FDA Finalizes Allulose Guidance and Requests Information on Other Sugars Metabolized Differently Than Traditional Sugars
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Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and Its Epimers on Glycemic Control
Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and its Epimers on Glycemic Control by Jarvis Clyde Noronha A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto © Copyright by Jarvis Clyde Noronha 2017 ii Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and its Epimers on Glycemic Control Jarvis Clyde Noronha Master of Science Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Given that sugars have emerged as the dominant nutrient of concern in diabetes, there is a need for the development of alternative sweeteners. To assess the role of small doses (5g, 10g) of fructose and allulose on postprandial glucose metabolism, we conducted an acute randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We found that small doses of allulose, but not fructose, modestly reduced the postprandial glycemic response to a 75g oral glucose load. To assess whether low-dose (< 50-g/day) fructose and all its epimers (allulose, tagatose and sorbose) lead to sustainable improvements in long-term glycemic control, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. The available evidence suggested that fructose and tagatose led to significant reductions in HbA1c and fasting glucose. Our findings highlight the need for long-term randomized controlled trials to confirm the viability of fructose and its epimers as alternative sweeteners. iii Table of Contents Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... -
The Comparative Effect on Satiety and Subsequent Energy Intake of Ingesting Sucrose Or Isomaltulose Sweetened Trifle: a Randomized Crossover Trial
nutrients Article The Comparative Effect on Satiety and Subsequent Energy Intake of Ingesting Sucrose or Isomaltulose Sweetened Trifle: A Randomized Crossover Trial Fiona E. Kendall, Olivia Marchand, Jillian J. Haszard and Bernard J. Venn * Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; [email protected] (F.E.K.); [email protected] (O.M.); [email protected] (J.J.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-3-479-5068 Received: 25 September 2018; Accepted: 13 October 2018; Published: 15 October 2018 Abstract: The effect that blood glucose concentration has on feelings of satiety is unclear. Our aims were to assess satiety and subsequent energy intake following the ingestion of trifle sweetened with sucrose or isomaltulose whilst measuring plasma glucose concentration to confirm glycemic differences between trifles. Seventy-seven healthy adults participated in a double-blind crossover trial where trifle sweetened with sucrose or isomaltulose was consumed on separate days with a two-week washout. Blood was sampled at the baseline, 1 and 2 h postprandially, and satiety assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS). Weighed diet records were taken on test days. A statistically significant difference in blood glucose concentration between trifles was found at 60 min following consumption, with the isomaltulose trifle having a 0.69 mmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI): −1.07, −0.31) lower concentration when compared with the sucrose trifle. Mean satiety response by area-under-the-curve (AUC) was not significantly different between trifles. Mean (SD) appetite scores for the sucrose and isomaltulose trifles were 4493 (2393) and 4527 (2590) mm·min, respectively, with a between trifle difference of −9 (95% CI: −589, 572) mm·min. -
Effects of D-Allulose on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Response to A
Clinical care/Education/Nutrition Open access Original research BMJ Open Diab Res Care: first published as 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001939 on 26 February 2021. Downloaded from Effects of D- allulose on glucose tolerance and insulin response to a standard oral sucrose load: results of a prospective, randomized, crossover study Francesco Franchi ,1 Dmitry M Yaranov,1 Fabiana Rollini,1 Andrea Rivas,1 Jose Rivas Rios,1 Latonya Been,1 Yuma Tani,2 Masaaki Tokuda,3 Tetsuo Iida,2 Noriko Hayashi,2 Dominick J Angiolillo,1 Arshag D Mooradian1 To cite: Franchi F, Yaranov DM, ABSTRACT Rollini F, et al. Effects of D- Introduction Current dietary guidelines recommend Significance of this study allulose on glucose tolerance limiting sugar intake for the prevention of diabetes and insulin response to a mellitus (DM). Reduction in sugar intake may require sugar What is already known about this subject? standard oral sucrose load: substitutes. Among these, D- allulose is a non- calorie rare ► D- allulose is defined one of the rare sugars, results of a prospective, which has been shown in animal and clinical randomized, crossover study. monosaccharide with 70% sweetness of sucrose, which has shown anti- DM effects in Asian populations. However, studies, conducted mostly in Asian populations, BMJ Open Diab Res Care to have postprandial plasma glucose suppres- 2021;9:e001939. doi:10.1136/ there is limited data on the effects of D- allulose in other sive effects with antiobesity and antidiabetic bmjdrc-2020-001939 populations, including Westerners. Research design and methods This was a prospective, effects. copyright. randomized, double- blind, placebo- controlled, crossover What are the new findings? ► Supplemental material is study conducted in 30 subjects without DM. -
