DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of D-Allulose on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Response to A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of D-Allulose on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Response to A Clinical care/Education/Nutrition Open access Original research BMJ Open Diab Res Care: first published as 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001939 on 26 February 2021. Downloaded from Effects of D- allulose on glucose tolerance and insulin response to a standard oral sucrose load: results of a prospective, randomized, crossover study Francesco Franchi ,1 Dmitry M Yaranov,1 Fabiana Rollini,1 Andrea Rivas,1 Jose Rivas Rios,1 Latonya Been,1 Yuma Tani,2 Masaaki Tokuda,3 Tetsuo Iida,2 Noriko Hayashi,2 Dominick J Angiolillo,1 Arshag D Mooradian1 To cite: Franchi F, Yaranov DM, ABSTRACT Rollini F, et al. Effects of D- Introduction Current dietary guidelines recommend Significance of this study allulose on glucose tolerance limiting sugar intake for the prevention of diabetes and insulin response to a mellitus (DM). Reduction in sugar intake may require sugar What is already known about this subject? standard oral sucrose load: substitutes. Among these, D- allulose is a non- calorie rare ► D- allulose is defined one of the rare sugars, results of a prospective, which has been shown in animal and clinical randomized, crossover study. monosaccharide with 70% sweetness of sucrose, which has shown anti- DM effects in Asian populations. However, studies, conducted mostly in Asian populations, BMJ Open Diab Res Care to have postprandial plasma glucose suppres- 2021;9:e001939. doi:10.1136/ there is limited data on the effects of D- allulose in other sive effects with antiobesity and antidiabetic bmjdrc-2020-001939 populations, including Westerners. Research design and methods This was a prospective, effects. copyright. randomized, double- blind, placebo- controlled, crossover What are the new findings? ► Supplemental material is study conducted in 30 subjects without DM. Study published online only. To view, ► Our study showed that D- allulose administered in participants were given a standard oral (50 g) sucrose load addition to a standard sucrose load led to a dose- please visit the journal online and randomized to placebo or escalating doses of D- allulose (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ dependent reduction of plasma glucose at 30 min (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 g). Subjects crossed- over to the alternate bmjdrc- 2020- 001939). compared with placebo with a dose-dependent re- study treatment after 7–14 days of wash out. Plasma glucose duction in plasma glucose excursion. and insulin levels were measured at five time points: before ► The effects of D- allulose on insulin levels and in- Received 5 October 2020 and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after ingestion. sulin excursion were similar to those on plasma Revised 19 January 2021 Results D- allulose was associated with a dose- dependent glucose. Accepted 11 February 2021 reduction of plasma glucose at 30 min compared with ► D- allulose effects appeared to be consistent in both placebo. In particular, glucose was significantly lower with http://drc.bmj.com/ white and African- American subjects. the 7.5 g (mean difference: 11; 95% CI 3 to 19; p=0.005) The administration of escalating doses of D-allulose and 10 g (mean difference: 12; 95% CI 4 to 20; p=0.002) ► appeared to be safe. doses. Although glucose was not reduced at the other time points, there was a dose- dependent reduction in glucose How might these results change the focus of excursion compared with placebo, which was significant with research or clinical practice? the 10 g dose (p=0.023). Accordingly, at 30 min D- allulose ► The results of our investigation can set the basis © Author(s) (or their was associated with a trend towards lower insulin levels on September 27, 2021 by guest. Protected employer(s)) 2021. Re- use for the potential use of D- allulose in a population compared with placebo, which was significant with the 10 permitted under CC BY-NC. No where reduction of added sugar is of paramount g dose (mean difference: 14; 95% CI 4 to 25; p=0.006). commercial re- use. See rights importance. D- allulose did not reduce insulin at any other time point, but and permissions. Published ► The present study suggests that adding 5–10 g of there was a significant dose- dependent reduction in insulin by BMJ. D- allulose to 50 g of sugar is sufficient to reduce the 1 excursion compared with placebo (p=0.028), which was Department of Medicine, postprandial glycemia attributed to sugar. significant with the 10 g dose (p=0.002). University of Florida College This ratio of D- allulose to sugar content is consistent Conclusions This is the largest study assessing the ► of Medicine- Jacksonville, with the