÿ¶ xwl⁄ Kpase kÿ¶ Gen kliko Kpelen kÿ Gun klu Kpesi cÿkÿ¶gbe Ho kuwi Maxi kÿ¶ Kotafon klu Movolo kÿ¶ Kpase klu Saxwe kÿ¶ Kpelen ku Se xÿkt¶ Kpesi klu Seto kÿ¶ Maxi klt¶ Tofin kÿ¶ Movolo xwl⁄ Togo kÿ Saxwe klu Toli kÿ¶ Se xwele ‡iÿ Seto klu Vlin kt¶“gbe Tofin xwl⁄ Vo dÿli Togo klu Waci dÿli Toli klu Wance kÿ Vlin kuwi Weme kÿ¶ Vo klu Wundi kÿ Waci klu Xwela kÿ¶ Wance kt¶ Xwla (eastern) kÿ¶ ku Xwla (western) kÿ¶ Weme xw⁄l⁄ Wundi kt¶ ku Xwela Xwla (eastern) klu Xwla (western) kt¶
161 6. GBE PHRASE-LIST DATA
6.1. FRENCH PHRASES
The phrase list was developed by Wiesemann (1988:113f; 1989) and focuses on the verbal and the person (or noun) reference systems.
6.1.1. STANDARD LIST
1) Il a mangé poisson (hier). 2) L’homme a mangé poisson (hier). 3) Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant). 4) Il mangera poisson (plus tard). 5) Qui a mangé poisson? L’homme a mangé poisson. 6) Qu’est-ce qu’il mange (maintenant)? Il mange poisson. 7) Est-ce qu’il mange poisson (maintenant)? Non, il ne mange pas poisson. 8) Est-ce qu’il a mangé poisson? Non, il n’a pas mangé poisson. 9) Il a chanté un chant (hier). 10) Il est en train de chanter un chant (maintenant). 11) Il chantera un chant (plus tard). 12) Qui a chanté un chant? L’homme (dont on a déjà parlé) a chanté un chant. 13) Est-ce qu’il a chanté un chant? Non, il n’a pas chanté un chant. 14) Il est tombé (hier) 15) Il est en train de tomber (maintenant). 16) Il tombera (plus tard). 17) Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-ci (proche du locuteur) est tombé. 18) Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-là (proche de l’auditeur) est tombé. 19) Qui est tombé? Cet-homme acolà (loin du locuteur et de l’auditeur) est tombé. *** disqualified *** 20) Est-ce qu’il est tombé? Non, il n’est pas tombé. 21) C’est un poisson. 22) Ceux sont des poissons. 23) C’est un chien. 24) Ceux sont des chiens. 25) C’est un couteau. 26) Ceux sont des couteaux. 27) C’est une case. 28) Ceux sont des cases. 29) La case de l’homme. 30) La case de la femme (de l’homme). 31) L’enfant de l’homme. 32) L’enfant masculin. 33) Les enfants de l’homme. 34) L’oeil. 35) Les yeux de l’homme
162 6.1.2. ALTERNATIVE LIST70
2) Il tomba (hier). 3) L’homme tomba. 4) Il est en train de tomber. 5) Il tombera plus tard. 6) Qui tombera? L’homme tombera. 7) Etait-il tombé? Non, il n’était pas tombé. 8) Si (quand) il tombe, dis-le moi. 9) S’il était tombé, cela aurait été mauvais (mais il n’est pas tombé). 10) Ne tombe pas! 11) Il mangea de la nourriture (hier). 12) Il est en train de manger de la nourriture (maintenant). 13) Il mangera de la nourriture (plus tard). 14) Est-il en train de manger de la viande? Non, il n’est pas en train de manger de la viande. 15) Qu’est-ce qu’il est en train de manger? Il est en train de manger de la viande. 16) Si (quand) il mange du poisson, dis-le moi. 17) S’il avait mangé de la viande, cela aurait été bon (mais il n’a pas mangé). 18) Mange du poisson! 19) Mange ce poisson (ici)! 20) Ne mange pas de la viande! 21) Ne mange pas cette viande (là-bas)! 22) Ne mange pas la viande (dont on avait déjà parlé)! 23) Cet homme (ici) veut manger du poisson. 24) Il mangera beaucoup de poissons. 25) Cet homme (là-bas) veut manger de la viande. 26) Il mangera toute la viande. 27) Qui tomba? L’homme (dont on avait déjà parlé) tomba. 28) Qui tomba? (Plusieurs) hommes tombèrent. 29) C’est une maison. 30) C’est la maison de l’homme. 31) C’est une maison en boue. 32) Ceux sont (quelques) maisons. 33) Ceux sont (quelques) maisons en boue.
70 The alternative list was elicited in the Ayizo, Kotafon, Kpelen, Saxwe and Xwela varieties. 163 6.2. CATEGORIES FOR SIMILARITY GROUPINGS
The following guidelines were established by Wiesemann (1992) for the similarity groupings of shared grammatical features from the elicited Gbe phrase lists.
6.2.1. GRAMMATICAL FEATURES IN FOCUS
Grammatical features in focus: Phrase number:71
− Definite marker 2 − Negation: form of 1. + 2. particle 7, 8, 13, 20 − Noun forms in possessive constructions 31, 32 − Noun order in possessive constructions 32 − Noun – singular order 21 − Plural marker 22, 24, 26, 28 − Possessive marker 29, 30, 31, 33, 35 − Progressive marker 3, 10, 15 − Question marker: existence of particle 5, 12, 17, 18 − Question marker: form of particle 7,8,13,20 − Question marker: form of qui (who) 5, 12, 17, 18 − Singular marker 21 − Specific indicators: ci – la (this – that) 17, 18 − Subject marker 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16 − Subject marker + future marker 4, 11, 16 − Verb – object/location order 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16
6.2.2. GUIDELINES FOR SIMILARITY GROUPINGS
The elicited forms are grouped together according to shared grammatical features as defined by Wiesemann (1992):
6.2.2.1. Definite marker
Group 3) a Group 4) lÿ Group 5) ÿ Group 6) ÿn Group 7) no particle
Phrase #2
6.2.2.2. Negation: Form of 1. + 2. particle
1. Particle 2. Particle 1. Particle 2. Particle
Group 1) ‡e o Group 2) m⁄ Group 3) ‡e go Group 4) mÿ Group 5) ga a Group 6) mÿ g⁄ Group 7) hÿn Group 8) mu o Group 9) hÿn nÿ Group 10) n o Group 11) ma Group 12) n go Group 13) maa Group 14) gbe go Group 15) ma ‡e Group 16) a Group 17) ma g⁄ Group 18) aa
71 Of the 35 phrases, 29 were analyzed; the following phrases are not included in the analysis: #s 6, 19, 23, 25, 27, 34. 164 1. Particle 2. Particle 1. Particle 2. Particle
Group 19) ma n⁄ Group 20) e Group 21) ma wa Group 22) go Group 23) me o Group 24) nÿ Group 25) m⁄ o
Phrase #s 7, 8, 13, 20
6.2.2.3. Noun forms in possessive constructions
6.2.2.3.1. Forms for homme – masculin (man – masculin)
Group 1) #31 homme identical with #32 masculin Group 2) #31 homme not identical with #32 masculin
Phrase #s 31, 32
6.2.2.3.2. Form for enfant (child)
Group 1) #31 enfant identical with #32 enfant Group 2) #31 enfant not identical with #32 enfant
Phrase #s 31, 32
6.2.2.4. Noun order in possessive constructions
Group 1) noun 1 – noun 2 Group 2) noun 2 – noun 1
Phrase #32
6.2.2.5. Noun – singular order
Group 1) noun – singular Group 2) singular – noun
Phrase #21
6.2.2.6. Plural marker
Group 1) wo e; wo; o yÿ; o Group 2) we Group 3) l⁄ e; l⁄ n⁄; l⁄ w⁄; l⁄ ye Group 4) w⁄ Group 5) ye Group 6) xwl⁄n Group 7) ye w⁄ Group 8) e n
Phrase #s 22, 24, 26, 28
165 6.2.2.7. Possessive marker
Group 1) noun 1 particle noun 2 Group 2) noun 1 no particle noun 2 Group 3) noun 1 noun 2 particle Group 4) noun 2 noun 1 tÿn; dÿn
Particle forms:
− fe − be − we − sin − ki − m − ni
Phrase #s 29, 30, 31, 33, 35
6.2.2.8. Progressive marker
1. Particle Verb 2. Particle 1. Particle Verb 2. Particle
Group 1) le; lee; l; na verb “; m; mu; nu; nÿ Group 2) ‡e verb no particle Group 3) le verb kÿ Group 4) ‡o verb no particle Group 5) le verb gbe Group 6) nÿ verb no particle Group 7) lo verb wÿ Group 8) to verb no particle Group 9) ‡o verb nÿ; w⁄; wÿ Group 10) le verb no particle Group 11) ‡o verb kÿn Group 12) no particle VV72 no particle Group 13) ‡e verb alÿnu Group 14) gbe VV no particle Group 15) no particle verb nÿ le; nÿ; “ Group 16) ‡o VV no particle
Phrase #s 3, 10, 15
6.2.2.9. Question marker: Existence of particle
Group 1) particle73 Group 2) no particle
Phrase #s 5, 12, 17, 18
6.2.2.10. Question marker: Form of particle
Group 1) a Group 2) ya Group 3) ⁄ Group 4) ÿ Group 5) e Group 6) n⁄ Group 7) w⁄ Group 8) no particle
Phrase #s 7, 8, 13, 20
72 Reduplication of the verb. 73 The specific form of the particle is not included in the analysis. 166 6.2.2.11. Question marker: Form of qui (who)
Group 1) m⁄ka; meka Group 2) m⁄“; m⁄m⁄; m⁄m⁄; m⁄m⁄ Group 3) m⁄k⁄ Group 4) mi Group 5) m⁄; m⁄⁄ Group 6) nu‡⁄ Group 7) m⁄nu; l⁄un; Group 8) m⁄⁄nu
Phrase #s 5, 12, 17, 18
6.2.2.12. Singular marker
Group 1) e; ye Group 2) ⁄nyi; yi Group 3) yÿ Group 4) n⁄; n⁄⁄ Group 5) w⁄ Group 6) ⁄
Phrase #21
6.2.2.13. Specific indicators: ci – la (this – that)
ci la ci la
Group 1) sia ma Group 2) x⁄ ny Group 3) ya ma Group 4) xe newun Group 5) ya mi‡a Group 6) xÿ h⁄n Group 7) ya wan Group 8) ke hin Group 9) yÿ n⁄ Group 10) e x⁄n Group 11) yÿ ne Group 12) e e n⁄ e Group 13) iy⁄ dÿn Group 14) en⁄ yin⁄ Group 15) yÿ cÿÿn Group 16) n⁄ ‡i Group 17) lÿ cÿÿn Group 18) ni ‡yÿ ni Group 19) lÿ n⁄ Group 20) yÿ ni yÿ ni Group 21) lÿ ne Group 22) ke a a Group 23) cÿ ma Group 24) ke un k⁄n un Group 25) c⁄ ‡a Group 26) ke“ k⁄n“ Group 27) c⁄ ntÿ Group 28) lew⁄ lebl⁄ Group 29) xe n⁄ Group 30) hu‡ne xÿn
Phrase #s 17, 18
6.2.2.14. Subject marker
Group 1) e Group 2) ⁄ Group 3) ya
Phrases #s 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16
167 6.2.2.15. Subject marker + future marker
Subject Future marker Subject Future marker
Group 1) e la Group 2) a gbe Group 3) e na; ma Group 4) e no particle Group 5) e l⁄; le Group 6) ya /a no particle Group 7) e mÿ Group 8) e le … ge; go Group 9) e gbe Group 10) e na … ge Group 11) e gbo Group 12)
Phrase #s 4, 11, 16
6.2.2.16. Verb – object/location order
Group 1) verb – object/location Group 2) location/object – verb
Phrases #s 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16
168 6.3. ELICITED DATA SORTED BY PHRASE
1. Il a mangé poisson (hier). − Alternative phrase list:74 10. Il mangea de la nourriture (hier).
Adan eÍu tçmelan (etsç) Agbome e Íu hwev"@ (sç) Agoi/Gliji e Íu elanv"@ (esç) Agu e Íu akpa (cç) Aja-Dogbo e Íu@ kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e Íu@ kpav"@ (esç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e Íu kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e Íu kpa@v"@ (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e Íu akpa (ecç) Aja-Sikpi e Íu@ hwe (sç) Ajra e Íu hwevi (e@tle@) Alada e Íu whevi (sç Íe@ wayiE) Anexo e Íu elanvi (esç) Arohun e Íu hwevi (sç) Aveno e Íu akpa (cç) Awlan e Íu tçmelan (etsç) Ayizo e Íu (nu) (sç) [#10] Be e Íu akpa (ecç si va@ yi) Ci e Íu hwevi (sç Íe wayi de) Daxe e Íu ohwe (lesçE@) Fon e Íu hwev"@ (sç) Gbekon e Íu whevi (Íe sç) Gbesi e Íu xwe (sç) Gbin e Íu alanvi (cç) Gbokpa e Íu xwe (sç) Gen e Íu elanv" (esç) Gun e Íu hwev"@ (sç) Ho e Íu alanvi (cç) Kotafon e Íu@ (nuÍu@Íu) (sç@ç@) [#10] Kpase e Íu xwevi (sç) Kpelen e Íu (nu) (cç@) [#10] Kpesi e Íu adovi (cç) Maxi e Íu hwevi (sç) Movolo e Íu ohwe$ Saxwe e Íu (nuu@) (swE) [#10] Se e Íu ohwe (le sçE@) Seto e Íu hwey" (Ío e@tle) Tofin e Íu ohwe Togo e Íu akpa (ecç si va@yi) Toli e Íu hwey" (Íe@tle) Vlin e Íu alanvi (cç) Vo E Íu lanv"@ (cç) Waci E Íu lanv" (cç) Wance e Íu akpa (ecç) Weme e Íu hwev"@ Wundi e Íu akpa (ecç) Xwela e Íu (nuÍuÍu) (sç) [#10] Xwla (eastern) e Íu hwev" (Ío e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) e Íu xwe
74 The alternative phrase list was elicited in the Ayizo, Kotafon, Kpelen, Saxwe and Xwela varieties. 169 2. L’homme a mangé poisson (hier). − Alternative phrase list: 2. L’homme tomba. + 10. Il mangea de la nourriture (hier).