Natural Alternative Sweeteners and Diabetes Management
Current Diabetes Reports (2019) 19:142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1273-8 LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE DIABETES/CARDIOVASCULAR RISK (B CONWAY AND H KEENAN, SECTION EDITORS) Natural Alternative Sweeteners and Diabetes Management Emily Mejia1 & Michelle Pearlman2 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to discuss the data on natural alternative sweeteners and their effects on glucose homeostasis and other metabolic parameters within the past five years. We sought to answer whether common natural alternative sweeteners have a positive or negative effect on glucose control in both human and animal models, and whether the data supports their widespread use as a tool to help reduce the prevalence of diabetes and associated comorbid conditions. Recent Findings Recent studies suggest that natural alternative sweeteners may reduce hyperglycemia, improve lipid metabo- lism, and have antioxidant effects particularly in those that have baseline diabetes. Summary Diabetes and metabolic syndrome have become a global healthcare crisis and the sugar overconsumption plays a major role. The use of artificial sweeteners has become more prevalent to improve insulin resistance in those with diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, although the evidence does not support this result. There are however some promising data to suggest that natural alternative sweeteners may be a better alternative to sugar and artificial sweeteners. Keywords Natural alternative sweeteners . Diabetes . Stevia . Sugar alcohols . Rare sugars Introduction retinopathy, nephropathy, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cardiovascular disease [2–4]. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that results DM (T2DM) often coexists with other metabolic disorders from glucose dysregulation. -
Metabolic, Hormonal and Performance Effects of Isomaltulose Ingestion Before Prolonged Aerobic Exercise: a Double-Blind, Randomised, Cross-Over Trial Hannah L
Notbohm et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2021) 18:38 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00439-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Metabolic, hormonal and performance effects of isomaltulose ingestion before prolonged aerobic exercise: a double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial Hannah L. Notbohm1, Joshua F. Feuerbacher1, Finn Papendorf1, Nils Friese1, Mats W. Jacobs1, Hans-Georg Predel2, Jonas Zacher2, Wilhelm Bloch1 and Moritz Schumann1* Abstract Background: Isomaltulose has been discussed as a low glycaemic carbohydrate but evidence concerning performance benefits and physiological responses has produced varying results. Therefore, we primarily aimed to investigate the effects of isomaltulose ingestion compared to glucose and maltodextrin on fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates, blood glucose levels and serum hormone concentrations of insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). As secondary aims, we assessed running performance and gastrointestinal discomfort. Methods: Twenty-one male recreational endurance runners performed a 70-min constant load trial at 70% maximal running speed (Vmax), followed by a time to exhaustion (TTE) test at 85% Vmax after ingesting either 50 g isomaltulose, maltodextrin or glucose. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were calculated from spiroergometric data. Venous blood samples for measurement of GIP and insulin were drawn before, after the constant load trial and after the TTE. Capillary blood samples for glucose concentrations and subjective feeling of gastrointestinal discomfort were collected every 10 min during the constant load trial. (Continued on next page) * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). -
Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism
nutrients Review Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism Hideya Shintani 1 , Tomoya Shintani 2,* , Hisashi Ashida 3 and Masashi Sato 4 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka 551-0032, Japan; [email protected] 2 United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan 3 Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-6-6621-5122 Received: 6 November 2018; Accepted: 18 November 2018; Published: 22 November 2018 Abstract: Calorie restriction (CR) can prolong the human lifespan, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is needed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on compounds with CR mimetic (CRM) effects. More than 10 compounds have been listed as CRMs, some of which are conventionally categorized as upstream-type CRMs showing glycolytic inhibition, while the others are categorized as downstream-type CRMs that regulate or genetically modulate intracellular signaling proteins. Among these, we focus on upstream-type CRMs and propose their classification as compounds with energy metabolism inhibition effects, particularly glucose metabolism modulation effects. The upstream-type CRMs reviewed include chitosan, acarbose, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and hexose analogs such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-glucosamine, and D-allulose, which show antiaging and longevity effects. Finally, we discuss the molecular definition of upstream-type CRMs. -
