Seplemter 1972 Volume 33INumber 5

In This Issue-

MARJORIE JoHNSON, Performance Appraisal of Librarians-A Survey

KATHLEEN McCuLLOUGH, Approval Plans: Ven­ dor Responsibility and Library Research-A Literature Survey and Discussion ... because you pay less when you are a Baker Just send us a copy of a recent order filled by & Taylor customer. Any type of book or edi­ another source. Mask out the prices if you like, tion, it doesn't matter-you get the most and ask us to give you a computer print-out of competitive discounts in the industry. So the our prices, book by book. Then you'll see how money you save can be used to buy extra many more books you can get for the same books-very important in these days of higher dollars-at Baker & Taylor. prices and tighter budgets. No obligation, of course. Address your nearest Would you like proof of the savings we offer? Baker & Taylor division.

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ODE·NSE UNIVERSITY PRESS 72 Vindegade. DK-5100 Odense. Denmark College SEPTEMBER 1972 VOLUME 33 ReSearch NUMBER 5 Libraries CONTENTS 357 Editorial Marjorie Johnson 359 Performance Appraisal of Librarians-A Survey Kathleen McCullough 368 Approval Plans: Vendor Responsibility and Library Research-A Literature Survey and Discussion Beverly Lynch 382 ·Participative Management in Relation to Library Effectiveness Maurice P. Marchant 391 And a Response David Kaser 398 Whither Interlibr.ary Loan( John W. Lee and 403 The Graduate Business Student and the Raymond L. Read Library 408 Letters 411 Recent Publications 411 Book Reviews Information Service in Public Libraries: Two 411 Studies, by Terence Crowley and Thomas Childers, Robert P. Haro Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services, 412 ed. by Anthony T. Kruzas, Pauline Atherton Library Management; Behavior-Based Personnel 413 Systems ( BBPS): A Framework for Analysis, by Robert E. Kemper• . David C. Weber The Smart Retrieval System, ed. by Gerard Salton, 413 Henry Voos Library Service to the Disadvantaged, by Eleanor 414 Frances Brown, Saundra Rice Murray New Library Design: Guidelines to Planning Aca­ 415 demic Library Buildings, by Stephen Langmead and Margaret Beckman, Peter Spyers-Duran Public Libraries in Cooperative Systems: Adminis­ 417 trative Patterns for Service, by Ruth W. Gregory and Lester L. Stoffel, Guenter A. Jansen Reader in American Library History, by Michael 417 H. Harris, Paul A. Snowman, III Conference on Interlibrary Communications and In­ 418 formation Networks Proceedings, ed. by. Joseph Becker, Norman D. Stevens 419 Other Books of Interest to Academic Librarians 421 Abstracts College

D 0'-10~"W'Ph Ed:::~ARD M. DouGHERTY ll~UJ. ~ University Librarian e University of California ~anes Berkeley, california 9472o •• Associate Editor: Lib WILLIAM H. WEBB University Bibliographer Manuscripts of articles and copies of University of Colorado Libraries books submitted for review should be ad­ Boulder, Colorado 80302 dressed to Richard M. Dougherty, editor, College & Research Libraries, University Assistant Editor: Librarian, University of California, Berke­ WILLIAM CHASE ley, California 94720. All articles submit­ Librarian ted must be accompanied by an abstract East Lyme High School of from 75 to 100 words in length. Material East Lyme, Connecticut 06333 for the News issues should be sent to News Editor: Michael Herbison, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Center, Colorado Springs, MICHAEL HERBISON Colorado 80903. Library, University of Colorado Inclusion of an article or advertisement Colorado Springs Center in CRL does not constitute official en­ Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903 dorsement by ACRL or ALA. Editorial Board: Production, Advertising, and Circulation H. WILLIAM AxFORD office: 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, Ill. 60611. University Librarian Change of address and subscription orders Arizona State University should be addressed to College & Research Hayden Library, Tempe Libraries, for receipt at the above address, at least two months before the pub I ication H. JoANNE HARRAR date of the effective issue. Associate Librarian Annual subscription price: to members University of Georgia, Athens of ACRL, $5, included in membership dues; MICHAEL HARRIS to nonmembers, $19-. Retroactive subscrip­ Associate Professor tions not accepted. Single copies and back University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky issues: journal issues, $1.50 each; News is­ sues, $1 each. FRED J. HEINRITZ Indexed in Current Contents, Current In­ Professor of Library Science dex to Journals in Education, Library Lit­ Southern Connecticut State College, New Haven erature, and Science Citation Index. Ab­ DAVID w. HERON stracted in Library & Information Science Director of Libraries Abstracts. Core articles abstracted and in­ University of Kansas, Lawrence dexed in ARTbibliographies, Historical Abstracts and/or America: History and PETER HIATT Life. Book reviews indexed in Book Review Program Director Index. WICHE Continuing Education Program for College & Research Libraries is the offi­ Library Personnel, Boulder, Colorado cial journal of the Association of College ANN F. PAINTER and Research Libraries, a division of the Associate Professor American Library Association, and is pub­ Drexel University lished seventeen times per year-bimonth­ ly as a technical journal with 11 monthly Philadelphia, Pennsylvania News issues, combining July-August-at ANITA R. SCHILLER 1201-05 Bluff St., Fulton, Mo. 65251. Reference Librarian Bibliographer Second-class postage paid at Fulton, Mo. University of California, San Diego, California The Employment Time Bomb

Clark Kerr, -chairman of the Carnegie Con1mission on Higher Edu­ cation, recently warned that higher education was "sitting on a very real time bomb." In order to achieve the parity in faculty appoint­ ments by 1980 which the federal government currently demands, America's 2,800 campuses will have to impose an immediate mora­ torium on the employment of the majority group. Dr. Kerr noted that "that's a very real tim.e bomb." He further asked: "What happens to all of those who are now working on their PhD's and all of those be­ low them who had planned to do so?" Library schools are manufacturing a mini-version of the same em­ ployment time bomb. Last year over 5,000 library school graduates entered a labor market which is already approaching a supersaturated state. How do we sten1 the flow of new graduates? One frequently-heard solution is to reduce the number of accredited library schools. But that is not practical unless there are schools willing to close their doors voluntarily. Accreditation is based solely on whether a school meets the published professional educational standards·. In truth, there is no existing mechanism to control the number of graduating librarians. As a matter of fact, a recently-adopted ALA standard will n1ake it very difficult for a school to monitor the quality of new library school stu­ dents, without exposing itself to a charge of discrimination in one form or another. Library administrators unintentionally have further reduced the job opportunities for new professionals. In an effort to stretch funds, or under the pressure of an increasingly perceptive and militant nonpro­ fessional employment force, they are reassigning work to train non­ professionals for work formerly performed by professionals. What responsibilities does a professional school bear for the em­ ployment of its graduates? Should students be admitted to graduate school when the prospects for their employment are bleak? Surely some professional soul-searching is in order. Many still argue that if libraries provided the full range of services recommended in the professional standards, we would be confronted with a shortage instead of a surplus of librarians. But the hard truth is that college and university libraries are now operating during a time when the prospects for significant budgetary growth do not ap­ pear bright; student enrollments have stabilized, and in some insti­ tutions have actually declined; the job market for many PhD's is grim; I 357 358 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

at some institutions some · departments are scrambling to justify the very existence of their programs. In short there is a wide chasm be­ tween professional aspirations and current budgetary reality. American librarianship is indeed perched upon an employment time bomb. It can be defused only H our professional association and/ or the library schools succeed in stemming the flow of new graduates. I can offer no instant solution, but I would strongly urge the sup­ pliers (library schools) to communicate with their market (libraries ) in order the better to assess the realities of the job situation. In the meantime, as competition for the available jobs intensifies, the man­ power surplus will all too soon become a depressant upon salaries. R. M. DouGHERTY MARJORIE JOHNSON

Performance Appraisal of Librarians-A Survey

pERFORMANCE APPRAISAL TOUCHES ON discussing their performance based on one of the most emotionally charged ac ~ the . results of a form. The frequency tivities in business life-the assessment of appraisal varied from several times of a person's contribution and ability. during the first year, to annually until This is true whether the business is that tenure was achieved. The type of form of running a university library or oper­ used showed the most divergence: of the ating a commercial organization. seventy-four sample forms received, In the spring of 1971, a study was un­ only one fqrm was duplicated. The dertaken by the author to compile in­ forms ranged from mediocre to excel­ formation on performance appraisals lent in each of the three categories irito of libr.arians in college and university which they were separated-rating-sheet libraries. The objectives of the study types, forms identical to those used to were to : evaluate teaching faculty performance, ( 1) determine approaches used in ap­ and forms designed to evaluate the spe­ praising librarians, together with cial competencies of librarians. There the apparent success, or lack of were samples of thirty-five rating-sheet success; of these approaches; types, seventeen of the kind used to ( 2) compare the results with per­ evaluate teaching faculty performance, formance appraisal concepts ex­ and twenty-two: forms especially de­ pressed in recent literature; signed to evaluate librarians. Not all li­ ( 3) draw conclusions :which could be braries stating that they conducted ap­ helpful to those responsible for praisals and used .a form included one appraisal of professional person­ with their questionnaire, and some li­ nel in libraries. braries used two or three forms of vari­ All university libraries in the United ous types. States and Canada having more than fif-' A consensus of ·experts in the field teen librarians on the staff were · sur­ suggests that no . organization . has a veyed. Out of this total of 185 libraries, choice of whether it should appraise its responses were received from 138. The personnel and their performance.· Every majority, almost 95 percent, indicated time a promotion is made or a salary in­ that some form of appraisal was used. crease is given, an appraisal of some Ttte methods ranged from .a casual ob­ kind takes place. The question is not servation of staff members by the direc­ then whether there· should be an ap­ tor with no written record made, to praisal, but rather it is· a question. of lengthy interviews with staff members method. The .fact that performance appraisal is increasingly used is borne) out in the Ms. Johnson is cataloger at the Memphis literature by many writers. Thompson Public Library and Information Center, and Dalton .point out that the signals a Memphis, Tennessee. person receives about the assessment his I 359 360 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 supervisor is making about his contribu­ achieved faculty status. Other library tion and ability has a strong impact on directors, possibly more comfortable his self-esteem and on his subsequent about the security of their librarians' performance.1 Sloan and Johnson stress status, were designing forms which spe­ that the scope of performance appraisal cifically measured the competencies of is growing.2 Its traditional focus has librarians, or were experimenting with been enlarged to include not only the management-by-objectives, or mutual individual's on-the-job behavior but also goal-setting techniques. Of the respon­ his functioning as an integral part of dents indicating that they used apprais­ the organizational system. Applying the als, 43 stated that they were considering systems approach to personnel appraisal, changing their present technique; an ad­ the individual stands as an integral part ditional 22 respondents indicated that of a unit or department and his per­ their appraisal method was either in its formance should also be evaluated by first or second year of use. the degree to which he accomplishes spe­ cific results that contribute to depart­ FREQUENCY OF APPRAISAL mental and organizational achievement. 3 The majority of those libraries sur­ Performance is evaluated by the degree veyed which conduct appraisals per- · to which a person achieves explicit ob­ formed these evaluations periodically, jectives in terms of measurable per­ 80 percent on an annual basis. Continu­ formance or results. ous evaluation of performance is an es­ Kellogg points out that the appraisal sential part of supervision states Harold system has also become .a basis for coun­ Mayfield, and many others advocate a seling and coaching subordinates, if relationship between supervisor and sub­ used properly.4 Wallace lists the three ordinate where performance is discussed functions of performance appraisal as as a part of day-to-day operations.6 an individual growth tool, to distribute Black suggests that the appraisal inter­ rewards among a group, and to £le as a view is primarily a teaching device. 7 The personnel reference history.5 He con­ objective is to help the employee help cludes that these are distinct, different himself by persuading him to recognize needs, and no one appraisal system de­ and co~rect his deficiencies. The follow­ signed for one need should be used for up of the appraisal interview is the another. training program. Talking to a subordi­ Performance appraisal in libraries nate about how he does his job is a vital has, in the past, been closely tied to pe­ part of his training, and successful riodic library planning activities; it has managers recognized for their talent to been used primarily as a written justifi­ develop people use every opportunity cation for salary action. The personnel to give their employees individual director of a large university library in coaching. This includes regular critiques Pennsylvania stated that, in the past, li­ of their performance, not just a once­ brarians were immune from appraisals a-year, get-it-over-with-for-another-year of any kind; however, with severe budg­ approach. Daily, on-the-job contact with et cutbacks, she felt that some kind of subordinates is a natural time to point appraisal system would have to be initi­ out the specifics of job performance. ated. Others who were using rating scale Praise or criticism in such circumstances appraisals, indicated that they were try­ does not take on exaggerated impor­ ing a new technique. The new. method tance. The employee more clearly un­ was often a form similar to that used derstands the deficiency when it is point­ to evaluate teaching faculty, particular­ ed out to him immediately than if it is ly if the librarians had just recently discussed six months later in a formal Performance Appraisal of Librarians I 361 interview. If he has done something an individual growth tool, or .an oppor­ well and receives instant recognition, he tunity to talk with individual staff mem­ is far more pleased than if his merits bers to compare their self-goals with the are recited at the .annual review. over-all objectives of the library. Practitioners as well as theorists seem For the majority of libraries conduct­ to agree that the greatest disadvantage ing appraisals annually, fall, winter, of the single periodic appraisal is in ex­ and spring were specified with equal pecting it to accomplish too many ob­ frequency. Significantly, the .appraisal jectives.8 The salary action issue so dom­ time was almost always selected to tie in inates the .annual comprehensive per­ with the annual salary review, budget formance appraisal interview that nei­ preparation, or determination of reten­ ther party is in the right frame of mind tion, tenure, or rank for the coming to discuss plans for improved perform­ year. Thompson and Dalton, as noted ance. Some supervisors indicate that set, earlier, strongly advocate resisting the periodic appraisals tend to cause them temptation to devise one grand per­ to save up material in order to have formance appraisal system to serve all enough to discuss. management needs. Culbreth points out Although the majority of libraries that· the appropriate time for evaluating surveyed conducted appraisals on an an­ an employee-in terms of his individual nual basis, several specified modifica­ development-rarely, if ever, coincides tions, such as more frequent appraisals with a rigid timetable; he recommends where past deficiences were recorded or holding an appraisal whenever one is elimination of appraisals after tenure needed to maintain a good relationship was .achieved. The inference underlying between the supervisor and subordinate 9 this response seemed to be that some di­ or to advance employee development. rectors felt that appraisals were to be UsE OF FoRMS FOR APPRAISALS avoided. The confident reply of one di­ Of those university libraries which rector fairly well sums up this attitude: do have appraisals, 78 out of 130 used "It has been our experience that, by ju­ some kind of form or set of guidelines dicious selection of applicants and by to perform the appraisal. Those not careful screening during the probation­ using forms stated that they held in­ ary period, we have a staff of such qual­ formal discussions, or prepared written ity that appraisals are not needed for summary reviews (with no apparent cri­ those who attain tenure." It is easy to teria followed) . find administrators who feel that they The use of a well-designed appraisal know their people so well that apprais­ form is no guara~tee of an effective ap­ als are unnecessary; however, it is much praisal method. An administrator who more difficult to find staff members who possesses the proper skills could conduct would not welcome a chance for a bet­ satisfactory appraisals with or without ter understanding of the over-all goals a form. The information gathered sug­ of the library and a reassessment of the gests, however, that the use of a written contributions they are making. The at­ guide assured a greater degree of suc­ titude of some administrators seems to cess, even in the hands of unskilled be that appraisals are intended only to evaluators, than would an evaluation point out shortcomings and that when system with no guidelines. you have a tenured staff, appraisals are no longer necessary. This interpretation PRos AND CoNs oF V Aruous completely eliminates the functions of APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES counseling, praise for jobs well done, Cangemi suggests that when using a a measure of how to distribute rewards, form based on .a rating scale, the evalu- 362 I C allege & Research Libraries • September 1972

ator should be careful to avoid four reacts adversely to criticism. To accept common errors: personal bias, central criticism-even if it is deserved-from tendency, halo effect, and logical error. a comparative stranger is a bitter pill. Personal bias errors result when an eval­ One c.an imagine the rated person think­ uator rates all individuals consistently ing "Let he who is without fault cast too high or too low. The error of cen­ the first criticism." In order to avoid the tral tendency signifies that the evaluator role of "judge," other more objective seldom ever gives ratings at the extremes techniques have been designed. One is of the scale. The halo effect is usually the management-by-objectives approach found in those operating under the popularized by Peter Drucker .12 This presence of strong personal biases. In method centers on the assessment of this situation, the rater judges a person performance by contrasting it with to be the same or nearly the same in all goals set mutually by the supervisor and characteristics. Logical error results the subordinate. The individual partici­ from .a misunderstanding of the charac­ pates in the goal setting, makes a com­ teristic to be 'measured, and happens mitment, and then evaluates his own more often when no definitions of the achievements. McGregor suggests that characteristics are given.10 this type of management encourages the Another reason for dissatisfaction professional to bring his talent, train­ with forms is the difficulty of fitting an ing, and creativity to his job. If a man­ individual's performance into pet ager uses this approach, he listens, ad­ phrases such as "Knowledge of Biblio­ vises, guides, and encourages the subor­ graphic Resources-Excellent, Good, dinate to develop his own potential.13 Fair, Poor (check one)." A measure One important advantage of the self­ such as this may be irrelevant to the evaluation or participatory approach is work performed, yet an evaluation must that it can often provide the supervisor be given; therefore, a decision is made with useful insights to the person being on probable performance.11 Once the appraised. Macoy advocates appraisal in­ evaluation of that characteristic has terviews as an opportunity to take sig­ been transformed into a rating such as nificant steps forward in understanding "Good," it is considered equal to other subordinates, and also as an opportunity ratings with more reliable bases of mea­ for meaningful self-examination by the surement. Even the phrase "Quantity of employee.14 Employee development is, Work" can be difficult to evaluate fair­ in the last analysis, self-development. ly. Books cataloged can be counted, but With rating scales, there is .an implied there is extreme variation in effort re­ requirement that all qualities must be quired. Certain kinds of reference work evaluated. In many cases, this forces defy quantification, yet many reference judgments on characteristics which have librarians are regularly evaluated on the no relationship to job performance. quantity of work produced. The most frequently used qualities on A frequently stated advantage of the rating scales are: initiative, leadership, checklist is that it promotes consistency quantity of work, dependability, atti­ between managers; but different inter­ tude toward others, cooperativeness, ac­ pretations of the levels of rating, and curacy, judgment, loyalty, organization different opinions of what proportions of work, and quality of work. Several of the employees should be given above­ of these traits might be easy to measure average ratings often negates this appar­ and evaluate in a cataloger but impos­ ent advantage. sible to consider fairly in .a reference In some of the traditional methods librarian. The quality of leadership of appraisal, the subordinate sometimes could be assessed in a person with super- Performance Appraisal of Librarians I 363