Adan ---- Agbome nya ç@ Íu hwev"@ (sç) Agoi/Gliji n@su a Íu elanv"@ (esç) Agu ncu a Íu akpa (cç) Aja-Dogbo nsu@ ç Íu kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu@ a Íu kpav"@ (esç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsi lç Íu kpa@v"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ ç@ Íu$ kpa@v"@ (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) n@cu a Íu akpa (cç) Aja-Sikpi nsu@ ç@ Íu hwe (sç) Ajra xwunxwa&n Íu hwevi (e@tle@) Alada sunu Íu whevi (sç Íee@ wayi E) Anexo ˜@su a Íu elanv"@ (esç) Arohun sunusi lç Íu hwevi (sç) Aveno ncu a Íu akpa (cç) Awlan Nutsu Íu tçmelan Ayizo nya a Íu (nu&) (sç$) [#s 2+10] Be n@cu a Íu akpa (ecç si va@ yi) Ci sunu Íu hwevi (sç) Daxe sunu Íu ohwe (lesç E@) Fon nya ç@ Íu hwevi (sç) Gbekon sunu Íu whevi Íe (sç) Gbesi su@nu ç@ Íu xwe (sç) Gbin ncu a Íu alanvi (cç) Gbokpa osu@nu@ ç@ Íu xwe (sç@) Gen n@su a Íu elanv"@ (esç) Gun su@nu lç@ ko Íu hwev"@ (sç) Ho ncu a Íu alanvi (cç) Kotafon dawe ç@ du@ (nu Íu@Íu) [#s 2+10] Kpase dawe@ ç@ Íu xwev"@ (sç) Kpelen ncu Íu (nu) (cç@) [#s 2+10] Kpesi n@cu a Íu adovi (cç) Maxi sunE ç Íu hwevi (sç) Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ Íu$ hwe$ Saxwe nsuglo a Íu (nuu@) (swE) [#s 2+10] Se gbetç@ Íu ohwe (lesç E@) Seto xunxwan lç@ Íu hwey"@ (Ío e@tle) Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ Íu hwe Togo n@cu a Íu akpa (e cç@ si va@ yi) Toli xuxwa&n lç@ Íu hwey"@ (Íe@tle) Vlin n@cu$ a$ Íu alanv"@ (cç) Vo ncu a Íu lanv"@ (cç) Waci n@cu a Íu lanv"@ (cç) Wance n@cu a Íu akpa (cç) Weme nya ç@ Íu hwev"@ Wundi n@cu a Íu akpa (cç) Xwela islun Íu@ (nuÍuÍu) (sç) [#s 2+10] Xwla (eastern) su@nu lç@ Íu hwev"& (Ío e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) n@sun çn Íu xwe
170 3. Il est en train de manger poisson (maintenant). − Alternative phrase list: 11. Il est en train de manger de la nourriture (maintenant).
Adan e@ le tçmelan Íu m Agbome e@ Ío hwev" Íu wE (din) Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ Íu elanv"@ (f"@fi) Agu e@ le akpa Íu mu@ (fia) Aja-Dogbo e@ gbe@ Íu@Íuç@ kpa@v" (uyE@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ ÍuÍuwç kpav"@ (ka@ka E@) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ le kpav"@ Íu kç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ gbe@ Íu@Íu$ç kpa@v"@ (u$yE@) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe@ Íu@Íuç hwe (viE) Ajra e@ nç Íu hwevi Alada e@ to whevi Íu (din vie) Anexo e@ lee@ Íu e@lanv"@ (f"@f"@) Arohun e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu (din) Aveno e le akpa Íu mu Awlan e@ le tçmelan Íu m Ayizo e@ Ío (nu) Íu wE (diin) [#11] Be e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Ci e Ío hwevi Íu wE (dEn) Daxe e@ Íu ohwe nç (lesyE) Fon e@ Ío hwev"@ Íu wE (din) Gbekon e@ Íe owhevi Íu (alçnu) (din/di) Gbesi e lo$ xwe Íu wç Gbin e@ le alanvi Íu (fifi jE) Gbokpa e@ Ío xwe Íu wE Gen e@ le Íu elanv"@ (f"@fi) Gun e@ to hwev"@ Íu (din) Ho e@ le alanvi Íu (fifi la) Kotafon e@ Ío@ (nuÍu@Íu) Íu wç (diin) [#11] Kpase e@ Ío xwev" Íu@ wE (diin) Kpelen e@ Íe@ (nu) Íu (fi gba le) [#11] Kpesi e@ le Íu adovi Maxi e@ Ío hwevi Íu we Movolo e@ Ío@ hwe$ Íu$ Saxwe e@@@ Íu@nuu@ nç@ (f"@fi) [#11] Se e@ Íu ohwe nç (lesiE) Seto e@ Ío@ hwey"@ lç@ Íu kçn Tofin e@ Ío@ hwe Íu$u$ Togo e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Toli e@ nç Íu@ hwey" (ti) Vlin e@ le$ alanv"@ Íu (f"@f"@ jE) Vo E@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ (f"@fi a) Waci E@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ (f"@fi a) Wance e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Weme e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu Wundi e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Xwela e@ nç Íu@nu (tEn) [#11] Xwla (eastern) e@ nç Íu@ hwev"& (Ío@ hale@) Xwla (western) e@ le xwe Íunu
171 4. Il mangera poisson (plus tard). − Alternative phrase list: 12. Il mangera de la nourriture (plus tard).
Adan e na Íu tçmelan ge Agbome e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwev"@ Agoi/Gliji e@ la@ va@ Íu elanv"@ Agu e@ le akpa Íu ge@ Aja-Dogbo a gbe@ va@ Íu@ kpa@vi@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a@ va@ Íu kpav"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) (e@ya@ ç@) a va@ yi@ Íu kpavi lç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$ gbe@ va@ Íu@ kpa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e le akpa Íu ge@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe va@ Íu@ hwe Ajra e@ na@ wa Íu hwevi Alada e@ na@ wa@ Íu whevi (madEn madEn mE) Anexo e@ la@ Íu elanv"@ (e@yç@ mE) Arohun e@ na va Íu hwevi Aveno e na va Íu akpa e gbç na akpa Íu ge Awlan e@ na Íu tçmelan ge Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ Íu (nu) [#12] Be e@ gbç na akpa Íu ge@ Ci e na wa Íu hwevi Daxe e@ na@ va@ Íu ohwe Fon e@ na wa@ Íu hwev"@ Gbekon e@ na Íu whevi (nEya nEya) Gbesi e na Íu xwe Gbin e@ na va Íu alanvi Gbokpa e@ na@ Íu@ çxwe Gen e@ la@ va@ Íu elanv"@ (e@yo@mE) Gun e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwev"@ (nE@ e@ ya@) Ho e@ na@ va Íu alanvi Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu (nuÍuÍu) [#12] Kpase e@ na@ Íu xwev"@ (xwe Íe@ vo nu) Kpelen a@ va@ Íu (nuÍu@Íu@) [#12] Kpesi e@ le va Íu adovi Maxi e@ na wa@ Íu@ hwevi Movolo e@ na@ Íu$ hwe$ Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu (nuu@) [#12] Se e@ na@ va@ Íu ohwe Seto e@ mç@ wa@ Íu hwey"@ Tofin e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwe Togo e@ gbç na akpa Íu ge@) Toli e@ ma@ wa Íu@ hwey"@ Vlin e@ na$ va@ Íu$ alanv"@ Vo ya@ va@ Íu lanv"@ Waci ya@ va@ Íu lanv"@ Wance e@ le akpa Íu ge@ Weme e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwev"@ Wundi e@ le akpa Íu ge@ Xwela e@ la@we Íu (nu@) [#12] Xwla (eastern) e@ gbo wa@ Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) a@ ba@ Íu xwe
172 5. Qui a mangé poisson? L’homme a mangé poisson.
Adan a meka e Íu tçmelan? Nutsu Íu tçmelan Agbome o mEka Íu hwev"@? nya ç@ Íu hwevi Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ Íu elanv"@ o? n@su a ye@ Íu elanv"@ Agu mEka ye@ Íu akpa? ncu a ye@ Íu akpa Aja-Dogbo m"@ Íu@ kpa@v"@? nsu@ lç@ yi Íu@ kpa@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi Íu kpav"@ lç@ç? nsu lç@ "@ Íu kpav"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ Íu kpavi lç@? nsu lç@ y"@ Íu kpavi lç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& Íu@ kpa@v"@? n$su@ lç@ y"$ Íu kpa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? çncu a xe Íu akpa Aja-Sikpi mEE@ Íu hwe? nsu@ lç@ y"@ Íu hwe Ajra E mE@ Íu hwevi? xwuxwa^n Íu hwevi Alada mEka@ Íu whev"@? gbEtç@ Íu whev"@ Anexo mEkE@ Íu@ e@lan v"@ o? ˜@su a Íu elanv"@ Arohun mEnu wE Íu hwevi? sunu lç wE Íu hwevi Aveno amEka ye@ Íu@ akpa? ncu a ye Íu akpa Awlan a meka e Íu tçme lan? Nutsu Íu tçmelan Ayizo ---- Be a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? n@cu a ye@ Íu akpa Ci mE Íu hwevi? sunu Íu hwevi Daxe mE lE Íu ohwe yç? gbetç wE Íu ohwe yç Fon mEka Íu hwev"@? nya o@ Íu hwev"@ Gbekon e meka Íu whevi? egbEtç Íu whevi Gbesi mEnu@ wE Íu xwe lç@? su@nu ç@ wE Íu Gbin mE Íu alanvi? ncu a ye Íu alanvi Gbokpa mEE@ E Íu xwe lç@? su@nu lç@ wE@ Íu xwe lç@ Gen mEkE@ Íu elanv"@ o? n@su a Íu elanv"@ Gun mE&Enu wE Íu hwev"@? su@nu lç@ Íu hwev"@ Ho mE Íu alanvi? ncu a ye@ Íu alanvi Kotafon ---- Kpase mEE@ Íu xwev"@? dawe@ ç@ Íu xwev"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi a mEka la ye@ Íu adovi? ncu a Íu adovi Maxi mE Íu hwevi? sunE ç wE Íu hwevi Movolo mE@˜@ Íu@ hwe$? su@ns"@ Íu$ hwe$ Saxwe ---- Se mE lE Íu ohwe yç? gbetç wE Íu ohwe yç Seto E mE@n"@ Íu hwey"@? xunxwan lç@ Íu hwey"@ Tofin mE@u@n Íu@ hwe? su@ns"@ Íu hwe Togo a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? ncu@ a ye@ Íu akpa Toli E mE@ Ío@ e@ Íu hwey"^? xunxwa^n lç@ Íu hwey"@ Vlin mE& Íu$ a$lanv"@? n@cu$ ye$ Íu alanvi Vo mEka Íu lanv"@? ˜@cu a Íu lanv"@ Waci mEka Íu lanv"@? n@cu a Íu lanv"@ Wance a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? çncu a ye@ Íu akpa Weme mE@ wE Íu hwev"@? Wundi a mEka ye@ Íu akpa? çncu a ye Íu akpa Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ Íu@ hwev"^? su@nu lç@ n"@ Íu@ hwev"& lç@ Xwla (western) mEnE@ Íu xwe o?
173 6. Qu’est ce qu’il mange (maintenant)? Il mange poisson. − Alternative phrase list: 14. Qu’est ce qu'il est en train de manger? Il est en train de manger de la viande.
