GRAS Notice 782 for L-Arabinose
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Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and Its Epimers on Glycemic Control
Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and its Epimers on Glycemic Control by Jarvis Clyde Noronha A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto © Copyright by Jarvis Clyde Noronha 2017 ii Determining the Effect of Small Doses of Fructose and its Epimers on Glycemic Control Jarvis Clyde Noronha Master of Science Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Given that sugars have emerged as the dominant nutrient of concern in diabetes, there is a need for the development of alternative sweeteners. To assess the role of small doses (5g, 10g) of fructose and allulose on postprandial glucose metabolism, we conducted an acute randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We found that small doses of allulose, but not fructose, modestly reduced the postprandial glycemic response to a 75g oral glucose load. To assess whether low-dose (< 50-g/day) fructose and all its epimers (allulose, tagatose and sorbose) lead to sustainable improvements in long-term glycemic control, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials. The available evidence suggested that fructose and tagatose led to significant reductions in HbA1c and fasting glucose. Our findings highlight the need for long-term randomized controlled trials to confirm the viability of fructose and its epimers as alternative sweeteners. iii Table of Contents Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................... -
FDA Finalizes Allulose Guidance and Requests Information on Other Sugars Metabolized Differently Than Traditional Sugars
FDA Finalizes Allulose Guidance and Requests Information on Other Sugars Metabolized Differently Than Traditional Sugars October 19, 2020 Food, Drug, and Device FDA has taken two notable actions regarding the sugars declaration in the Nutrition Facts Label (NFL) and Supplement Facts Label (SFL). On Friday, the agency released a final guidance regarding the declaration of allulose, confirming that this monosaccharide need not be included in the declaration of “Total Sugars” or “Added Sugars,” though it must be included in the “Total Carbohydrates” declaration in the NFL. Today, FDA published a Federal Register notice requesting information about and comments on the nutrition labeling of other sugars that are metabolized differently than traditional sugars. We briefly summarize both documents below to help inform stakeholder comments on the notice, which are due to FDA by December 18, 2020. Allulose Final Guidance Allulose, or D-psicose, is a monosaccharide that can be used as a substitute for traditional sugar in food and beverage products. For purposes of nutrition labeling, FDA has generally 1 defined nutrients based on their chemical structure.0F Accordingly, when FDA updated its NFL and SFL regulations in 2016, the agency reiterated the definition of “Total Sugars” as the sum of 2 all free monosaccharides and disaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, and sucrose).1F FDA also added to these regulations a definition of “Added Sugars” – sugars added during the processing 3 of food, or packaged as such – and required their declaration in the NFL and SFL.2F Although the agency recognized that there are sugars that are metabolized differently than traditional sugars, FDA did not make a determination at that time as to whether allulose should be excluded from “Total Carbohydrate,” “Total Sugars,” or “Added Sugars” Declarations. -
Effects of D-Allulose on Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Response to A
Clinical care/Education/Nutrition Open access Original research BMJ Open Diab Res Care: first published as 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001939 on 26 February 2021. Downloaded from Effects of D- allulose on glucose tolerance and insulin response to a standard oral sucrose load: results of a prospective, randomized, crossover study Francesco Franchi ,1 Dmitry M Yaranov,1 Fabiana Rollini,1 Andrea Rivas,1 Jose Rivas Rios,1 Latonya Been,1 Yuma Tani,2 Masaaki Tokuda,3 Tetsuo Iida,2 Noriko Hayashi,2 Dominick J Angiolillo,1 Arshag D Mooradian1 To cite: Franchi F, Yaranov DM, ABSTRACT Rollini F, et al. Effects of D- Introduction Current