visory responsibilities but not in a per­ sible for and can control only certain son who had never had an opportunity aspects of his performance.17 Perhaps to lead others. we should be evaluating performance The various grades, or levels, of each problems rather than people. Does a item on the rating sheet present another supervisor, as he appraises each employ­ opportunity for inconsistency. If five ee, ask himself the question, "Did I, as levels are allowed, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, and the supervisor, in any way contribute to 5, with 5 being the top of the scale, how a performance problem of the subordi­ meaningful is it to give someone a 4 in nate?" Haynes suggests that an employ­ accuracy? How many errors would one ee's effectiveness depends on four need to make in order to be rated at a things: the employee, the job, the super­ 4 instead of a 5? Unless ridiculously visor, and the work environment.18 specific guidelines are ~et up, the entire Therefore, a performance discussion process becomes little more than an ex- aimed at increased effectiveness should . ercise. The raters themselves differ in not be limited to just the employee. the way they evaluate people. A very conservative person may rarely give a 5 LIBRARIAN APPRAISAL IN THE to anyone, while another supervisor may AcADEMic ENVIRONMENT rate everyone at the top. About the only "How many professionals in the li­ real value of the rating scale kind of brary have academic rank? Is your ap­ appraisal is that it is done periodically praisal method for librarians the same and provides an opportunity to think as for teaching faculty?" about an employee's progress and dis­ An analysis of · the questionnaires cuss with him more than merely why he showed that many librarians possess a was given a 3 in loyalty this time. status somewhat equivalent to faculty, One strange requirement on many ap­ whether or not they had academic rank. praisal forms is that of the employee's An analysis of those responses in which signature. As Maier points out, this re­ an appraisal form of some kind was quirement is inconsistent with the goals used showed that 38 out of 78 used a of an appraisal except where a warning form identical to that used for teaching is given.15 In this case, the purpose of faculty, or one similar which had been the signature is to preclude the employ­ designed to evaluate the special compe­ ee saying at a l~ter time that he was nev­ tencies of librarians. Performance rat­ er told his work was unsatisfactory. It ing, or rating scale forms, were used in is somewhat incongruous to come to the 35 libraries. A few libraries relied main­ clos~ of an otherwise pleasant evalua­ ly on summary-type or self-evaluations. tion interview and be reminded, "Now Several used more than one technique. we must have your signature on the Eldred Smith has discussed the merits form." One other possible explanation of, and prospects for, academic status for the signature requirement is that it for librarians.19 Most librarians desire proves to the administration that the su­ academic status but a conflict can occur pervisor actually held an evaluation in­ when the librarian is rated on the regu­ terview with the employee. lar faculty appraisal form in which the Culbreth states that there is no better criteria are related more to teaching or way to ensure a department's maximum research faculty activities. A librarian efficiency than to give its personnel prop­ who catalogs eight hours a day may suf­ er, continuing evaluation.16 With this fer when measured against such criteria. thought comes the question of person­ The logical conclusion is that the ap­ nel v~. organization appraisal. It has praisal must be for performance in a been suggested that a person is respon- specific position, while still allowing 364 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 credit for scholarly achievement beyond no particular areas of excellence but the call of duty. The differences and merely told her how pleased he was with similarities of faculty and librarian re­ her work. Following the evaluation, her sponsibilities must be considered specifi­ work became quite erratic. Unless the cally for each person and position. supervisor is able to point out exactly what the employee is doing well, the WHO APPRAISES? employee will devise his own tests to dis­ In .almost all cases where appraisals cover which behavior pattern will gain were conducted, the person responsible approval and which will not.20 for the appraisal gathered opinions Although only a few university li­ from others or reviewed the results with braries in this survey assigned primary others. If the immediate supervisor was responsibility for appraisal to a peer not responsible for the appraisal he was group or committee, many respondents usually consulted. The findings are sum­ indicated participation by such a group. marized as follows: The apparent objective in the use of a percent peer group is to attempt to increase the reliability of the appraisal by drawing The director or administrator ei- upon several opinions. French states ther prepares or participates in that when the ratings are made by a preparing the .appraisal 7 4 group or committee, .actual knowledge One or more committees, coun- of the person's performance by each cils, or peer groups are in­ member is vital. Without objective data, volved in the appraisal process 29 a committee may be simply pooling Personnel officer is involved in the their collective ignorance. 21 In a large process 6 library, all members of a committee Only the director is involved in usually do not have firsthand knowl­ the appraisal 4 edge of everyone's work. French further Only the immediate supervisor is indicates that a major problem in the involved 6 use of peer, or subordinate, ratings is Only a committee, council, or the potential danger that the ratings peer group is involved 3 may be unintentionally made on criteria Some libraries used more than one which are . useful to the rater but not method, resulting in a total of more necessarily to the enterprise. For exam­ than 100. ple, a reference librarian participating When appraisal is performed by in the peer group might give excessive someone other than the immediate su­ weight to incidents involving reference pervisor, .and the results are not dis­ room activities. French concludes, how­ closed to the employee, the main ad­ ever, that ratings by peers do show vantages of the process are lost. It is es­ promise of being useful in promotional sential for people to know if their work decisions. Hollander found peer ratings is satisfactory and if not, how and why to be high in reliability in a study of it fails to meet the mark. Even an out­ officer candidates where leadership po­ standing employee should be informed tential was an important factor. 22 of specific instances both of superior performance and of areas where he TYPICAL RATINGS might improve. "On the basis of your experience, Grandy cites .an example of an out­ what percentage of your personnel get standing employee completing her first ratings that are in the following cate­ year in an organization. At her apprais­ gories-Above Average, Average, Below al interview her supervisor mentioned Average?" Performance Appraisal of Librarians I 365

The majority of respondents indicat­ EFFECTIVENESS OF APPRAISALS­ ed that they gave above-average ratings SURVEY FINDINGS to 70 percent of their staff. Two gave this rating to 95 percent of their staff. The questionnaire asked several ques­ Below-average ratings were given to only tions about the effectiveness of the ap­ about 5 percent of the personnel. praisal technique in the opinion of the director (or person responding to the The report of the Conferenc~ on Per­ survey questionnaire). The questions in­ formance Appraisal and Review held cluded: How effective do you think your in 1957 at Michigan, sponsored by the appraisal method is in .. . Foundation for Research and Human Behavior, pointed out that appraisal rat­ pointing out employee shortcomings? ings are usually bunched at the good giving employees encouragement to end of the scale, and that rater differ­ improve performance? ences are sometimes more marked than helping make reliable judgments upon differences between those rated. One rea­ which to base salary increases? giving the person .an opportunity to son is that the supervisor has to justify discuss problems? his evaluation to the subordinate, and helping eliminate bias and favoritism few supervisors possess the desired in­ in ratings? sight and tact to tell a subordinate how to improve. The easiest way out is to Regardless of the appraisal system used, limit the evaluation discussion to the the replies indicated that 26 percent felt employee's good points. Often the ad­ that their method was "very effective," ministrator rationalizes his all-above-av­ 64 percent thought their technique of erage ratings by stating that the library appraisal was "somewhat effective," 8 does not hire or retain average or below­ percent considered it "ineffective," and average people. 2 percent rated theirs as "completely in­ Kirchner and Reisberg conclude that effective." better supervisors tend to show more Bias cannot be eliminated by the spread and variation in their ratings, choice of a particular type of appraisal and also tend to give more regard for system according to a majority of writ­ independent action and creative think­ ers. Rather the rater must become aware ing on the part of their subordinates. of bias tendencies so that he can at­ More effective supervisors also tend to tempt to · avoid them in his ratings. check a greater number of least There is more likely to be bias in an ap­ strengths, whereas the less effective su­ praisal system where the supervisor does pervisors tend to rate subordinates much not have to confront the person ap­ more alike.23 Thompson and Dalton praised, since the discussion and ques­ found one manager who expressed the tioning by the person appraised tends belief that low performers should be to bring out any bias in the ratings. given extremely low scores-possibly Failure of appraisal programs is due even lower than they deserved-to en­ to inept techniques, ineffectual commu­ courage them to leave. It was found nication between rater and ratee, and however, that this approach was mor~ the role conflict experienced by the likely to influence them to stay to try to . rater·. The type of form used has much gain security.24 The supervisor should less influence on the final results. not deliberately adjust his ratings to try to achieve a particular purpose but CoNCLUSION should be able to defend his evaluation Whether formal or casual, appraisals with specific instances of good and poor are conducted in every organization. performance. There is seldom any difficulty in identi- 366 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 fying extreme patterns of behavior­ tion, professional or personal develop­ the very good or the very poor-and not ment, and participation in professional, much time or money needs to be spent .academic, or community affairs; the sec­ on the exercise. Appraisal systems are ond form, to be completed by the li­ more essential for those who fall be­ brarian's supervisor, requiring essay-like tween these extremes. summaries of the person's on-the-job Appraisal forms are useful at least performance, personal traits, and atti­ for assuring a periodic review and as­ tudes. sessment of the employee's contribu­ The supervisor has to accept the re­ tions. Rating scale forms have many sponsibility to judge the performance shortcomings, and it is difficult to judge of other people. Often this responsibili­ a librarian's work performance by ap­ ty is hesitantly taken because he feels plying the same criteria used to evaluate uncomfortable in his role as a judge. It teaching faculty. The best yardstick for is this psychological barrier which un­ measuring librarians is a form specifi­ derlies the failure of most evaluation cally designed to consider the special systems. When a specific system fails, a competencies of librarians. Ideally, two common solution is to adopt a different forms should be used: one to be com­ evaluation instrument, but the underly­ pleted by the individual, permitting him ing fault is with the people making the to list activity in research or publica- evaluations.

REFERENCES

1. Paul H. Thompson and Gene W. Dalton, ment," Harvard Business Review (July­ "Performance Appraisal: Managers Be­ Aug. 19·59), p. 75. ware," Harvard Business Review (Jan.­ 9. George Culbreth, "Appraisals That Lead Feb. 1970), p. 150. to Better Performance," Supervisory Man­ 2. Stanley Sloan and Alton C. Johnson, "New agement (March 1971), p. 8. Context of Personnel Appraisal," Harvard 10. Joseph P. Cangemi, "Personnel Evaluation Business Review (Nov.-Dec. 1968), p. 14- Rating Scale," Personnel Journal (Aug. 16. 1970), p. 665. 3. Robert Gagne, ed., Psychological Principles 11. David Peele, "Performance Ratings and Li­ in System Development (New York: Holt, brarians Rights," American Libraries (June Rinehart & Winston, 1962). 1970)' p. 595. 4. Marion Kellogg, What to Do About Per­ 12. Peter F. Drucker, The Practice of Manage­ formance Appraisal (New York: .American ment (New York: Harper & Row, 1954). Management Association, 1965), Chapters 13. Douglas McGregor, "An Uneasy Look at 3, 4, and 5. Performance Appraisal,'' Harvard Business 5. William H. Wallace, "Performance Ap­ Review (May-June 1957), p. 89. praisal by Non-Self Directed Personnel," 14. Wells A. Macoy, "Conducting a Perform­ Personnel Journal (July 1971). ance Appraisal Interview," Supervisory 6. Harold Mayfield, "In Defense of Perform­ Management (Feb. 1970), p. 13. ance Appraisal," Harvard Business Review 15. Norman R. F. Maier, "Three Types ... .'' (March-April1960). 16. . George Culbreth, "Appraisals ...." 7. James M. Black, How to Get Results from 17. Philip R. Kelly, "Reappraisal of Apprais­ Interviewing (New York: McGraw-Hill als," Harvard Business Review (May-June Book Co., 1969), Chapter 5. 1958), p. 63. Also, Harold Mayfield, "In 8. Herbert M. Meyer, Emanuel Kay, and John Defense.... " R. P. French, "Split Roles in Performance 18. Marion E. Haynes, "Improving Perform­ Appraisal," Harvard Business Review ance Through Employee Discussions," Per­ (Jan.-Feb. 1965), p. 124; Norman R. F. sonnel Journal (Feb. 1970), p. 140. Maier, "Three Types of Appraisal Inter­ 19. Eldred Smith, "'Academic Status for Col­ view,'' Personnel Journal (March-April lege and University Librarians-Problems 1958), p. 28-29; Rensis Likert, "Motiva­ and Prospects," CRL (Jan. 1970), p. 7-13. tional Approach to Management Develop- 20. C. C. Grandy, "Do Your Performance Ap- Performance Appraisal of Librarians I 367

praisals Backfire?" Supervisory Manage­ chology (April 1957). ment (Nov. 1971), p. 3. 23. Wayne K. Kirchner and Donald J. Reis­ 21. Wendell French, The Personnel Manage­ berg, "Differences Between Better and ment Process (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Less-Effective Supervisors in Appraisal of Company, 1970), p. 300 and 308. Subordinates," Personnel Psychology (Nov. 22. E. P. Hollander, "The Reliability of Peer 1962), p. 297. Nominations Under Various Conditions of 24. ~aul H. Thompson .and G~?e W. Dalton, Administration," Journal of Applied Psy- Performance Appraisal. ... KATHLEEN McCULLOUGH Approval Plans: Vendor Responsibility and Library Research A Literature Survey and Dis~ussion

The widely accepted approval-plan concept has moved from. a lengthy period of discussion of selection responsibility to a few recent stud­ ies of the plans' cost, efficiency, and impact on research collections. An annotated list of articles from 1958 .to 1972 traces this transformation and identifies the research studies. Responsibilities of vendors in ad­ vertising and promotion and in continuing service to libraries are dis­ cussed. Areas for further research and cooperative programs to apply research findings are proposed.

LIBRARIANS WRITING AROUT APPROVAL books-and will suggest areas for fur­ PLANS are nearly unanimous in their ther study. support of the concept. It seemed, how­ LITERATURE SuRVEY ever, from discontinuous reading, that Libraries with approval plans of their much of the discussion was offered by own will not find much in this list that administrators who were concerned with is outside their experience. Almost every theory, not with technique; that much author has been cited by another; there of the widely expressed satisfaction was is much in-breeding, a situation suggest­ unsupported by critical study or re­ ing the need for more research. search; and that the continuing influ­ Articles are in roughly chronological ence of the originator and promoter, order, but those that relate to each oth­ the vendor, was largely overlooked. er are grouped; literature was searched Therefore this literature survey. The through mid-December 1971. Quotations discussion following the bibliography is pointing out technical problems and restricted to plans for United States proposing research were deliberately publications, although some articles in chosen for that reason and are not to the survey treat both domestic and for­ be construed as necessarily representing eign plans as a single concept. United the author's principal thesis. Research States plans, because they produce more surveys and in-house studies are indicat­ books, seem to provoke more of the ed by an asterisk. complexities. The discussion considers two problems-the performance of Early blanket orders involved selection, vendors offering the plans and the diffi­ but in general return privileges were not culties of acquiring unvolunteered a part of the agreement, giving rise to later charges of librarians abdicating their selection responsibilities. Ms. McCullough is assistant order librari­ an at Purdue University, West Lafayette, 1. Jacob, Emerson and Salisbury, Begel, Indiana. "Automatic Purchase of University 368 I Approval Plans I 369