Adan nuka Íum wo le? e tçmelan Agbome e@tE@ Íu wE e@ka Íe (din)? e Ío hwevi Íu@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji nu@kE@ Íu wç@ ye@ bee@ le o? elanv"@ Íu wç ye@ bee@ le Agu nu@ka Íu mu@ e@ le (fia)? e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Aja-Dogbo nyE@ Íu@Íu@ o@ e viE? e@ Íu ç kpa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nyE Íu@Íu ç (ka@ka E@)? e Íu@Íu ç kpavi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nyi Íu kç e@ le ç? e@ Íu kç kpav"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nyE$ Íu@Íu@ o@ e$vyE$? e@ Íu$ ç$kaa@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nu@ka Íu mE ele? e@ le@ akpa Íu mu@ Aja-Sikpi nyE ÍuÍu o@ e@ viE? e@ Íu ç hwe Ajra amu@ e@ nç Íu@ e@tE^? e@ nç Íu hwevi Alada e@ tE Íu e@ Íe din? e@ Íu whev"@ Anexo nu@ kE@ Íu wç ye@ bee@ le (f"@f"@) a? e@lee@ Íu elanv"@ Arohun etE Íu e@ Íe$ (din)? e@ Íe hwevi Íu Aveno nuka Íu mu e le$? e le akpa Íu mu Awlan nu ka Íum wo le? e tçmelan Ayizo nuwE e@ kaÍo Íu wç ja? (lan) Íu wE e@ Íe [#14] Be nu@ ka Íu mu@ e@ le? e@ le kpa Íu mu@ Ci ani wE e nç Íu (dEn)? e@ Íu hwev"@ Daxe çn"@ e@ Íu nç siE ç@? e@ Íu ohwe nç Fon e@tE Íu wE e@ ka Íe (din)? e@ Ío hwev"@ Íu@ wE Gbekon ani Íu e ka Íe din/di? whevi Íu e Íe ani Íu e ka Íe din/di? whe vi Gbesi nç@ le@ Íu diin? e@ lo@ xwe Íu wç Gbin nuka Íu e le? e@ le$ alanvi Íu Gbokpa a mu@ wE@ le@ Íu wç lç@? oxwe wE e@le@ Íu Gen nu@kE@ Íu wç ye@ be& le o? e@ le& Íu elanv"@ Gun nutE@ Íu wE e@ te (din)? e@ to hwev"@ Íu Ho nuka Íu e le? e@ le$ alanvi Íu Kotafon nç e Ío@ Íu@ ç? e@ Ío (lan) Íu ç [#14] Kpase e@ tE@ Íu wE e@ Íe? e@ Ío xwev"@ Íu@ wE a ni Íu wE e@ Íe? e@ Ío xwev"@ Íu@ wE Kpelen mE n I Íu o le? e@ le (la) Íuu@ [#14] Kpesi mE na e@ le Íu? e@ le Íu adovi Maxi etE Íu wE e@ Íe? e@ Ío hwevi Íu wE Movolo e@tE@ Íu e@ Íe@? o$hwe$ Íu@ e@ Íe$ Saxwe ElE@ o@ Íu@ nç? e@ u@ (lan) nç@ [#14] Se N n"@ e@ Íu nç siE ç@? e@ Íu ohwe nç Seto amu@ Íu kçn o Íe? e@ Ío hwey"@ Íu Tofin e@tE@ Íu@ e@ Íe@? ohwe Íu@ e@ Íe@ Togo nu@ ka Íu mu@ e@ le? e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Toli e@Íe mu@ e@ nç Íu^? e@ nç Íu@ hwey"@ Vlin nu@ka Íu e le? e@ le$ alanvi Íu Vo nu@ka Íu ˜@ E le (fifi a)? E@ le lanv"@ Íu N Waci nu@ka Íu ˜@ E@ le (f"@fi a)? E@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ Wance nu@ka Íu mE e@ le? e@ le akpa Íu mu@ Weme e@tE@ Íu e@ (Íe)? e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu Wundi nu@ka Íu mE e@ le? e@ le akpa Íu mu Xwela amu@ e@ nç@ Íu@? e@ nç Íu (ilan) [#14] Xwla (eastern) amu@ a nç Íu@? e@ nç@ Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) nyikç wE le@ Íu nu o? e@ le xwe Íu nu
174 7. Est ce qu’il mange poisson (maintenant)? Non, il ne mange pas poisson. − Alternative phrase list: 13. Est ce qu’il est en train de manger de la viande? Non, il ne pas en train de manger de la viande.
Adan tçme lan Íum wole a? a o@, me Íu na tçme lan o@ Agbome eka Ío hwevi Íu (din)? e@ o&, e Íu hwevi a$ Agoi/Gliji elanv"@ Íu wç bee@ le a? o, mu@ lee@ Íu elanv"@ o Agu e@ le akpa Íu mu@ a? a@wo, mE@ le akpa Íu mu@ o Aja-Dogbo e@ Íu wç kpav"@ a? o@o, Íe@ Íu@Íu wç kpa@v"@ go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e ÍuÍu ç kpavi? o, e@ ÍuÍu ç kpavi go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ gbe@ Íu ç kpav"@ a? o, n@gbe@ Íu ç kpav"@ go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ Íu wç$ Kpa$v"@ vyE$ a@? o$ho@, Íe@ Íu@Íu@ wç$ kpa@v"@ go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo, mE le akpa Íu mu@ o$ Aja-Sikpi e Íu ç@ hwe viE a? o, Íe@ ÍuÍu@ ç hwe go Ajra be@ e@ nç Íu hwevi? e@he@o, e@ mç nç Íu hwevi Alada be@ e@ Íu whev"@? e@heo@, e@ ma Íu whev"@ Anexo elanv"@ Íu wç ye@ bee@ le a? e, mu@ lee@ Íu elanv"@ o Arohun be e@ Íe hwevi Íu (din) a? awo, e ma Íe hwevi Íu Aveno e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo, me le akpa Íu ma o Awlan tçme lan Íum wole a? a o@, me Íu na tçmelan o Ayizo (lan) Íu wE e@ Íe a? ewoo@, e@ ma Ío (lan) Íu wE [#13] Be e@ le akpa Íu mu@ a? awo, mE@ le akpa Íu mu@ o Ci e Ío hwevi Íu wE (dEn) a? Eho, e ga Ío hwevi Íu a$ Daxe e@ Íu ohwe nç siE ç@ wE$? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe nç Fon e@ ka@ Ío hwev"@ Íu wE a? e@eo@, e@ Ío hwev"@ Íu wE a& Gbekon e@ ka Íe whevi Íu a? owhee@, e@ Íe@ whevi Íu aa@ owo, Íe@ whevi Íu aa@ Gbesi o@ lo@ xwe lç@ Íu a? e@eoo@, e mç@ (nç@) Íu xwe gE@ Gbin e@ le alanvi Íu (fifi jE)? o, mE la alanvi Íu o$ Gbokpa e@le@ Íu xwe ç$? oo, e@ ma@ le@ Íu ç nE@ Gen elanv" Íu wç ye@ be& le a? o, mu@ le& Íu elanv"@ o Gun be@ e@ to hwev"@ Íu ya? ehe, e@ ma to hwev"@ Íu Ho e@ ga le$ alanvi Íu (fifi la)? o, mE ga la alanvi Íu o Kotafon nE@ e@ Ío (lan) Íu wE a? e@e@woo, e@ ma@ Ío (lan) Íu gE@ [#13] Kpase e@ Ío xwevi Íu@ wE dinn a? e@e@oo@, e@ Ío xwevi@ Íu@ wE aa@ Kpelen e (la) Íu@ a e@ le a? o, mu@ ela Íu e@ le o [# 13] Kpesi e@ le Íu adovi a? o, mE@ le Íu adovi Maxi hwevi Íu wE e@ Íe@ a? e@wo, e@ Ío hwevi Íu wE a Movolo o$hwe$ Íu$ e@ Íe$? e@he@, e@ ma$ Ío@ hwe$ Íu$ wa$ Saxwe (olan) o@ Íu@ nç@? o, ç@n Íu (lan) nç [#13] Se e Íu ohwe nç ç@ wE$? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe nç Seto e@ lo@ hwey"@ lç@ Íu kçn ya? eyeo, e@ ma@ Íu hwey"@ Íe Tofin ohwe Íu e@ Íe@e? e@he@, e@ ma Ío@ hwe Íu wa Togo e@ le akpa Íu mu@ a? awo, mE@ le@ akpa Íu mu@ o Toli be@ e@ nç Íu hwey"@ t"^? owo&, e@ ma nç Íu@ hwey"@ Vlin e ga le$ alanv"@ Íu (fifi jE)? o$, mE@ ga la$ alanvi Íu o$ Vo E@ le lanv"@ Íu N a? o@o, mE@ le lanv"@ Íu N o Waci E@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ a? o^, mE@ le lanv"@ Íu ˜@ o Wance e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo, mE@ le akpa Íu mu@ o Weme e@ Íe hwev"@ Íu a? awo@, e@ ma Íe hwev"@ Íu Wundi e@ le akpa Íu ma? awo@, mE le akpa Íu mu@ o Xwela (ilan) e@ nç Íu? o, gÛ nç Íu e [#13] Xwla (eastern) be@ e@ nç Íu@ hwev"& ya? eye&o, ma· nç Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) e@ le xwe Íu nu wE? oo, n@ le xwe Íu nu o
175 8. Est ce qu’il a mangé poisson? Non, il n’a pas mangé poisson.
Adan e Íu tçme lan? ao@, me Íu tçme lan o Agbome e@ ka Íu hwev"@ a$? e@ o&, e@ Íu hwevi a Agoi/Gliji e@ Íu elanv"@ a? o, mu@ Íu elanv"@ o Agu e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE@ Íu akpa o Aja-Dogbo e@ Íu@ kpa@v"@ a@? o@o, Íe@ Íu@ go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ Íu kpav"@ a@? o, e@ Íu kpav"@ go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ Íu kpav"@ a? o, n@ Íu kpa@v"@ go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ Íu kpa@v"@ a@? o$ho@, Íe@ Íu@ go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE Íu akpa o@ Aja-Sikpi e@ Íu hwe a@? oo, Íe@ Íu@ o Ajra be@ e@ Íu hwevi? e@he@o, e@ ma Íu hwevi Alada be@ e@ ko Íu whev"@? e@heo@, e ma ko Íu whev"@ Anexo e@ Íu elan v"@ a? o, mu@ Íu elan v"@ o Arohun be e koÍe hwevi Íu a? awo, e ma ko Íu hwevi Aveno ---- Awlan e Íu tçme lan? a o@, me Íu tçme lan o Ayizo ---- Be e@ y"@ Íu akpa a? awo, mE@ y"@ Íu akpa o Ci e ga Íu hwevi a$? Eho, e ga Íu hwevi a Daxe e@ Íu ohwe wE? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe Fon e@ ka@ Íu hwev"@ a? e@eo@, e@ Íu hwev"@ a& Gbekon be@ e@ ka Íu whevi a? owhe@, e@ Íu whevi a@ be@ e@ ka Íu whevi a? owo, e@ Íu whevi a@ Gbesi e@ Íu xwe a? ee@o@o, e@ ma@ lo@ xwe lç@ Íu gE@ Gbin e@ Íu alanvi e? o, mE Íu alanvi Gbokpa e@ Íu xwe lç@ a? oo, e@ ma@ Íu xwe gE@ Gen e@ Íu elanv"@ a? o, mu@ Íu elanv"@ o Gun be@ e@ ka@ Íu hwev"@ ya? ehe, e@ ma Íu hwev"@ Ho e@ Íu alanvi e$? o$, mE Íu alanvi Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ ka@ Íu xwev"@ a? e@e@oo@, e@ Íu xwev"@ aa@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ Íu adovi a? o, mE@ Íu adovi o Maxi e@ Íu hwevi a? e@wo, e@ Íu hwevi a Movolo e@ Íu@ hwe@? e@he@, e@ ma@ Íu@ hwe$ wa@ Saxwe ---- Se e@ Íu ohwe wE? oo, çn hçn Íu ohwe Seto e@ ma Íu hwey"@ lç@ ya? eyeo, e@ ma@ Íu hwey"@ Íe Tofin o e@ Íu@ hwe@? e@he@, e@ ma@ Íu@ hwe wa Togo e@ y"@ Íu akpa a? awo, mE@ y"@ Íu akpa o Toli be@ e@ Íu hwey"&? owo&, e@ ma Íu hwey"@ Vlin e@ Íu$ a$lanv"@ e$? o$, mE Íu$ alanv"@ Vo E Íu lanv"@ a? o@o, mE@ Íu lanv"@ o Waci E@ Íu lanv"@ a? o^, mE@ Íu lanv"@ o Wance e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE@ Íu akpa o Weme e@ Íu hwev"@ a? awo@, e@ ma Íu hwev"@ Wundi e@ Íu akpa? awo, mE Íu akpa o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) be@ e@ ma Íu@ hwev"& ya? eye&o, e@ ma Íu@ hwev"& Xwla (western) e@ Íu xwe wE? oo, n@ Íu xwe o
176 9. Il a chanté un chant (hier).
Adan e dzi ha deka (etsç) Agbome e@ ji han (sç) Agoi/Gliji e@ ji ha (esç) Agu e@ ji ha (cç) Aja-Dogbo e j"@ ha (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ ji ha (sç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ ji ha (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$ j"@ ha$ (Deka) (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ ji eha (ecç) Aja-Sikpi e@ j"@ han (sç@) Ajra e@ ji han (e@tle@) Alada e@ j"@ han (sç) Anexo e ji ha (esç) Arohun e@ ji han (Íokpo) (sç) Aveno e ji ha (Deka) (cç) Awlan e dzi ha (etsç) Ayizo ---- Be e@ ji ha (ecç si va@ yi) Ci e ji han (sç) Daxe e@ ji han (le@ su@ wE) Fon e@ ji han (sç) Gbekon e@ ji oha Gbesi e@ j"@ han (sç) Gbin e@ ji ha (Deka) (cç) Gbokpa e@ ji han (sç) Gen e@ ji ha (esç) Gun e@ ji han (sç) Ho e@ ji ha (cç) Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ ji han (sç) Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ ji ha Maxi e@ ji han (sç) Movolo e@ j"$ ha$n Saxwe ---- Se e@ ji han (le su@ wE) Seto e@ ji han (Ío e@tle) Tofin e@ ji han Togo e@ ji ha (ecç si va@yi) Toli e@ ji han Vlin e@ j"$ ha$ (cç) Vo E@ j"@ ha (cç) Waci E@ ji ha (cç) Wance e@ ji eha (ecç) Weme e@ ji han (sç) Wundi e@ ji eha (ecç) Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) e@ ji han (Ío e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) e@ jin han
177 10. Il est en train de chanter un chant (maintenant).