Carbohydrates and Health Report (ISBN 9780117082847)
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ISSN: 1040-8398 (Print) 1549-7852 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/bfsn20 The scientific basis for healthful carbohydrate profile Lisa M. Lamothe, Kim-Anne Lê, Rania Abou Samra, Olivier Roger, Hilary Green & Katherine Macé To cite this article: Lisa M. Lamothe, Kim-Anne Lê, Rania Abou Samra, Olivier Roger, Hilary Green & Katherine Macé (2017): The scientific basis for healthful carbohydrate profile, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1392287 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1392287 © 2017 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC© Lisa M. Lamothe, Kim-Anne Lê, Rania Abou Samra, Olivier Roger, Hilary Green, and Katherine Macé Published online: 30 Nov 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 859 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=bfsn20 Download by: [Texas A&M University Libraries] Date: 09 January 2018, At: 10:24 CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1392287 The scientific basis for healthful carbohydrate profile Lisa M. Lamothe, Kim-Anne Le,^ Rania Abou Samra, Olivier Roger, Hilary Green, and Katherine Mace Nestle Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, CP44, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Dietary guidelines indicate that complex carbohydrates should provide around half of the calories in a Dental caries; Obesity; Type 2 balanced diet, while sugars (i.e., simple carbohydrates) should be limited to no more than 5–10% of total diabetes; Cardiovascular energy intake. -
D-Allulose Is a Substrate of Glucose Transporter Type 5 (GLUT5) in the Small Intestine
Food Chemistry 277 (2019) 604–608 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem D-Allulose is a substrate of glucose transporter type 5 (GLUT5) in the small intestine T ⁎ Kunihiro Kishidaa, , Gustavo Martinezb, Tetsuo Iidac, Takako Yamadac, Ronaldo P. Ferrarisb,1, Yukiyasu Toyodad,1 a Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan b Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1749, USA c Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited, 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan d Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: D-Allulose has been reported to have beneficial health effects. However, the transport system(s) mediating in- D-Allulose testinal D-allulose transport has not yet been clearly identified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Intestinal absorption intestinal D-allulose transport is mediated by glucose transporter type 5 (GLUT5). When D-allulose alone was GLUT5 gavaged, plasma D-allulose levels were dramatically higher in rats previously fed fructose. This suggests en- hanced intestinal D-allulose absorption paralleled increases in GLUT5 expression observed only in fructose-fed rats. When D-allulose was gavaged with D-fructose, previously observed increases in plasma D-allulose levels were dampened and delayed, indicating D-fructose inhibited transepithelial D-allulose transport into plasma. Tracer D- 14 [ C]-fructose uptake rate was reduced to 54.8% in 50 mM D-allulose and to 16.4% in 50 mM D-fructose, sug- 14 gesting D-allulose competed with D-[ C]-fructose and the affinity of D-allulose for GLUT5 was lower than that of D-fructose. -
GRAS Notifications to FDA – a Review of Ingredients with Intended Use In
GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods: An Overview of FDA Regulation Ginny Bank, Cheryl Dicks, MS, RAC 1 © GRAS Associates 2016 www.gras-associates.com GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 FDA Medical Food Regulation Overview ........................................................ 4 GRAS Notifications to FDA – A Review of Ingredients with Intended Use in Medical Foods ................................................................................................. 6 Ready to seek GRAS status for your medical food ingredient? ................. 11 Regulatory Services Include: ..................................................................... 11 Uncover greater market opportunities for your ingredient ......................... 12 Contact GRAS Associates today ............................................................... 12 Appendix A – Summary of GRAS Notifications Submitted to FDA for Ingredients Intended for Use in Medical Foods .......................................... 13 2 © GRAS Associates 2016 www.gras-associates.com GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods Introduction The medical food arena is a growing specialty product category that presents food and dietary supplement manufactures with interesting business opportunities for market expansion of an ingredient or final product. The Business Insights: The Emerging Market for Medical Foods Nutraceuticals -
High-Calorie, High-Protein Diet with Fiber for Patients with Diabetes Contains Isomaltulose, Which Contributes to Better Glycaemic Control
