Based on perfact’s database holding ingredients for over 250,000 products, we found that almost 300 names for sugar that appear on food labels aren’t covered by the “56 names of sugar” and SugarScience’s 61 names of sugar.

The exact number depends on how one counts.

This document aims to be a basis to help draw the lines between what should be considered “sugar” within the scope of those lists – and what shouldn’t.

Diagram elements ANNOTATED ALTERNATIVE NAME Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol

Diagram element constituting a dietary / functional fiber Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol

Diagram elements explicitly ANNOTATED on 56/61 lists ALTERNATIVE NAME Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol

Diagram elements explicitly or implicitly on 56/61 lists (e.g. because listed by one of its alternative name) Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol

Production pathways Most common Less common

This is a working document in progress. Current as of February 2019 Polysaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides Sugar alcohols

Heat under pressure with hydrogen and Raney-nickel

Feed with glucose

Ribose Ribitol Ribose syrup Ribitol syrup Bacillus spp. Treat with acid E 967 E 460 Xylose Xylitol E 460I, MCC, CELLULOSE GEL, Treat with acid, pulp, and bleach Xylose syrup Xylitol syrup MICROCELLULOSE Heat under pressure with hydrogen and Raney-nickel Woody plant Cellulose Microcrystalline parts cellulose Wood Treat with acid or enzymes Treat with acid, pulp, and bleach

Feed with glucose/sucrose

Curdlan Agrobacterium

Feed with glucose/sucrose

GlucanGlucan

- -

Beta Beta

Athelia rolfsii Scleroglucan

Beta Beta

OAT BETA-GLUCAN, CELLOTRIOSE, CELLOTETRAOSE, Clean seeds, grind, treat with enzymes Treat with enzymes CELLOPENTAOSE, CELLOHEXAOSE, Tamarind CELLOHEPTAOSE, Xyloglucan CELLOOCTAOSE, HIGH DP CELLO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES

Lyse cells (proprietary process) Treat with acid or enzymes Baker’s Yeast Hydrolyzed Beta-Glucan

Treat with enzymes, wet mill, sieve, treat with solvent

BARLEY MALT, MALT BARLEY, MALTED BARLEY, MALT Oat FLOUR, MALTED FLOUR, MALT BARLEY FLOUR, MALTED BARLEY FLOUR, WHOLE GRAIN BARLEY MALT, WHOLE GRAIN MALT, WHOLE GRAIN MALT BARLEY, WHOLE GRAIN MALTED BARLEY, WHOLE GRAIN MALT FLOUR, WHOLE GRAIN MALTED FLOUR, WHOLE GRAIN MALT Almond BARLEY FLOUR, WHOLE GRAIN MALTED BARLEY FLOUR, DIASTATIC MALT, BROWN RICE MALT, RICE MALT, CORN MALT, MALTED CORN, MALTED WHEAT, MILLET MALT, OAT MALT, AVENA SATIVA MALT,RYE Barley MALT, SPELT MALT, CEREAL MALT MALTED WHEAT EXTRACT MALTOSE SYRUP, BARLEY MALT SYRUP, BARLEY SYRUP, MALT SYRUP, MALTED BARLEY SYRUP, BARLEY MALT Mash Heat Treat with enzymes or acid EXTRACT, MALTED BARLEY EXTRACT, MALT EXTRACT, Bermuda EXTRACTIVES OF MALT, BROWN RICE SYRUP, BROWN RICE Arrowroot MALT SYRUP, RICE SYRUP, CORN MALT SYRUP, MALTED HIGH- CORN SYRUP, MALTED OAT SYRUP, MALTED SORGHUM MALTOSE Hydrolyzed SYRUP, MALTED CEREAL SYRUP, OAT SYRUP E 965, E965II Wort Malt Extract CORN SYRUP Malt Extract

MALTOBIOSE, MALT Cassava Malt Heat Treat with enzymes SUGAR Maltose Maltitol Corn Malt Malt syrup High-maltose syrup Maltitol Syrup E 965, E965I, LYCASIN™ CORN SYRUP, CORN STARCH SYRUP, CONFECTIONER’S GLUCOSE SOLIDS, Millet SYRUP, GLUCOSUM LIQUIDUM, CORN SYRUP SOLIDS Treat with enzymes OAT SYRUP, TAPIOCA SYRUP SORBITOL SYRUP, E Trehalose E 964 420, E 420II Mungo bean Trehalose syrup