Adan e na Íe dzi m Agbome e@ Ío han j"@ wE (din) Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ ji ha Agu e@ le ha ji mu@ Aja-Dogbo e@ gbe j"@j"@E eha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ j"@jiE ha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ le ha ji kç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ gbe$ j"$j"@E$ ha$ (deka vyE@) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le eha ji mu@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe j"@j"@E e@han Ajra e@ nç j"@ han Alada e@ to han Íe j"@ Anexo e@ lee@ ji eha Íe Arohun e Íe han (Íokpo) ji (din) Aveno e le ha ji mu Awlan e na Íe dzi m Ayizo ---- Be e@ le ha ji mu@ Ci e Ío han ji wE (dEn) Daxe e@ ji han nç (lesye$) Fon e@ Ío han j"@ wE Gbekon e Íe oha ji Gbesi e@ lo@ han ji wç Gbin e le ha ji (fifi jE) Gbokpa e@ le@ ji han Gen e@ le& ji ha Gun e@ to han ji Ho e@ le ha ji (fifi) Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ Ío han ji wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ le ji ha Maxi e@ Ío han ji wE Movolo e@ Ío@ ha$n j"$ Saxwe ---- Se e@ ji han nç Seto e@ Ío@ han ji kçn Tofin e@ Ío@ han ji Togo e@ le ha ji mu@ Toli e@ nç j"& han Vlin e@ le$ ja$j"$ (fifi jE) Vo E le ha ji ˜@ Waci E@ le ha ji ˜@ Wance e@ le eha ji mu@ Weme e@ Íe han ji Wundi e@ la eha ji mu Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) e@ nç j"@ han Xwla (western) e@ le han jin nu
178 11. Il chantera un chant (plus tard).
Adan e le ha Íe dzi ge Agbome e@ na wa ji han Agoi/Gliji e@ la@ va@ ji ha Agu e@ le ha ji ge@ Aja-Dogbo a gbe@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a@ va@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) (e@ya@ ç@) a@ va@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$ gbe@ j"$ ha$ (Íeka) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le eha ji go Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe@ ji ha Ajra e@ na@ wa ji han Alada e@ na@ j"@ han Anexo e@ la@ ji ha Arohun e@ na wa ji han (Íokpo) Aveno e gbç na ha ji ge Awlan e le ha Íe dzi ge Ayizo ---- Be e@ gbç na ha ji ge@ Ci e na wa ji han Daxe e@ na@ ji han Fon e@ na wa ji han Gbekon e$ lE wa ji oha Gbesi e@ na@ j"@ han Gbin e@ na va ji ha (Íeka) Gbokpa e@ na wa@ ji han Gen e@ la@ va@ ji ha Gun e@ na@ ji han Ho e@ na va ji ha Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ na@ ji han Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ le va ji ha Maxi e@ na wa ji han Movolo e@ na@ j"$ han Saxwe ---- Se e@ na@ va@ ji han Seto e@ mç@ wa@ ji han Tofin e@ na@ ji han Togo e@ gbç na ha ji ge@ Toli e@ ma@ ji han Uu Vo ya@ va@ ji ha Waci ya@ va@ ji ha Wance e le eha ji go Weme e@ na@ wa@ ji han Wundi e le eha ji go Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) e@ gbo j"@ han Xwla (western) a@ ba@ jin han
179 12. Qui a chanté un chant? L’homme (dont on a déja parlé) a chanté un chant.
Adan a meka e dzi ha? Nutsu ye dzi ha Agbome mEka ji han? nya ç wE ji han Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ ji ha o? n@su a ye@ ji ha Agu mEka ye@ le ha ji mu@? n@cu a ye@ le ha ji mu@ Aja-Dogbo m"@ j"@ ha? nsu@ lç@ ye j"@ ha Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi ji ha? nsu lç@ "@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ ji ha o? nsu@ lç@ y"@ ji ha Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& j"@ ha$? (Íeka) n$su@ lç@ ye$ j"@ ha Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a mEka ye@ ji ha? oncu a ye@ ji eha Aja-Sikpi mEE@ j"@ han? nsu@ lç@ ye ji han Ajra E mE@ ji han? xwuxwa&n y"@ e@ j"@ han Alada mEnu@ wE j"@ han? E@ j"@ han Anexo mEkE@ ye@ ji ha Íe@ o? ˜@su a ye@ ji ha Arohun mEnu wE ji han (Íokpo)? sunusi (Íe xomi koÍo lç) wE jihan (Íokpo) Aveno a mEka ye ji ha? (Íeka) ncu a ye ji ha Awlan a meka e dzi ha? Nutsu ye dzi ha Ayizo ---- Be a mEka va@ ji ha? n@cu (si fe@ nya wo gblç la@) ye@ va@ ji ha Ci mE wE ji han (Íokpo wE)? sunu (Íee xo mi Íç) wE ji han Daxe mE lE@ ji ohan nç? gbe tç ke xo@ mi lç@ saa@n wE ji ohan Fon mEka ji han? nya ç@ wE ji han Gbekon e@ mEka ji oha? Gbesi mEnu@ wE ji han? ...han ji wç Gbin mE ji ha? ncu a ye ji ha Gbokpa mEka@ lE@ ji han? osu@nu lç@ wE@ le@ ji han Gen mEkE ye@ ji ha Íe@ o? n@su a ye@ ji ha Gun mEnu wE ji han? su@nu lç@ wE ji han Ho mE ji ha? ncu a ye ji ha Kotafon ---- Kpase mEE@ka ji han? [email protected]@ ji han Kpelen ---- Kpesi mE ji ha Íe@ o? ncu a ye@ ji ha Íe@ Maxi mE ji han? sunE ç wE ji han Movolo mE@˜@ j"$ ha$n? su@ns"@ lç@ j"$ ha$n Saxwe ---- Se mE lE ji ohan nç? gbetç lç@ ji ohan Seto E mE@n"@ ji han? xunxwan lç@ n"@ ji han Tofin mE@u@n ji han? su@ns"@ lç@ ji han Togo a mEka va ji ha? [email protected]@ va@ ji ha Toli E mE@ ji han? xuxwa&n lç@ ji han Vlin mE ji ha? n@cu a ye@ ji ha Vo mEka ji ha@? ˜@cu a E ji ha Waci mEka ji ha (de$ka@) a$? n@cu a E ji ha Wance a mEka ye@ ji ha? çncu a ye@ ji eha Weme mE@ wE ji han? mE ÍyE@ wE ji han Wundi a mEka ye@ ji ha? çncu a ye@ ji eha Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ ji han? su@nu lç@ n"@ ji han Xwla (western) mEnE@ jin han o? EmE ç@n jin han
180 13. Est ce qu’il a chanté un chant? Non, il n’a pas chanté un chant.
Adan e dzi ha a? a o@, me dzi ha o Agbome e@ ka ji han a$? e@ o&, e@ ji han a& Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ ji ha a? o, mu@ lee@ ji ha o Agu e@ ji ha? awo, mE@ ji ha o Aja-Dogbo e@ j"@ ha a? o@o, Íe@ j"@ ha@ go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ ji ha lç a? o, e@ ji ha go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ ji ha a? o, e@ gbe@ ji ha go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ j"@ ha$ a$? o$ho@, Íe@ j"@ ha Íe@ go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ ji eha a? awo, mE ji eha o Aja-Sikpi e@ j"@ han a? oo, Íe j"@ han o Ajra be@ e@ ji han? eheo, e ma ji han Alada be@ e@ j"@ han? e@heo@, e ma j"@ han Anexo e@ ji ha a? o, mu@ kpo@ jii o$ Arohun be e ko ji han Íokpo a? awo, e ma ko ji han Íokpo Aveno e ji ha? awo, mE ji ha o$ Awlan e dzi ha a? a o@, me dzi ha o Ayizo ---- Be e@ ji ha a? awo, mE@ ji ha o$ Ci e ga ji han a? Eho, e ga ji han a Daxe e@ ji ohan wE$? oo, çn hçn ji ohan Fon eka ji han a? ee, o@ e@ ji han aa@ Gbekon be@ e@ka ji oha a? owhe, e@ ji oha aa@ Gbesi e@ ji han lç@ a? e@eoo@, e@ ma@ j"@ han gE@ Gbin e@ ji ha a? o$, mE ji ha Gbokpa ohan bçç@ tç@n wE@ e@ ji? oo, e@ ma@ ji han nE@/gE e ji han a? oo, e@ ma@ ji han nE@/gE Gen e@ ji ha a? o, mu@ kpç@ ji o Gun be@ e@ ko@ ji han ya? ehe@, e@ ma ji han Ho e@ ji ha? o$, mE ji ha Kotafon ---- Kpase e@ ka@ ji han a? e@e@oo@, e ji han a a$a& Kpelen ---- Kpesi e@ ji ha a? o, mE@ ji ha o Maxi e@ka ji han a? e@wo, e ji han a Movolo e@ j"@ ha@n? e@he@, e@ ma j"@ ha$n wa$ Saxwe ---- Se e@ j"@ ohan wE$? oo, çn hçn ji ohan Seto e@ ma j"@ han ya? eyeo, e@ ma ji han Tofin e@ j"@ ha@n? e@he@, e@ ma j"@ han wa Togo e@ ji ha a? awo, mE@ ji ha o Toli be@ e@ ji han? owo&, e@ ma ji han Vlin --- Vo E ji ha a? o@o, mE ji ha o Waci E@ ji ha a$? o^, mE@ ji ha o Wance e@ ji eha a? awo, mE ji eha o Weme e@ ji han a? awo@, e ma ji han Wundi e@ ji eha a? awo, mE ji eha o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) be@ e@ ma j"@ han ya? eye&o, e@ ma j"@ han Xwla (western) e@ jin han wE? oo, n@ jin han o
181 14. Il est tombé (hier). − Alternative phrase list: 1. Il tomba (hier).
Adan e dze anyi Agbome e@ jE ay"$ (sç) Agoi/Gliji e@ jany"@ (esç) Agu e@ jany"@ (cç) Aja-Dogbo e@ ja@n yi"@ (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ jwin (sç) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ jwin (sç@) Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ ja@ny"& (sç) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ je any"@ (ecç) Aja-Sikpi e@ ja@nyi"@ (sç) Ajra e@ jawa@n (e@tle@) Alada e@ ja ay"@ (sç) Anexo e@ je any"@ (esç) Arohun e jE ayi (sç) Aveno e janyi (cç) Awlan e dze anyi Ayizo e@ jayi"@ (sç) [#1] Be e@ je any"@ (esç@ si va@ yi) Ci e jEnyi (sç) Daxe e@ jEnyi (le sç E@) Fon e jayi (sç) Gbekon e jayi (Íe sç) Gbesi e@ jayi"@ (sç) Gbin e@ janyi (cç) Gbokpa e@ jayi"@ (sç) Gen e@ jany"@ (esç) Gun e@ jay"@ (sç) Ho e@ janyi (cç) Kotafon e@ jani"@ (sçç) [#1] Kpase e@ jayi"@ (sç) Kpelen e@ janyi"@ (cç@) [#1] Kpesi e@ janyi"@ Maxi e@ jayi (sç) Movolo e@ za@nwa@n Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ (swE=sçE) [#1] Se e@ jEnyi (le sç E@) Seto e@ jawan (Ío e@tle) Tofin e@ za@nwa@n Togo e@ je anyi (esç@ si va@yi) Toli e@ jawa@n (Íe@tle) Vlin e@ janyi (cç) Vo E@ jan ny"@ (cç) Waci E@ jany"@ (cç) Wance e@ je anyi (ecç) Weme e@ jayi (sç) Wundi e@ je any"@ (ecç) Xwela e@ jawa@n (sç) [#1] Xwla (eastern) e@ nç jawa@n (Ío@ e@te@nE@) Xwla (western) e@ jawa@n
182 15. Il est en train de tomber (maintenant). − Alternative phrase list: 3. Il est en train de tomber.