composition of the currently marketed rare Jacksonville, Florida, USA effects of D- allulose in Westerners demonstrating an 2 sugar syrup and is well tolerated. Matsutani Chemical Industry early dose- dependent reduction in plasma glucose and Future studies should explore more in depth the un- Co. Ltd, Itami, Japan insulin levels as well as decreased postprandial glucose ► 3 derlying mechanisms by which D-allulose reduces Kagawa University, Takamatsu, and insulin excursion in subjects without DM. These pilot Japan observations set the basis for large- scale investigations to glucose and insulin levels as well as its long-term support the anti- DM effects of D- allulose. effects, including its potential to impact clinically Correspondence to Trial registration number NCT02714413. meaningful outcomes. Dr Francesco Franchi; francesco. franchi@ jax. ufl. edu BMJ Open Diab Res Care 2021;9:e001939. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001939 1 Clinical care/Education/Nutrition BMJ Open Diab Res Care: first published as 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001939 on 26 February 2021. Downloaded from INTRODUCTION of this study was to address the efficacy of D-allulose in Although dieting is the cornerstone of weight manage- reducing postprandial blood glucose level in a random ment, the optimal mix of diet to facilitate weight loss sample of a US population. and maximize the health benefits remains controver- sial. With the rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide, there is urgency in identifying an effective METHODS and safe diet for body weight reduction.1 While low fat Study design and participants diet has been the traditional cornerstone of the dietary This was a single- center, prospective, randomized, double- guidelines of various national and international societies, blind, placebo- controlled crossover study evaluating the there is increased popular attraction to low carbohydrate effects of pure D- allulose ingestion on the glucose and diets.2–6 More importantly, there is growing evidence insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load in for potential health benefits of low glycemic foods, and a non- selected US population. The study was performed glycemic load is the best quantitative variable that can at the University of Florida Health-Jacksonville (Jackson- be correlated with clinical outcomes, including coronary ville, Florida, USA). Subjects between 18 and 70 years artery disease, breast cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus of age, a body mass index (BMI) between 20 an 40 kg/ (DM).7 Notably, a substantial portion of glycemic load in m2, without a diagnosis of DM and a hemoglobin A1c western diets is attributed to added caloric sweeteners in (HbA1c) <5.8% were recruited from the community as the diet, which has been steadily increasing over the last well as from clinically stable ambulatory patients. Details four decades and associated with development of meta- on study inclusion and exclusion criteria are provided in bolic syndrome and type 2 DM.8 9 the online supplemental material 1. Individuals in the USA consume a substantial propor- After providing written informed consent, subjects tion of their total energy as added sugars. Unlike most meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria were given a food other carbohydrates, added sugars alone contribute no diary along with instructions on how this should be filled, nutrients other than energy and are easily modifiable. and were scheduled to return to complete screening The mechanism through which the dysmetabolic effects within 7 days. Prior to the continuation of screening, of carbohydrates occur is not completely understood. study subjects completed overnight fasting of at least 8 Studies suggest that these effects could be mediated by hours, after which screening labs were collected. Eligible copyright. fructose, a monosaccharide comprising 50% of table subjects were asked to bring their 72-hour food diary for sugar. Fructose has been shown to increase de novo lipo- evaluation by a dietitian. An individualized diet plan was genesis in the liver, hepatic triglyceride synthesis and provided, which consisted of 50%–65% of the subject’s increase secretion of very low- density lipoproteins. Fruc- caloric needs from carbohydrates, which was followed tose also appears to decrease the peripheral clearance 10 throughout the whole course of the study. Subjects were of lipids. These findings support the current dietary asked to come back for a total of five treatment visits and guidelines that encourage consumers to limit their intake were randomly assigned to sequentially receive varying 10–13 of added sugar. amounts of D- allulose (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 g), or placebo (water) Drastic reductions in the consumption of sugar may given in a random order in addition to a standardized necessitate the use of sugar substitutes. Reduced calorie oral sucrose load of 50 g. In order to limit the possibility http://drc.bmj.com/ sweeteners and non-nutritive sweeteners currently of carry- over effect, patients were randomized to different approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) treatment sequences. In each sequence, all four doses have limitations and have not proven to confer metabolic were present only one time and were administered in a benefits. This underscores the need for a sugar substitute different order. A washout period of 1–2 weeks was done that is safe, palatable and has favorable effects on energy between each visit.