Treat with enzymes Spray dry

Glucan Glucan Glucan Glucan Glucose syrup Glucose syrup Glucitol Syrup Polyglucitol Syrup Feed to Pea E 1204 E 1200 Condensate with sorbitol and citric acid

Aureobasidium pullulans solids Hydrogenated

Potato Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysates Starch Pullulan Polydextrose Hydrolysates Starch Syrup HeatHeat under under pressure pressure with with hydrogen hydrogen and Raney-nickel

ARROWROOT, ARROWROOT STARCH, BLACK GRAM STARCH, Treat with enzymes ACID TREATED STARCH, E 1401, OXIDIZED STARCH@E 1404 Rye VIGNA MUNGO STARCH, MUNGO BEAN STARCH, CORN STARCH, ZEA MAYS STARCH, MAIZE STARCH, WAXY MAIZE STARCH, PEA STARCH, GRAPE SUGAR, Soy GREEN PEA STARCH, POTATO D-GLUCOSE, Modified starch SORBITOL, STARCH, RICE STARCH, SWEET DEXTROSE POTATO STARCH, TAPIOCA, Treat with enzymes E 420, E 420I SORGHUM FLOUR CASSAVA STARCH, WHEAT STARCH Treat with acid /

treat with amylase Glucan

Glucan Spelt Glucose Glucitol

- -

Grind Wash out Heat Treat with enzymes

Alpha Alpha Flour Starch Dextrin Maltodextrin Sweet Alpha-Glucan Sorghum oligosaccharides

ALMOND DEXTRIN, BARLEY DEXTRIN, HYDROLYZED CORN STARCH, CORN DEXTRIN, POTATO DEXTRIN, RICE HYDROLYZED ZEE MAYS DEXTRIN, SOYBEAN DEXTRIN, TAPIOCA STARCH, HYDROLYZED WHEAT Amylopectin DEXTRIN, WHEAT DEXTRIN, E 1400 STARCH, MALTODEXTRINE, Rice CORN MALTODEXTRIN, POTATO Heat at high pressure MALTODEXTRIN, RICE MALTODEXTRIN, TAPIOCA Amylodextrin MALTODEXTRIN, MALTOTRIOSE

Wheat

Treat withperacetic acid E 1403

Pregelatinized Bleached starch flour

PREGELATINIZED CORN FLOUR, PREGELATINIZED CULTURED WHEAT STARCH WHEAT FLOUR, Ferment with bacteria

Cultured starch

Treat with cupper sulfate and hydrogen peroxide

Oxidized starch

PREGELATINIZED CORN Cook, dry, grind STARCH, PREGELATINIZED WHEAT STARCH,

Pregelatinized starch

Feed with sucrose Treat with enzymes Leuconostoc mesenteroides Dextran

BROWN SUGAR, BROWN BEET SUGAR, BROWN CANE JUICE EVAPORATED CANE JUICE, SUGAR CANE CANE SUGAR, DEMERARA TREACLE, BLACK DEHYDRATED CANE JUICE, SYRUP, CANE SUGAR, TURBINADO TREACLE, BLACKSTRAP EVAPORATED CANE JUICE SYRUP, CANE SUGAR, MUSCOVADO MOLASSES, CANE Shred, crush CRYSTALS, CANE JUICE JUICE SYRUP, SUGAR, MUSCOVADO, MOLASSES, CANE SUGAR CRYSTALS, EVAPORATED SORGHUM BARBADOS SUGAR, MOLASSES, SUGAR BEET SUGAR CANE JUICE SYRUP SHARKARA, PANOCHA, MOLASSES RAW SUGAR, GOLDEN Sugar SUGAR, YELLOW SUGAR ~16 % Treat with enzymes cane Sucrose Separate

Separate CANE SUGAR, CANE, CANE SWEETENER, CANE REFINERY SYRUP Press, lime, filter Heat Molasses Raffinose