High-Calorie, High-Protein Diet with fiber for patients with diabetes Contains isomaltulose, which contributes to better glycaemic control. For tube feeding. Calorie density: 1.20 Kcal/ml P/CH/Fat/Fiber = 22/40/35/3 Osmolarity: 315 mOsmol/l 50 NEUTRAL FLAVOUR 12X500 ml C.I. 504958 Vanilla Scent NEUTRAL FLAVOUR SUITABLE FOR CELIAC PATIENTS High-Calorie, High-Protein Diet High-Calorie, High-Protein 51 NUTRITION FACTS 100 ml 500 ml VITAMINS 100 ml 500 ml Energy 503/120 2515/600 kJ/kcal Vitamin A 64 320 µg-RE Total Fat 4.7 23.3 g Vitamin D 0.6 3 µg Of which: Saturated 1.04 5.2 g Vitamin K 6 30 µg MCT 0.7 3.5 g Vitamin C 6.4 32 mg Monounsaturated 2.3 11.7 g Thiamin 0.09 0.4 mg Polyunsaturated 1.1 5.6 g Riboflavin 0.1 0.5 mg ω-3 0.33 1.65 g Vitamin B6 0.1 0.5 mg ω-6 0.75 3.75 g Niacin 1.3 6.5 mg NE ω-6/ω-3 ratio: 2.27/1 Folic acid 16 80 µg Total Carbohydrates 12 60 g Vitamin B12 0.2 1 µg Of which: Sugars 2.5 12.5 g Pantothenic acid 0.5 2.5 mg Lactose 0.28 1.4 g Biotin 4 20 µg Dietary Fiber 1.8 9 g Vitamin E 1 5 mg α-TE Protein 6.6 33 g Inositol 15 75 mg Salt 0.28 1.4 g Choline 15 75 mg MINERALS 100 ml 500 ml Osmolaridad: 315 mOsmol/l Osmolality: 389 mOsm/kg Sodium 111 555 mg Viscosidad: 55.6 cps OH Chloride 45 225 mg It contains Isomaltulose (glucose O HO Isomaltulose Potassium 133 665 mg disaccharide and fructose: 1.2 g / 100 ml) HO OH Calcium 110 550 mg Low lactose content (not suitable for O OH Phosphorous 95 475 mg persons with galactosemia) O HO Magnesium 20 100 mg Low salt content (0.28 g / 100 ml) Iron 1.1 5.6 mg Gluten free HO OH Zinc 0.8 4 mg Without sucrose Copper 0.08 0.4 mg Vanilla scent to soften the effects of possible reflux Iodine 12 60 µg Selenium 4.4 22 µg NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION: Manganese 0.16 0.8 mg The standard dose (1,500 ml/day) contains 99 g of protein, Chromium 18 90 µg 180 g of carbohydrates, 69.9 g of fat, 27 g of fiber, 1,800 Molybdenum 4.2 21.1 µg kcal and provides 100% of the RDA (Recommended Dietary Fluoride 0.23 1.15 mg Allowance) of vitamins and minerals. -
Final Assessment Report Application A578
3-07 23 May 2007 FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT APPLICATION A578 ISOMALTULOSE AS A NOVEL FOOD For information on matters relating to this Assessment Report or the assessment process generally, please refer to http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/standardsdevelopment/ Executive Summary FSANZ received an application from PALATINIT GmbH on 27 April 2006 to amend Standard 1.5.1 – Novel Foods, of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code) to approve the use of isomaltulose as a novel food. Isomaltulose is a disaccharide comprised of glucose and fructose joined by an α-1,6 glycosidic bond. Isomaltulose is naturally present at very low levels in sugar cane juice and honey. Under the current food standards, novel foods are required to undergo a pre-market safety assessment, as per Standard 1.5.1 - Novel Foods. Isomaltulose is considered to be a non- traditional food because there is no history of significant human consumption in Australia or New Zealand. Based on the potential for increased consumption patterns if isomaltulose were used as a food ingredient, and the fact that the safety of isomaltulose had not yet been determined, isomaltulose is considered to be a novel food and is accordingly considered under Standard 1.5.1. The objective of this assessment is to determine whether it is appropriate to amend the Code to permit the use of isomaltulose as a novel food. Such an amendment would need to be consistent with the section 10 objectives of the FSANZ Act. The safety assessment and dietary exposure assessment indicate that isomaltulose poses no public health and safety concern to the vast majority of consumers. -
D-Psicose Nutrasource, Inc.Inc
ORIGINAL SUBMISSION 000001 GRAS exemption claim for D-psicose NutraSource, Inc.Inc. August 18,18, 20112011 Dr. Susan CarlsonCarlson Division ofof BiotechnologyBiotechnology andand GRASGRAS NoticeNotice ReviewReview Office of Food AdditiveAdditive Safety-CFSANSafety-CFSAN U.S. Food andand DrugDrug AdministrationAdministration 5100 Paint Branch ParkwayParkway (HFS-255)(HFS-255) College Park, MDMD 20740-383520740-3835 DiVisionDivision of BiotechnologyBiotechnology and GRAS Notice ReviewReview Re: GRAS exemption claimclaim forfor D-psicoseD-psicose asas anan ingredientingredient inin foodsfoods Dear Dr. Carlson,Carlson, This is to notify you that CJCJ CheiljedangCheiljedang (based(based inin S.S. Korea)Korea) claimsclaims thatthat thethe useuse ofof thethe substance described below (D-psicose) is exempt fromfrom the the premarketpremarket approvalapproval requirementsrequirements ofof the Federal Food, Drug, and CosmeticCosmetic ActAct becausebecause CJCJ AmericaAmerica hashas determineddetermined suchsuch useuse toto bebe Generally Recognized AsAs SafeSafe (GRAS).(GRAS). On behalf ofCJof CJ Cheiljedang, NutraSource (an independent consultingconsulting firm)firm) assembledassembled aa panel of experts highly qualified byby scientificscientific trainingtraining andand experienceexperience toto evaluateevaluate thethe safetysafety ofof the intended uses ofofD-psicose. D-psicose. The panel includedincluded Dr.Dr. SusanSusan ChoCho atat NutraSourceNutraSource (Clarksville,(Clarksville, MD), Dr. Joanne Slavin (The University ofof Minnesota,Minnesota,