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and Its Epimers on Glycemic Control
    Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and its Epimers on Glycemic Control by Jarvis Clyde Noronha A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto © Copyright by Jarvis Clyde Noronha 2017 ii Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and its Epimers on Glycemic Control Jarvis Clyde Noronha Master of Science Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Given that sugars have emerged as the dominant nutrient of concern in diabetes, there is a need for the development of alternative sweeteners. To assess the role of small doses (5g, 10g) of fructose and allulose on postprandial glucose metabolism, we conducted an acute randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We found that small doses of allulose, but not fructose, modestly reduced the postprandial glycemic response to a 75g oral glucose load. To assess whether low-dose (< 50-g/day) fructose and all its epimers (allulose, tagatose and sorbose) lead to sustainable improvements in long-term glycemic control, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. The available evidence suggested that fructose and tagatose led to significant reductions in HbA1c and fasting glucose. Our findings highlight the need for long-term randomized controlled trials to confirm the viability of fructose and its epimers as alternative sweeteners. iii Table of Contents Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FDA Finalizes Allulose Guidance and Requests Information on Other Sugars Metabolized Differently Than Traditional Sugars
    FDA Finalizes Allulose Guidance and Requests Information on Other Sugars Metabolized Differently Than Traditional Sugars October 19, 2020 Food, Drug, and Device FDA has taken two notable actions regarding the sugars declaration in the Nutrition Facts Label (NFL) and Supplement Facts Label (SFL). On Friday, the agency released a final guidance regarding the declaration of allulose, confirming that this monosaccharide need not be included in the declaration of “Total Sugars” or “Added Sugars,” though it must be included in the “Total Carbohydrates” declaration in the NFL. Today, FDA published a Federal Register notice requesting information about and comments on the nutrition labeling of other sugars that are metabolized differently than traditional sugars. We briefly summarize both documents below to help inform stakeholder comments on the notice, which are due to FDA by December 18, 2020. Allulose Final Guidance Allulose, or D-psicose, is a monosaccharide that can be used as a substitute for traditional sugar in food and beverage products. For purposes of nutrition labeling, FDA has generally 1 defined nutrients based on their chemical structure.0F Accordingly, when FDA updated its NFL and SFL regulations in 2016, the agency reiterated the definition of “Total Sugars” as the sum of 2 all free monosaccharides and disaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, and sucrose).1F FDA also added to these regulations a definition of “Added Sugars” – sugars added during the processing 3 of food, or packaged as such – and required their declaration in the NFL and SFL.2F Although the agency recognized that there are sugars that are metabolized differently than traditional sugars, FDA did not make a determination at that time as to whether allulose should be excluded from “Total Carbohydrate,” “Total Sugars,” or “Added Sugars” Declarations.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Alternative Sweeteners and Diabetes Management