Press Books," Library Journal 83: and selection. It is a symposium on the 707-8 (1 March 1958). Greenaway plan, with Emerson Greenaway Describes procedures used at Michi­ as a participant. 2 Others were spokesmen gan State University library to acquire all for Lippincott and public, county, college, books of university presses, receiving books and university libraries. All but one ( Obo­ directly from the presses, but using a job­ ler) felt that the advantages outweighed ber to place the standing orders and to con­ the disadvantages.aa solidate billing to the library. 4a. "The Sanctity of Book Selection," Li­ 2. "Plan to Speed Pre-Viewing of Books brary ]ournal85:3400 (1 Oct. 1960) . by Libraries," Publishers' Weekly An editorial addressed to blanket-or­ 179:31-2 (18 May 1959). der·critics. "There is always the danger that A news story describing in some detail something holy can easily become a sacred the review-copy plan devised by Emerson cow. Those who wage indiscriminate war Greenaway, first with Lippincott and later on behalf of the sanctity of book selection with other publishers. All books received are in danger of precipitating this process." were paid for, but librarians selected from 4b. Stevens, Rolland E. "Down the Prim­ books received those they wanted to catalog rose Path-But Not All the Way," Li­ and to order in quantity for branches. brary Journal 86:146 ( 15 Jan. 1961). 3. Merritt, LeRoy C. "Notes of Merritt," Response to entry no. 4, principally Library Journal 84:3548 ( 15 Novem­ Oboler's comments in 3a and 4; compares ber 1959). blanket orders for large research collections An editorial questioning blanket or­ with a smaller library's continuation orders ders on the grounds that the selection proc­ for monographic series. ess is abandoned and costs of cataloging more books offset cheaper acquisitions From the first articles in 1958 to early costs. Information is based on the 1957-58 1961, the discussion of blanket orders report of the Ohio State University director centered on the charge that publishers of libraries. were supplanting librarians as book se­ 3a. Oboler, Eli M. "'Get-'Em-All' Book lectors. After an apparent five-year hia­ Buying," Library I ournal 85: 1046 ( 15 tus, the subject again appears, but now March 1960). discussion turns to the absolute neces­ Response to entry no. 3, again argu­ sity for rigid selection, and the topic be­ ing selection vs. completeness; ". . . surely gins to turn from "blanket orders" (all there must be some reason why so many of books kept, if not cataloged) to "ap­ ,their [i.e., university presses'] books get re- maindered." · proval plans" (books not selected can be returned). In addition to the emphasis 3b. Merritt, LeRoy C. "Notes of Merritt," Library Journal 85:1097 (15 March on selection, criticism of vendors' ser­ 1960). vices and complaints of internal prob­ Continues the discussion of the fore­ lems for ' libraries begin to appear. Some going by noting responses from the library of the problems are now being re­ in defense of its plan. The library was or­ searched. dering more than 90 percent of the total 0 output of forty-seven university presses be­ 5. "Quotes-Publishers, Computers, & fore the blanket plan; most of the remain­ Consumers," Library Journal 91:1365 ing 10 percent were canceled by profile ex­ ( 15 March 1966). clusions. A selection from the 1964/ 65 report . 4. "The 'Get-'Em-All' Theory of Book of the University of CalifOrnia library, Los Buying," Library Journal 85:3387- 93 Angeles. It is the first to point to problems ( 1 Oct. 1960). in the mechanics of the system: publishing, late receipt of books, and coverage: The first major article on blanket or­ ders vs. selection, it is also a plea to critics . Unfortunately the blanket order system is to distinguish between receiving books ear­ least effective for U.S. books because of lier than usual and their subsequent review the complexity of the American publishing 370 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

business and the inexpertness of the Amer­ college library . . . the one really profes­ ican book distribution channels. Some test sional library activity which we, as librari­ runs this year revealed shocking and ap­ ans, perform is that of book selection" parently increasing delays in our receipt (p. 142). He emphasizes the negative se­ of currently published U.S. books. We had gone on the assumption that our own in­ lection role a blanket order leaves to the li­ ternal procedures, prior to ordering and brarian; i.e., the librarian rejects what he after receipt, were the guilty elements, be­ does not want after the initial selection by cause libraries as nonprofit institutions are the jobber. always easily accused of inefficiency. How­ 6c. Shepard, Stanley A. "Approval Books ever, the oppressive delays appear to be on a Small Budget?" p. 144-5. in the market place and beyond our con­ Presents guidelines for determining trol. Moreover, the blanket-order system whether a library can afford an approval appears to be least effective for scientific and technical books, although the reason plan, depending principally on a college's for this is not immediately clear. teaching commitment to the subject, the amount of publishing in that area, and 6. Morrison, Perry D. "A Symposium on whether a library's single-book ordering Approval Order Plans and the Book normally approaches the amount for total Selection Responsibilities of Librari­ publishing. ans," Library Resources & Technical 7. "Blanket Order Plans Backed by Jack­ Services 12: 133-45 (Spring 1968). son," Library I ournal 94: 20 ( 1 Jan. Material originally presented at a Col- 1969). lege Division workshop during a Pacific News report of a speech delivered by Northwest Library Association conference W. Carl Jackson, director of the Pennsyl­ at Couer d'Alene, Idaho, August'" _~3, 1967, vania State University library, to eastern minutes of which appear in "College Divi­ college librarians. One point not made gen­ sion Workshop," PNLA Quarterly, Oct. erally is the advantage a blanket order pro­ 1967, p. 29-30. The principal author re­ vides of the library's gaining control of views the kinds of blanket orders and the book funds previously held by departments. reasons for using them. He cautions against Problems cited include "delays in Library heavy dependence on approval plans and of Congress cataloging; the need to com­ states the need for further study of their municate to the faculty just what kinds of immediate and long-term effects. His con­ materials come automatically-and the clusion is that approval plans are basically need to explain to faculty members why a beneficial but can produce automatic super­ given book either was or was not accepted ficial selection methods that must not be al­ by the library." lowed to supersede traditional librarian-fac­ 8. Thorn, Ian W. "Some Administrative ulty cooperation. Aspects of Blanket Ordering," Library 6a. Merritt, LeRoy Charles. "Are We Se­ Resources & Technical Services 13: lecting or Collecting?" p. 140-42. 338-46 (Summer 1969). Concedes the value of approval plans, First to address in detail the problem but questions the dealer's preselection: he of internal mechanical procedures in deal­ works "from his definition of the word ing with unverified bibliographical data, in­ 'scholarly'" and the books he considers not terim controls, storage, and selector traffic scholarly and does not send can be lost to in the acquisitions area. He concludes that the library completely because they may "it may be more costly to process unordered never be brought to the library's attention. books than ordered ones" ( p. 342). His "contention is that the quality of the Sa. Rebuldela, Harriet K. "Some Adminis­ collections produced, not the promised in­ trative Aspects of Blanket Ordering: crease in efficiency of ordering procedures A Response," p. 342-5. is the true issue" (p. 140). Offers suggestions for revising internal 6b. Browne, Joseph P. "Can Blanket Or­ procedures, e.g., filing records and LC ders Help the Small College Library?" proofs by title to bypass the problem of p. 142-4. unverified entrie-s; Xeroxing rather than Browne is opposed to blanket orders typing multiple 3x5 records. . (See entry on the basis that "particularly in the small no. 22, Anderson and Rebuldela.) Approval Plans I 371

8b. Thorn, Ian W. "Some Administrative ceipt; guidelines not followed; and billing Aspects of Blanket Ordering: Rejoin­ and invoicing problems" (p. 9-10). der to a Response," p. 345-6. 0 11. Dudley, Norman. "The Blanket Or­ Problems still are the acquisition unit's der," Library Trends 18:318-27 (Jan. having to type its own purchase-recommen­ 1970). dation forms for unordered books, normally Discusses the results of a survey on submitted through other channels, and the foreign and domestic plans of the then problem of assignment of a location for seventy-nine member libraries of the Asso­ each book to the various departments of the ciation of Research Libraries to test the library, e.g., reference, browsing room. depth and breadth of the selection contro­ 0 9. Maher, Kathleen E.; Lane, Diana; versy and to "get some sort of picture of the Schmidt, Martha; and Townley, impact of the phenomenon of the blanket Charles. "How Good Is Your All Book order on research libraries' acquisitions pol­ Plan?" Norman, University of Okla­ icies and procedures" (p. 318). Results homa Libraries, n.d. (Mimeographed.) from fifty-two respondents are presented An -internal research study run in the as discussion; the questionnaire and tallied second quarter 1968/ 69 to determine replies are not included. The article details whether the library's approval-plan vendor variations in plans, dealers' methods of an­ was producing, as promised, as much as 80 nouncing books, and methods of reviewing percent of the books within the week of books received. Disadvantages, "neither as publication or before the title's first appear­ numerous nor as concentrated as the ad­ ance in trade bibliographies. Results were vantages" ( p. 322), were uncertainty about that the company was supplying 70 per­ receiving a specific title, marginal and cent. The study found that university press­ ephemeral material received, expense of the es give the best service, followed, in order, program, loss of fiscal control, duplicates, by trade-scholarly publishers, publishers is­ and the quality of the dealer's book selec­ suing fewer than five titles a year, and tion ( p. 322-3). Dudley notes this funda­ trade publishers. The study is described in mental aspect of approval plans: "A blanket detail by Axford. 19 order is a powerful tool; like any powerful 0 10. Lane, David 0. "Approval and Blan­ tool it can be dangerous if not handled ket Order Acquisitions Plans." Pre­ properly" ( p. 326) . pared for the Institute on Acquisitions 1.2. Rouse, Roscoe. "Automation Stops Procedures in Academic Libraries Here: A Case for Man-Made Book sponsored by the University Library, Collections," College & Research Li­ University of California, San Diego, braries 31:147- 54 (May 1970). Aug. 25- Sept. 5, 1969. (Photocopy of Originally a paper read at the second typescript.) ED 043 342. se1pinar on approval and gatheri11g plans, Discusses selection vs. collection in this is a widely discussed article that coun­ the context of the distinction between blan­ ters completely the general acceptance of ket orders and approval plans and address­ approval plans.21 Rouse's thesis is that his li­ es the argument that it is easier to keep a brarians, with an average of 14.7 years on book than to return it. "I believe it is a slur the staff at the time of his article, are _much on librarians to say they would not return more knowledgeable about users' require­ unwanted volumes" (p. 6). The article con­ ments than his vendor. He describes the li­ cludes with a survey of academic libraries brary's unfortunate experiences with the in­ to determine how many use the plans and ternal technical problems created by the what their experience has been. Questions plan. Among these is the vendor-related and tallies of responses are included ( p. 8- problem of not knowing whether a book 11). Twenty-five of the forty-six respon­ would be sent and of having to resort to the dents were satisfied with their plans; of previously-used selection procedures to those expressing some dissatisfaction, com­ monitor the program. plaints were "serials present problems; du­ Rouse also brings up a problem not pre­ plicates are received; too much junk re­ viously discussed in the literature, that of ceived; too limited; takes too much time; over-statement of a company's capabilities pertinent books are not received; late re- by its representatives. The plan was in op- . 372 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 eration only four months, but he says, gram which appears to take money out of " ... I shall admit to the possibility of un­ their hands and place it in a common pool fairness in an experience of only four for purchase of current materials is seen as months but also point out the fact that this a threat to the faculty's traditional control. was one month longer than the agent said It does not help, either, when a faculty was needed ..." (p. 148). Because of the member in a fairly conservative field sees short time the plan was in operation and some of the 'frivolous' titles other depart­ because of other specific statements, the ar­ ments are spending money to purchase" ticle prompted numerous lengthy responses. (p. 398-9).

12a. "Letters," College & Research Li- (t 15. Evans, G. Edward. "Book Selection braries 31:341-51 (September 1970). and Book Collection Usage in Aca­ The letters, Rouse's responses to the demic Libraries," The Library Quar­ writers, and the original article must be terly 40:297-308 (July 1970). read as a unit. Together they demonstrate A study of four academic libraries that an approval plan is not a panacea and compares the circulation of books selected not for every library and that if an approval by librarians, those selected by faculty, and plan is undertaken the. library must be pre­ those produced by blanket orders. Results pared to give it constant attention; it is not were that "librarians selected more titles automatic. that were used than did faculty members 13. Wilden-Hart, Marion. "The Long­ or book jobbers, and faculty members se­ Term Effects of Approval Plans," Li­ lected more titles that were used than did brary Resources & Technical Services book jobbers" (p. 301). Although the study 14:400-6 (Summer 1970). was not intended to inquire into the reasons Assesses approval plans as basic tools for the results, the figures did point to the that will automatically supply the obvious, differences in procedures of reviewing the self-selecting kind of book, freeing bibliog­ books received: one person at one library, raphers' time for collecting the more eso­ two at another, and teams of bibliographers teric material. Then addresses the matter at the other two. He concludes that rigid of how much they cost: ". . . it is difficult selection is essential and that selection must to assess how much more is spent on the be done by persons for whom it is a pri­ system than is saved by professional staff mary responsibility, not added to other no longer being expensively used as effi­ duties. Areas for additional research are cient clerks" ( p. 402) . Urges research into noted on p. 307-8. The article is based pri­ costs and the long-term effects on collec­ marily on the author's Ph.D. dissertation, tion-building in libraries, both individually "The Influence of Book Selection Agents and nationally, with many specific questions Upon Book Collection Usage in . Academic to be answered. A significant article. Libraries." Graduate School of Library Sci­ 14. Meyer, Betty J., and Demos, John T. ence, University of Illinois, 1969. The ab­ "Acquisition Policy for University Li­ stract appears in Dissertation Abstracts In­ braries: Selection or Collection," Li­ ternational30:3032A (Jan. 1970). brary Resources & Technical Services 16. Taggart, W. R. "Blanket Approval Or­ 14:395-9 (Summer 1970). dering-a Positive Approach." Cana­ Distinguishes acquisitions policies for dian Library Journal 27:286-9 (July­ college libraries from those of research li­ Aug. 1970). braries, which have more diverse interests A descriptive article on both foreign and larger budgets. Also introduces a factor and domestic plans intending "to place the that must be taken into account when ap­ positive benefits of a properly handled sys-~ proval programs are instituted: faculty at­ tern on the record ..." (p. 286). He em­ titudes toward departmental funds (see also phasizes the need for critical control on the entry no. 7 and Atkinson20. 21) . "The library part of the library selection staff: "The which promotes any approval plan must plans, although they are in a sense auto­ face the important task of winning over the matic, do not operate by themselves" (p. faculty members who can be notoriously 289). conservative about 'their' libraries. Any pro- 17. Steele, Colin. "Blanket Orders and the Approval Plans I 373

Bibliographer in the Large Research 19a. DeVolder, Arthur L. "Approval Plans Library," Journal of Librarianship 2: -Bounty or Bedlam?" Publishers 272- 80 (Oct. 1970). Weekly, 202:18-20 (3 July 1972). Continues the point suggested by the A discussion of philosophy and prac- Evans study, that subject specialists must tice, plus details of changes the library be involved in helping to organize the ap­ made to meet selection problems. proval-plan profile in the first place and in selection from the book shipments to main­ Three symposia have been convened to tain essential critical control of the pro­ discuss approval plans exclusively, both gram.15 foreign and domestic. Proceedings of 18. Lyle, Guy R. The Librarian Speaking; the first two have been published; the Interviews with University Librarians. third is due shortly. These three books Athens: University of Georgia Press, provide a comprehensive survey of 1970. many aspects of the entire subject, in­ Subject bibliographers and approval cluding discussion by dealers' panels. plans are discussed in the interview with The first two have appended material Robert G. Vosper (p. 175-6); other aspects describing the programs and services of of an approval plan-screening shipments, jobbers offering foreign and domestic funding, coverage-are discussed with Wil­ liam P. Kellam (p. 74-5). plans, and the first has examples of pro­ 0 files. 19. Axford, H. William. "The Economics of a Domestic Approval Plan," Col­ 20. Sypers-Duran, Peter, ed. Approval lege & Research Libraries 32:368-75 and Gathering Plans in Academic Li­ (Sept. 1971). brm·ies. Published for Western Mich­ "With respect to approval plans, what igan University by Libraries Unlimit­ is needed at the present moment is a solid ed, Littleton, Colorado, 1969. (Pro­ body of research which will calm some of ceedings of the International Seminar the controversy by moving us from opinion on Approval and Gathering Plans in and prejudice into documented facts" (p. Large and Medium Size Academic Li­ 368) . "Much of the published and unpub­ braries, Western Michigan University, lished research [views] approval plans large­ 14 Nov. 1968.) ly in isolation from the total acquisitions Contents: and processing effort" ( p. 369) . 0 Atkinson, Hugh C. "Faculty Reac­ Axford studied processing costs and the tion to an Approval Plan at the Ohio State use of staff time, specifically by each func­ University." p. 30-40. tion in each technical service department, Bright, Franklyn F. "Blanket Orders at five state universities in Florida, compar­ with Foreign Dealers." p. 43-9. ing the costs of books acquired by approval Edelman, Hendrik. "Joint University plan with those acquired by other means. Libraries and Blanket Orders." p. 12-16. The data "clearly support the contention Hanlin, Frank. "Summary Statement." that a blanket approval plan is an efficient p. 75-8. method" and that "a well-managed approv­ Loreck, Richard. "Approval Plans Can al plan can save at the minimum one full­ Be Successful." p. 4-7. time position, with significantly higher sav­ Sullivan, Howard A. "How to Make ings possible depending on variances in in­ a Patchwork Quilt Into a Blanket; the Ag­ ternal procedures" (p. 371). ony of Transition." p. 21-26. The project also included a vendor-per­ 20a. Rosenberg, Betty. "Acquisition Plans," formance study for university-press titles review of Approval and Gathering similar to Maher's, which he describes in Plans in Academic Libraries, in Li­ detail. 9 Results indicate faster and more brary Journal 95:2237 ( 15 June complete coverage in the libraries with ap­ 1970). proval plans. The study was also presented 21. Spyers-Duran, Peter, and Gore, Dan­ at the third seminar on gathering and ap­ iel, eds. Advances in Understanding proval plans.22 Approval and Gathering Plans in Aca- 374 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

demic Libraries. Kalamazoo, Western nition of what the library wants from him Michigan University, 1970. (Proceed­ -and means to get. And he will be up ings of the Second International Sem­ against a staff with time to spend making sure they get it ( p. 112). inar on Approval and Gathering Plans in Large and Medium Size Academic 21b. Schaafsma, Carol. Review of Ad­ Libraries, Western Michigan Univer­ vances in Understanding Approval sity, 30-31 Oct. 1969). and Gathering Plans in Academic Li­ Contents: braries, in Library Resources & Tech­ Atkinson, Hugh C. "Faculty Appraisal nical Services 15:557-8 (Fall1971). of an Established Approval Plan." p. 99- 22. Spyers-Duran, Peter and Gore, Dan­ 106. iel, eds. Economics of Approval Plans. Boss, Richard W. "Automation and Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, Approval Plans; Vendor-Library Coopera­ 1972. (Proceedings of the Third In­ tion." p. 19-29. ternational Seminar on Approval and Boyer, Jean W. "Selective Duplication Gathering Plans in Large and Medi­ and Approval Plans." p. 85-94. um-Size Libraries, West Palm Beach, Ferris, H. Donald. "Automated Selec­ February 17-19, 1971.) tion of Duplicate Titles Through Approval Papers, unavailable at this writing, Plans." p. 67-77. will include: Gore, Daniel. "Understanding Ap­ Anderson, LeMoyne, and Rebuldela, proval and Gathering Plans." p. 3-17. Harriet, a review of technical procedures Hamlin, Arthur T. "Summary State­ to take advantage of the economics that ap­ ment." p. 135-6. proval plans offer. (See also entry no. 8a.) Harris, Thomas C. "Book Purchasing 0 Axford, H. William, a study demon­ or Book Selection; a Study of Values." p. strating the economies effected by blanket 53- 56. and approval plans. (See also entry no. Herling, Eleanor. "Approval Plans, 19.) Special Collections, and Kindred Matters." Gore, Daniel, plans for libraries with p. 63-5. small budgets. Rouse, Roscoe. "Automation Stops Gormley, Mark, the possibility of fail­ Here." p. 35-48. (See also entry no. 12.) ure if the plans are not properly adminis­ 21a. Melcher, Daniel. "Approval and Gath­ tered and monitored. ering Plans," Melcher on Acquisitions. Lane, David 0., the effects of approv­ -Chicago, ALA, 1971. p. 109-16. al plans on academic libraries. A description of approval plans writ­ Blanket order and approval plans have ten from the view of a publisher and book­ seller, information for which was gathered come to occupy a separate section in the at the second seminar.21 Some of his com­ reviews of acquisitions published an­ ments concerning vendors: nually by Library Resources & Techni­ He may ... sense a new mandate regard­ cal Services. Ranging from brief men­ ing speed of delivery ( p. 112). tion to reviews of the year's major ar­ Needless to say, the test of a gathering· ticles, they are: plan is not whether it provides the best discount, but whether it provides the 23. Dougherty, Richard M. "Cooperative books (p. 111). and Blanket Acquisitions Plans," in The greatest gain . . . seems to lie in the "Year's Work in Acquisitions," 19: way the suppliers have risen to their new 150-1 (Spring 1965). responsibilities. Formerly they could feel 24. ---. "Automation of Acquisition that they'd done their part when they had Work," in "Acquisition-1965 in Re­ sent what they could and reported on the view," 10:171 (Spring 1966). balance ( p. 112). 25. --- and Abigail McKinney. "The Any wholesaler who accepts a blanket or­ der contract . . . accepts a new (and de­ Nature and Scope of Acquisitions fined) type of responsibility. Like the li­ Work," in "Ten Years of Progress in brary book-selection staff itself, he may Acquisitions: 1956-66," 11:292 (Sum­ have for the first time a really precise defi- mer 1967). Approval Plans I 375