dietary guidelines recommend Significance of this study allulose on glucose tolerance limiting sugar intake for the prevention of diabetes and insulin response to a mellitus (DM). Reduction in sugar intake may require sugar What is already known about this subject? standard oral sucrose load: substitutes. Among these, D- allulose is a non- calorie rare ► D- allulose is defined one of the rare sugars, results of a prospective, which has been shown in animal and clinical randomized, crossover study. monosaccharide with 70% sweetness of sucrose, which has shown anti- DM effects in Asian populations. However, studies, conducted mostly in Asian populations, BMJ Open Diab Res Care to have postprandial plasma glucose suppres- 2021;9:e001939. doi:10.1136/ there is limited data on the effects of D- allulose in other sive effects with antiobesity and antidiabetic bmjdrc-2020-001939 populations, including Westerners. Research design and methods This was a prospective, effects. copyright. randomized, double- blind, placebo- controlled, crossover What are the new findings? ► Supplemental material is study conducted in 30 subjects without DM. -
Enhanced Trehalose Production Improves Growth of Escherichia Coli Under Osmotic Stress† J
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 2005, p. 3761–3769 Vol. 71, No. 7 0099-2240/05/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3761–3769.2005 Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Enhanced Trehalose Production Improves Growth of Escherichia coli under Osmotic Stress† J. E. Purvis, L. P. Yomano, and L. O. Ingram* Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Box 110700, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 Downloaded from Received 7 July 2004/Accepted 9 January 2005 The biosynthesis of trehalose has been previously shown to serve as an important osmoprotectant and stress protectant in Escherichia coli. Our results indicate that overproduction of trehalose (integrated lacI-Ptac-otsBA) above the level produced by the native regulatory system can be used to increase the growth of E. coli in M9-2% glucose medium at 37°C to 41°C and to increase growth at 37°C in the presence of a variety of osmotic-stress agents (hexose sugars, inorganic salts, and pyruvate). Smaller improvements were noted with xylose and some fermentation products (ethanol and pyruvate). Based on these results, overproduction of trehalose may be a useful trait to include in biocatalysts engineered for commodity chemicals. http://aem.asm.org/ Bacteria have a remarkable capacity for adaptation to envi- and lignocellulose (6, 7, 10, 28, 30, 31, 32, 45). Biobased pro- ronmental stress (39). A part of this defense system involves duction of these renewable chemicals would be facilitated by the intracellular accumulation of protective compounds that improved growth under thermal stress and by increased toler- shield macromolecules and membranes from damage (9, 24). -
Conversion of Carbohydrates to Furfural Via Selective Cleavage Of
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Green Chemistry. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Conversion of carbohydrates to furfural via selective cleavage of carbon-carbon bond: cooperative effect of zeolite and solvent Jinglei Cui,ab Jingjing Tan,ab Tiansheng Deng,a Xiaojing Cui,a Yulei Zhu*ac and Yongwang Liac a State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, PR China. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +86-351-7560668. b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China. c Synfuels China Co. Ltd., Beijing, PR China. 1. Materials Cellulose, inulin, starch, sucrose, maltose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-xylose, D- arabinose, 5-hydromethylfurfural (HMF), formic acid (FA) and levulinic acid (LA) were purchased from Aladdin. γ-valerolactone (GVL), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), 1,4- dioxane, gluconic acid, H2SO4 (98%), Amberlyst-15, AlCl3 and γ-Al2O3 were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.. All the above agents were utilized without further purification. Hβ, HY, H-Mordenite and HZSM-5 zeolite were purchased from The Catalyst Plant of Nankai University. 2. Experiments 2.1 The computational formula The conversion of sugars and the yield of the products were quantified according to the following equations: 푚표푙 표푓 푠푢푔푎푟(푖푛푙푒푡)-푚표푙 표푓 푠푢푔푎푟(표푢푡푙푒푡) Conversion = 푚표푙 표푓 푠푢푔푎푟(푖푛푙푒푡) ×100% 푚표푙 표푓 표푛푒 푝푟표푑푢푐푡 푝푟표푑푢푐푒푑 Yield =푚표푙 표푓 푡ℎ푒표푟푒푡푖푐푎푙 푝푟표푑푢푐푡 푣푎푙푢푒×100% 2.2 Procedures for the catalyst recycling After the first run was completed, the reaction products were centrifuged for 10 min to separate the Hβ zeolite from the solutions. -