Adan e le anyi dze m Agbome e@ Ío ani jE wE (din) Agoi/Gliji e@ lee@ jany"@ (f"@fi) Agu e@ le any"@ je mu@ Aja-Dogbo e@ janjany"@ (viE@) Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ jujwin (ka@ka E@) Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e@ le@ jwin kç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ janjanyi (vyE@) Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le any"@ je mu (fifi a) Aja-Sikpi e@ ja@nyi"@ (sç) Ajra e@ nç jawa@n (datE@) Alada e@ to ay"@ jE (din vie) Anexo e@ lee@ ja any"@ (f"@fi) Arohun e Íe ani jE (din) Aveno e@ le anyi je mu Awlan e le anyi dze m Ayizo e@ Ío ayi"@ jE wE [#3] Be e@ le any"@ je mu@ Ci e Ío anyi jE wE (dEn) Daxe e@ jEnyi nç (lesiE) Fon e Ío ayi jE wE (din) Gbekon e Íe ayi jE (alçnu) (din/di) Gbesi e@ lo@ ayi"@ jE wç Gbin e@ lan yi jE (fifi jE) Gbokpa e@ Ío ayi"@ jE wç e@ Íay i"@ jE wç Gen e@ le& janny"@ Gun e@ to an"@ jE Ho e@ lan yi jE (fifi la) Kotafon e@ Ío@ anyi"@ jE@ ç [#3] Kpase e@ Ío ani"@ jE@ wE (diin) Kpelen e@ le anyi"@ je gbe@ [#3] Kpesi e@ le janyi"@ Maxi e@ Ío ani jE wE Movolo e@ Ío@ a$wa$n za@n a@ Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ nç [#3] Se e@ jEnyi nç Seto e@ Ío@ ana@n jE kçn Tofin e@ Ío@ anan za@n a@ Togo e@ le anyi je mu@ Toli e@ nç jawa@n Vlin e@ la$nyi jE (fifi la) Vo E@ lany"@ jE N (fifi a) Waci E@ le any"@ jE ˜@ Wance e@ le any"@ je mu@ (fifia) Weme e@ Íe ani jE Wundi e@ le anyi je mu (fifia) Xwela e@ nç jawa@n [#3] Xwla (eastern) e@ nç jawa@n (Ío@ hale@) Xwla (western) e@ le ana@n jE nu
183 16. Il tombera (plus tard). − Alternative phrase list: 4. Il tombera (plus tard).
Adan a anyi dze ge Agbome e@ na@ wa$ jE ay"$ Agoi/Gliji e@ la@ va@ jany"@ Agu ------Aja-Dogbo a gbe@ va@ jan y"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) a@ va@ jwin Aja-Hwe (Azovè) a va@ jwin Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$ gbe@ va ja$ny"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ le any"@ je ge@ Aja-Sikpi e@ gbe@ va@ ja@nyi"@ Ajra e@ ma@ wa@ jawa@n Alada e@ na@ ja@ a y"@ (madEn madEn mE vie) Anexo e@ la@ je any"@ Arohun e@ na wa jE ayi Aveno e gbç na any je ge Awlan a anyi dze ge Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ jayi"@ [#4] Be e@ gbç na any"@ je ge@ Ci e@ na wa janyi Daxe e@ na@ va@ jEnyi Fon e@ na@ wa@ jE ayi Gbekon e$ lE wa jayi nE ya e@ na jE ayi Gbesi e@ na@ jayi"@ Gbin e na va ja nyi Gbokpa e@ na@ wa@ jayi"@ Gen e@ la@ va@ jany"@ (e@ yo@ mE) Gun e@ na@ wa@ jay"@ Ho e@ na va ja nyi Kotafon e@ na wa@ ja@nyi"@ [#4] Kpase e@ na@ jayi"@ (xwe Íe@ vo nuu@) Kpelen a@ va@ janyi"@ [#4] Kpesi a va janyi"@ e@ la@ va janyi"@ Maxi e@ na wa jayi Movolo e@ na@ za@n wa@n Saxwe e@ na@ jE@ nyi"@ [#4] Se e@ na@ va@ jEnyi Seto e@ mç@ wa@ jawa@n Tofin e@ na@ za@n wa@n Togo e@ gbç na anyi je ge@ Toli e@ ma@ wa jawa@n Vlin e@ na va ja$ nyi Vo ya@ va@ jany"@ Waci ya@ va@ jany"@ Wance e@ le any"@ je ge@ Weme e@ na@ wa@ jayi Wundi e@ le anyi je ge@ Xwela e@ la@ we jawa@n [#4] Xwla (eastern) e@ gbo wa@ jawa@n Xwla (western) a@ ba@ jE awa@n
184 17. Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-ci (proche du locuteur) est tombé. − Alternative phrase list: 26. Qui tomba? + 22. Cet homme (ici) (veut manger du poisson).
Adan a meka e dze anyi? Ntsu sia dze anyi Agbome mEka jE ayi? nya e@ lç@ wE@ jE$ ayi Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ jany"@ o? n@su a ye@ jany"@ Agu a mEka ye@ jany"@? n@cu ya ye@ jany"@ Aja-Dogbo m"@ ja@n yi"@? nsu@ hunÍe@ jan yi"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi jwin ç? nsu cE yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ jwin ç? nsu cE yi jwin Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& ja@ny"&? n$su@ hunÍe@ ja$ny"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a me@ka ye@ janyi? çncu ke cç ye@ jany"@ Aja-Sikpi mEE@ ja@nyi"@? nsu@ hunÍe@ ja@nyi"@ Ajra E mE@ jawa@n? xwuxwa&n e jawa@n Alada mEnu@ wE jE a y"@? mE e@ xe@ wE jE ay"@ Anexo mEkE@ ye@ je any"@ o? ˜@su ya ye@ je any"@ Arohun mE wE jE ayi? sunusi e@ yç@ wE jE ayi Aveno a mEka ye janyi? ncu sya ye janyi Awlan a meka e dze anyi? Nutsu sia dze anyi Ayizo mE$E@ ja$y"&? nya@ yç@ o@ (jro@ na@ Íu$ xwe$v"@) [#s 26+22] Be a mEka yé jany"@ a? n@cu ya ye@ jany"@ Ci mE wE janyi? mE iyE janyi Daxe mE lE jEnyi çn? mE ke wE jEnyi ç@n Fon mEka jE ayi? nya e@ lç@ wE jE ayi Gbekon e@ meka jayi? e mE e yç wE jEayi Gbesi mEnu@ wE@ jayi"@? mE xE ç@ wE Gbin mE janyi? ncu ya ye@ janyi Gbokpa mEnu wE@ jayi"@ lç@? osu@nu@ nE@ jayi"@ Gen mEkE ye@ je any"@ o? n@su ya ye@ je any"@ Gun mEnu wE jay"@? mE e@ xe wE jay"@ Ho mE janyi? ncu ya ye janyi Kotafon mE$nu@ ja@nyi? da$we@ xe@ ç@ (jro@ na@ Íu$ xwev"&) [#s 26+22] Kpase mEka@ jayi"@? daa@we e@ lç wE jayi"@ Kpelen mE$E@ jay"&? n$cu@ xe@ (j"@ be@ ya$ Íu$ akpa) [#s 26+22] Kpesi mE janyi"@ o? ncu ke a janyi"@ Maxi mE jayi? sunE e@ lç wE jayi Movolo mE@˜@ za@nwa@n? su@ns" ke@N za@n wa@n Saxwe n$dE@ jE@y"&? n$su@glo xe@ le$wE@ (jro@ tu@n xe@ a$ Íu@ o$xwe$ la$) [#s 26+22] Se mE lE jEnyi çn? mE ke wE jEnyi ç@n Seto E mE@n"@ jawa@n? mE e n"@ jawa@n Tofin mE@u@n za@nwa@n? su@ns"@ ke@ u@n za@n wa@n Togo a mEka ye@ janyi a? n@cu ya ye janyi Toli E mE@ jawa@n? xuxwa&n e@ jawa@n Vlin mE janyi? ncu ya ye@ janyi Vo mEka jany"@? ncu ya E@ jany"@ Waci mEka jany"@? n@cu ya E@ jany"@ Wance a mEka ye@ jany"@? çnc u ke cç ye@ jany"@ Weme mE wE jayi? mE yç wE jayi Wundi a mEka ye@ jany"@? çncu@ ke cç ye@ ja@ny"@ Xwela e$ mE@ ja$wa@n? "$slun enE@ ç@ (e na Íu$ xwe) [#s 26+22] Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ jawa@n? su@nu(Íe@nE@)e@ yç n"@ jawa@n Xwla (western) mEnE@E jE awa@n o? EmE xç^ jE awa@n
185 18. Qui est tombé? Cet-homme-la (proche du auditeur) est tombé. − Alternative phrase list: 26. Qui tomba? + 24. Cet homme (là-bas) (veut manger de la viande).
Adan a meka e dze anyi? Ntsu ma e dze anyi Agbome mEka jE ayi? nya e@ne@ wE$ jE ayi Agoi/Gliji mEkE@ ye@ jany"@ o? n@su wa@n ye@ jany"@ Agu a mEka ye@ jany"@? n@cu ma@ ye@ jany"@ Aja-Dogbo mi"@ ja@n yi"@? nsu@ xç@n ja@n yi"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi jwin ç? nsu ntç@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) m"@ jwin ç? nsu nç Ía yi jwin Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& ja@ny"&? n@su@ xç@n ja@ny"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a me@ka ye@ janyi? çncu (ke) ma@ ye@ janyi Aja-Sikpi mEE@ ja@nyi"@? nsu@ xç@n ja@nyi"@ Ajra E mE@ jawa@n? xwunxwa&n xE@n jawa@n Alada mEnu@ wE jE ay"@? mE e@ nE@ wE jE ay"@ Anexo mEkE@ ye@ je any"@ o? ˜@su wa@n ye@ je any"@ Arohun mE wE jE ayi? sunusi e@nE@ wE jE ayi Aveno a mEka ye janyi? ncu ma@ ye janyi Awlan a meka e dze anyi? Nutsu ma e dze anyi Ayizo mE$E@ ja$y"&? nya$ e@ Ío$ dç$ç@n (jro@ na@ Íu$ la$n) [#s 26+24] Be a mEka ye@ jany"@ a? n@cu ma@ ye@ jany"@ Ci mE wE janyi? mE (Íe Ío) dçn wE janyi Daxe mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin wE jEnyi ç@n Fon mEka jE ayi? nya e@nE@ wE@ jE ayi Gbekon e@ meka jayi? emE e@ ne@ çn wE jEayi Gbesi mEnu@ wE jay"@? mE nyç@ wE Gbin mE janyi? ncu miÍa ye janyi Gbokpa mEnu wE@ jayi"@ lç@? osu@nu@si ye jayi"@ç@ e@ Í"@ ye Íef"@ Gen mEkE ye@ je any"@ o? n@su wa@n ye@ je any"@ Gun mEnu wE jay"@? mE e@nE@ wE jay"@ Ho mE janyi? ncu miÍa ye@ janyi Kotafon mE$nu@ ja@nyi? da$we@ nE@ (jro@ na@ Íu$ la$n) [#s 26+24] Kpase mEka@ janyi"@? daa@we (dee@Ío)dçç@n wE jayi" Kpelen mE$E@ jay"&? n$cu@ xe$wun (j"@ be@ ya$ Íu$ la$) [#s 26+24] Kpesi mE janyi"@ o? ncu a janyi"@ Maxi mE jayi? sunE e@ nE ç wE jayi Movolo mE@˜@ za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n˜@ za@n wa@n Saxwe n$dE@ jE@y"&? n$su@glo xe@ le$blE@ (jro@ tu@n xe$ a$ Íu@ o$lan) [#s 26+24] Se mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin wE jEnyi ç@n Seto E mE@n"@ jawa@n? EmE Íyç n"@ jawa@n Tofin mE@u@n za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n u@n za@n wa@n Togo a mEka ye@ janyi a? n@cu ma@ ye janyi Toli E mE@ jawa@n? xunxwa&n e@ nE@ e@ jawa@n Vlin mE janyi? ncu miÍa ye@ janyi Vo mEka jany"@? Ncu ma@ E@ jany"@ Waci mEka jany"@? n@cu ma@ E@ jany"@ Wance a mEka ye@ jany"@? çncu (ke) ma@ ye@ jany"@ Weme mE wE jayi? mEnE@ wE jayi Wundi a mEka ye@ jany"@? çncu@ (ke) ma ye@ jany"@ Xwela e$ mE@ ja$wa@n? "$slun nE@ Íe@ y"@nE@ ç@ (e@ na Íu$ "$la$n) [#s 26+24] Xwla (eastern) E mE@n"@ jawa@n? su@nu (Íe@nE@) e@ yç n"@ jawa@n Xwla (western) mEnE@E jE awa@n o? EmE hEn ç jE awa@n
186 19. Qui est tombé? Cet-homme acolà (loin de locuteur et auditeur) est tombé. *** disqualified ***
Adan a me ka e dze anyi? Ntsu ma e dze anyi [#18] Agbome mE ka yE ayi? nya e@Ío dçn ewE$ jE ayi Agoi/Gliji mE kE@ ye@ jany"@ o? n@su (wa@n Ía@a@) ye@ jany"@ Agu a mE ka ye@ jany"@? n@cu ma@ Ía@a@ ye@ jany"@ Aja-Dogbo mi"@ ja@n yi"@? nsu@ tlun Íe jan yi"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) mi jwin ç? nsu Ía@a yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) mi jwin ç? nsu (nç Ía) y"@ jwin [#18] Aja-Hwe (Gboto) m"& ja@nyi? n@su@ trunda jany"& Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) a me@ ka ye@ janyi? çncu ma da@ ye jany"@ Aja-Sikpi mEE@ ja@nyi"@? nsu@ tlun da janyi"@ Ajra E mE@ jawa@n? xwuxwa&n e@ Ío@ flç@n Ía@a jawa@n Alada mE nu@ wE jE a y"@? mE Íee@ de dçn le wE jE ay"@ Anexo mE kE@ ye@ je any"@ o? Nsu wa@n da@a@ ye@ Arohun mE wE jE ayi? sunusi (Íe Íç nukçndçn) wE jE ayi Aveno a mE ka ye janyi? ncu ma Ía@a@ ye janyi Awlan a me ka e dze anyi? Nutsu ma e dze anyi [#18] Ayizo ---- Be a mE ka ye@ jany"@ a? n@cu ma@ Ía@a@ ye@ jany"@ Ci mE wE janyi? mE Íe Ío kaka dçn wE janyi Daxe mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin daa@n wE jEnyi ç@n Fon mE ka jE ayi? nya e@ Ío dçn e wE jE ayi Gbekon e@ me ka jayi? e mE Íee@ de nukç dçç@ wE jE ayi Gbesi mE nu@ wE jayi"@? mE Ío dçç@n nyç@ wE Gbin mE janyi? ncu mi Ía ye janyi Gbokpa mE nu wE@ jayi"@ lç@? osu@nu@ si ye le dççn wE jayi"@ Gen mE kE@ ye@ je any"@ o? n@su wa@n Ía@a@ ye@ je any"@ Gun mE nu wE jay"@? mE Íe to@ dçn wE jayi Ho mE janyi? ncu mi Íaa ye@ janyi Kotafon ---- Kpase mE ka@ jayi"@? daa@we (Íee@ Ío ka@ka@ dçç@n wE@) jayi"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi mle janyi"@ o? ncu ma@ janyi"@ Maxi mE jayi? sunE e@ jayi nE Movolo mE@ ˜@ za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n ˜@ za@n wa@n Saxwe ---- Se mE lE jEnyi çn? mE hin daa@n wE jEnyi ç@n Seto E mE n"@ jawa@n? E mE Íyç n"@ jawa@n Tofin mE@ u@n za@n wa@n? su@ns"@ kE@n u@n zan wan Togo a mE ka ye@ janyia? n@cu ma@ Ía@a@ ye@ janyi Toli E mE@ jawa@n? xunxwa&n e@ mç@ e@ jawa@n Vlin mE janyi? ncu mi Íaa$a$ ye janyi Vo mE ka jany"@? Ncu ma@ da@a@ E@ jany"@ Waci mE ka jany"@ o? n@cu ma@ Ía@a E@ jany"@ Wance a mE ka yé janyí? çncu ma Ía@ yé janyí Weme mE wE jayi? Wundi a mE ka ye@ jany"@? çncu@ ma da ye@ janyi Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) E mE@ n"@ jawa@n? su@nu Íe@nE@ e@yç n"@ jawa@n Xwla (western) mE nE@E jE awa@n o? E mE hEn ç jE awa@n
187 20. Est ce qu’il est tombé? Non, il n’est pas tombé. − Alternative phrase list: 6. Etait-il tombé? Non, il n’était pas tombé.