26. Dahl-Hansen, Abigail, and Dougher­ so discusses processing technicalities. 22 ty, Richard M. "Publisher Standing Some of the vendor-related difficulties Order Plans," in "Acquisitions in that complicate technical procedures are 1967," 12:179-80 (Spring 1968). discussed here. 27. --. "Approval Plans," in "Acqui­ On the theoretical level an approval sitions Trends-1968," 13:376 (Sum­ mer 1969). plan is an arrangement among three co­ 28. Fristoe, Ashby J., and Myers, Rose E. operating groups: publishers, vendors, "Blanket Orders and Approval Plans," and libraries. In practice, these are three in "Acquisitions in 1969," 14: 168-9 centripetal forces. (Spring 1970). The problems with publishers are 29. --. "Approval Plans and Blanket well known: advertisements far in ad­ Orders," in "Acquisitions in 1970," vance of publication, with title changes 15:135 (Spring 1971). in the interim, postponed publication or unannounced cancellations; the pro­ There are packets of brochures, thesau­ liferation of small publishers; the diffi­ ri, lists of publishers, and customers' culty of reaching university depart­ manuals describing approval plans and ments and professional associations; the related services available from vendors, same book published here and abroad. and, in addition, their services are de­ Libraries can be inefficient. They scribed in appendices in the seminars on sometimes fail to adjust technical proc­ 20 21 approval and gathering plans. • The essing to accommodate the demands of following five offer plans for U.S. pub­ an approval plan or make use of the lishers: conveniences the vendors offer; they are 30. Richard Abel & Company, Box 4245, frequently slow in paying bills, placing Portland, OR 97208 (20, p. 64-65, heavy demands on the financial struc­ 119-29; 21, p. 116-18, 137- 52). ture of the vendor; they fail to under­ 31. The Baker & Taylor Company, 50 stand the limitations of an approval Kirby Avenue, Somerville, NY 08876 plan, producing subsequent misunder­ (21,p. 120-2, 157-8). standing by faculty and librarians alike; 32. Edco-Vis Associates, Box 95, Verona, they sometimes fail their selection re­ WI 53593. sponsibilities; they force vendors to 33. Midwest Library Service, 11400 Dor­ meet individual processing require­ sett Road, Maryland Heights, MO ments, causing increased vendor over­ 63042 (21, p. 203- 5). head and subsequent higher costs for 34. Stacey's, Division of Bro-Dart, Inc., all libraries. 15255 East Don Julian Road, City of Vendors, by placing themselves be­ Industry, CA 91747 (Bro-Dart's Books­ tween these two problem-prone groups Coming-Into-Print program described in the seminar proceedings has been are patently asking for their troubles. superseded by a science-technology But they themselves are causing others. plan at the Stacey division) . Beginning with advertising and promo­ tion, they overstate their capabilities. DISCUSSION: VENDORS Consider: Books from all major publishers .... Technical problems, aside from the Each month [the company's] new selection process, are usually generalized publication . . . keeps university, col­ and only briefly mentioned in the litera­ lege, and special libraries abreast of ture. They have been presented in detail virtually all new books of interest to in only two articles, Thom8 and them. 12 Rouse. • 21 A paper yet to be published, You'll be dealing with one source for that of Anderson and Rebuldela, al- new books from more than 4,000 pub- 376 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

lishers. This program applies to all not in business to make a profit but to books in the humanities or the sci­ get those things they want" ( p. 405). ences, continuations, and monographs Because approval plans/blanket or­ by commercial and non-commercial ders do not blanket, prevailing opinion publishers. now is that approval plans must be mon­ [The company] now supplies the itored in the library by checking book books of more than 3,000 publishers. receipts against Library of Congress In fact [the company J will supply any proofs and other bibliographic tools. U.S. book in print distributed through To insure complete coverage, even from normal wholesale channels, including trade, University Press, text, reference the vendors' own publisher lists, this has and technical titles. to be done by the libraries, but it is not The tendency, even in this day of consistent with the companies' adver­ supposedly sophisticated consumers, is tised and promotional claims. Further­ to look upon book jobbers as specialists more, claiming a missed book will not in the matter of liberating books from always produce the book, in spite of the publishers. Vendors' public statements statement that "it is a simple matter to lead one to expect that the situation is Xerox a copy of the request and to well in hand, especially when company claim it against the plan. . . . Such a representatives in person verbally sup­ move would insure the receipt of the desired item" ( p. 345) .12a port the advertising. One company, new to the approval-plan business, but which There are four points to consider in has obviously learned from its elders, regard to claiming: says this: "We feel that it is unrealistic 1. A claim represents a book outside for any jobber to state that he obtains the vendor's routine. It is app-arently ex­ or warehouses, in fact that he even has tremely difficult to break into the nor­ contacts with all the United States Pub­ mal processing to make a place for a lishers, let alone Foreign Houses." stray book, especially in a computer sys­ Approval plans for U.S. publications tem and even with a manual system. do not, because they cannot, supply One vendor's representative said in a "all" or "virtually all" of the academ­ private meeting, "On any claim or back ically pertinent output of "4,000 pub­ order we don't make a penny. The most lishers" or even "3,000 publishers," ma­ expensive thing to do is send an [ un­ jor or otherwise. Vendors restrict their scheduled] book." publisher coverage, as is verified by their 2. Claiming is enormously expensive lists of approval-plan publishers. Some for a library. If a library receives a re­ specialty publishers will . not work quest for a book or discovers in moni­ through dealers; but others that would toring that a book expected on an ap­ are conspicuously missing from approv­ proval plan has not been received, the al publisher lists. Wilden-Hart proposes library logically will not order the book persuading jobbers, using the Encyclo­ but will request the vendor to send it. pedia of Associations as a base, to han­ It then probably files the request against dle the more difficult task of acquiring the day the book arrives, and it must pe­ the publications of institutes and pro­ riodically check the file to see what has fessional associations as an alternative been outstanding too long. Over the to the costly gift-and-exchange systems months, because vendors do not supply libraries now depend upon ( p. 404-5) ,13 all books and because claims do not pro­ "Jobbers are so conditioned to the com­ duce all the known missed books, the mercial publishers who offer large dis­ file continuously enlarges. The library, counts . . . that they have not had the ever hopeful, continues claiming. perspicacity to see that the libraries are Melcher estimates from an internal Approval Plans I 377 cost study that it takes ten cents to file the checking done. This could even be a single form and another ten cents to extended to sharing the bibliographical pull the form from the file ( p. 12, 21 ) work in highly specialized fields ..." -twenty cents for the filing operation ( p. 404) .13 One library at least has re­ for one claim.21a Add the number of peatedly made the point to a vendor claims and the number of times each is that a claim could represent multiple claimed, multiply by twenty cents, add sales to other libraries, but we are now the cost of Xeroxing and mailing, and back to point no. 1 in this section: if add the unquantifiable costs of doing the book does not enter the system rou­ without the book in the meantime. In tinely, it may never be entered. addition, the price of a book when an­ Another aspect of the question of nounced can and does increase during vendor responsibility is whether his rep­ the time it is repeatedly claimed and resentative should sell approval plans eventually produced .or is ordered else­ indiscriminately. Or, because through where. extensive travel he becomes knowledge­ 3. The burden of seeing to it that all able about many kinds of libraries, can pertinent books arrive is on the library, he be expected to act as a professional not the vendor, who is advertising total­ counselor? Should libraries be required ity and selling the service. This is a fun­ to pass with high marks an approval­ damental point: the library staff, if it plan aptitude test? The agent knows his monitors its plan and tries to claim approval plan. Can he be expected to missed books, is in the unpaid employ study the library's internal procedures of the vendor. and judge whether they are compatible? 4. One of the charges against an ap­ The library knows its own internal proval plan, based on experience and structure, its own individuality, but it the literature, is the uncertainty of must rely heavily on the agent's descrip­ knowing when, or even whether, a spe­ tion of the approval plan to make a de­ cific book will arrive "particularly when cision. Sheer increase in the number of it had been specially requested" (Dud­ customers cannot only overrun a ven­ ley, p. 322) .n dor's staff so that it cannot support a An approval plan will produce most representative's assurances, but the re­ of the books, an accurate statement of sulting problems caused by the mis­ the generality. But, how can a library match can create complications and sub­ know which specific title will be in the sequent increased costs for the vendor group that is volunteered and which ti­ and all his customers. tle will be among those that are missed Errors in invoicing, duplicates, late so that the library can take immediate receipt of books, failure to follow the action? Assuming that the responsibility profile, and casual bibliographic data for monitoring coverage is the library's are other grievances lodged against the and not the vendor's, Wilden-Hart pro­ vendor. They are a minor part of the poses a cooperative plan: " ... if one li­ process numerically, but they take a dis­ brary is assiduous in checking what it proportionate amount of time to cor­ does not receive through approval plans, rect, and they drive costs up. is then all the work involved for the Vendors do not always follow their benefit of one library and for one copy? own advice. The president of one of . . . By notifying the jobber that indi­ the major vendors, in a speech before vidual requests from libraries on ap­ publishers in New York in 1962, was proval plans may be significant items cited in Publisherl Weekly as follows: for other libraries, methods could be es­ [He] made the point that library tablished to see that others benefit from budgets are for the most part static, 378 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

.and any way in which the expenses of imaginatively conceived and vital selec­ library clerical work can be decreased tion tool will be lost to libraries if the means more money from the budget complications, suspected or demonstrat­ available for the purchase of books. ed, that they create in acquisitions proc­ [He] mentioned that more than a few esses and the subsequent increased costs libraries have simply stopped ordering should begin to be demonstrated in fu­ books from publishers who, through ture research studies. Administrators delays in shipping, incomplete orders, who have accepted, and have stated pub­ and unintelligible invoices, cause a mountain of paper work. licly their acceptance of, the theory and philosophy of approval plans will not Whether books are supplied on ap­ be .able to accept the costs. proval or by order, by the publisher or The following represent some aspects through a vendor, the problems are the of approval plans that have received lit­ same, and the comments underscore the tle attention in the literature; many gap between the vendor's intent and his studies have investigated the subject as execution of bibliographic and account­ generalities, but not all have been con­ ing records. This is not always just a sidered in specific relation to an approv­ matter of inability to anticipate a Li­ al plan. brary of Congress entry; rather it is of­ -The relation of the approval plan ten a matter of an invoice that does not to the on-going acquisitions program. match its book or an invoice for a non­ How much does the money spent now existent book, requiring correspondence on current acquisitions really reduce and special controls over the books and over the years the amount needed for invoices until the matter can be re­ retrospective purchases, considering in­ solved. complete coverage, delays in receipt of books, and the need for and futility of DISCUSSION: RESEARCH claiming? Most of the literature is descriptive; -In-library costs of technical proc­ that is, the articles generalize about the essing, especially for books not received: theory and philosophy of an ideal ap­ the costs of monitoring the program. proval plan or discuss procedures within Axford's study indicates the economy a library. Those that have attempted sta­ of an approval plan (for books re­ tistical analysis include an in-house ceived) but, because libraries themselves study at the University of California,5 are a variable, his findings may not be M.aher,9 Lane,10 Dudley,11 Evans,l5 Ax­ applicable generally.19, 22 ford,19· 22 and Atkinson.20 -Prices of books; the total cost of The need for fmther research has an approval program and the cost by been stated by Wilden-Hart,13 Evans,15 subject as .an aid to budgeting, both li­ and Axford, 19· 22 with specific sugges­ brary and departmental. Wilden-Hart tions for study given by Wilden-Hart said: "Research has yet to be done on and Evans. the allocation of budgets by libraries Approval plans can be a tremendously using approval plans" ( p. 403) .13 Sta­ helpful adjunct to a total acquisitions tistics based on the amount of publish­ program. Another advantageous aspect, ing are not reliable for this purpose be­ if it is followed up, is that they have an cause for one reason or another not all astonishing ability to throw into relief books published are received; vendors' organizational weaknesses of the library curtailed publisher lists will exclude and to amplify the need to consider col­ many of them. The University of Ne­ lection-building throughout university­ braska and Florida Atlantic have been wide planning. But it is possible that an maintaining unpublished, therefore not Approval Plans I 379 generally available, statistical records tions procedures in an objective and de­ (Axford, p. 369) .19 One vendor cannot tailed manner. Too many of the deci­ supply its representatives with cost-by­ sions in acquisitions work are based on classification figures. feelings and opinions rather than on ev­ -Computers. Does, and how does, a idence and fact" ( p. 307) .15 computer system reduce the complicated One extralibrary consideration can be technical detail an approval plan thrusts expanded. Vendors have standing orders upon an acquisitions unit? How can un­ with publishers. Whether a vendor is verified bibliographic data be handled working with all books of scholarly in­ to avoid complicating computer controls terest, or specializing in selected areas, of the records? Boss says: "We have not he will have to describe to each publish­ found a way to use the computer to er just what he has in mind-his own handle blanket orders" ( p. 20) .21 Also, profile; the profile is then subject to in­ is it possible for vendors to reduce terpretation by each publisher. The scholarly publishing, which is biblio­ genesis of selection, obviously, is the graphically complex, to computer pro­ editorial staff of the publishing houses, gramming, which is inherently rigid and which must necessarily place economics literal? One company has transferred before a library's esoteric needs. Ap­ its costly and unreliable computer-selec­ proval-plan books thus move through tion program to a previously organized three screenings before they ever appear manual system. in a shipment to a library. -Cataloging in publication. If an ap­ Related to selection is the quality of proval plan does produce books more publishing. A query frequently posed rapidly than title-by-title ordering, some by faculty is whether approval plans of them still wait in the library until with their supposed automatic library the Library of Congress produces the market promote excessive publishing of cataloging and the cards. Presumably, inconsequential books. One answer is cataloging in publication will speed li­ probably no more than the publish-or­ brary cataloging, but weaknesses are dif­ perish dictum under which most facul­ ficult to foresee. To take advantage of ties try to survive. In academic publish­ the cataloging printed in the book, one ing the faculty itself supplies most of must have the book; to have the book, the manuscripts that later return as ap­ the publisher must send it to the ven­ proval-plan submissions. The whole dor, and the vendor must send it to the question of the publishing-selection library. Some vendors use as a way of process could be explored, in addition announcing books a Library of Con­ to the reverse effect of approval plans gress cataloging information service on publishing . . that is received several weeks in advance -Subject bibliographers. Some opin­ of proof-slip distribution; it would suf­ ion holds that when bibliographers are fer from the same disadvantage of LC's used for difficult and esoteric areas, like late cataloging of some materials. The Slavic studies, they can work to the dis­ preproof-slip service suggests another advantage of general areas, like history, area to explore: a comparison of the ef­ and therefore produce the same imbal­ ficiency of vendors' announcement me­ ance of the collection that an approval dia. plan is supposed to correct. Is then one -Selection. The subject has been unit of a library's acquisitions organiza­ thoroughly discussed in the literature, tion canceling the efforts of another? and Evans has expressed the need for Another aspect of the subject is suggest­ further research, including "the need ed by Wilden-Hart, who proposes a to examine the entire matter of acquisi- study of how approval plans "are slowly 380 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 changing the work of a subject bibliog­ much of the vendors' efforts. An ap­ rapher" ( p. 405) .1a proval plan is a continuum; it is not a -The long-term value of the books mutually exclusive two-step geograph­ the approval plan produces, with its ical process of shipping cartons of concomitant problems of shelving and books from one spot and receiving them subsequent weeding, which in turn are at another. part of the costs. Studies using circula­ Wilden-Hart has outlined an interli­ tion during a fixed period as the base brary monitoring program and a plan may not reliably measure this precise to bring under control the publications point because the focus of interest, es­ of associations.13 A F. Schnaitter has pecially in sociology and political sci­ proposed liaison-librarians to work with ence and possibly to an even greater ex­ vendors at their locations ( p. 348) .12a tent in scientific and technological re­ There are others: search, is constantly shifting. In addi­ -The literature survey turned up tion, there is elapsed time before the ap­ two in-house studies: the University of pearance of bibliographies and indexes California study of some of the me­ that stimulate continuing use. A book chanics and the University of Oklaho­ not used during the survey could be in ma study of vendor reliability.9 In addi­ demand later, although Evans says that tion to the University of Nebraska and some authors have found that future Florida Atlantic statistical studies, there use is closely correlated with past use are undoubtedly others. A clearinghouse (p. 307).15 of such otherwise unavailable informa­ On the other hand, the whole point tion could be established and lists pub­ could be canceled by the philosophy lished regularly for comparison among that a new book is news, and that a li­ libraries and for points of departure brary user should have any book avail­ for more generalized surveys. able so that he is then able to decide for -Another aspect of mutual library­ himself whether it is suitable for his vendor understanding is described by purpose, now or in the future. If he de­ the same company president quoted ear­ cides not, the book's "use" will not be lier; he "attributed many of the prob­ reflected in circulation figures, but it lems to a lack of communication be­ will certainly have been "used," and for tween the publisher and the library pur­ a purpose. It suggests a survey of library chaser, each of whom has his adminis­ policies and procedures for selection trative requirements to fulfill, but sel­ from approval-plan shipments. dom realizes the needs of the other." Research will answer the questions, As a way of implementing the need but then ways to apply the information for better library-vendor communica­ must be found. Some writers are begin­ tion, perhaps vendors would consider ning to suggest cooperative ventures newsletters to their customers detailing as possibilities. Vendors and libraries the realities of publisher-vendor rela­ would surely gain by hying to imple­ tions and of book-publishing economics ment such programs. Libraries need the and logistics. Descriptions of their own vendors' expert assistance in dealing organization and procedures, with direc­ with publishers. Vendors could profit by tories of personnel, would be helpful. the specialized bibliographic knowledge Librarians, in their relations with li­ of the librarians and also by a greater brary users, deal with facts and with understanding of the philosophical ideas of substance, not in unsubstanti­ thinking their approval plans promote ated promotional claims. Because of in libraries in contrast to the demanding their stock in trade and because of the logistical problems that must engage unanimity of support for the approval- Approval Plans I 381 plan concept, librarians are psychologi­ And as librarians learn more of their cally in a position to turn a vendor's spe­ own internal specifics, they will in turn cial knowledge, if he will share it can­ have practical information to share didly, into an informed effort to make with vendors. approval plans functionally acceptable. BEVERLY LYNCH Participative Management in Relation to Library Effectiveness

This paper reviews a recent study on the influence of participative management on library performance. Because most of the recent the­ oretical and empirical research being done in this area is ignored and an invalid measure of participation in decision making is used~ the study provides no basis for the generalization that an increase in the library staff's participation in decision making will increase the li­ brary's effectiveness.