    Current Diabetes Reports (2019) 19:142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1273-8 LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE DIABETES/CARDIOVASCULAR RISK (B CONWAY AND H KEENAN, SECTION EDITORS) Natural Alternative Sweeteners and Diabetes Management Emily Mejia1 & Michelle Pearlman2 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to discuss the data on natural alternative sweeteners and their effects on glucose homeostasis and other metabolic parameters within the past five years. We sought to answer whether common natural alternative sweeteners have a positive or negative effect on glucose control in both human and animal models, and whether the data supports their widespread use as a tool to help reduce the prevalence of diabetes and associated comorbid conditions. Recent Findings Recent studies suggest that natural alternative sweeteners may reduce hyperglycemia, improve lipid metabo- lism, and have antioxidant effects particularly in those that have baseline diabetes. Summary Diabetes and metabolic syndrome have become a global healthcare crisis and the sugar overconsumption plays a major role. The use of artificial sweeteners has become more prevalent to improve insulin resistance in those with diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, although the evidence does not support this result. There are however some promising data to suggest that natural alternative sweeteners may be a better alternative to sugar and artificial sweeteners. Keywords Natural alternative sweeteners . Diabetes . Stevia . Sugar alcohols . Rare sugars Introduction retinopathy, nephropathy, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cardiovascular disease [2–4]. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that results DM (T2DM) often coexists with other metabolic disorders from glucose dysregulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism
    nutrients Review Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism Hideya Shintani 1 , Tomoya Shintani 2,* , Hisashi Ashida 3 and Masashi Sato 4 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka 551-0032, Japan; [email protected] 2 United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan 3 Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-6-6621-5122 Received: 6 November 2018; Accepted: 18 November 2018; Published: 22 November 2018 Abstract: Calorie restriction (CR) can prolong the human lifespan, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is needed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on compounds with CR mimetic (CRM) effects. More than 10 compounds have been listed as CRMs, some of which are conventionally categorized as upstream-type CRMs showing glycolytic inhibition, while the others are categorized as downstream-type CRMs that regulate or genetically modulate intracellular signaling proteins. Among these, we focus on upstream-type CRMs and propose their classification as compounds with energy metabolism inhibition effects, particularly glucose metabolism modulation effects. The upstream-type CRMs reviewed include chitosan, acarbose, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and hexose analogs such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-glucosamine, and D-allulose, which show antiaging and longevity effects. Finally, we discuss the molecular definition of upstream-type CRMs.
    [Show full text]
  • D-Allulose Is a Substrate of Glucose Transporter Type 5 (GLUT5) in the Small Intestine
    Food Chemistry 277 (2019) 604–608 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem D-Allulose is a substrate of glucose transporter type 5 (GLUT5) in the small intestine T ⁎ Kunihiro Kishidaa, , Gustavo Martinezb, Tetsuo Iidac, Takako Yamadac, Ronaldo P. Ferrarisb,1, Yukiyasu Toyodad,1 a Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan b Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 S. Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1749, USA c Research and Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Company, Limited, 5-3 Kita-Itami, Itami, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan d Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: D-Allulose has been reported to have beneficial health effects. However, the transport system(s) mediating in- D-Allulose testinal D-allulose transport has not yet been clearly identified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Intestinal absorption intestinal D-allulose transport is mediated by glucose transporter type 5 (GLUT5). When D-allulose alone was GLUT5 gavaged, plasma D-allulose levels were dramatically higher in rats previously fed fructose. This suggests en- hanced intestinal D-allulose absorption paralleled increases in GLUT5 expression observed only in fructose-fed rats. When D-allulose was gavaged with D-fructose, previously observed increases in plasma D-allulose levels were dampened and delayed, indicating D-fructose inhibited transepithelial D-allulose transport into plasma. Tracer D- 14 [ C]-fructose uptake rate was reduced to 54.8% in 50 mM D-allulose and to 16.4% in 50 mM D-fructose, sug- 14 gesting D-allulose competed with D-[ C]-fructose and the affinity of D-allulose for GLUT5 was lower than that of D-fructose.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notifications to FDA – a Review of Ingredients with Intended Use In
    GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods: An Overview of FDA Regulation Ginny Bank, Cheryl Dicks, MS, RAC 1 © GRAS Associates 2016 www.gras-associates.com GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 FDA Medical Food Regulation Overview ........................................................ 4 GRAS Notifications to FDA – A Review of Ingredients with Intended Use in Medical Foods ................................................................................................. 6 Ready to seek GRAS status for your medical food ingredient? ................. 11 Regulatory Services Include: ..................................................................... 11 Uncover greater market opportunities for your ingredient ......................... 12 Contact GRAS Associates today ............................................................... 12 Appendix A – Summary of GRAS Notifications Submitted to FDA for Ingredients Intended for Use in Medical Foods .......................................... 13 2 © GRAS Associates 2016 www.gras-associates.com GRAS Ingredients for Use in Medical Foods Introduction The medical food arena is a growing specialty product category that presents food and dietary supplement manufactures with interesting business opportunities for market expansion of an ingredient or final product. The Business Insights: The Emerging Market for Medical Foods Nutraceuticals
    [Show full text]
  • D-Psicose Nutrasource, Inc.Inc
    ORIGINAL SUBMISSION 000001 GRAS exemption claim for D-psicose NutraSource, Inc.Inc. August 18,18, 20112011 Dr. Susan CarlsonCarlson Division ofof BiotechnologyBiotechnology andand GRASGRAS NoticeNotice ReviewReview Office of Food AdditiveAdditive Safety-CFSANSafety-CFSAN U.S. Food andand DrugDrug AdministrationAdministration 5100 Paint Branch ParkwayParkway (HFS-255)(HFS-255) College Park, MDMD 20740-383520740-3835 DiVisionDivision of BiotechnologyBiotechnology and GRAS Notice ReviewReview Re: GRAS exemption claimclaim forfor D-psicoseD-psicose asas anan ingredientingredient inin foodsfoods Dear Dr. Carlson,Carlson, This is to notify you that CJCJ CheiljedangCheiljedang (based(based inin S.S. Korea)Korea) claimsclaims thatthat thethe useuse ofof thethe substance described below (D-psicose) is exempt fromfrom the the premarketpremarket approvalapproval requirementsrequirements ofof the Federal Food, Drug, and CosmeticCosmetic ActAct becausebecause CJCJ AmericaAmerica hashas determineddetermined suchsuch useuse toto bebe Generally Recognized AsAs SafeSafe (GRAS).(GRAS). On behalf ofCJof CJ Cheiljedang, NutraSource (an independent consultingconsulting firm)firm) assembledassembled aa panel of experts highly qualified byby scientificscientific trainingtraining andand experienceexperience toto evaluateevaluate thethe safetysafety ofof the intended uses ofofD-psicose. D-psicose. The panel includedincluded Dr.Dr. SusanSusan ChoCho atat NutraSourceNutraSource (Clarksville,(Clarksville, MD), Dr. Joanne Slavin (The University ofof Minnesota,Minnesota,
    [Show full text]
  • Potent Inhibitory Effects of D-Tagatose on the Acid Production and Water-Insoluble Glucan Synthesis of Streptococcus Mutans GS5 in the Presence of Sucrose
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository Acta Med. Okayama, 2015 Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 105ﾝ111 CopyrightⒸ 2015 by Okayama University Medical School. Original Article http ://escholarship.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/amo/ Potent Inhibitory Effects of D-tagatose on the Acid Production and Water-insoluble Glucan Synthesis of Streptococcus mutans GS5 in the Presence of Sucrose Daijo Sawadaa,b＊, Takaaki Ogawaa, Minoru Miyakea, Yoshinori Hasuib, Fuminori Yamaguchic, Ken Izumorid, and Masaaki Tokudac,d Departments of aOral and Maxillofacial Surgery and cCell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, bHasui Dental Family Clinic, Kagawa 761-0704, Japan, dRare Sugar Research Center, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan We examined and compared the inhibitory effects of D-tagatose on the growth, acid production, and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of GS5, a bacterial strain of Streptococcus mutans, with those of xylitol, D-psicose, L-psicose and L-tagatose. GS5 was cultured for 12h in a medium containing 10ｵ (w/v) of xylitol, D-psicose, L-psicose, D-tagatose or L-tagatose, and the inhibitory effect of GS5 growth was assessed. Each sugar showed different inhibitory effects on GS5. Both D-tagatose and xylitol significantly inhibited the acid production and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of GS5 in the presence of 1ｵ (w/v) sucrose. However, the inhibitory effect of acid production by D-tagatose was significantly stronger than that of xylitol in presence of sucrose. Key words: Streptococcus mutans, D-tagatose, xylitol, acid production, water-insoluble glucan he definition of ʻrare sugarsʼ is monosaccha- the most extensively examined rare sugar, including T raides and their derivatives that are not com- anti-diabetes and anti-obesity effects [4-7].
