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ZENG Guofan Zēng Guófán ​曾国藩 1811–1872 Qing Government Official

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ZENG Guofan Zēng Guófán ​曾国藩 1811–1872 Qing Government Official ◀ Y Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. ZENG Guofan Zēng Guófán ​曾国藩 1811–1872 Qing government official Zeng Guofan was a leading government of- to coordinate the military campaign against the Taip- ficial during the mid-​­nineteenth century ing rebels. Together with the armies of Li Hongzhang who initiated the decentralization of power and Zuo Zongtang, Zeng captured the city on 19 July and the rise in influence of regional officials 1864, bringing to an end the devastating rebellion. For his role in suppressing the Taiping rebels, Zeng Guofan that took place during the final decades of was awarded the title of “marquis of the first class.” He the Qing dynasty (1644– 1912). He is best was the first civil official to receive this honor. known for his role in suppressing the Taip- After the Taiping Rebellion Zeng returned to Nan- ing Rebellion (1850– 1864) and for his efforts jing to take up his post as governor-general.​­ He initiated to modernize China’s military and improve a number of policies aimed at inspiring obedience to its industrial capabilities. local and central authorities. He opened printing of- fices to republish classical Confucian texts and rein- stated the provincial examinations at Nanjing. In 1865 he established the Jiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai to eng Guofan (Tseng Kuo-​­fan) was born in Xi- produce modern weapons and gunboats. In addition angxiang, Hunan Province. He received the to manufacturing rifles, ammunition, cannons, and jinshi (advanced scholar) degree at the age of steamships, it housed a school for training technicians twenty-​­seven (1838) and was appointed to the presti- and translators. In 1867 Zeng was appointed grand sec- gious Hanlin Academy in Beijing. He served on various retary and the next year was made governor-​­general of boards in the capital during the next fourteen years and Zhili Province. In 1870 he was ordered to negotiate a was promoted to the position of junior vice president settlement with the French over the Tianjin Massacre of the Board of Ceremonies. In 1852 Zeng returned to (21 June 1870). His conciliatory approach to foreign de- his home province as commissioner for local defense, mands during these negotiations conflicted with the charged with the task of suppressing the Taiping rebels. hard-​­line position of many officials in Beijing. He was He raised a province-​­wide militia, the Hunan Braves replaced by Li Hongzhang and reassigned to Nanjing, (later known as the “Hunan Army” or “Xiang Army”), where he died. personally selecting the officers and insisting on Con- Zeng Guofan’s importance in late Qing history is un- fucian discipline among the troops. In August 1860 the deniable. He was instrumental in preserving the dynasty emperor appointed Zeng governor-​­general of Jiangsu during the Taiping Rebellion. The reforms he enacted and Jiangxi provinces (liang Jiang) and granted him the after the rebellion helped to stabilize and strengthen political authority and fiscal independence he needed the country. His arsenals provided modern weapons 2615 © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC Z 2616 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 宝 库 山 中 华 全 书 to protect the nation’s sovereignty. Perhaps most sig- nificantly, however, Zeng’s career symbolized a turning point in late Qing political affairs. His ability to inde- pendently raise, train, finance, and command the Hu- nan Army indicated a shift in power from Beijing to the provinces. From this time onward provincial officials would most often take the lead in introducing new tech- nologies, modern industries, and advanced educational systems. Daniel J. MEISSNER Further Reading Chen Qitian. (1961). Zeng Guofan: Pioneer promoter of the steamship in China. New York: Paragon Book Gallery. Guo Yingjie. (2004). Cultural nationalism in contemporary China: The search for national identity under reform. New York: Routledge. Hail, W. (1964). Tseng Kuo-​­fan and the Taiping Rebellion: With a short sketch of his later career. New York: Para- Photograph of Zeng Guofeng, a leading Qing of- gon Book Reprint Corp. ficial during the mid-​­nineteenth century. He is He Baogang. (2000). Nationalism, national identity, and best known for suppressing the Taiping Rebel- democratization in China. New York: Ashgate. lion (1850– 1864) and for his efforts to stabilize Porter, J. (1972). Tseng Kuo-​­Fan’s private bureaucracy. and strengthen the country. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Make a decision when a decision is called for. Hesitation only brings disaster. 当断不断 Dāng duàn bú duàn ZHANG Daqian ▶ © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC.
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