The Fischer Proof of the Structure of (+)-Glucose Started in 1888, 12
The Fischer proof of the structure of (+)-glucose Started in 1888, 12 years after the proposal that carbon was tetrahedral, and thus had stereoisomers. Tools: - melting points - optical rotation (determine whether a molecule is optically active) - chemical reactions Fischer knew: - (+)-glucose is an aldohexose. - Therefore, there are 4 stereocenters and 24 = 16 stereoisomers (8 D-sugars and 8 L-sugars) - At this time could not determine the actual configuration (D or L) of sugars - Fischer arbitrarily assigned D-glyceraldehyde the following structure. CHO H OH CH2OH - In 1951 Fischer was shown to have guessed correctly. CO2H CHO H OH HO H HO H CH2OH CO2H L-Tartaric acid L-glyceraldehyde Which of the 8 D-aldohexoses is (+)-glucose??? 1) Oxidation of (+)-glucose with nitric acid gives an aldaric acid, glucaric acid, that is optically active. Therefore (+)-glucose cannot have structures 1 or 7, which would give optically inactive aldaric acids. HNO3 (+)-glucose Glucaric acid Optically active CHO CO2H H OH H OH 1 H OH HNO3 H OH Mirror plane H OH H OH H OH H OH Since these aldaric CH2OH CO2H acids have mirror planes they are meso structures. CHO CO2H They are not optically H OH H OH active HO H HNO3 HO H 7 Mirror plane HO H HO H H OH H OH CH2OH CO2H 2) Ruff degradation of (+)-glucose gives (-)-arabinose. Oxidation of (-)-arabinose with nitric acid gives arabanaric acid, which is optically active. Therefore, (-)-arabinose cannot have structures 9 or 11, which would give optically inactive aldaric acids. If arabinose cannot be 9 or 11, (+)-glucose cannot be 2 (1 was already eliminated), 5 or 6, which would give 9 or 11 in a Ruff degradation. -
406-3 Wood Sugars.Pdf
Wood Chemistry Wood Chemistry Wood Carbohydrates l Major Components Wood Chemistry » Hexoses – D-Glucose, D-Galactose, D-Mannose PSE 406/Chem E 470 » Pentoses – D-Xylose, L-Arabinose Lecture 3 » Uronic Acids Wood Sugars – D-glucuronic Acid, D Galacturonic Acid l Minor Components » 2 Deoxy Sugars – L-Rhamnose, L-Fucose PSE 406 - Lecture 3 1 PSE 406 - Lecture 3 2 Wood Chemistry Wood Sugars: L Arabinose Wood Chemistry Wood Sugars: D Xylose l Pentose (5 carbons) CHO l Pentose CHO l Of the big 5 wood sugars, l Xylose is the major constituent of H OH arabinose is the only one xylans (a class of hemicelluloses). H OH found in the L form. » 3-8% of softwoods HO H HO H l Arabinose is a minor wood » 15-25% of hardwoods sugar (0.5-1.5% of wood). HO H H OH CH OH 2 CH2OH PSE 406 - Lecture 3 3 PSE 406 - Lecture 3 4 1 1 Wood Chemistry Wood Sugars: D Mannose Wood Chemistry Wood Sugars: D Glucose CHO l Hexose (6 carbons) CHO l Hexose (6 carbons) l Glucose is the by far the most H OH l Mannose is the major HO H constituent of Mannans (a abundant wood monosaccharide (cellulose). A small amount can HO H class of hemicelluloses). HO H also be found in the » 7-13% of softwoods hemicelluloses (glucomannans) H OH » 1-4% of hardwoods H OH H OH H OH CH2OH CH2OH PSE 406 - Lecture 3 5 PSE 406 - Lecture 3 6 Wood Chemistry Wood Sugars: D Galactose Wood Chemistry Wood Sugars CHO CHO l Hexose (6 carbons) CHO H OH H OH l Galactose is a minor wood D Xylose L Arabinose HO H HO H monosaccharide found in H OH HO H H OH certain hemicelluloses CH2OH HO H CHO CH2OH CHO CHO » 1-6% of softwoods HO H H OH H OH » 1-1.5% of hardwoods HO H HO H HO H HO H HO H H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH H OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH D Mannose D Glucose D Galactose PSE 406 - Lecture 3 7 PSE 406 - Lecture 3 8 2 2 Wood Chemistry Sugar Numbering System Wood Chemistry Uronic Acids CHO 1 CHO l Aldoses are numbered l Uronic acids are with the structure drawn HO H 2 polyhydroxy carboxylic H OH vertically starting from the aldehydes. -
Multi-Enzymatic Cascades in the Synthesis of Modified Nucleosides