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice 828, D-Psicose
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 828 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory NutraSource, Inc. 6309 Morning Dew Ct, Clarksville, MD 21029 (410)-531 -3336 or (301) 875--6454 November 20, 2018 Dr. Paulette Gaynor Office of Food Additive Safety (HFS-200) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition offlCEOf ~ ~V'c SAfc,' Food and Drug Administration fOOO A0011• 5001 Campus Drive College Park, MD 20740 Subject: GRAS Notification - D-allulose (D-psicose) Dear Dr. Gaynor, On behalf of Samyang Corp., we are submitting a GRAS notification for D-allulose as a food ingredient. The enclosed document ~rovides notice of a claim that the food ingredient, D-allulose described in the enplosed notification is exempt from the premarket approval requirement of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act because it has been determined to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS), based on scientific procedures, for addition to foods. We bel eve that this determination and notification are in compliance with Pursuant to 21 C.F.R. Part 170, subpart E. We enclose an original copy of this notification and a CD Rom containing electronic files for your review. Please feel free to contact me if additional information or clarification is needed as you proceed with the review. We would appreciate your kind attention to this matter. Sincerely, Susan Cho, Ph.D. [email protected] Agent for Samyang Corp. 1 D-Allulose (D-Psicose) GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE (GRAS) NOTICE FOR D-ALLULOSE (D-PSICOSE) AS A FOOD INGREDIENT On behalf of Samyang Corp. Prepared by: NutraSource, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Sugar Matrix
    Based on perfact’s database holding ingredients for over 250,000 products, we found that almost 300 names for sugar that appear on food labels aren’t covered by the “56 names of sugar” and SugarScience’s 61 names of sugar. The exact number depends on how one counts. This document aims to be a basis to help draw the lines between what should be considered “sugar” within the scope of those lists – and what shouldn’t. Diagram elements ANNOTATED ALTERNATIVE NAME Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol Diagram element constituting a dietary / functional fiber Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol Diagram elements explicitly ANNOTATED on 56/61 lists ALTERNATIVE NAME Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol Diagram elements explicitly or implicitly on 56/61 lists (e.g. because listed by one of its alternative name) Molecular Source Product sugar or sugar alcohol Production pathways Most common Less common This is a working document in progress. Current as of February 2019 Polysaccharides Disaccharides Monosaccharides Sugar alcohols Heat under pressure with hydrogen and Raney-nickel Feed with glucose Ribose Ribitol Ribose syrup Ribitol syrup Bacillus spp. Treat with acid E 967 E 460 Xylose Xylitol E 460I, MCC, CELLULOSE GEL, Treat with acid, pulp, and bleach Xylose syrup Xylitol syrup MICROCELLULOSE Heat under pressure with hydrogen and Raney-nickel Woody plant Cellulose Microcrystalline parts cellulose Wood Treat with acid or enzymes Treat with acid, pulp, and bleach Feed with glucose/sucrose Curdlan Agrobacterium Feed
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Tables Vfinal.Xlsx