Adan Íe wo dze anyi a? a$ o@, me dze anyi o$ Agbome e@ ka jE ayia? e@ o&, e jE ayi a& Agoi/Gliji e@ jany"@ a? o, mu@ jany"@ o Agu e@ jany"@ a? oo, mE jany"@ o Aja-Dogbo e@ ja@n yi a? o@o, e jw"@n go Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) e@ jwin a? o, e@ jwin go Aja-Hwe (Azovè) e jwin a? o, e jwin go Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e@ janyi? o$he@, e@ jw"@n go$ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) e@ jany"@ a? awo, mE jany"@ o Aja-Sikpi e@ ja@nyi a? oo, e@ jw"@n go Ajra be@ e@ jawa@n? e@he@o, e@ ma jawan Alada be@ e@ ka@ jE@ ay"@ a? e@heo@, e@ ma jE@ ay"@ Anexo e@ je any"@ a? o, mu@ any"@ o Arohun be e jE ayi a? awo, e@ ma jE ayi Aveno e janyi a? awo, mE janyi o Awlan Íe wo dze anyi a? a o@, me dze anyi o Ayizo e@ jayi"@ wE? e@ woo@, e@ jayi a$a$ [#6] Be e@ jany"@ va@va@n? awo, mE jany"@ o Ci e@ ga janyi a$? Eho, e ga janyi a$ Daxe e@ jEnyi ç@n wE nugbo@? oo, çn hç@n jEnyi Fon e ka jE ayi a? eo@, e jE ayi a& Gbekon be@ e ka jE ayi a@? owhe, e jE ayi a& Gbesi e@ jayi"@ nugbo a? ee@ o@o, e@ ma@ jayi"@ gE Gbin e@ janyi a? o, mE janyi Gbokpa e@ jayi"@ wE? oo, e@ ma@ jayi"@ nE@ oo, e@ ma@ jayi"@ gE Gen e@ je any"@ a? o, mu@ je any"@ o Gun be@ e@ jay"@ ya? ehe, e@ ma jayi Ho e@ janyi a? o, mE janyi o Kotafon e@ ja@nyi"@ wE@ a? e@ woo@, e@ ma@ ja@nyi"@ gE@ [#6] Kpase e@ ka@ jayi"@? e@e@ oo@, e@ jayi"@ a$a@ Kpelen e@ janyi"@ E? o, mE@ janyi"@ o [#6] Kpesi e@ janyi"@ a? o, mE@ janyi"@ o Maxi e@ jayi wE a? e@wo, e@ jayi a Movolo e@ za@nwa@n? e@he@, e@ ma@ za@n wa@n wa@ Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@? o, ç@n jE@ nyi"@ [#6] Se e@ jEnyi ç@n wE nugbo@? oo, çn hç@n jEnyi Seto e@ ma jawa@n wE ya? eyeo, e@ ma jawa@n Íe@ Tofin e@ zanwan? e@he@, e@ ma za@n wa@n wa@ Togo e@ janyi va@va@n? awo, mE janyi o Toli be@ e@ jawa@n? owo&, e ma jawa@n Vlin e@ janyi a? o, mE ye janyi Vo E@ jany"@ a? o@o, mE jany"@ o Waci E@ jany"@ a? o^, mE@ jany"@ o Wance e@ jany"@ a? awo, mE@ jany"@ o Weme e@ jayi a? awo@, e@ ma jayi Wundi e@ janyi a? awo, mE@ janyi o Xwela e@ jawa@n nE? o o@, jawa@n e [#6] Xwla (eastern) e@ jawa@n ya? eye&o, e@ ma@ jawa@n Xwla (western) e@ jE awa@n wE? oo, n@ jE awa@n o
188 21. C’est un poisson. − Alternative phrase list: 17. Mange du poisson. + 28. C’est une maison.
Adan tçmelan e Agbome hwev"@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji elanv"@ ye@ Agu akpa ye@ Aja-Dogbo kpa@v"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kpav"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kpav"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpa@v"@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) akpa ye Aja-Sikpi kpa@v"@ yç@ Ajra hwevi nE Alada whev"@ wE Anexo e@ lanv"@ ye@ Arohun ohwevi wE Aveno akpa ye Awlan tçmelan e Ayizo xwev"@ Íe@ wE [#s 17+28] Be akpa ye@ Ci hwevi wE Daxe ohwe wE Fon hwev"@ wE Gbekon ohwe vi wE Gbesi xwe wE Gbin elanvi ye@ Gbokpa oxwe wE Gen elanv"@ ye@ Gun hwev"@ wE Ho e$lanvi ye Kotafon hwev"@ wE [#s 17+28] Kpase xwev"@ wE Kpelen akpa ye@ [#s 17+28] Kpesi adovi yi Maxi hwevi wE Movolo o$hwe$ nE$ Saxwe oxwe wE@ [#s 17+28] Se ohwe wE Seto hwey"@ nE Tofin ohwe nE Togo akpa ye@ Toli hwey"@ nE Vlin e@lanvi ye@ Vo lanv"@ E (nyi) Waci lanv"@ E (ny"@) Wance akpa ye@ Weme hwev"@ wE Wundi akpa ye@ Xwela xwe nE@E [#s 17+28] Xwla (eastern) hwev"& nE@ Xwla (western) ehwe wE
189 22. Ce sont des poissons. − Alternative phrase list: 17. Mange du poisson. + 31. Ce sont (quelques) maisons.
Adan tçmelan wo e Agbome hwev"@ lE@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji elanv"@ we@ Agu akpa we@ Aja-Dogbo kpa@v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) kpav"@ o@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) kpavi we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) kpa@v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) akpa we@ Aja-Sikpi kpa@v"@ o@ Ajra hwevi lE@ nE Alada whev"@ lE@ wE Anexo e@ lanv"@ we@ Arohun ohwevi lE wE Aveno akpa we Awlan tçmelan wo e Ayizo xwev"@ Íe@ lE@ wE [#s 17+31] Be akpa we Ci hwevi lE wE Daxe ohwe ye Fon hwe lE wE Gbekon e@hwevi lE wE Gbesi xwe lE@ wE Gbin elanvi we@ Gbokpa oxwe lE ye@ Gen elanv"@ we@ Gun hwev"@ lE wE Ho elanvi we Kotafon hwev"@ lE@ wE [#s 17+31] Kpase xwev"@ lE@ wE Kpelen akpa Íe@ we@ [#s 17+31] Kpesi adovi wo Maxi hwevi lE wE Movolo o$hwe$ lE$ nE$ Saxwe oxwe Íe@e@ wE@ [#s 17+31] Se ohwe ye Seto hwey"@ lE@ nE Tofin ohwe lE nE Togo akpa we Toli hwey"@ e nE Vlin e@lanvi we@ Vo lanv"@ o (nyi) Waci lanv"@ o (ny"@) Wance akpa we@ Weme hwev"@ wE Wundi akpa we@ Xwela xwe Íe xwlEn [#s 17+31] Xwla (eastern) hwev"& lE@ e Xwla (western) exwe ye wE
190 23. C’est un chien.
Adan avu e Agbome cuku@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji avuu@n ye@ Agu avu ye@ Aja-Dogbo avu@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) avun yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) avu yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) a$vu@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) avu ye Aja-Sikpi ovu@n yç@ Ajra ovun nE Alada xwe@ kanlin wE Anexo avuu@n ye@ Arohun avun wE Aveno avu ye Awlan avu e Ayizo ---- Be avu ye@ Ci duvi wE Daxe ovu@n wE Fon cuku@ wE Gbekon avu wE Gbesi avuu@n wE Gbin avu ye Gbokpa odun v"@ wE Gen avu&n ye@ Gun avu@n wE Ho avu ye Kotafon ---- Kpase avuu@n Kpelen ---- Kpesi avu yi Maxi afun wE Movolo a$vu@n nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ovu@n wE Seto avun nE Tofin a@vu@n nE Togo avu ye@ Toli avu&n nE Vlin avu ye@ Vo avun E (ny"@) Waci avun E (ny"@) Wance avu ye@ Weme avu@n wE Wundi avu ye@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) avu&n nE@ Xwla (western) çvun wE
191 24. Ce sont des chiens.
Adan avu wo e Agbome cuku@ lE@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji avuu@n we@ Agu avu we@ Aja-Dogbo avu@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) avun o yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) avu we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) avu@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) avu we@ Aja-Sikpi ovu@n o@ Ajra ovun lE nE Alada xwe@ kanlin lE@ wE Anexo avuu@n we@ Arohun avun lE wE Aveno avu we@ Awlan avu wo e Ayizo ---- Be avu we@ Ci duvi lE wE Daxe ovun ye Fon cuku@ lE wE Gbekon avu lE wE Gbesi avuu@n lE@ wE Gbin avu we Gbokpa odun v"@ lE@ ye Gen avu&n we@ Gun avu@n lE wE Ho avu we Kotafon ---- Kpase avun lE@ wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi avu wo Maxi afun lE wE Movolo a$vu@n lE@ nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ovu@n ye Seto avun lE@ nE Tofin a@vu@n lE@ nE Togo avu we@ Toli avu&n e nE Vlin avu we@ Vo avun o@ (nyi) Waci avun o (nyi) Wance avu we@ Weme avu@ lE wE Wundi avu we@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) avu&n lE@ e Xwla (western) çvun ye@ wE
192 25. C’est un couteau.
Adan ehe e Agbome j"&v"@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji kakla@ ye@ Agu ehe ye@ Aja-Dogbo ewi yç Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ewi yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewi yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$w"$ jç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ehe ye@ Aja-Sikpi e@hwi"@ yç Ajra oji nE Alada oj"@ vi"@ wE Anexo kakla@ ye@ Arohun ohi wE Aveno ehi ye Awlan ehe e Ayizo ---- Be xi"@ ye@ Ci havi wE Daxe ohwi wE Fon j"&vi wE Gbekon ehi"@ wE Gbesi oh"@ wE Gbin exe ye@ Gbokpa oxi"@ wE Gen kakla@ ye@ Gun oh"@i wE Ho exe ye Kotafon ---- Kpase jivi"@ wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi ehie Maxi civi wE Movolo o@j"@ nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ohwi wE Seto oji nE Tofin o@j"@ nE Togo xi"@ ye@ Toli oj"& nE Vlin exe ye@ Vo ewi E (ny"@) Waci ew"@ E (ny"@) Wance ehe ye@ Weme ohi wE Wundi ehe ye@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) oj"& nE@ Xwla (western) h"&v"@ wE
193 26. Ce sont des couteaux.