biomolecules Article Multi-Enzymatic Cascades in the Synthesis of Modified Nucleosides: Comparison of the Thermophilic and Mesophilic Pathways Ilja V. Fateev , Maria A. Kostromina, Yuliya A. Abramchik, Barbara Z. Eletskaya , Olga O. Mikheeva, Dmitry D. Lukoshin, Evgeniy A. Zayats , Maria Ya. Berzina, Elena V. Dorofeeva, Alexander S. Paramonov , Alexey L. Kayushin, Irina D. Konstantinova * and Roman S. Esipov Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 GSP, B-437 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (I.V.F.); [email protected] (M.A.K.); [email protected] (Y.A.A.); [email protected] (B.Z.E.); [email protected] (O.O.M.); [email protected] (D.D.L.); [email protected] (E.A.Z.); [email protected] (M.Y.B.); [email protected] (E.V.D.); [email protected] (A.S.P.); [email protected] (A.L.K.); [email protected] (R.S.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-905-791-1719 ! Abstract: A comparative study of the possibilities of using ribokinase phosphopentomutase ! nucleoside phosphorylase cascades in the synthesis of modified nucleosides was carried out. Citation: Fateev, I.V.; Kostromina, Recombinant phosphopentomutase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 was obtained for the first time: M.A.; Abramchik, Y.A.; Eletskaya, a strain producing a soluble form of the enzyme was created, and a method for its isolation and B.Z.; Mikheeva, O.O.; Lukoshin, D.D.; chromatographic purification was developed. It was shown that cascade syntheses of modified nu- Zayats, E.A.; Berzina, M.Y..; cleosides can be carried out both by the mesophilic and thermophilic routes from D-pentoses: ribose, Dorofeeva, E.V.; Paramonov, A.S.; 2-deoxyribose, arabinose, xylose, and 2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinose. -
Natural Alternative Sweeteners and Diabetes Management
Current Diabetes Reports (2019) 19:142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1273-8 LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE DIABETES/CARDIOVASCULAR RISK (B CONWAY AND H KEENAN, SECTION EDITORS) Natural Alternative Sweeteners and Diabetes Management Emily Mejia1 & Michelle Pearlman2 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to discuss the data on natural alternative sweeteners and their effects on glucose homeostasis and other metabolic parameters within the past five years. We sought to answer whether common natural alternative sweeteners have a positive or negative effect on glucose control in both human and animal models, and whether the data supports their widespread use as a tool to help reduce the prevalence of diabetes and associated comorbid conditions. Recent Findings Recent studies suggest that natural alternative sweeteners may reduce hyperglycemia, improve lipid metabo- lism, and have antioxidant effects particularly in those that have baseline diabetes. Summary Diabetes and metabolic syndrome have become a global healthcare crisis and the sugar overconsumption plays a major role. The use of artificial sweeteners has become more prevalent to improve insulin resistance in those with diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, although the evidence does not support this result. There are however some promising data to suggest that natural alternative sweeteners may be a better alternative to sugar and artificial sweeteners. Keywords Natural alternative sweeteners . Diabetes . Stevia . Sugar alcohols . Rare sugars Introduction retinopathy, nephropathy, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cardiovascular disease [2–4]. Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that results DM (T2DM) often coexists with other metabolic disorders from glucose dysregulation. -
Determination of Sugar Profiles of Sweetened Foods and Beverages
Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 6, 349-354 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/jfnr/4/6/2 ©Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691/jfnr-4-6-2 Determination of Sugar Profiles of Sweetened Foods and Beverages Şana SUNGUR*, Yusuf KILBOZ Department of Chemistry, Science and Letters Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The determination of sugar profile in commonly consumed sweetened foods and beverages (cake, chocolate, jelly tots, cookie, wafer, pudding, fruit yogurt, limon-flavored soda, cola, lemonade, mineral water, fruit juice, milk drink and ice tea) was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The amount of fructose was found higher than the amount of