    Table S3. Carbon Sources Used in the Nanostring Analysis. Concentration used in Nutrient Median Biofilm Value Figure 3 Key Dextrin 0.065 0.2% soluble fraction Low Melibionic Acid 0.072 Medium Mannan 0.081 High L-Homoserine 0.105 Very High Glycogen 0.120 2 mM Adenosine 0.127 2 mM Methyl Pyruvate 0.131 Mucic Acid 0.132 N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 0.138 2 mM Glycil-L-Proline 0.147 L-Alanyl-Glycine 0.149 Inosine 0.153 D-Alanine 0.156 2 mM Oxalic Acid 0.163 3-Methyl-Glucose 0.163 D-Aspartic Acid 0.165 D-Trehalose 0.169 2 mM Glycolic Acid 0.171 2 mM 2-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid 0.174 D-Glucosamine 0.177 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose 0.177 2-Deoxy Adenosine 0.178 Bromo Succinic Acid 0.179 Uridine 0.180 2 mM Pectin 0.180 Sorbic Acid 0.180 Negative Control 0.184 1,2-Propanediol 0.185 a-D-Lactose 0.186 Gelatin 0.186 D,L-a-Glycerol-Phosphate 0.186 Maltotriose 0.186 Glycerol 0.188 Inulin 0.189 Glucuronamide 0.189 N-Acetyl-D-Glucosaminatol 0.189 Lactulose 0.189 M-Inositol 0.190 3-0-b-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-Arabinose 0.191 a-Hydroxy Glutaric Acid-g-Lactone 0.193 a-Methyl-D-Galactoside 0.196 D-Psicose 0.196 L-Fucose 0.196 Succinamic Acid 0.197 D-Sorbitol 0.197 2 mM Dulcitol 0.198 D-Fructose-6-Phosphate 0.198 Sedoheptulosa 0.199 Glyoxylic Acid 0.200 Maltose 0.201 2 mM D-Ribono-1,4-Lactone 0.201 Sucrose 0.201 2 mM D-Melibiose 0.202 Mono Methyl Succinate 0.203 N-Acetyl-b-D-Mannosamine 0.204 p-Hydroxy Phenyl Acetic Acid 0.204 L-Rhamnose 0.205 2 mM D-Cellobiose 0.206 D-Glucuronic Acid 0.207 Adonitol 0.207 b-Methyl-D-Glucoside 0.207 Laminarin 0.208 Acetoacetic Acid 0.208 a-Keto-Glutaric
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Rare Sugars D-Psicose and D-Tagatose on the Sugar Content and Incidence of Blossom End Rot in Tomato Grown Hydroponically with Salinity Treatment
    Original Paper Environ. Control Biol., 52 (3), 155160, 2014 DOI: 10.2525/ecb.52.155 Effects of the Rare Sugars D-psicose and D-tagatose on the Sugar Content and Incidence of Blossom End Rot in Tomato Grown Hydroponically with Salinity Treatment 1 1 1 1 2 2 Yoshihiro YAMADA ,KazumasaKAKIBUCHI , Ayako KOZUKI , Yutaka ISHIDA ,KenIZUMORI , Shigeyuki TAJIMA , 2 3 3 Kazuya AKIMITSU , Takeo OHKOUCHI and Fumito KASAI 1 Shikoku Research Institute Inc., 21098 Yashima-nishimachi, Takamatsu, Kagawa 7610192, Japan 2 Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kida, Kagawa 7610795, Japan 3 Mitsui Chemicals Agro Inc., 1358 Ichimiyake, Yasu, Shiga 5202362, Japan (Received March 4, 2014; Accepted June 12, 2014) Low sugar content of fruits in winter, and blossom end rot in summer, are serious problems in the production of tomato with high soluble solids content. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the rare sugars D-psicose and D-tagatose on the sugar content of fruits and incidence of blossom end rot during several cropping seasons. We determined a highly positive correlation between the sugar content and the cumulative solar radiation during the maturation period. Treatment with D-psicose resulted in an increase in the sugar content over every cropping season. It resulted in a reduction in the in- cidence of blossom end rot, a reduction in stomatal conductance, and an increase in the relative water content in summer. On the other hand, it resulted in an increase in the incidence of blossom end rot in winter and rainy season. Treatment with D-tagatose had no effect on the sugar content, incidence of blossom end rot, water potential, stomatal conductance, or rela- tive water content.
    [Show full text]