REFINED SUGAR, SACCHARUM Sugar Juice Syrup OFFICINALE, WHITE SUGAR, GRANULATED ~20 % Separate SUGAR, POWDERED SUGAR, beet Sucrose CONFECTIONER’S SUGAR, ICING SUGAR, CASTOR SUGAR, CASTER SUGAR

Sugar BEET SUGAR INVERTED SUGAR, INVERT CANE SYRUP,INVERTED CANE SUGAR, Heat with water INVERT SUGAR SYRUP, INVERT Press, lime, filter and citric acid / SYRUP, INVERTED SUGAR SYRUP, treat with invertase INVERSOL™, NULOMOLINE™, Sweet ~13 % GOLDEN SYRUP, COLOROSE™, TRIMOLINE™ ISOMALT Sorghum Sucrose REFINER’S SYRUP, Invert Sugar SYRUP REFINERY SYRUP, PALATINOSE™ DATE SUGAR, LIGHT TREACLE SULFITE AMMONIA CARAMEL, ACID-PROOF CARAMEL, SACCHAROSE

SOFT-DRINK CARAMEL, E 150D

Caramel Caramel Caramel ColorColor

AMMONIA CARAMEL, BAKER’S CARAMEL, CONFECTIONER’S CARAMEL, BEER CARAMEL, E 150C Sucrose Isomaltulose Roast Isolmaltitol Isomaltulose Sugar ISOMALT, E 953 Isomaltitol CAUSTIC SULFITE CARAMEL, E 150B syrup Caramel syrup PLAIN CARAMEL, CAUSTIC CARAMEL, SPIRIT CARAMEL, CARAMELIZED SUGAR, E 150A CAROB SYRUP, CAROB BEAN Heat under pressure with hydrogen and Raney-nickel SYRUP, LOCUST BEAN SYRUP, CERATONIA SILIQUA SYRUP, SUGAR MAPLE SYRUP, MAPLE SYRUP Heat, add butter boil ~50 % Sucrose Carob Buttered syrup

Collect sap, boil Dry, grind Treat with enzymes

~11 % Chop, dry Sucrose Coconut Palm Syrup Sugar

COCONUT BLOSSOM SUGAR, COCONUT SUGAR, COCONUT Collect sap, boil PALM SUGAR, PALM SUGAR, MAPLE SUGAR Treat with various substances ~4 % Sugar maple, Sucrose black maple, Honey extract red maple FRUIT SUGAR, Honey D-FRUCTOFURANOSE, D-FRUCTOSE, D-ARABINO-HEXULOSE

Fructose Fructitol Press

FRUCTOSE SYRUP, Dates HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, AGAVE SYRUP, AGAVE HFCS, GLUCOSE- NECTAR, DATE SYRUP, FRUCTOSE, EUROPEAN PEAR SYRUP, ISOGLUCOSE, HIGH PYRUS COMMUNIS FRUCTOSE SYRUP, Cut, collect SYRUP, GRAPE SYRUP POTATO SYRUP

Agave Press Heat Treat with enzymes Crystallize

Juice Syrup Glucose- Crystalline Grapes fructose fructose Press syrup Corn Sweetener Apple CHICORY SYRUP, CICHORIUM Press INTYBUS SYRUP, JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE SYRUP, AGAVE INULIN, HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS CHICORY INULIN SYRUP, TOPINAMBUR SYRUP, OLIGOFRUCTOSE SYRUP Pear, ... Treat with enzymes Treat with enzymes, Treat withfilter enzymes, Chicory filter

Clean,Clean, grind grind Treat with enzymes Extract with ethanol Fructan Fructan Flour Syrup Inulin

Jerusalem Heat and treat with acid Artichoke

Slice, dry, and grind tuber Treat with propanol

Konjac

Gum Glucomannan Glucomannan Glucomannan Treat with enzymes Clean seeds, grind KONJAC GLUCOMANNAN, E 425II, KONJAC GLUCOMANNANE, KONJAC MANNANE

Mannose Syrup Mannitol syrup Collect sap from bark Heat under pressure with hydrogen and Raney-nickel Astragalus