IF RESEARCH IN LmRARIANSHIP is to pro­ that only well-founded research will be gress toward its objective of "extending accepted. the existing body of factual knowledge This paper examines a study by Mau­ concerning the values and procedures rice P. Marchant, entitled, "Participa­ of libraries in their many aspects," re­ tive Management as Related to Person­ searchers must make every appropriate nel Development," which is based upon use of insights, concepts, and methods his dissertation, "The Effects of the De­ of other disciplines.1 One advantage of cision Making Process and Related Or­ the affiliation of library schools with ganizational Factors on Alternative universities is that it facilitates the use Measures of Performance in University of theories developed in other fields. Libraries."2 Marchant's investigation The library researcher who borrows a was designed to measure the influence theory, however, must fully understand of the professional librarian's partici­ its assumptions and limitations and pation in decision making upon the li­ must be thoroughly familiar with the brary's effectiveness. Although Marchant empirical evidence which tends to sup­ found no statistically significant rela­ port or to limit the application of the tionships between these variables, he re­ theory to the problems of librarianship. ports significant relationships between Naive or uninformed use of approaches participation in decision making and found useful in other disciplines can staff satisfaction. be damaging, particularly if library ad­ Marchant borrows theory from be­ ministrators act on the basis of the in­ havioral science and deals with a sub­ valid generalization. It is therefore im­ ject which is of current interest to li­ portant that studies that borrow from brarianship. His study is likely to be other fields be monitored critically so cited in library literature as evidence for the desirability of change in man­ agerial style. Marchant's work is better than many recent studies on library or­ Ms. Lynch is the newly appointed execu­ tive secretary of the Association of College ganization and management in its struc­ and Research Libraries. At the time this ture, reporting, and use of statistical paper was written she was a visiting lec­ methods, but it reflects an insufficient turer at the University of Wisconsin Library knowledge of the theoretical and em­ School, Madison. pirical work which has been done in 382 I Participative Management I 383 participative management. There are al­ ance can be interpreted as measuring so several faults in method and data the reverse effect, that is, the impact of analysis. performance on managerial style.9 More THE THEORY recently, another experiment provides The major theoretical basis for Mar­ strong evidence to support this hypothe­ chant's work stems from Rensis Likert's sis.10 It confirms an earlier study which theory of participative management, reported that organizational behaviors which was presented in Likert's New are sensitive to prior organizational ef­ Patterns of Management and then elab­ fectiveness.11 orated in his The Human Organiza­ Vroom and Mann, French et al., Foa, tion. 3 According to Likert a work group Gibb, Patchen, and Pelz suggest that the that accepts the "principle of suppor­ effects of participative management on tive relationships" will achieve a higher productivity may depend upon what ex­ rate of productivity than one that does actly is being measured in the study, not. Likert relies heavily for support of participative supervision, considerate su­ this theory on the experiment conducted pervision, or closeness of supervision, by Morse and Reimer in four clerical and upon the needs and expectations of divisions of a large company over a pe­ subordinates.12 These studies suggest riod of a year. 4 Morse and Reimer re­ that a participative, considerate, or sup­ port significant increases in productivity portive leadership style may be most ef­ for both "'participative" and "hierarch­ fective when the decisions are nonrou­ ical" units, with a slightly higher in­ tine in nature, when the information crease in the hierarchically controlled required for effective decision making division. Despite these contrary results cannot be centralized nor standardized, the researchers felt that over a longer or when, because rapid decision making period of time the adverse effects on is not required, there is time for sub­ morale, which they observed in the hier­ ordinates to be involved in the process. archial groups, would reduce their pro­ Whether subordinates feel a need for ductivity. They assumed, however, that independence, regard their participation no self-corrective measures would be in­ in decision making as legitimate, con­ troduced into the hierarchial groups as sider themselves capable of contribut­ production fell. ing to the decision making, or are con­ According to two recent comprehen­ fident enough to work without close su­ sive reviews research results relating par­ pervision also may influence the effec­ ticipative management to productivity tiveness of .a participative leadership have been inconclusive. 5 Day and Ham­ style.13 Unfortunately, none of this lit­ blin report democratic supervision to be erature is presented by Marchant, nor more effective, while Shaw reports au­ does the design or methodology of his thoritarian treatment to be more effec­ study reflect it. tive.6 Studies by McCurdy and Eber, Previous research has not demonstrat­ Sales, and Spector and Suttell, indicate ed that participative management causes no relationship between leadership high productivity. Most of the research styles and productivity.7 Current re­ treats small groups with only incidental search in a government organization references to the organization as a fails to support a positive relationship whole. Most of the hypotheses regard­ of participative management to produc- . ing the relationships of participative de­ tivity.8 Furthermore, Carey, Korman, cision making to other organizational and Vroom have suggested that studies variables have been too gross to be which consider the causal effect of man­ proved or disproved. agerial style on subordinate perform- Marchant defines his purpose as an at- 384 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 tempt "to test the application of Lik­ research, experts still do not agree on ert's participative management theory the causes of job satisfaction, nor has within academic libraries."14 Presum­ the question whether job satisfaction ably he intends not to reevaluate Lik­ influences productivity or vice-versa ert's theory, but rather to apply it to a been answered.17 Marchant ignores the library setting. Despite objections in the controversy. management literature to the grossness The omission reflects only one exam­ of previous hypotheses, Marchant has ple of the theoretical and empirical re­ not refined his own. He states his prin­ search that Marchant might usefully cipal hypothesis as "the greater the ex­ have brought into the library literature. tent to which the professional personnel For instance, he might have described on the staff are involved in the library's the characteristics of the decision mak­ decision making processes, the more ef­ ing process, defined such concepts as par­ fective will be the library's perform­ ticipation, satisfaction, or productivity, ance."15 Marchant does not define par­ or given us a comprehensive review of ticipation in decision making. Whether the literature in one or more areas. he means actual decision making, per­ Since he fails to do so, his contribution ceived decision making, actual or per­ is restricted to the merits of his particu­ ceived influence in decision making, in­ lar investigation, and even that is seri­ creased communication, supportive re­ ously flawed for lack of evidence of lationships, or something else remains awareness of previous work. unclear. Furthermore, while purporting to ap­ MEASUREMENT ply Likert's theory, Marchant changes Likert's independent variables, adds de­ In his search for ways of measuring pendent variables, and entirely omits independent variables Marchant adopts the intervening variables of the Likert Likert's "Profile of Organizational model, inserting his own control vari­ Characteristics," which has been validat­ ables, some of which are treated as in­ ed as a measure of managerial style.l8 tervening variables in his analysis. (See A researcher who borrows another's in­ Figures 1, 2. ) strument must either use it in the con­ Although Marchant introduces the text of the same theory or establish its important variable of job satisfaction, validity in the context of his own or he neglects to cite any literature on the different theory; Marchant does neither. subject, although more than four thou­ Moreover, he simply extracts three of sand articles have been published since Likert's eighteen questionnaire items the 1930s.16 Despite the large amount of and designates them as his "Decision

Simplified Version of the Likert Model

Causal Variables Intervening Variables End-result Variables Supportive relationship Favorable attitudes toward supe- Low absence and turnover rior Group decision making High confidence and trust High productivity High reciprocal influence Low scrap Excellent communication; up, down and lateral Low costs High peer-group loyalty High earnings High performance goals High peer performance goals at all levels re: productivity, quality, scrap

Source: Likert, The Human Organization, p. 137 Figure 1 Participative Management I 385

Marchant's Research Model

Independent Variables Performance Measurements 1. Decision making Faculty evaluation 2. Organizational pro­ file . . . . Circulation Long-range planning Uniformity of evaluation Staff satisfaction Control Variables 1. Doctoral degrees granted 2. Prerequisites available to librarians 3. Library expenditures 4. Decentralization of collection 5. Library autonomy 6. Beginning librarian salary 7. Staff size and composition 8. Collection size and growth 9. Staff breadth of education 10. Service time

Source: Marchant, "Participative Management .•• ," p. 51 Figure 2 Making Index." Marchant then uses all As a comparison, two other three-item eighteen Likert items to form what he clusters were extracted from the "Pro­ calls "Profile Index." Marchant's use of file Index." The items grouped under a portion of the Likert questionnaire the heading, "Leadership process," have to measure one variable and then his use an average correlation of .69; they have of the whole questionnaire, including an average correlation with items in the the extracted portion, to measure an­ "Profile Index" of .5588. Three items other variable seems extraordinarily listed as a "communication process" naive, particularly since Marchant re­ group have a within-cluster correlation ports the entirely anticipated correla­ of .64; the average correlation of these tion, .9696.19 This strong relationship items with items in the "Profile Index" merely demonstrates that the "Decision is .5735. Although the within-cluster av­ Making Index" and the "Profile Index" erages are higher than the between-clus­ are different measures of the same char­ ter averages for each of these groups, acteristic, managerial style. the difference between the correlations Although the validity of the "Deci­ is dubious evidence to support the con­ sion Making Index" cannot be deter­ clusion that more than one construct is mined from the single correlation ma­ being measured. A simple examination trix Marchant provides, some assessment of the correlation matrix indicates that of its validity can be made. 2° First, the the items of the "Decision Making In­ average intercorrelations computed for dex" correlate about equally well with these items in the "Decision Making In­ each other and with the items in the dex" were computed and compared with "Profile Index." It is unlikely that the the average correlations computed for Likert instrument, as used by Marchant, these same items with the items in the is measuring more than one construct. "Profile Index." The within-cluster aver­ Even if the validity of Marchant's age ( .6966) is higher than the between­ "Decision Making Index" were unas­ cluster average ( .5898) as it should be if sailable, questions would arise as to its different constructs are being measured. reliability. Marchant makes no effort to 386 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 support this characteristic. The demon­ mine a library's score. The library scores stration would have been difficult. A ( N = 22) are used in a step-wise regres­ three-item scale is rarely reliable, for it sion procedure in order to calculate the requires that all three items measure a proportionate variance in the dependent single concept. What is considered to be variables accounted for by the inde­ a unidimensional construct, as is as­ pendent and control variables. Variables sumed by Marchant in the "Decision accounting for the largest proportion Making Index," may be two-dimension­ of the variance, in most cases, are en­ al or more. Three questions form the tered then into a regression equation. index: whether problems are discussed The coefficient of determination, R2, is at various levels in the organization, often used as a convenient measure of whether decision makers are aware of the success of the regression equation the problems at the lower levels in the in explaining variations in data, and organization, and whether subordinates Marchant adopts it as a measure in his are able to make their own work deci­ study. However, an increase in R2 can sions. Marchant maintains that each be the result, not of a real significance question taps a discrete dimension of of the variable added to the model, but the decision making; it is more likely of the fact that the number of parame­ that each question is measuring one as­ ters in the model is getting close to the pect of managerial style. number of observations.22 Since there Before the relationships between spe­ are seventeen variables in the Marchant cific variables can be tested there must model and twenty-two observations, his be some confidence in the measurement. reported coefficients of determination Since Marchant's "Decision Making In­ must be viewed with caution. Further­ dex'' inspires little confidence, his con­ more, in deleting each variable with the clusions based upon it are correspond­ highest partial correlation from the sub­ ingly shaky. Likert validated the "Pro­ sequent regression equations, Marchant £Ie Index" to some extent, making it a violates the assumption required in re­ more acceptable measure. But it is a gression analysis that the error terms are measure of the general concept of man­ randomly distributed. A result of this agerial style, not a measure of participa­ violation can be that variables are re­ tive decision making. tained erroneously in the model and The evidence Marchant uses to assess their significance overestimated. his dependent variables consists of cir­ Unfortunately, the table reporting culation statistics and responses to a va­ partial correlations between managerial riety of questionnaires. The use of cir­ style variables and performance mea­ culation statistics as a measure of li­ sures in Marchant's article is misleading. brary effectiveness has well-known limi­ It implies that the measures of the re­ tations, but the measure has been ac­ lationships between the performance cepted in the literature as being the best measures and the "Decision Making In­ one so far developed. 21 In the case of dex" and "Pro£le Index," as reported the questionnaire measures of satisfac­ in the table of partial correlations, are tion, faculty evaluation of effectiveness, independent of the effects of all of the long-range planning, and uniformity of control variables. That is not the case. evaluation, however, Marchant neglects The partial correlation reported be­ to establish their validity or reliability. tween the "Pro£le Index" and staff sat­ isfaction was calculated by controlling DATA ANALYSIS for ratio of librarians to staff, while the Marchant aggregates the data from partial correlation between the "Profile the individual questionnaires to deter- Index" and faculty evaluation was cal- Participative Management I 387 culated by controlling only for the ef­ present all of the possible highest-or­ fect of number of librarians per full­ der partials between each one of a time student.23 Furthermore, book ex­ large set of independent variables and penditure per student explained the the same dependent variable. Appar­ highest proportion of the variance in ently, this practice also draws inspira­ overall satisfaction when all the control tion from Kendall and Lazarsfeld al­ though the procedures they advoc~ted variables and the "Profile Index" were are actually quite different in logic. accounted for, but it was omitted when Kendall and Lazarsfeld's procedures the partial correlation was computed. assume knowledge concerning the pre­ While book expenditures per stu­ sumed causal priority of the variables dent was identified as the most impor­ -they are not intended to provide tant variable affecting staff satisfaction that knowledge. Roughly, they address it would be improper to assume that the question, "Is variable A causally redistributing available funds so as to prior to B, or is it irrelevant?" and not increase the book budget would result the question, "Is variable A causally in higher staff satisfaction. The book prior to B, or is B causally prior to budget variable stands for the entire A?" Yet it appears to be the latter question that is being posed when re­ wealth factor set of variables, and to searchers calculate all possible highest­ divide the budget in some ratio not order partials to see which variable typical of the libraries studied would will emerge with the largest par­ insert a condition beyond the predic­ tial. ... tive capability of the equations. Further evaluation of the data . . . There is no statistical rule for at­ indicated two other important facts. tributing controlled covariation to the First, variables representing several di­ influence of one rather than another verse sources of influence contributed of the independent variables, regard­ to the cumulative proportionate vari­ less of the disparity in the size be­ ance. Second, variables from three dif­ tween their partial correlations. The ferent organizational areas were the question (of whether variable A is primary contributors. The first [book prior to B or B is prior to A) is simply expenditure per student] represents not answerable by these means.25 the university's financial support. The second [Profile Index] represents man­ The Simon-Blalock method for infer­ agerial style, which is largely deter­ ring causal relationships from correla­ mined by library top management. tion data, which Marchant adopts, in­ The third [breadth of education] volves use of partial correlations in the characterizes the staff composition. It circumstances where certain combina­ is apparent that no one ingredient de­ tions of correlations are expected to dis­ termines staff satisfaction. 24 appear.26 Thus the Simon-Blalock meth­ od can be used in some cases to deter­ A more serious flaw in Marchant's mine which variables might be deleted analysis stems from his use of partial from a theory. Essential to the appro­ correlations to determine the causal pri­ priate use of the Simon-Blalock method ority of the variables. Partial correla­ is the existence of a theory. That is, if tions do not demonstrate causal priori­ it is theorized that no relationship exists, ty; they assume knowledge of it. Robert between managerial style and size, the Gordon, in his discussion of the partial­ correlation between these variables ling fallacy in multiple regression, com­ holding all other variables constant' ments on this directly: would be expected to be zero. If th~ A somewhat more subtle version of correlation is not zero, the model is ad­ the partialling fallacy is likely to be justed accordingly, and a test of the ad­ committed in multivariate studies that justed model then is made. 388 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

Marchant's Preliminary Model of with several other control variables be­ Causality Explaining Faculty Evalua­ cause of their potentially confounding tion ( see Figure 3) shows faculty evalu­ nature. ation being directly influenced by staff satisfaction and collection size. Variables Variables related to size and growth of collection and staff are heavily rep­ of managerial style, wealth, and breadth resented [in the group of potentially of education (measured by "counting up confounding variables]. It is possible the number of different disciplines in that the managerial style of the larger which a given staff reported having a and older libraries tended to develop degree and giving each discipline a when classical theory of administration weighted value depending upon the high­ was current and that smaller libraries est level of degree reported") explain tended to be more influenced by later, faculty evaluation indirectly, through more participative theories. If this is their effect upon collection size and staff true, these variables may simply reflect satisfaction. 27 the managerial style which accompa­ nies them. 29 Marchant's Preliminary Model Aside from the intriguing assumption that managerial style is a static variable, Xt = Managerial style X2 = Wealth Xt X2 this passage suggests that age and size of library might be causally prior variables, X:= Breadth of education X, 1/ '\..X, but Marchant dismisses them as mere re­ X4 = Collection size \ / flections of managerial style. There is Xr. = Staff satisfaction X~X n no convincing theoretical argument sup­ Xo = Faculty evaluation porting his exclusion of these variables Source : Marchant, " Participative Management .. . ," from his model predicting academic li­ ]1 .•'54 brary effectiveness. If several initial as­ Figure 3 sumptions about the ordering of the variables are equally plausible, the sta­ In this model Marchant assumes that no tistical techniques used by Marchant relationships exist between collection provide no basis for deciding among size and staff satisfaction ( x4 and x5)' them. nor between size and breadth of educa­ SuMMARY tion or managerial style ( x 4 and x 3 or X1 ). However, the simple correlations Marchant, in his study of the effects reported between the "Profile Index" of the decision making process on li­ and some measures of size suggest that brary performance, ignores most of the some relationships between these vari­ recent theoretical and empirical research ables may exist: the correlation between being done on these variables. He at­ the "Profile Index" and collection size tempts to test hypotheses others were is -.1706, although it is not significant; testing in the 1940s and 1950s. His re­ the correlation between number of li­ sults, like theirs, are inconclusive. brarians ( another measure of size) and Marchant fails to establish the validi­ the "Profile Index" is - .4285 (significant ty and reliability of his decision making at the .05 level). 28 These correlations index. Because the only independent are interesting in light of Marchant's variable being measured in his study is attempt to control for size by studying the general concept of managerial style, Association of Research Libraries' mem­ he is unable to test his hypothesis-"the bers with collections under three million greater the extent to which the profes­ vplumes. However, the size variables are sional personnel on the staff are in­ deleted from the data analysis along volved in the library's decision making Participative Management I 389 processes the more effective will be the and offered empirical evidence that sup­ library's performance." ported or limited the application of this Inconclusive though Marchant's study theory to problems of librarianship, li­ is, he does suggest some variables that brary science might have profited. Had might be determinants of satisfaction Marchant used measures developed by or dissatisfaction in academic libraries. Likert in the context of the same theory He provides no convincing theoretical or developed valid and reliable mea­ reasons, however, to explain the inclu­ sures of his own, his research would sion of these variables rather than any have added to the knowledge of the re­ others. He bases his choice solely on the lationships of participation in decision results of the step-wise regression pro­ making and library effectiveness. Given cedure, which attributed to them the the inadequacies of the theoretical de­ largest proportion of the explained var­ velopment and the invalid measure of iance. Unfortunately, the step-wise re­ decision making, however, the study pro­ gression procedure warrants no such vides no basis for the generalization conclusions. that an increase in the library staff's par­ Had Marchant presented the assump­ ticipation in decision making will in­ tions and limitations of Likert's theory crease library effectiveness.