glucose in most of the foods and beverages (juice, limon-flavored soda, mineral water, cola, chocolate, cookie, wafer). The highest fructose contents were found in cola (71.10 % of sugars), chocolate (52.40 % of sugars) and limon-flavored soda (48.21 % of sugars) samples. The galactose, mannitol, arabinose and xylitol were not detected in any of the examined food and beverage samples. The predominant sugar in milk drinks, jelly tots, pudding, cookie and cake samples was determined as sucrose. Maltitol was only determined in cake and jellytots samples. Keywords: fructose, sweetened foods, sweetened beverages, sugar profile, HPLC Cite This Article: Şana SUNGUR, and Yusuf KILBOZ, “Determination of Sugar Profiles of Sweetened Foods and Beverages.” Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, vol. 4, no. 6 (2016): 349-354. doi: 10.12691/jfnr-4-6-2. The objective of this study was to determine fructose content and sugar profile in commonly consumed 1. -
Cofermentation of Glucose, Xylose and Arabinose by Genomic DNA
GenomicCopyright © DNA–Integrated2002 by Humana Press Zymomonas Inc. mobilis 885 All rights of any nature whatsoever reserved. 0273-2289/02/98-100/0885/$13.50 Cofermentation of Glucose, Xylose, and Arabinose by Genomic DNA–Integrated Xylose/Arabinose Fermenting Strain of Zymomonas mobilis AX101 ALI MOHAGHEGHI,* KENT EVANS, YAT-CHEN CHOU, AND MIN ZHANG Biotechnology Division for Fuels and Chemicals, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose is critical for complete bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural residues and herbaceous energy crops, to ethanol. We have previously developed a plas- mid-bearing strain of Zymomonas mobilis (206C[pZB301]) capable of cofer- menting glucose, xylose, and arabinose to ethanol. To enhance its genetic stability, several genomic DNA–integrated strains of Z. mobilis have been developed through the insertion of all seven genes necessay for xylose and arabinose fermentation into the Zymomonas genome. From all the integrants developed, four were selected for further evaluation. The integrants were tested for stability by repeated transfer in a nonselective medium (containing only glucose). Based on the stability test, one of the integrants (AX101) was selected for further evaluation. A series of batch and continuous fermenta- tions was designed to evaluate the cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and L-arabinose with the strain AX101. The pH range of study was 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5 at 30°C. The cofermentation process yield was about 84%, which is about the same as that of plasmid-bearing strain 206C(pZB301). Although cofer- mentation of all three sugars was achieved, there was a preferential order of sugar utilization: glucose first, then xylose, and arabinose last. -
Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism
nutrients Review Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism Hideya Shintani 1 , Tomoya Shintani 2,* , Hisashi Ashida 3 and Masashi Sato 4 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka 551-0032, Japan; [email protected] 2 United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan 3 Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-6-6621-5122 Received: 6 November 2018; Accepted: 18 November 2018; Published: 22 November 2018 Abstract: Calorie restriction (CR) can prolong the human lifespan, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is needed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on compounds with CR mimetic (CRM) effects. More than 10 compounds have been listed as CRMs, some of which are conventionally categorized as upstream-type CRMs showing glycolytic inhibition, while the others are categorized as downstream-type CRMs that regulate or genetically modulate intracellular signaling proteins. Among these, we focus on upstream-type CRMs and propose their classification as compounds with energy metabolism inhibition effects, particularly glucose metabolism modulation effects. The upstream-type CRMs reviewed include chitosan, acarbose, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and hexose analogs such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-glucosamine, and D-allulose, which show antiaging and longevity effects. Finally, we discuss the molecular definition of upstream-type CRMs.