Clean seeds

CAROB BEAN GUM, LOCUST BEAN GUM, CERATONIA SILIQUA Cassia GUM, LBG, CAROB SEED GUM, CAROBEAN GUM, CAROB GUM, CAROBIN, E 410, CASSIA GUM, SENNA OBTUSIFOLIA GUM, CASSIA OBTUSIFOLIA GUM, CASSIA TORA GUM, E 427, EGYPTIAN THORN Clean seeds, grind STEM BARK EXTRACT, ACACIA ARABICA STEM BARK EXTRACT, VACHELLIA NILOTICA STEM BARK EXTRACT, ACACIA NILOTICA Fenugreek STEM BARK EXTRACT, GUM ARABIC, GUM ARABIC TREE GUM, ACACIA SENEGAL GUM, ACACIA SENEGAL GUM EXTRACT, SENEGALIA SENEGAL GUM, RED ACACIA GUM, ACACIA SEYAL GUM, ACACIA SEYAL GUM EXTRACT, VACHELLIA SEYAL GUM, E 414, ARABIC GUM, ACACIA GUM, GUM ACACIA, GUAR GUM, Clean seeds, grind CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA GUM, GUAR SEED GUM, E 412, GUARAN, GUM GHATTI, E 419, GUM TRAGACANTH, TRAGACANTH, HYDROLYZED TARA GUM, ASTRAGALUS ADSCENDENS GUM, ASTRAGALUS GUMMIFER GUM, Guar Bean HYDROLYZED CAESALPINIA ASTRAGALUS BRACHYCALYX GUM, ASTRAGALUS Treat with enzymes SPINOSA GUM MOS SYRUP TRAGACANTHUS GUM, SHIRAZ GUM, SHIRAZ, GUM ELECT, GUM MANNA SUGAR,

DRAGON, E 413, TARA GUM, E 417 MANNITE, E 421

Mannan Mannan

Collect sap from bark Heat with water and ethanol, filter Treat with enzymes G G Mannose Mannitol Gum Galactomannan Hydrolyzed Gum Mannan-

Ghost Tree Galactomannan Galactomannan oligosaccharides Collect sap from bark syrup Gum arabic tree

Collect sap from bark

Red Acacia

Clean seeds, grind Tara

Collect sap from bark

Axlewood

Collect sap from bark GALACTOTRIOSE, GALACTOTETRAOSE, CHONDRUS CRISPUS GALACTOPENTAOSE, Egyptian Thorn EXTRACT, CARRAGEEN GALACTOHEXAOSE, EUCHEUMA MOSS EXTRACT, IRISH GALACTOHEPTAOSE, COTTONII MOSS EXTRACT, GALACTOOCTAOSE, HIGH DP EXTRACT, FURCELLERAN, E 407 GALACTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES, E 407A HYDROLYZED FURCELLARAN GOS SYRUP

Eucheuma Treat with alcohol / potassium chloride Filter out cellulose Treat with enzymes or acid Treat with enzymes Treat with enzymes seaweed Processed Carrageenan Hydrolyzed Galacto- eucheuma Carrageenan Oligosaccharides seaweed Syrup Treat with alcohol / potassium chloride, filter out cellulose

Irish Moss Treat with enzymes

Treat with alcohol / potassium chloride, filter out cellulose Furcellaria lumbricalis

E 966

Treat with enzymes, filter Treat with enzymes, filter Lactose Lactitol

Whey Lactose MILK SUGAR Lactitol Galactan Galactan Milk solution syrup Galactose Galactitol AGAR AGAR, AGAR-AGAR, Heat under pressure with hydrogen and Raney-nickel E 406

Treat with acetic acid, heat, filter Agarophyte Agar

Agaropectin

Agarose

Treat with alcohol / potassium chloride

ARABITOL Arabinogalactan

E 409

Shred wood, soak, heat, filter Arabinogalactan Arabinogalactan Arabinose Arabinitol

Larch

Inositose Inositol

Treat exoskeltons with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide Treat with acic Glucosamine Crustacean Chitin

Allulose D-Psicitol Allulose syrup D-PSICOSE

Erythrose Erythritol

Threose Threitol

Sugar alcohols with less than 4 carbons not listed: © 2018-2019, Dr. Andreas Kornstaedt Gylcerol (3)