International Quarterly Journal ISSN : 2619-9491

VOLUME : 12 NUMBER : 3 JULY 2021

About The Journal Business and Economics Research Journal (BERJ) is a peer-reviewed journal published online and four times a year. BERJ aims to publish theoretical and applied research in business management, economics, public finance, labor economics, and econometrics for contributing to the social science literature. Former Title of the Journal: İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (In English: Business and Economics Research Journal), ISSN:1309-2448 (2010 – 15 March 2018). New/Current Title of the Journal: Business and Economics Research Journal, ISSN: 2619-9491 (15 March 2018 - …)

Editor Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Adem ANBAR (Bursa Uludag University, ) Prof. Dr. Catalin Nicolae ALBU (The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania) Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Nadia ALBU Dr. Gokhan SENOL (Bursa Uludag University, Turkey) (The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania) Prof. Dr. Radhi Al-MABUK Language Editor (University of Wisconsin, USA) Asst. Prof. Dr. Esen KARA (Bursa Uludag University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Yener ALTUNBAS (Bangor University, UK) Prof. Dr. Serpil AYTAC Editorial Board (Bursa Uludag University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Yusuf ALPER (Bursa Uludag University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Muhammed-Shahid EBRAHIM Prof. Dr. Suresh DEMAN (Centre for Economics & Finance, UK) (Durham University, UK) Asli DEMİRGUC-KUNT (World Bank, USA) Prof. Dr. Ferda ERDEM Prof. Dr. Adnan GERCEK (Bursa Uludag University, Turkey) (Akdeniz University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Askin KESER (Bursa Uludag University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Alfred A. HAUG (University of Otago, New Zealand) Prof. Dr. Turhan KORKMAZ (, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Jamal G. HUSEIN Prof. Dr. Pacha MALYADRI (Osmania University, India) (Angelo State University, USA) Prof. Dr. Feridun YILMAZ (Bursa Uludag University, Turkey) Prof. Dr. Murat KARA (Angelo State University, USA) Abstracting & Indexing Prof. Dr. Lubor LACINA BERJ is indexed/abstracted in; (Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic) Prof. Dr. Grzegorz MICHALSKI • ULAKBIM Turkish Social Sciences Database (Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Poland) • EBSCOhost (Business Source Complete) Prof. Dr. Gulnur MURADOGLU • EconLit (Queen Mary University of London, UK) • ProQuest (ABI/INFORM Global) Prof. Dr. Gokhan OZER (Gebze Technical University , Turkey) • Index Copernicus Prof. Dr. Gary John PREVITS • Index Islamicus (Case Western Reserve University, USA) • RePec Prof. Dr. Seval SELIMOGLU • Central and Eastern European Online Library (CEEOL) (, Turkey) • Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Prof. Dr. Halil SEYIDOGLU (Dogus University, Turkey) • Cabell’s Directories Prof. Dr. Ramanjeet SINGH • SOBIAD (Institute of Management & Technology, India) • Contemporary Science Association Databases Prof. Dr. Marco TALIENTO • Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB) (University of Foggia, Italy) Prof. Dr. Tony TINKER • Directory of Research Journal Indexing (DRJI) (City University of New York, USA) • Polish Scholarly Bibliography (PBN) Prof. Dr. Omer TORLAK • Open Academic Journals Index (OAJI) (Istanbul Commerce University, Turkey) • ResearchBib Prof. Dr. Azmi YALCIN (Cukurova University, Turkey) • J-Gate, and Assist. Prof. Dr. Aida SY • Listed in ABDC Journal Quality List (The State University of New York, USA) BERJ Editorial Office Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Bursa/TURKIYE E-mail: [email protected]