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Archbishop Wulfstan, Anglo-Saxon Kings, and the Problems of His Present." (2015)

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Archbishop Wulfstan, Anglo-Saxon Kings, and the Problems of His Present. University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository English Language and Literature ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-1-2015 Rulers and the Wolf: Archbishop Wulfstan, Anglo- Saxon Kings, and the Problems of His Present Nicholas Schwartz Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/engl_etds Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Schwartz, Nicholas. "Rulers and the Wolf: Archbishop Wulfstan, Anglo-Saxon Kings, and the Problems of His Present." (2015). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/engl_etds/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Language and Literature ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Nicholas P. Schwartz Candidate English Language and Literature Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Jonathan Davis-Secord, Chairperson Dr. Helen Damico Dr. Timothy Graham Dr. Anita Obermeier ii RULERS AND THE WOLF: ARCHBISHOP WULFSTAN, ANGLO-SAXON KINGS, AND THE PROBLEMS OF HIS PRESENT by NICHOLAS P. SCHWARTZ BA, Canisius College, 2008 MA, University of Toledo, 2010 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2015 iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Sharon and Peter Schwartz iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have incurred many debts while writing this dissertation. First, I would like to thank my committee, Drs. Jonathan Davis-Secord, Helen Damico, Timothy Graham, and Anita Obermeier. Without their knowledge and guidance this project could never have been completeted. During the course of writing I was financially supported by the Russell J. and Dorothy S. Bilinski Fellowship, an award granted by the Bilinski Educational Foundation. The impact this award had on my dissertation is immeasurable, and the Foundation has my heartfelt thanks. Kevin Jackson and Mona Logarbo provided valuable assistance with certain pieces of scholarship, and they, along with Veronica Schornack, offered me much encouragement while writing. Dylan Gauntt made the procedures of finishing manageable. Thanks is also due to the staff of Zimmerman Library. Finally, I would like to especially thank my family for all of its support. Needless to say, any errors in the following pages are my own. v ABSTRACT Until now, Wulfstan, Archbishop of York’s relationship to and view of Anglo- Saxon kingship has never been comprehensively examined. The lack of attention this topic has received is a glaring omission in Wulfstan scholarship. Wulfstan worked under two kings, Æthelred and Cnut, and he had an interest in Edgar that has long been recognized. In response to Wulfstan’s career under these kings and his interest in Edgar, scholars have been far too ready to assume that the archbishop’s view of kingship was straightforward. It has too long been taken for granted that Wulfstan operated under Cnut in the same manner as his did under Æthelred, as if his political viewpoint never changed, for example. Moreover, Alfred and Edgar—both of whom had been vetted by history— left a considerable number of texts which Wulfstan mined extensively for material applicable to the kingdom’s situation when he was active. His interaction with these earlier kings reveals that early in Wulfstan’s career the archbishop found the position of king to be of the utmost importance to the governance and stability of the kingdom. The reigns of Æthelred and Cnut witnessed Wulfstan’s application of his views on kingship and what the kingdom needed generally in order to improve, both of which changed over the course of his career. Under Æthelred, Wulfstan focused on admonishing and instructing the Anglo-Saxon laity, but after he drafted V Æthelred, Wulfstan’s texts were aimed at the king, himself, and his witan. They stressed both the essentiality of law and order and the importance of the king to society as a whole. His texts from Cnut’s reign, however, reveal that it is not primarily the king that interested Wulfstan during these years, but, rather, the administration of the kingdom in general. In them, the position of king was actually deemphasized. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Ðis syndon þa domas ðe Ælfred cyncg 7 Guðrum cyncg gecuron: Wulfstan and King Alfred ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 3: Ane misdæda he dyde þeah to swiðe: Wulfstan and King Edgar ................................. 71 Chapter 4: Ac soð is þæt ic secge, þearf is þære bote: Wulfstan in the Reign of Æthelred ......... 140 Wulfstan as IdeologFue: The Millenarian and Eschatological Homilies ................................ 145 Wulfstan as Teacher of the Faith: The Remaining Homilies for the Laity .............................. 155 Wulfstan the Adviser: The Remaining Homilies of Æthelred’s Reign ..................................... 171 Chapter 5: Ac to lyt is þara nu ða, þe þæt understande, swa swa man scolde: Wulfstan during the Reign of Cnut ............................................................................................................................... 199 Chapter 6: Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 244 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Comparison of the “Laws of Edward and Guthrum” and Other Wulfstan- Authored Codes………………………………………………………………………..62-3 Table 3.1: Wulfstan-Authored Lawcodes and Their use of Edgar’s Legislation………139 Table 4.1: Selected Examples of Collapsing Social Order in the Sermo Lupi ad Anglos…………………………………………………………………………………..194 Table 5.1: II Canons of Edgar 68e-i and Wulfstan-authored Legislation……………...209 1 Chapter 1 Introduction The present study seeks to show that an understanding of Wulfstan, Archbishop of York’s view of the position of king—both historical and contemporary—is instrumental for any examination of the archbishop’s career and body of works. Until now, Wulfstan’s relationship to and view of Anglo-Saxon kingship has never been comprehensively examined. The lack of attention this topic has received is something of a glaring omission in Wulfstan scholarship. Wulfstan worked under two kings, Æthelred (978-1016) and Cnut (1016-35), for example, and he had an interest in Edgar (957-75) that has long been recognized. In response to Wulfstan’s career under these two kings and his interest in Edgar, scholars have been far too ready to assume that the archbishop’s view of kingship was straightforward. It has too long been taken for granted that Wulfstan, chosen by two kings to be an advisor and legislator, operated under Cnut in the same manner as his did under Æthelred, as if his political viewpoint never changed, for example. Furthermore, scholars have been too often hung up on the notion that Wulfstan had a Benedictine interest in Edgar, and that he looked back on Edgar’s reign as something of a Golden Age of Anglo-Saxon England. He very well may have—as will be seen—but not on account of Edgar’s participation in the Reform, as has often been assumed. Moreover, scholars have had a far too limited approach to Wulfstan’s source material, which has resulted in Alfred and his reign being largely overlooked in this regard, even though the fact that Wulfstan glossed Alfred’s Preface to the Pastoral Care clearly indicates he had a real interest in that king. 2 It is a good time to study Wulfstan. In recent years the archbishop’s career and writings have attracted more scholarly interest than at any other time—including the mid twentieth century when several studies by Dorothy Whitelock, Dorothy Bethurum, and Karl Jost laid down the field’s foundation. The work of these scholars was rooted in the bedrock set down by two other scholars who operated nearly 200 years apart from one other. It was Humfrey Wanley who effectively initiated critical study of Wulfstan and his works when, in 1705, he attributed fifty-four writings to the archbishop.1 In 1883 Arthur Napier made these texts available, along with some others, in an edition that remains useful for Wulfstan scholars to this day.2 Though his arguments for and against the authorial authenticity of these texts never appeared, it is a testament to the great abilities of Wanley that subsequent scholars have found his take on the body of Wulfstan’s works to be more often correct than not. More recent scholars have made hay of this earlier work by those mentioned, along with others. Jonathan Wilcox, and, more recently, Joyce Tally Lionarons, have mapped out much of Wulfstan’s homiletic output.3 For his part, Patrick Wormald has provided an in-depth analysis of Wulfstan’s participation in the legislation of Anglo- Saxon England.4 Additionally, Matthew Townend’s edited collection of essays on various 1 Humfrey Wanley, Librorum Veterum Septentrionalium Catalogus, vol. 2 of Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus, ed. George Hickes (Oxford:
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