REFERENCES

1. Douglas Waples, "The Graduate Library "A Comparison of Two Types of Leader­ School at Chicago," Library Quarterly 1:26 ship in Various Communication Nets," (Jan. 1931). Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 2. Maurice P. Marchant, "Participative Man­ 50:127-34 (1955). agement as Related to Personnel Develop­ 7. Harold G. McCurdy and Herbert W. Eber, ment," Library Trends 20:48-59 (July "Democratic versus Authoritarian: A Fur­ 1971 ). ther Investigation of Group Problem-Solv­ --, "The Effects of the Decision Mak­ ing," Journal of Personality 22:258-69 ing Process and Related Organizational ( 1953). Stephen M. Sales, "A Laboratory Factors on Alternative Measures of Per­ Investigation of the Effectiveness of Two formance in University Libraries." Unpub­ Industrial Supervisory Dimensions," Un­ lished Ph.D. dissertation (Education), Uni­ published M.S. Thesis, Cornell University versity of Michigan, 1970. ( 1964). Paul Spector and Barbara Suttell, 3. Rensis Likert, New Patterns of Manage­ An Experimental Comparison of the Effec­ ment (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., tiveness of Three Patterns of Leadership 1961 ). Behavior. (Washington, D.C.: American --, The Human Organization (New Institute for Research, 1957). York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967). 8. Reed M. Powell and John L. Schlacter, 4. Nancy C. Morse and Everett Reimer, "The "Participative Management-a Panacea?" Experimental Change of a Major Organiza­ Academy of Management Journal 14:165- tional Variable," Journal of Abnormal and 73 (June 1971). Social Psychology 52:120-29 ( 1956). 9. Alex Carey, "The Hawthorne Studies: A 5. Aaron Lowin, "Participative Decision Mak­ Radical Criticism," American Sociological ing: A Model, Literature Critique, and Pre­ Review 32:403- 16 ( 1967). Abraham K. scriptions for Research,'' Organizational Korman, "Consideration," "Initiating Struc­ Behavior and Human Performance 3:68- ture," and "Organizational Criteria-a Re­ 106 (1968); and Stephen M. Sales, "Su­ view," Personnel Psychology 19:349- 61 pervisory Style and Productivity: Review ( 1966). Victor H. Vroom, Work and Moti­ and Theory," Personnel Psychology 19: vation (New York: J. Wiley, 1964). 275- 86 ( 1966). 10. Aaron Lowin and James R. Craig, "The In­ 6. Robert C. Day and Robert L. Hamblin, fluence of Level of Performance on Man­ "Some Effects of Close and Punitive Styles agerial Style: An Experimental Object-Les­ of Supervision," American Journal of Soci­ son in the Ambiguity of Correlational ology 6~ :499L510 (1964). Marvin E. Shaw, Data," Organizational Behavior and Hu- 390 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

man Performance 3:440-58 (1968). Performance 4:309-36 (1969). 11. George Franklin Farris, "A Causal Analysis 17. Donald P. Schwab and Larry L. Cum­ of Scientific Performance," Unpublished mings, "Theories of Performance and Satis­ Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan faction: A Review," Industrial Relations 9: ( 1966). 408-30 (Oct. 1970). 12. Victor H. Vroom and Floyd C. Mann, 18. Marchant, "Participative Management ... ," "Leader Authoritarianism and Employee p. 52. Likert, Human Organization. p. 117- Attitudes," Personnel Psychology 13:125- 22. 39 (1960 ). John R. P. French, Jr. et al., 19. Marchant, "The Effects of the Decision "An Experiment on Participation in a Nor­ Making Process ... ," p. 132. wegian Factory," Human Relations 13:3-19 20. Ibid., p. 298. (1960). Uriel G. Foa, "Relation of Workers 21. Leon Carnovsky, "Survey of the Use of Li­ Expectation to Satisfaction with Super­ brary Resources and Facilities," in Library visor," Personnel Psychology 10:161-68 Surveys, ed. by Maurice F. Tauber and Ir­ ( 1957). Cecil A. Gibb, "Leadership," in lene Roemer Stephens. (New York: Colum­ The Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. bia University Press, 1967). by Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson. 22. N. R. Draper and H. Smith, Applied Re­ (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1969). gression Analysis (New York: J. Wiley, Martin Patchen, "Supervisory Methods and 1966). Group Performance Norms," Administra­ 23. Marchant, "The Effects of the Decision tive Science Quarterly 7: 27 5-94 ( 1962 ) . Making Process ... ," p. 157 and p. 250. Donald C. Pelz, "Influence: A Key to Ef­ 24. Ibid., p. 158. fective Leadership in the First Line Super­ 25. Robert A. Gordon, "Issues in Multiple Re­ visor," Personnel29:209-11 ( 1952). gression," American Journal of Sociology 13. Alan C. Filley and Robert J. House, Man­ 73:592-616 (March 1968). agerial Pro9ess and Organizational Behav­ 26. Herbert A. Simon, Models of Man (New ior (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, York: J. Wiley, 1957); Hubert M. Blalock, 1969). Jr., Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental 14. Marchant, "Participative Management ... ," Research (Chapel Hill: University of North p. 51. Carolina Press, 1964). 15. Marchant, "The Effects of the Decision 27. Marchant, "The Effects of the Decision Making Process . . . ," p. 26. Making Process ... ," p. 114. 16. Edwin A. Locke, "What Is Job Satisfac­ 28. Ibid., p. 134. tion?" Organizational Behavior and Human 29. Ibid., p. 136. MAURICE P. MARCHANT

And a Response wHEN I STARTED DEVELOPING PLANS to which might confound the relationships study the library as an open system, I to be studied. found no awareness of the concept in In ideal experiments, variables are ei­ library literature, and my discussion of ther brought under control, which calls it with other librarians indicated a gen­ for satisfactorily accurate measurement, eral skepticism regarding certain key as­ or are randomized. In nonexperimental pects. But library administration gener­ surveys and investigations, uncontrolled ally was (and is) so obviously in need variables are only assumed to be ran­ of revamping that I decided to commit domized. myself to its study and improvement ,I attempted to identify such variables and to use the open system theory for as appeared to me likely to affect library direction. But, of course, one must start outputs. In doing so, I paid particular such a study by cutting out a manage­ attention to the standard statistics that able area for research. I chose participa­ are compiled, since their general accept­ tive management because I recognized ance insinuates belief that they are im­ in Likert's writings, and the generalized portant and since action has been taken theory drawn from it by Katz and to attempt to standardize their collec­ Kahn, answers to behavior under stress tion and definitions. Other variables which I had observed and experienced were also identified and added as ap­ in my own library staff prior to begin­ peared appropriate and as means of ning my doctoral study.1 measuring them, presumably accurately, But even participative management were found or devised. However, con­ was too broad a study for a dissertation, cern for the accuracy of measurement so I limited it more specifically to the of many variables often nags at one, es­ area of decision making and determined pecially as one finds cases in which the to be satisfied with manifestations of data collection has been incomplete or such generalized effect as a horizontal not conforming to a standard defini­ study might indicate within the parame­ tion. In such cases, there are only a few ters between input into the library and practical alternatives. One might reject its outputs. This meant that no in­ the variable from the study, assigning depth, step-by-step causal ladder would it to the group of uncontrolled vari­ be likely to emerge. But it appeared ables which might act to confound the proper to establish the general relation­ study. One can attempt to improve the ships initially before filling in the spe­ measurement, although this option is cifics. I established other constraints, sometimes not open. Or one can use the such as type and size of library, to try values available if the inaccuracy is suf­ to control some external variables. Yet, ficiently minor. despite this, many variables remained N onexperimental research generally requires sampling a total population rather than drawing data from every Dr. Marchant is associate professor, population member, and this leads to Graduate Department of Library and I nr concern over the extent to which the formation Sciences, Brigham Young Uni­ sample typifies the entire population. I versity, Provo, Utah. made choices by which I tried to assure

/391 392 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 representation of various characteristics, proper to me to discuss the theories and but only future application of the re­ research which generally support Likert. search results to other libraries can de­ We also shared some discussion, since we termine their application beyond the both mentioned Pelz' work. And the re­ sample studied. lationship between participative man­ .In my research, the number of li­ agement and variable work was also em­ braries studied was twenty-two, which phasized by Likert. I find it difficult, was smaller than might be hoped for. considering the magnitude of literature It meant that a fairly high measure­ related to the subject, to understand ment of relationship had to ,exist in the why her choice of readings should be sample in order to be significant for the considered preferable to those included total population at any magnitude. in my study. Mine are certainly as up­ The basic statistical procedure which to-date as hers. Except to rebut the in­ I used to test the relationships being sinuation that I am ignorant of the studied was linear multiple regression field, I feel that this part of the discus­ analysis, a process which also provides sion is irrelevant. However, I appreciate multiple and partial correlation coeffi­ her references and will review those cients. It allows for predicting a depen­ with which I am unfamiliar for future dent variable by the joint variance of interest. two or more independent variables. It Ms. Lynch also accused me of having does not demonstrate causality, however, neglected the entire corpus of literature which must rely on a theoretical or logi­ regarding job satisfaction. Ms. Lynch cal basis. But, given such a basis, it can is simply wrong, and I refer her to the test the theorized relationship and con­ dissertation regarding this matter.3 Men­ firm its likelihood and magnitude with­ tioned there are the writings and re­ in stated statistically significant levels. search of Herzberg, Argyris, Maslow, However, care needs to be taken against Ash, McGregor, Likert, Mayo, Myers, misuse of this procedure to assure the Paul, Roche, Pfiffner, and Etzioni. Some quality of the results. of these describe specific research proj­ Ms. Lynch's complaints concern sev­ ects and results dealing with motivation eral matters, a few of which are major. and satisfaction, and the last two in­ Some, especially minor ones, are not clude short surveys of the literature. well expressed and lead to the impres­ This subject certainly could have been sion of generalized errors whereas, in expanded; but with thousands of papers my attempt to identify their referral to draw upon, there must be a point of points, I have found them to deal with diminishing returns. Dissertations are single and minor matters. notorious for their lack of readability One of Ms. Lynch's major complaints and I am sure mine is no exception. I was really directed at Rensis Likert's chose to sample important sources rath­ theory of participative management. . er than exhaust them (and the reader She went to considerable pains to point in the process) because the statistical toward publications which disagreed data and analyses made the text as for­ with Likert. This is all very admirable. midable as most librarians are likely to I chose to emphasize McGregor, Argyris, be able to stand anyway. Maslow, Marrow, Bowers, Seashore, More central to the issue was her crit­ D. Katz, R. L. Kahn, Herzberg, Blake, icism of my definition of participative and Mouton instead.2 I mentioned a decision making. Actually, I felt I had small number of demurrals to bring at­ described it quite well. In the Library tention to their existence; but, since I Trends article, I stated that it "was an was testing the Likert theory, it seemed index of ,the extent to which the profes- And a Response I 393 sional library staff perceives of itself as tensively can describe its shortcomings, involved in the 'decision making proc­ but are also strong in praising it. After ess' " and referred to Likert's question­ my use of it, I sent Dr. Likert an ap­ naire for specifics. 4 The dissertation de­ praisal and suggested an area in which scribed the three factors involved and it might be improved. His response was included the precise wording of the that he intended to revise it soon and questions. 5 Because Ms. Lynch doesn't would try to rectify the weakness. It has like the definition is hardly to say it is been revised several times and even has vague. Her statement that I am unclear variant forms for use with particular regarding whether I mean "'actual deci­ groups. At least one form has more than sion making, perceived decision mak­ one hundred items. This growth an:d di­ ing," and so forth seems to me due to versity are the result of highly competent her imprecise reading. I knew what I study based on many research projects. meant and said so. The eighteen items in the short form I added a second independent vari­ I used were carefully chosen from larg­ able, which I called the Profile. This er instruments to represent the impor­ was not, as Ms. Lynch suggested, intend­ tant dimensions of managerial style and ed to be a measure ·Of decision making. of each of the seven processes of which It was intended to be a measure of man­ it is composed. Ms. Lynch's complaint agerial style, and I said so in both docu­ of the low rdiability possible with ments.6 I accurately described Likert's three-item scales is not applicable here concept of managerial style as composed because they were carefully chosen of seven interrelated factors, one of from among a larger group to include which is decision making.7 The high cor­ .those most important in describing and relation between the two independent measuring the decision making process. variables and among pairs of the eight­ In fact, use of this instrument was de­ een items making up the questionnaire termined in part by the reliance that are not indications that they are measur­ could be placed upon it and the extent ing managerial style. The correlations to which it has been validated by use. simply demonstrate rthat they vary to­ Beyond that was another considera­ gether. Since decision making is part of tion. I had initially intended to develop managerial style, one should expect a my own instrument for measuring deci­ significant correlation, although theirs sion making and was, in fact, in process is surprisingly high. That they are not of doing so. Learning of my study, Dr. the same measurement is demonstrated Likert suggested that I use his. I decided both by the questions asked and by com­ to do so because of its high quality and parison of their means, which differ at because it would allow expansion of the the .05level of significance. study into the other six organizational Ms. Lynch acknowledged that the processes. The dissertation, utilizing Likert instrument has been validated only two somewhat generalized indexes, "'to some extent." But why did she insert has become phase one of my study. Fur­ the phrase "to some extent"? All valida­ ther work has included consideration of tions can be so described. I think she in­ each of the eighteen items separately tended the phrase to suggest a low mag­ and more in-depth consideration of oth­ nitude of validation. And even if she er variables. The total pattern has been didn't, that is likely to be the impression to confirm the dissertation findings gen­ projected to most readers. Yet I suspect erally and to define the interrelation­ Ms. Lynch knows little more about that ships more specifically. instrument than she acquired from ex­ There seems little purpose in expend­ amining it. Those who have used it ex- ing great energy validating an instru- 394 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 ment already known to be satisfactory ly accounted for twenty variables which for the purpose to which it is to be put. were used in the dissertation phase of I proposed to test Likert's theory on li­ the research. 8 This was more than could braries. What could be more satisfac­ enter the regression analysis along with tory than to use his measuring device? the independent variables because of Ms. Lynch complained that I changed ·the limitation plaoed by the number of Likert's independent, intervening, and libraries in the study, so three variables dependent variables and added my own which were found to be largely repeti­ control variables and she reproduces tious were deleted. part of page 137 of his The Human It would be most surprising to find Organization to indicate what she more than three or four variables enter thought I should have tested. Except as significantly into a multiple regression regards the independent variables al­ analysis with such a small sample. More­ ready discussed, I acknowledge her state­ over, in order to enter, a variable must ment. But then I never aspired to test explain a fairly large percent of the that specific model. It is appropriate to variance remaining at that point in the profit-making organizations but not to dependent variable. The partial correla­ such nonprofit organizations as academ­ tions I reported between the indepen­ ic libraries. She is correct in assuming dent and dependent variables partialled that· my intention was to apply Likert's out only the variance attributable to theory to the library setting rather than control variables which had entered at to reevaluate the theory. So why should the .05 level of significance. And the she complain when I do what I propose? levels of significance which I reported Considering the difficulty of measuring are as accurate as possible considering library performances, I felt my limited the limits placed by the small sample endeavor was quite sufficient for one size. dissertation. Ms. Lynch's complaint that I have · I fail to understand the complaint re­ padded the proportionate variance (co­ garding my use of control variables. efficient of determination was her term) Their' use in multiple regression analysis by including all the control variables is is wel1 understood, and they offer data without substance. While I presented by which the true relationships between tables including as many as seventeen the independent variables and the per­ control variables and showing the cumu­ formance measurements might be bet­ lative proportionate variance, I also ter approached. The simple correlations showed the significance levels related at as manifestations of those relationships each step as well as the significance level are certainly less acceptable. To the ex­ of each variable at entrance into the tent that such influences are considered analyses. This was a preliminary step. and, when appropriate, partialled out, Then I reanalyzed the problem allow­ the values of the primary relationships ing entrance only to those control vari­ are improved. ables which could enter significantly at · ·However, Ms. Lynch manifested a the .05 level plus the independent vari­ lack ·of understanding regarding the ables separately. I even went to the trou­ proper· discipline to be placed on multi­ ble of correcting cumulative propor­ ple regression analysis, its interpreta­ tionate variance for bias to assure as tion, and my use of it. She also misstat­ much as possible against overstating it. ed ·the :total number of variables in­ My procedures were particularly con­ volved in the research. servative and my evaluation cautious. Listed in my research model are ten I suspect some significant relationships groups of: control ·variables which final- we11e· missed thereby7 and it is important And a Response I 395