Adan ehe wo e Agbome j"&v"@ lE wE$ Agoi/Gliji kakla@ we@ Agu ehe we@ Aja-Dogbo ewi o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) ewi o yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) ewi we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) ew"$ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ehe we@ Aja-Sikpi e@hwi"@ o Ajra oji lE nE Alada oj"@ vi"@ lE@ wE Anexo kakla@ we@ Arohun ohi lE wE Aveno ehi we@ Awlan ehe wo e Ayizo ---- Be xi"@ we Ci havi lE wE Daxe ohwi ye Fon j"&vi lE wE Gbekon ehi"@ lE wE Gbesi oh"@ lE@ wE$ Gbin exE we Gbokpa oxi"@ lE@ ye Gen kakla@ we@ Gun oh"@ lE wE Ho exE we Kotafon ---- Kpase jivi"@ lE@ wE Kpelen ---- Kpesi ehie wo Maxi civi lE wE Movolo o@j"@ lE@ nE$ Saxwe ---- Se ohwi ye Seto oji lE@ nE Tofin o@j"@ lE@ nE Togo xi"@ we Toli oj"& e nE Vlin exE we@ Vo ewi o@ (nyi) Waci ewi o@ (nyi) Wance ehe we@ Weme ohi lE wE Wundi ehe we@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) oj"& lE@ e Xwla (western) h"&v"@ ye wE
194 27. C’est une case. − Alternative phrase list: 28. C’est une maison.
Adan xç e Agbome xç@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji exç ye@ Agu exç ye@ Aja-Dogbo exç yç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exç yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) oxç yç@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$xç@ yç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) exç ye@ Aja-Sikpi oxç@ yç Ajra oxç nE Alada oxç wE Anexo e@xç ye@ Arohun oxç wE Aveno exç ye@ Awlan xç e Ayizo xwe@ Íe@ wE [#28] Be exç ye@ Ci xç wE Daxe oxç@ wE Fon xç wE Gbekon xç wE Gbesi oxç@ wE Gbin exç ye Gbokpa oxç wE Gen e@xç ye@ Gun oxç wE Ho exç ye Kotafon xwe@ wE [#28] Kpase xç wE Kpelen ape@ ye@ [#28] Kpesi exç yi Maxi xç wE Movolo o@xç@ nE$ Saxwe oxwe@ wE@ [#28] Se oxç@ wE Seto oxç nE Tofin o@xç nE Togo exç ye@ Toli oxç nE Vlin exç ye@ Vo exç E (ny"@) Waci exç E (ny"@) Wance exç ye@ Weme oxç wE Wundi exç ye@ Xwela os"@n nE@ E [#28] Xwla (eastern) oxç nE@ Xwla (western) exç wE
195 28. Ce sont des cases. − Alternative phrase list: 31. Ce sont (quelques) maisons.
Adan xç wo e Agbome xç@ lE@ wE$ Agoi/Gliji exç we@ Agu exç we@ Aja-Dogbo exç o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) exç o yç@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) oxç we@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) e$xç@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) exç we@ Aja-Sikpi oxç@ o Ajra oxç lE nE Alada oxç lE@ wE Anexo e@xç we@ Arohun oxç lE wE Aveno exç we@ Awlan xç wo e Ayizo xwe@ Íe@ lE@ wE [#31] Be xç we Ci xç lE wE Daxe oxç@ ye Fon xç lE wE Gbekon oxç lE wE Gbesi oxç@ lE@ wE Gbin exç we Gbokpa oxç lE@ ye Gen e@xç we@ Gun oxç lE wE Ho exç we Kotafon xwe@ lE@ wE [#31] Kpase xç lE@ wE Kpelen apee@ Íe@ we@ [#31] Kpesi exç wo Maxi xç lE wE Movolo o@xç@ lE@ nE$ Saxwe oxwe Íe@e@ wE@ [#31] Se oxç@ ye Seto oxç lE@ nE Tofin o@xç lE@ nE Togo xç we Toli oxç e nE Vlin exç we@ Vo exç o@ (nyi) Waci exç o@ (nyi) Wance exç we@ Weme oxç lE wE Wundi exç we@ Xwela os"@n Íe xwlEn [#31] Xwla (eastern) oxç lE@ e Xwla (western) exç ye wE
196 29. La case de l’homme. − Alternative phrase list: 29. C’est la maison de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe anyi xçe Agbome xç@ nya ç@ tçn nya ç s"@n xç Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ exç Agu n@cu fe@ xç Aja-Dogbo nsu@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu xç Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu xç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu mE@ xç Aja-Sikpi nsu@ xç@ Ajra oxç xwunxwa@n tçn Alada oxç gbE tç@ tçn Anexo ˜@su be@ xç Arohun sunusi sin xç Aveno ncu fe xç Awlan Nutsu a fe anyi xçe Ayizo nya ç xwe@ [#29] Be n@cu fe@ xç Ci xç sunu dçn Daxe gbetç@ we oxç Fon nya ç@ s"@n xç Gbekon sunusi xç gbEtç xç Gbesi xç su@nu@ tçn Gbin ncu be xç Gbokpa oxç su@nu@ tçn Gen n@su be@ xç Gun oxç su@nu tçn Ho ncu be xç ye Kotafon dawe@ ç@ s"@n xwe@ wE [#29] Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n xo@ Kpelen ncu@ a@ be@ ape@ ye@ [#29] Kpesi ncu ki xç Maxi sunE sin xç Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n xç$ Saxwe nsuglo la we@ xwe wE@ [#29] Se gbetç@ we oxç Seto xunxwan s"@n xç Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n xç Togo n@cu fe@ xç Toli xunxwa&n n"@ xç Vlin n$cu$ be xç ye Vo ˜@cu a mE xç Waci n@cu a mE@ xç Wance çncu mE@ xç Weme gbetç@ xç Wundi çncu mE xç Xwela islun ç s"@n oxwe@ nE@ E [#29] Xwla (eastern) su@nu s"@n xç Xwla (western) n@sun çn e@ xç
197 30. La case de la femme (de l’homme).
Adan nyçnu a fe anyi xçe Agbome xç nyçnu@ ç@ tçn nyçnu ç@ s"@n xç Agoi/Gliji nyç@nu a be@ exç Agu nyç@nu fe@ xç Aja-Dogbo nyç@nu@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nyçnu xç Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nyçnu xç Aja-Hwe (Gboto) nyç@nu@ xç@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nyç@nu mE@ xç Aja-Sikpi nyç@nu@ xç@ Ajra oxç nyçsi tçn Alada oxç nyçnu si a suxwe@ s"@ tçn Anexo nyç@nu be@ xç Arohun nyçnusi sin xç Aveno nyçnu fe xç Awlan nyo nu a fe anyi xçe Ayizo ---- Be nyçnu fe@ xç Ci xç nyçnu dçn Daxe nyçs"@ we xç Fon nyçnnu@ ç sin xç Gbekon nyçnusi xç Gbesi xç nyçnu tçn Gbin nyçnu be xç Gbokpa oxç@ nyçnu@ tçn Gen nyç@nu be@ xç Gun oxç nyçnu@ tçn Ho nyçnu be xç ye@ Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ asi s"@n xç Kpelen ---- Kpesi nyçnu ki xç Maxi nyçnE sin xç Movolo nyç@s"@ lç@ s"@n xç$ Saxwe ---- Se nyçs"@ we xç Seto nyçnusi s"@n xç Tofin nyç@s"@ lç@ s"@n xç Togo nyçnu fe@ xç Toli nyçsi n"@ xç Vlin nyçnu be xç ye Vo nyçnu@ a mE xç Waci nyç@nu a mE@ xç Wance nyç@nu mE@ xç Weme asi s"@n xç Wundi nyçnu mE xç Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) nyçnu s"@n xç Xwla (western) nyç@nu çn e@ xç
198 31. L’enfant de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe vi Agbome nya ç@ s"@n v"& v"& nya ç tçn Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ v"@ Agu n@cu fe@ v"@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ ç@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu v"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ ç@ v"@o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) ç@ncu mE@ v"@ Aja-Sikpi nsu@ ç@ v"@ Ajra vi xwuxwa&n tçn Alada ovi"@ gbEtç@ tçn Anexo ˜@su be@ v"@ Arohun sunusi sin vi Aveno ncu fe vi Awlan Nutsu a fe vo Ayizo ---- Be n@cu fe@ v"@ Ci sunu si vi Daxe Nsuglo we v"@ Fon nya ç sin v"& Gbekon vi"@ sunu tçn Gbesi su@nu ç v"@ wç Gbin ncu be vi Gbokpa ov"@ su@nu@ tçn Gen n@su a be@ v"@ Gun su@nu lç@ s"@n v"& Ho ncu be vi Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n vi"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi ncu ki vi Maxi sunE ç sin vi Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n v"@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo we v"@ Seto xunxwan s"@n v"& Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n v"@ Togo ncu fe v"@ Toli xunxwa&n n"@ v"& Vlin ncu be@ v"@ Vo Ncu@ a mE v"@ Waci n@cu a mE@ v"@ Wance ç@ncu mE@ v"@ Weme gbEtç@ vi Wundi çncu mE vi Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu s"@n v"& Xwla (western) dahwe ç e@ v"@
199 32. L’enfant masculin.
Adan evi Nutsu vi Agbome su$nu@ v"@ Agoi/Gliji n@su v"@ Agu n@cu v"@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu vi Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu v"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu v"@ Aja-Sikpi nsu@ v"@ Ajra sEvu& xwuxwa&n Alada ovi"@ sunu Anexo Nsu v"@ Arohun sunu vi Aveno ncu vi Awlan evi Ntsu vi Ayizo ---- Be n@cu v"@ Ci sunu vi vi sunu Daxe Nsuglo v"@ to@e Fon v" sunnu@ v"@ Gbekon sunusi Gbesi su@nu v"@ Gbin ncu vi Gbokpa ov"@ su@nu@ Gen n@su v"@ Gun su@nu v"@ Ho ncu vi Kotafon ---- Kpase su@nu v"@ nya v"@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi n@cu v"@ Maxi vi sunu Movolo o$v"@ su@ns"@ lç@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo v"@ to@e Seto su@nu Tofin ovi su@ns"@ lç@ Togo n@cu v"@ Toli ov" xunxwa&n Vlin n$cu v"@o@ Vo ˜@cu v"@ Waci n@cu v"@ Wance çncu v"@ Weme su@nnu Wundi çncu v"@ Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu Xwla (western) nsu v"@
200 33. Les enfants de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe vi wo Agbome v"& nya ç@ tçn lE nya ç@ s"@n v"& lE@ Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ v"@ o@ Agu n@cu fe@ v"@ wo@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ ç@ v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu v"& o@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu ç@ v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ ç@ v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu mE vi o@ Aja-Sikpi n@su@ ç@ v"@ o@ Ajra xwuxwa&n v"@ lE Alada ovi"@ lE@ gbEtç@ tçn Anexo Nsu a be@ v"@ o Arohun sunusi sin vi lE ovi sunusi tçn lE Aveno ncu fe@ vi wo Awlan Nutsu a fe vi wo Ayizo ---- Be n@cu fe@ v"@ wo@ Ci sunu sin vi lE Daxe Nsu glo we vi kpEe@ Fon nya ç@ s"@n v"& lEE Gbekon sunusi vi lE Gbesi su@nu ç v"@ lE Gbin ncu be vi o Gbokpa ov"@ su@nu@ mE lç@ tçn lE@ Gen n@su a be v"@ o@ Gun su@nu lç@ s"@n v"& lE Ho ncu be vi o Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n vi"@ lE@ Kpelen ---- Kpesi n@cu ki vi o Maxi sunE ç sin vi lE Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n v"$ lE@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo we@ vi kpE e@ Seto xuxwan lç@ s"@n v"& lE Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n vi lE Togo n@cu fe vi wo@ Toli xunxwa&n n"@ v"& e Vlin n@cu be@ v"@ o@ Vo ˜@cu a mE@ v"@ o@ Waci n@cu a mE@ v"@ o@ Wance çncu mE v"@ o@ Weme gbEtç@ v"@ lE Wundi çncu mE v"@ o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu lç@ s"@n v"& lE@ E Xwla (western) n@sun ç e@ v"@ ye
201 34. L’oeil.
Adan Nku Agbome nuku@n Agoi/Gliji Nku@ v"@ Agu Nku@ Aja-Dogbo nku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) Nku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) Nku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$ku v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) nku Aja-Sikpi n@ku@n nku@ v"@ Ajra nukun Alada nuku@n Anexo Nku@ v"@ Arohun nukun Aveno Nku Awlan Nku Ayizo ---- Be Nku v"@ Ci nukun Daxe Nkun s"@n Fon nuku@n Gbekon oNkun Gbesi nuku@ Gbin nku Gbokpa nuku@n Gen Nku@ v"@ Gun nuku@n lç@ Ho nku Kotafon ---- Kpase nuku@n Kpelen ---- Kpesi nku vi Maxi nuku@n Movolo nu@ku@n lç@ Saxwe ---- Se Nkun s"@n Seto nukun Tofin nu@ku@n lç@ Togo Nku v"@ Toli nuku@n Vlin nku Vo Nku@ v"@ Waci Nku@ v"@ Wance nku Weme nuku@n Wundi nku Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) nuku@n Xwla (western) çNku si
202 35. Les yeux de l’homme.