not to assume that relationships do not correlation was of questionable signifi­ exist simply because they are not dem­ cance ( .10) even with its use and was so onstrated. identified. In other words, while a strate­ The fact that more than one variable gy for handling such cases was devel­ entered a regression analysis significantly oped, within the study it was little used. indicated that they independently ex­ Ms. Lynch has assumed erroneously that plained significant amounts of variance it was used routinely. Had she checked in the dependent variable. This does not the analyses she would have known bet­ mean that they are independent of each ter. other and I did not so state nor imply. Ms. Lynch complained of my proce­ It is even possible that some of the con­ dure for studying the relations between trol variables cause libraries to move to­ the independent variables and the con­ ward participative management or to­ trol variables wherein I inserted the con­ ward that part dealing with decision trol variables as predicators of the in­ making. But that was not what I was dependent variables and then deleted studying. I assume such causal variables several of them in sequence to deter­ exist :and might be identifiable, and I mine the decrease in cumulative propor­ think it would be worth studying. But tionate variance that resulted. This was it wasn't part of my study. simply a practical procedure for study­ It is also possible that the indepen­ ing interrelationships and for providing dent variables cause some of the control insight into their potential confounding variables or that both result from some effect. It was not part and had no direct unidentified variable. In either of the bearing on the regression analyses which last two cases or if spurious correlation weie intended to clarify the relation­ coefficients result from sampling bias, ships between the independent and per­ inclusion of a control variable can mask formance variables at all, as the reading the true relationship being searched. of · her paper suggests. When dealing The proper way to deal with such an with as many variables and as few li­ eventuality is to delete the confounding braries as are involved in this study, one variable. I have done so, but only when needs as much insight as possible regard­ there was real evidence in the specific ing their interrelationships. Ms. Lynch's case of likely confounding. When do­ statement .that in doing so I violated the ing so, one ought to be aware of the assumption that error terms are random­ possibility that the deleted variable rath­ ly distributed is absurd. She might be er than the independent variable might reminded that random distribution ·does belong in ~the analysis. However, the pri­ not mean equal distribution. mary purpose of introducing control Ms. Lynch accused me of implying variables into the study was to partial a lack of relationship when variables out their effect on the dependent vari­ are not controlled in computing partial ables in order to determine more accu­ correlation coefficients. I did no such rately the true relationships between the thing. The partial correlations are independent and dependent variables. meant to clarify relationships to the ex­ The independent variable measure­ tent possible considering the complica­ ments· were assumed to be accurate, and tions involved and limitations imposed partialling out of variance in the inde­ by such realities as size of the sample. pendent variables tended to confound' Libraries · contain complex interactions, rather than clarify the relationships· and anyone who believes they can be sought. It would be best if such a prob­ sor-ted out so as to describe accurately all lem did not arise: It did so only ·once; their true and independent causal rela­ arid in that case, the resulting partial tionships is deluding himseH. Ms. 396/ College & Research Libraries • September 1972

Lynch's accusation that I implied non­ that a lack of demonstrated statistical relationship suggests that she needs significance carried the intention of no more experience with multiple regres­ significance indicates a gross misunder­ sion analysis. standing of the meaning of correlation Another example of her statistical in­ coefficients. expertness was demonstrated by her la­ As a matter of fact, considerable at­ beling as a flaw in regression analyses tention has been given since completion the long quotation from my dissertation of the dissertation to filling out and im­ regarding the meaning of the individu­ proving the model. A few errors have al variables as predictors of staff satis­ been identified, corrected, and used in faction. Regression analyses predict best reevaluations. I hope by this time next around the mean values of the variables year the improved model will be avail­ involved and become less successful as able (ALA is the publisher). I have no the values move toward the limits of illusions, however, regarding its com­ those sampled. Predicting beyond the pleteness even then. limits or outside the boundaries of the I did not assume and do not believe relationships existing within the li­ that managerial style is a static variable. braries involved in the study is specula­ I speculated on, but did not study, the tive. Ms. Lynch needs to discipline her­ possible effect of historical factors on self to this reality. the current state of a library's manageri­ Regarding her accusation that I con­ al style. Inertia is generally thought to fused partial correlations with causality, influence behavior, but change occurs I refer her to page eighty-one of the dis­ despite it. sertation, part of which reads, "Statisti­ I am fascinated by Ms. Lynch's con­ cal relationships are inadequate for the flicting tendency to complain that my purpose of proving causality but are research is too broad and not adequately useful in verifying causal relationships refined on the one hand and, on the oth­ empirically which have been otherwise er, that I have failed to study various inferred by logical or theoretical proce­ related problems. dures." I laid out the logical and theo­ While I was still analyzing some of retical undergirdings. Ms. Lynch's com­ my data, I appeared on a discussion pan­ plaint appears to emanate from her dis­ el regarding participative management agreement with the theory, as previously at which Dr. Stanley E. Seashore, then discussed. But that is her problem. The associate director under Dr. Likert at results tended to support my position, the Institute for Social Research, was especially from managerial style to staff the main speaker. Afterwards, while we satisfaction to faculty evaluation. traveled together to Ann Arbor, he Again, regarding my preliminary asked me to describe my research. I did model of causality, Ms. Lynch accused so, emphasizing some of the problems me of assuming that no relationships that bothered me. I was particularly exist that are not stated. There is a great concerned because of the small sample difference between stating that a rela­ size, and I asked him for his evaluation. tionship does not exist and that it has He agreed that more libraries would not been demonstrated. I presented have been better, but he also ·said it was some interrelationships that appeared to the largest study of its kind that he have been demonstrated within reason­ knew of. He suggested it was an impor­ able bounds of logic and statistical sig­ tant study and made no reference to the nificance. I was even careful to state possibility that it was outdated by recent that it is incomplete and has weaknesses. research. And he brought to my atten­ That Ms. Lynch continued to assume tion my responsibility to distribute the And a Response I 397 results once they were complete. Given It might be that future research will the comparison between Dr. Seashore's better explain the relationships I have and M-s. Lynch's evaluation of the im­ studied. I hope so. Man is not likely to portance and timeliness of my research, do better than approach truth, particu­ I have little difficulty choosing. larly in the study of human behavior, I expect criticism, especially from so there is always room for improve­ those who feel threatened by sugges­ ment. The study of libraries as dynamic tions of administrative change. I even operations has been largely ignored, and solicit criticism from knowledgeable mine is only a pioneering study. Ms. people who can offer suggestions for im­ Lynch has demonstrated that she is ac­ provement. But I wonder about the val­ quiring the competency to aid in that ue of a paper which starts by saying the endeavor despite some present inadequa­ research is ''better than many recent cies. I will look forward to reviewing studies," claims to review ~the study, her contributions as she completes her finds thereafter not one good thing to dissertation. report, and then deals with it ineptly.

REFERENCES 1. Rensis Likert, New Patterns of Management 3. See the dissertation bibliography, Chapter (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961 ), and The II, and p. 161-3 of Chapter VI, "Staff Satis­ Human Organization (New York: McGraw­ faction." Hill, 1967); Daniel Katz and Robert L. 4. "Participative Management as Related to Kahn, The Social Psychology of Organiza­ Personnel Development," Library Trends tions (New York: Wiley, 1966). ( 20 July, 1971), p.52. 2. "The Effects of the Decision Making Process 5. Dissertation, p. 8-9, 127-9, and 276--8. and Related Organizational Factors on Al­ 6. Library Trends article, p.52; dissertation, ternative Measures of Performance in Uni­ p.8. versity Libraries" (unpublished Ph.D. dis­ 7. Dissertation, p. 127-8. sertation, Univ. of Michigan, 1970). See the 8. Chapter IV of the dissertation; p.84-126 bibliography, p. 300-5. Also Chapter II, Sur­ describes them. Table 4.16, p.120 lists them vey of Literature, p. 49-66, especially the with their intercorrelations. footnotes. DAVID KASER Whither Interlibrary Loan?

Interlibrary loan traffic in academic libraries has doubled in the past five years, with an ever-growing percent of the lending being done by the nation's few largest libraries. Concurrently labor costs have risen substantially so that some large libraries now claim that they are putting $50,000 to $100,000 per year more into interlibrary lending than they are getting out through borrowing. This growing inequity is forcing discussion of programs-local, regional, and national-for charging fees for interlibrary loan service. This paper raises some of the considerations that should figure into any such discussions.

THE CENTURIES-OLD PRACTICE of one li­ Until relatively recently this imbal­ bnuy lending · its books to another is ance caused limited concern among based upon the premise that although large libraries, because it required of books may physically be the chattel of them only a modest supernumerary ex­ the institution that bought and paid for penditure above their own operating them, they belong intellectually to the costs. Their major investment was in the general cultural heritage of mankind books themselves, and if the normal use and ought somehow to be made avail­ expectancy of a book was fifty . read­ able to all men. Interlibrary loan has ings, an occasional interlibrary use of satisfied this latter characteristic of that volume represented a loss to the books while in the former sense the holding institution of only one-fiftieth lending library's equity in its books was of its cost. Labor was cheap, so the staff presumably protected by the reciprocal time required for the internal handling nature of the practice itself. After all, of interlibrary loans was rationalized as many books were borrowed as were as a small contribution to the general lent. good. Reciprocity, however, functions ef­ Libraries, however, have recently be­ fectively as a balancing factor only in come very substantially labor intensive the broad middle range of libraries that enterprises. By far the largest portion borrow and lend at roughly the same of a libraris expenditure today goes in­ rates. At one end of the scale there are to direct payroll; expenditures for the many small libraries that can be only books themselves represent only half as borrowers, while at the opposite end much investment in terms of operating there are a number of libraries, perhaps costs as do labor costs. The reversal of a hundred, that lend very many more .this ratio is now forcing recognition books than they borrow.1 Thus the re­ and appraisal of the impact of the sources of the latter institutions go to practice of interlibrary loan on the subsidize the system for the benefit of large primarily lending libraries. the former. Concurrent with this relocation of li­ brary costs from books to labor came David Kaser is director of libraries, Cor­ another phenomenon that aggravated nell University, Ithaca, New York. the long quiescent problem of the large 398/ Whither Interlibrary Loan? I 399 library's expenditures on interlibrary to state with certainty just how much lending. This was society's inability any -they do invest annually in their interli­ longer to fulfill all of its advanced brary loan operations. Occasional ad hoc study and research needs, in that rela­ studies however, mostly of the .. time tively few university centers which were and motion" type, have revealed discom­ already prepared to furnish out of their fittingly high costs of even the simple own resources the requisite library ma­ operations of identifying and retrieving terials. Suddenly research and advanced an item. requested for interlibrary loan; study with very large library require­ of recording, wrapping, and shipping ments were going on seemingly every­ it; and finally of discharging and replac­ where, whether the necessary book re­ ing it on the shelf when it is returned. sources were available there or not. Indirect costs such as internal and exter­ Traffic in interlibrary loan requests nal administrative overhead, personnel against the few large libraries virtually development costs, and physical mainte­ skyrocketed,2 while their own needs to nance have seldom been considered.4 In borrow from the system rose less rapid­ any final analysis, moreover, still other ly when indeed they rose at all. The his­ factors ought also to be calculated into toric inequity thus became greater even any accurate determination of total than it had been before, although recog­ cost, such as the value of the expertise nition of its debilitating effect upon the that went into the original selection of lending libraries remained slow in com­ the title, an appropriate share of the ing.3 original purchase and processing costs Reasons for the slowness of the li­ of the volume, and a portion of the brary community to recognize this cost of preserving it over its lifetime. change have doubtless been varied. One Some have estimated the total cost of reason is that, just as doctors will let no a single i.J:!ter library loan to be as high one die despite his inability to pay, so as $8 within the lending institution librarians feel constrained to let no one's alone. If this figure is assumed to be ap­ need for a book go unmet. Secondly, proximately accurate, it may be seen some large publicly supported institu­ that a library that lends 5,000 more ti­ tions have assumed their ·extra-campus tles annually -than it borrows is spending landings to be a mandated . service ac­ $40,000 a year in service not to patrons companying their tax support, although from within its own supporting constit­ this argument becomes uncomfortably uency but to other institutions entirely. vague, when loans are made outside of Indeed .sorne large libraries have estimat­ ed that they are spending in excess of the geographical area constituting the $100,000 per year on interlibrary le'nd­ tax base. Interlibrary loan furthermore ing more than they are benefiting from is one service for which librarians have it. The- best-willed institution on earth received only praise from the lay public ~ cannot long afford to carry such a bur­ and no one ever likes to relinquish a den. Indeed there is a -troubling moral p~·actice that others think he .performs question here as to whether an adminis­ well. In the final analysis, however, the trator of a large library, especially a main reason is probably that the full private library, may not be violating his magnitude of the costs of interlibrary responsibilities as the steward of his in­ lending have seldom really been recog­ stitution's bibliothecal assets when he nized by librarians themselves. allows -this kind of dissipation to occur This is perhaps because few libraries at all. have developed sufficiently ·sophisticated A glimmering recognition of this di­ cost accounting systems to enable them lemma is now beginning to emerge on 400 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 a few fronts. Two of the fifty states than the user is paying the cost. Experi­ have recently implemented programs ence with state-reimbursed loans, how­ wherein the libraries within them that ever, in New Jersey and New York seem are primarily lenders are paid from thus far to indicate little need for fear state funds for lending to other li­ on this score. This view seems also to braries within the state. There is also have been fortified a decade ago when talk of developing such a system on a most libraries discontinued passing on national level. A national program to their users the postage charges in­ would be infinitely better than local or curred on their behalf in interlibrary regional programs becaus·e reader needs borrowings. are not respecters of geographical or po­ Another question that would need to litical boundaries. There is no logic, for be resolved in ~ any paid interlibrary loan example, to .the present situation where­ system is whether or not the present In­ in Columbia University is reimbursed terlibrary Loan Code would continue $4.50 by the state of New York for a to be adequate or would have to be re­ loan to the library ~ at Skidmore College vised. Would borrowings become per­ when it renders the same service in the missible for undergraduates, a practice same day to the library at Swarthmore currently discouraged by the Code completely free because the laUer is lo­ but allowed under New York State's cated in Pennsylvania. Concurrent with NYSILL plan at state cost? Does the discussion of a national plan, there are ability of a college library to borrow also discussions taking place among a books for its undergraduates hinder its number of large private libraries about own natural growth rate? Perhaps. On the possibility of establishing a stan­ the other hand, the line separating un­ dard charge for all interlibrary loans, dergraduate instruction and research whether to be reimbursed by a state pro­ from work on the graduate level be­ gram, a national program, a borrowing comes less distinct daily. Maybe it has library, or the ultimate recipient of the become meaningless. service-the patron who finally receives Another troublesome moral problem the book in the borrowing library. is determining the proprietary rights of Clearly this ferment of activity is a paid borrower in the material he seeks. leading somewhere, but no one is as yet As long as interlibrary loan remains prepared to predict just where. There free there is no question but that ser­ are troublesome questions involved in vice will be made available to him after any pay-as-you-go interlibrary loan pro­ all local needs for the same material gram that need first to be resolved. One have been fulfilled. Will a paying bor­ such question is "Who should pay?" rower actually purchase a share of ac­ Certain trends on the national scene cess to the material he borrows equal to seem to be toward letting such charges that of the local patron, or does he con­ fall where the benefit is derived-name­ tinue to gain only extraordinary access ly in this case on the individual scholar after local needs are met? If the latter, for whom the book is borrowed. Not he presumably should be charged some­ only does such an ·arrangement seem to what less .than the cost to the local insti­ satisfy neatly the current management tution of "first-class" ~access. quest for accountability, but it also re­ How should an appropriate lending lieves fear in some quarters of a user fee be determined? The most rational · taking advantage of the system-for ex­ answer would probably be based on a ample, of someone promiscuously re­ cost accounting effort-namely the total questing twenty loans where one might cost of performing the transaction. An­ do since the state or the library rather other approach might be for a lending Whither Interlibrary Loan? I 401 institution to recalculate its rates annu­ the paper work involved in a paid inter­ ally simply by dividing the total library library loan program. operating expenditure by ·the total num­ Another possible method of mitigat­ ber of circulations with the quotient ing :the above difficulty might be the use serving as the unit charge for each in­ of a nationally recognized interlibrary terlibrary loan during the subsequent loan scrip of the kind proposed several twelve months. Some librarians feel years ago for purchasing photocopies. (and .this concept is incorporated into Such coupons could be purchased by li­ New York State's program) that an braries from a national agency and one equitably paid interlibrary loan system sent accompanying each interlibrary should involve two fees: one for receiv­ loan request. Whenever a library that ing and attempting to fill an interlibrary lends more than it borrows accumulates loan request, and another for actual a superabundance of coupons, it could success in delivering the needed volume. return them to the national agency in Certainly there is some sound logic in exchange for face value reimburse­ having two fees. ment. Local accounting requirements, These concepts are based upon the of course, might in some institutions idea that each lending library would hamper efforts to get these reimburse­ cost out its own operations and settle ments credited where they can be best upon its own schedule of charges. used by the library. There is some logic behind this scheme A very substantial problem in the way in that every library's costs are unique of any priced interlibrary loan program unto itself and should be fully reim­ is its relation to photocopy pricing bursed under any truly equitable pro­ schedules. Of the many factors enumer­ gram. Yet variant price schedules would ated above as making up the real costs create what would in effect be a chaotic of interlibrary loan service, all are ex­ market wherein borrowers would be in­ actly the same for meeting a photocopy clined to "shop around" for the best request, in addition of course to the ac­ price. Strong arguments seem therefore tual costs of making the copy. Thus if, to militate in favor of one standard na­ for the sake of discussion, the hypo­ tional price for interlibrary loan, per­ thetical $8 handling cost for inter­ haps based upon average costs in a sam­ library loan is held to be valid, .then a ple of lending libraries, periodically re­ similar handling charge would seem to viewed. be warranted in processing photocopy. Another complication lies in the way An amount in that range is considerably of implementing anything other than greater than is presently being charged a nationally-funded program of inter­ by any library in the country. If all library loan: the enormous overhead charges were the same, of course, most cost to the lending institution of main­ large libraries would probably prefer taining separate accounts for each of to furnish photocopy in lieu of loan be­ its borrowing institutions, of rendering cause their materials normally would periodic invoices, conducting correspon­ not need to be off the shelf as long. dence, collecting and depositing, writing Some small libraries also would for the off bad debts, and other commercial same price probably prefer photocopy paraphernalia. Present ·state programs because they can retain the purchased permit one central billing, made peri­ piece to augment their collections odically to the appropriate state agency, against possible future need. Presum­ and the receipt and crediting of one pe­ ably photocopy charges to off-the-street riodic check, thereby vastly facilitating patrons in large libraries would also be 402 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 substantially influenced upward by any How of the materials of scholarship, such revamping of the interlibrary­ any such discussion is sure to elicit a loan/ photocopy structure. spate of bad publicity for the large li­ At any rate, it is clear that any pro­ braries that ·seem to favor it. Unless it gram of paid interlibrary loan, whether is widely and clearly understood, it nationally or locally funded, will bring would likely be a very unpopular oause. with it a host of complications. The Yet it might lead to salutary wider­ number of interlibrary loans would spread recognition of the very high doubtless be vastly reduced because of costs of library services in support of the resulting relocation of their aotual advanced studies-a recognition that is cost from the supplier to the user. Com­ certainly long overdue. Careful ground­ ing at a time when there is growing de­ work appears to be called for before sire to free up rather than restrict the such a program can be initiated.