Adan Nutsu a fe Nku wo Agbome nuku@n nya ç@ tç$n lE@ Agoi/Gliji n@su a be@ Nku@v"@ o@ Agu n@cu fe@ Nku@ wo@ Aja-Dogbo nsu@ lç@ nku@ v"@ Aja-Hwe (Aplahoué) nsu Nku v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Azovè) nsu ç@ nku v"@ o@ Aja-Hwe (Gboto) n$su@ lç@ n$ku@v"@ Aja-Hwe (Tohoun) çncu mE Nku o@ Aja-Sikpi nsu@ lç@ nku@ v"@ Ajra xwuxwa&n nukun Alada nuku@n gbE tç@ tçn lE@ Anexo agbe tç@ be Nku@ Arohun sunusi sin nukun lE nukun sunusi tçn lE Aveno ncu fe Nku wo Awlan Nutsu a fe Nku wo Ayizo ---- Be n@cu fe@ Nku@ wo@ Ci sunu sin nukun lE Daxe Nsuglo Nkun s"@n ye Fon su@nu ç@ s"@n nuku@n lE Gbekon oNkun egbE tç tçn lE Gbesi nuku@ su@nu lç@ tçn Gbin ncu be nku o Gbokpa nuku@n mE lç@ tçn lE@ Gen n@su a be@ Nku@v"@ o@ Gun su@nu lç@ s"@n nuku@n lE Ho ncu be nku o Kotafon ---- Kpase dawe@ ç@ s"@n nuku@n Kpelen ---- Kpesi ncu ki nkuvi Maxi sunE ç sin nukun lE Movolo su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n nu@ku@n lE@ Saxwe ---- Se Nsuglo Nkun s"@n ye Seto xuxwan lç@ s"@n nukun lE Tofin su@ns"@ lç@ s"@n nu@ku@n lE Togo n@cu fe@ Nku@ wo@ Toli xunxwa&n n"@ nuku@n e Vlin n@cu be@ nku@ o@ Vo ˜@cu a mE@ Nku@ v"@ o@ Waci n@cu a mE@ Nku@ v"@ o@ Wance çncu mE Nku o@ Weme gbEtç@ nuku@n lE Wundi çncu mE Nku o Xwela ---- Xwla (eastern) su@nu s"@n nuku@n lE@ E Xwla (western) n@sun ç e@ Nku@si ye
203 Alternative phrase list elicited in the Ayizo, Kotafon, Kpelen, Saxwe, Xwela varieties:
1. Il tomba (hier).
Ayizo e@ jayi"@ (sç) Kotafon e@ ja@nyi"@ (sçç) Kpelen e@ janyi"@ (cç@) Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ (swE) Xwela e@ jawa@n (sç)
2. L’home tomba.
Ayizo nya a janyi"@ Kotafon dawe ç@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen ncu o@ janyi"@ Saxwe nsuglo a je@ nyi"@ Xwela islun ç@ jawa@n
3. Il est en train de tomber.
Ayizo e@ Ío ayi"@ jE wE Kotafon e@ Ío@ a@nyi"@ jE@ ç Kpelen a@ va@ janyi"@ Saxwe e@ jE@ nyi"@ nç Xwela e nç jawa@n
4. Il tombera plus tard.
Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ jayi"@ Kotafon e@ na wa@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen a@ va@ janyi"@ Saxwe e@ na@ va jE@nyi"@ Xwela e@ la@ we jawa@n
5. Qui tombera? L’homme tombera.
Ayizo mE na@ wa@ jayi"@? nya a na@ wa@ jayi"@ Kotafon mE nu@ wa@ ja@nyi"@? dawe ç@ na wa@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen mE a@ va@ janyi"@ o? ncu a@ va@ janyi"@ Saxwe nuÍE@ na@ va jE@nyi"@? nsuglo a na@ va jE@nyi"@ Xwela emE@ wa@ jawa@n? islu@n ç@ la@ we jawa@n
6. Etait-il tombé? Non, il n’était pas tombé.
Ayizo e@ jayi"@ wE? e@ woo@, e@ jayi"@ a a Kotafon e@ ja@nyi"@ wE@ a? e@ woo@, e@ ma@ ja@nyi"@ gE@ Kpelen e@ janyi"@ E? o, mE@ janyi"@ o Saxwe e@ jE@nyi"@? o, ç@n jE@nyi"@ Xwela e@ jawa@n nE? o o@, jawa@n e
204 7. Si (quand) il tombe, dis-le moi.
Ayizo eny"@ e@ jayi"@ ç@ (xuu@n), Íç na@ n Kotafon nE@ e@ ja@nyi"@ ç@, Íç na@ n Kpelen nE@ e@ janyi"@, gblçn na@ n Saxwe na@ e@ jE@nyi"@, bo lç na@ n Xwela nE e@ jawa@n, lç na@ n
8. S’il était tombé, cela aurait été mauvais (mais il n’est pas tombé).
Ayizo eny"@ e@ jayi"@, ç@ e@ na@ nyla@, a mçç@ e@ jayi"@ aa@) Kotafon nE e ja@nyi"@, ç@ e@ na@ nyla@ (a mçç@ e@ ma@ ja@nyi"@ gE@) Kpelen nE@ e@ janyi"@, ma@ nyç@ o (vç mE@ janyi"@ o@) Saxwe na@ e@ jE@nyi"@, o@ o@n nyç@ nç@ (vç ç@n jE@nyi"@) Xwela nE@ awa@n eyi, e@ jE ç@ a@ nyla
9. Ne tombe pas!
Ayizo ma jayi"@ o@ Kotafon nç ja@nyi"@ gE@ Kpelen mE ga janyi"@ o@ Saxwe ka@ jE@nyi"@ Xwela ma jawa@n e
10. Il mangea de la nourriture (hier).
Ayizo e@ Íu nu@ (sç) Kotafon e@ Íu nuÍu@Íu (so@o@) Kpelen e@ Íu nu (cç@) Saxwe e@ Íu nuu@ (swE) Xwela e@ Íu@ nuÍuÍu (sç)
11. Il est en train de manger de la nourriture (maintenant).
Ayizo e@ Ío nu@ Íu wE (diin) Kotafon e@ Ío nuÍu@Íu Íu wç (diin) Kpelen e@ Íe nu Íu (figbale) Saxwe e Íu@ nuu@ nç@ (f"@fi) Xwela e@ nç Íu@ nu@ (tEn)
12. Il mangera de la nourriture (plus tard).
Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ Íu nu@ Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu nuÍu@Íu Kpelen a@ va@ Íu nuÍu@Íu@ Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu nuu@ Xwela e@ la@ we Íu nu@
13. Est-il en train de manger de la viande? Non, il n’est pas en train de manger de la viande.
Ayizo lan Íu wE e@ Íe@ din a? e woo@, e@ ma Ío lan Íu wE Kotafon e@ Ío lan Íu wE a? e@e woo@, e@ ma@ Ío lan Íu gE@ Kpelen e la Íu@ a e@ le a? o, mu@ ela Íu@ e@ le o Saxwe olan o@ Íu@ nç@? o, ç@n Íu lan nç Xwela ilan e@ nç Íu? o, e@ go@ nç Íu@ e
205 14. Qu’est-ce qu’il est en train de manger? Il est en train de manger de la viande.
Ayizo nu wE e@ kaÍo Íu wç ja? lan Íu wE e@ Íe Kotafon nç e@ Ío@ Íu@ ç@? e@ Ío lan Íu ç Kpelen mE n"@ Íu o le? e@ le la Íuu@ Saxwe E lE o@ Íu@ nç? e@ Íu@ lan nç@ Xwela a mu@ e@ nç@ Íu@? e@ nç Íu@ ilan
15. Si (quand) il mange du poisson, dis-le moi.
Ayizo eny"@ xwev"@ Íu wE e@ Íe@ ç@, Íç na@ n Kotafon nE@ e@ Íu hwevi ç@, Íç na@ n Kpelen nE@ Íu la, gblçn E na@ n Saxwe na e@ Íu@ oxwe nç, lç na@ n Xwela nE@ e@ny"@ fa@n e@ nç Íu@ xwe ç@, lç na@ n
16. S’il avait mangé de la viande, cela aurait été bon (mais il n’a pas mangé).
Ayizo eny"@ lan wE e@ ka@ Íu@ lç@, e@ na@ nyç@ (a mçç@ e@ ma Íu lan) Kotafon nE@ e@ Íu@ lan ç@, e@ nyç@ (a mçç@ e@ ma@ Íu gE@) Kpelen nE@ e@ Íu la, a@ nyç@ Saxwe na@ o@ Íu@ olan, nç o@ jçwun nç (vç ç@n Íu) Xwela nE@ e@ny"@ fa@n s"@ ilan e@yi e@ Íu ç, e@ lç@ jçxun
17. Mange du poisson!
Ayizo Íu xwev"@ Kotafon Íu hwevi Kpelen Íu akpa Saxwe Íu oxwe Xwela Íu xwe
18. Mange ce poisson (ici)!
Ayizo Íu xwev"@ Íee@ (Ío f"@ Íe@) Kotafon Íu hwevi nyç@ (Ío@ fi) Kpelen Íu akpa exe (li ge@) Saxwe Íu oxwe xe@ (le wE@) Xwela Íu ixwe e@nE@ (ç@ Íe@ y"@e)
19. Ne mange pas de la viande!
Ayizo ma Íu lan o@ Kotafon nç Íu lan gE@ Kpelen mE ga Íu la Saxwe ka Íu lan Xwela ma Íu lan
20. Ne mange pas cette viande (la-bas)!
Ayizo ma Íu lan Íee@ Ío dçç@n Íe@ o@ Kotafon nçç@ Íu lan nE@ gE@ Kpelen mE ga Íu la n@ (legawu@n) Saxwe ka Íu@ olan mE@ (leblE) Xwela ma Íu elan e@nE@ ç@ Íe@ y"@nE@ ç
206 21. Ne mange pas la viande (dont on a déja parlé)!
Ayizo ma Íu lan e@nE@ o@ Kotafon nçç@ Íu lan nE@ ç@ gE@ Kpelen mE ga Íu la e@xe Saxwe ka@ Íu olan mE@ Xwela ma Íu lan e@nE@ ç@ e
22. Cet homme (ici) veut manger du poisson.
Ayizo nya yç@ o@ jlo@ na@ Íu xwev"@ Kotafon dawe@ xe@ ç@ jlo@ na@ Íu hwevi"@ Kpelen ncu@ xe@ j"@ be@ ya Íu akpa Saxwe nsuglo xe@ jlo@ tu@n xe a Íu@ oxwe la Xwela islun e nE@ ç@ e na Íu xwe
23. Il mangera beaucoup de poissons.
Ayizo e@ na@ wa@ Íu xwev"@ Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu hwevi"@ (su@su) Kpelen a@ va@ Íu@ akpa (sugbç) Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu@ oxwela (zE tE@) Xwela e@ lç@ Íu xwe (susu)
24. Cet homme (la-bas) veut manger de la viande.
Ayizo nya (e@ Ío dçç@n) jlo@ na@ Íu@ lan Kotafon dawe@ nE@ jlo@ na@ Íu lan Kpelen ncu@ (xewun) j"@ be@ ya Íu la Saxwe nsu@glo xe@ (leblE@) jlo@ tu@n xe a Íu olan Xwela islun nE@ (Íe@ y"@nE@ ç@) e@ na Íu ilan
25. Il mangera toute la viande.
Ayizo e@ na@ Íu lan ç@ bi"@ Kotafon e@ na@ wa@ Íu lan ç@ bii Kpelen a@ va@ Íu la pete@ Saxwe e@ na@ va Íu@ olan ç zE tE@ Xwela e@ lç@ Íu elan tE@tE@
26. Qui tomba? L’homme (dont on avait déja parlé) tomba.
Ayizo mE E jayi"@? nya ç@ wE jayi"@ Kotafon mE nu@ ja@nyi"@? dawe@ ç@ ja@nyi"@ Kpelen mEE@ janyi"@? ncu@ ç@ la@ e@ janyi"@ Saxwe ndE@ jE@nyi"@? nsu@glo la@ jE@nyi"@ Xwela e mE@ jawa@n? islun ç@ jawa@n
27. Qui tomba? (Plusieurs) hommes tomberent.
Ayizo mEE jayi"@? nya (gege@) jayi"@ Kotafon mE nu@ ja@nyi"@? dawe@ (su@su) ja@nyi"@ Kpelen mEE@ janyi"@? ncu@ o@ (sugbç) janyi"@ Saxwe ndE@ jE@nyi"@? nsu@glo (su@su) jE@nyi"@ Xwela e mE@ jawa@n? islun (susu) jawa@n
207 28. C’est une maison.
Ayizo xwe@ wE Kotafon xwe@ wE Kpelen ape@ ye@ Saxwe oxwe@ wE@ Xwela os"@n nE@ E
29. C’est la maison de l’homme.
Ayizo nya ç xwe@ wE Kotafon dawe@ ç@ s"@n xwe@ wE Kpelen ncu@ a@ be@ ape@ ye@ Saxwe nsu@glo la we xwe@ wE@ Xwela islun ç s"@n oxwe@ nE@ E
30. C’est une maison en boue.
Ayizo a doo@ vEE xwe@ wE Kotafon baba s"@n xwe@ wE Kpelen anyi kçç@ be@ ape@ ye@ Saxwe baba we@ xwe@ wE@ Xwela adoo@ s"@n os"@n nE@ E
31. Ce sont (quelques) maisons.
Ayizo xwe@ Íe@ lE@ wE Kotafon xwe@ lE@ wE Kpelen ape@ Íe@ we@ Saxwe oxwe@ Íe@e@ wE@ Xwela os"@n Íe xwlEn
32. Ce sont (quelques) maisons en boue.
Ayizo a doo@ vEE xwe Íe@ lE@ wE Kotafon baba xwe@ Íe@ lE@ wE Kpelen anyi kçç@ ma@ pe@ Íe@ o@ we@ Saxwe baba we@ xwe@ Íe@e@ wE@ Xwela adoo@ s"@n os"@n Íe@ xwlEn
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