REFERENCES 1. There are few proven data to confirm such ship in an engagement with two green ships. an estimate. Sarah K. Thomson, however, If we assume all three ships to be of equal in her D.L.S. thesis submitted at Columbia size and speed and firepower, each able to University in 1967 and entitled "General In­ fire one broadside per minute, then the blue terlibrary Loan Services in Major Academic ship will be shot at twice a minute but each Libraries in the United States," reported green ship only once in two minutes: the that 69 percent of all academic loans in the advantage of the green ships, and the rela­ nation were made by sixty-three libraries. tive hazard sustained by the blue, is there­ 2. Interlibrary lending by academic libraries fore four to one. In the same way, three doubled between 1965/66 and 1969170 ships against one would have an advantage with 66 percent of the increase occurring in of nine to one." libraries holding more than a half million 4. Palmour, A Study of ... , p. 14-15, 24 as­ volumes. ILL traffic is expected to increase sumed "more or less arbitrarily" an internal by a like amount again by 1974175. Vernon overhead rate of 50 percent of direct labor E. Palmour et al., A Study of the Character­ costs in arriving at its average lending costs istics, Costs, and Magnitude of Interlibrary for large academic libraries amounting to Loans in Academic Libraries ( Rockville, $2.12 per unfilled loan request and $4.67 for Md.: Westat, Inc., Sept. 1971 ), p. 55. a filled loan request. Institutional overhead 3. A fascinating method of quantifying this ac­ outside the library did not figure in these cumulating inequity in large libraries is re­ calculations, nor did the considerations ported by R. H. Blackburn, "Of Mice and raised later in the present paper. Conse­ Lions and Battleships and Interlibrary quently, Palmour pointed out, "the cost esti­ Things," IPLO Quarterly 13:68-79 (Oct. mates given are almost surely underestimates 1971). Utilizing Lanchester's Theory of of the true costs of interlibrary loan." Many Combat, he likens ILL requests to naval sal­ librarians in large libraries will doubtless vos, wherein we "imagine one blue battle- agree. JOHN W. LEE and RAYMOND L. READ

The Graduate Business Student and the Library

REsEARCH ON THE GRADUATE business to examine the graduate business stu­ student's knowledge, attitudes toward, dent's knowledge of the library, ( 2) to and use of the library is rare. When one explore the graduate business student's considers the alleged importance of the attitude toward the library, and ( 3) to library as a source of business informa­ secure some indication of his use of the tion and the increasing emphasis on re­ library. search skills in business, the lack of re­ search on the role of the library in the METHODOLOGY AND SUBJECTS education of the graduate business stu­ The data for this study were obtained dent is surprising.1 by administering a twenty-two item There is general agreement with questionnaire to three graduate business A. M. Cartter's assertion that, "The li­ classes at a large accredited southeastern brary is the heart of the University; no business school. 0 Seventy-nine graduate other single nonhuman factor is as business students returned the two part closely related to the quality of gradu­ questionnaire which took approximately ate education."2 While there seems to be twenty minutes to complete. a philosophical consensus that this The convenience sample consisted of premise is a necessary and desirable fifty management majors, fourteen goal, in fact, casual observation tends marketing majors, eight finance majors, to make this statement seem a mere six accounting majors, and one quantita­ platitude. Certainly, any assumption tive methods major. Three respondents concerning the actual role of the library were DBA candidates. in the education of graduate business Eight of the questions utilized a students is subject to much closer exam­ "Likert-type" format consisting of five ination. responses (strongly agree, agree, unde­ The basic objective of this research cided, disagree, strongly disagree; or was to examine the aforementioned sit­ very poor, poor, average, good, excel­ uation. It was as an exploration into an lent). Of the remaining questions, three area where research was long overdue. required a simple "yes" or "no" response The research had three purposes: ( 1 ) while eight required the naming of spe­ cific library sources that the student would consult to obtain specified in­ formation. Three questions were open­ Drs. Lee and Read are associate and as­ ended in nature seeking attitudes and sistant professors of management at the opinions. Florida State University, Tallahassee. The critical comments and suggestions of Dr. Louis Shores are gratefully acknowl­ 0 A copy of the questionnaire will be provid­ edged by the authors. ed by the authors on request. I 403 404 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

STUDENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE BusiNESS prove their knowledge of how to use 'the LIBRARY-A SELF APPRAISAL library.

The first part of the questionnaire re­ TESTED KNOWLEDGE OF THE quired the graduate business student to BusiNEss LIBRARY appraise his knowledge of the library along with the knowledge of his fellow After the student had completed the graduate students and college students first part of the questionnaire covering in general. Additionally, two questions library usage, knowledge ratings, and at­ were included to ascertain where and titudes, he was given a fill-in question­ how the respondent acquired his knowl­ naire (which consisted of six specific edge of the library. questions) requesting him to identify Sixty-five percent of the respondents specific sources (indices, abstracts, or felt that college students do not know publications) which he would consult how to use the library effectively. Of the to obtain certain information. Topics remainder, 21 percent were undecided for which the student was requested to while 13 percent thought that students list library sources were: the top 100 in­ knew how to use library resources effec­ dustrial firms in the United States in tively. 1970; a review of TofHer's Future When the respondents were asked to Shock; disposable personal income; and assess the ability of graduate business so forth. One question asked for a list­ students to utilize the library, 48 percent ing of the indices and/ or abstracts in held the view that graduate business the library that the student felt compe­ students could not utilize the library tent to use. Another important question well. The same 13 percent who thought required the student to outline the exact college students in general could effec­ research strategy he would develop to tively utilize the library were the same compile an annotated bibliography on respondents who felt graduate business the subject of management develop­ students knew how to use the library; ment. the remainder were unsure. On the first set of questions, 25 per­ Students were then given an opportu­ cent of the students were unable to in­ nity to rate their own knowledge of the dicate a single suitable source for ob­ library prior to actually being tested for taining information on any of the six competency. Nine percent rated their subjects given. Only 37 percent of the knowledge as very poor, 22 percent rated respondents were able to answer correct­ their knowledge poor, and 43 percent ly more than one question; 48 percent of the graduate students rated their of the graduate students could not list knowledge as average. Only 25 percent one index or abstract that they knew of the respondents rated their knowl­ how to use. Only 11 percent of the re­ edge good or excellent. While these rat­ spondents were able to list more than ings do not seem extraordinarily high, two sources that they knew how to use. test results proved these ratings to be In scoring the answers to the question grossly overestimated. requiring the student to outline the Finally, inquiries pertaining to where exact strategy for the annotated bibli­ or how the student acquired his knowl­ ography, grades on a scale of 0 to 5 were edge of the library revealed that none subjectively assigned depending upon of the students had ever received any the adequacy of the student's research formal classroom instruction on use of procedure. The results showed that 47 the library. A significant 82 percent of percent of the graduate students scored the respondents reported that they had 0; another 47 percent scored 1; and the done no independent reading to im- remaining 6 percent scored 2. No onere- Business Student and the Library I 405 ceived a score higher than 2. The dismal test results were not disclosed prior to performance of the respondents on this the rerating. Their poor performance part of the test was at first attributed to on test questions which required a dis­ unrealistic expectations on the part of play of library knowledge, plus their the graders. A subsequent review of the tendency to lower their own ratings af­ results, however, did not alter the origi­ ter attempting to answer relatively sim­ nal ratings. Without exception, these ple questions, is ample testimony to graduate business students did not know both their lack of proficiency and, in how to compile an adequate bibliogra­ some cases, their unawareness of the ex­ phy on such a mundane topic as man­ tent of their deficiencies. agement development. LmRARY USAGE AND CoNFIDENCE SELF RATING OF KNOWLEDGE­ Students were asked to estimate the A REAPPRAISAL number of times they made use of the Immediately after the first testing of library in an average month. Approxi­ the respondent's knowledge of the li­ mately 67 percent of the students re­ brary, the students were asked to rate ported that they used the library six or their knowledge of the library a second more times a month, while 18 percent time. The purpose of this rerating was indicated that they used the library be­ to determine what effects, if any, the tween one and five times a month. A test for competency had had upon the surprising 15 percent of the students student's analysis of his proficiency in noted that they did not use the library using the library. Significantly, 55 per­ at all. cent of the students now rated their A reexamination of the · open-ended knowledge ·as poor or very poor (an in­ questions revealed that the library was crease from 31 percent for the same used in part as a place to study br to so­ question asked prior to the actual test­ cialize between classes. The purposes of ing for knowledge), 30 percent rated library use were not obtained by the in­ their knowledge average (a decrease strument, but follow-up interviews with from 43 percent), and only 15 percent eight of the students who had indicated maintained a self-appraisal of good or they used the, library six or more times excellent (a decrease from 25 percent). a month found that they made exten­ When one considers that 42 percent sive use of the library to ·study, not to of the students had actually lowered do research. The interviews with the stu­ their self-appraisal by either one or dents seemed to s4pport Lyle's observa­ more levels of proficiency, it is not dif­ tion that students still regard libraries ficult to ascertain the effect that the stu­ as places for studying their own texts, dent's own performance on the first test for meeting friends, or for lounging.3 had on his view of his own skills. More­ · It was particularly significant to note over, not one respondent raised his self­ that 53 percent of the students surveyed appraisal after completing both parts had never used the library for research of the questionnaire. Obviously the stu­ other than class assignments. When one dents had not impressed themselves with considers the current emphasis on inde­ their display of knowledge. pendent study and individualized in­ However, even in light of the more struction, the absence of library utiliza­ realistic reappraisal, the students' view tion, except when required, raises seri­ of their library skills remained consid­ ous questions about the capacity of the erably greater than could be justified graduate business student to engage in when test results were analyzed. This independent study. Conversely, ques­ may in part be due to the fact that the tions must be raised about the extent to 406 f College & Research Libraries • September 1972 which the library is integrated into the STUDENT AmTUDES TowARD business curriculum. THE LIBRARY Student opinions of their library Student attitudes toward the business knowledge were correlated with their library were ascertained through three usage. The ratings presented a consist­ questions. The first question was open­ ent pattern, in that high usage was CO!­ ended requiring the respondents to related with high self-ratings of library name the first thing that came to mind knowledge and low library knowledge when he thought of the business li­ ratings with low usage. brary. Another area studied was perceived Comments to this open-ended ques­ library knowledge and its relationship tion were varied. The responses fell in­ to the students' completion of a gradu­ to these categories: physical conditions, ate business research course. This course utilization of facilities, and general requires a considerable amount of li­ statements concerning the library. Ap­ brary research. Correlations were done proximately one-third of the responses between two groups of students: those to ·this question were negative in that who had previously taken the research they focused upon facility problems or methods course and those who had not. the difficulties that students experienced The results showed that among those in using the library. who had taken the research course, 67 Student opinions were solicited on the percent rated their knowledge as good role the business library presently plays to excellent while 33 percent rated their in the education of graduate business knowledge as poor to very poor. Among students. Seventy-five percent of the stu­ those who had not taken the research dents strongly agreed or agreed with the course, only 34 percent rated their statement that the library plays an im­ knowledge as good to excellent, while portant role while 9 percent were unde­ 66 percent rated their knowledge as cided as to the role of the library. The poor to very poor. business library was felt to be capable All of the students, irrespective of of playing an important role in the edu­ their length in the program, who had cation of graduate business students by not taken the research course, rated 90 percent of the students. An analysis their knowledge of the library, poor or of the strongly agree responses for both very poor. This analysis suggested that questions found a substantial change a high degree of confidence in use of of approximately 25 percent. It would the business library was instilled in stu­ seem reasonable to conclude that the dents who had completed the research . graduate business student recognizes not methods course. It also presumed that only the importance of the library to length of time in the program, by it­ his program of study, but the potential­ self, was not an important variable. Un­ ly greater role that it could and should fortunately, additional analysis of the play. questionnaire results revealed that the CONCLUSIONS confidence instilled by the research A recent study of undergraduate busi­ methods course was not justified. In oth­ ness students found their knowledge of er words .the test results indicated that the library to be quite deficient.4 It can students having completed the research be seen from the results of this s·tudy course were not more knowledgeable that the same conclusion is warranted than the students who had not taken the for the graduate students. The graduate course. Thus, confidence in one's ability business student is, by his own admis­ to use the library is not necessarily an sion, ill-prepared to use the library ef­ indication of one's real ability. fectively in his course of study. Test re- Business Student and the Library I 407 suits were consistent in that the scores to build their library skills through in­ confirmed the students' perceived lack dependent study. of knowledge. In fact, test results indi­ The negative attitude evidenced by cated that a majority of students rated one-third of the students is not an in­ their knowledge higher than warranted. consistent finding, considering the diffi­ While the graduate business student culties they face in utilizing the re­ may be better prepared to use the li­ sources of the library. It is quite pos­ brary than the undergraduate business sible that this negative attitude would student, his level of knowledge is still not exist if proper instruction in the use inadequate. This is particularly disturb­ of library resources could be provided ing since an executive's knowledge of early in the graduate business program. the literature of his field and his skill However, it may also be possible that, in its use are important factors deter­ at present, most members of business mining his professional advancement faculties are themselves too deficient in and competence. library skills to answer the challenge. There exists a clear need to review the role of the library in the formal educa­ REFERENCES tion of graduate business students. It is 1. John Bruner and John W. Lee, "Student ironic that such a gap exists between the Knowledge, Attitude and Use of the Busi­ potential role of the library and its ness Library," The Research Committee Working Paper No. 19, Data Analysis Cen­ present role. The present '~sink-or-swim" ter, The Florida State University. approach to developing library skills is 2. Allan M. Cartter, An Assessment of Quality a proven unsatisfactory method. Stu­ in Graduate Education (Washington, D.C.: dents do not acquire library knowledge American Council on Education, 1966), p. by "osmosis" nor by guided tours. It is 114. 3. Guy R. Lyle, The President, the Professor also somewhat disheartening to note and the College Library (New York: H. W. that an overwhelming majority of the Wilson Co., 1963). graduate students do not take the time 4. Bruner, "Student Knowledge, Attitude ... ," Letters

To the Editor: eration of a business organization or an ed­ ucational institution. In the January 1972 CRL Brigitte Ken­ As a librarian, I do~'t like to admit it, but ney of Drexel University volunteers to it seems that, in general, libraries and li­ send me a list of "money-saving automated brarians are not as important as we'd like library operations." This implies that she them to be. When money is tight,· library has studied and approved detailed cost budgets-which typically amount to less analyses of these operations. Let her pre­ than 5 percent of total institutional expend­ sent just one such analysis in these pages itures-are often among the first to be cut. so we can see exactly what she takes to be Currently, the principal mode of teaching! valid cost analyses. Frankly, I think she is learning, i.e., the lecture-textbook metl1od, talking through her professorial hat. makes minimal use of academic libraries. If space is needed for additional classrooms, Ellsworth Mason library reading areas are frequently appro­ Director of Libraries priated by the decision makers. And when University of Colorado, library buildings are being planned, campus Boul.der, Colorado librarians are not always consulted. Perusing L. Carroll DeWeese's article on status and professionalism in the same issue of CRL has caused me to reexamine my To the Editor: ideas. While I have been an ardent support­ er of faculty status for librarians-and con­ Three cheers for Roger Horn's "Think tinue to be-I now feel that we have gen­ Big: The Evolution of Bureaucracy" ( CRL, erally been "placing the cart before the Jan. 1972). It is a devastatingly accurate horse." It is unrealistic for most librarians exposure of the "numbers game" as it is to expect higher standing for themselves currently played in the research libraries while the library is not of greater impor­ and their would-be imitators. There will un­ tance on campus. Only when library service questionably be howls of protest from the is commonly considered the equal of teach­ establishment. The truth hurts. ing will academic librarians throughout the country achieve the status they are seeking. Paul DuBois To be judged a high-priority concern, the Assistant Director library must prove that it is vital to the ex­ Kent State University Libraries istence of the institution-that an organiza­ Kent, Ohio tion will fail without one. Campus leaders must be shown that academic libraries can supply them with the information they re­ To the Editor: quire-even before the need for informa­ tion is fully perceived-at a reasonable I suspect CRL's January editorial, "Li­ cost. Through such current-awareness ser­ braries for Decision-Makers"-with which vices as selective dissemination of informa­ I agree wholeheartedly-was prompted in tion, librarians can bring new material to part by Herbert M. E. Pastan's depressing the attention of decision-makers before the letter published in the same issue. The desire for the specific items arises. point is that usually the library has not We must be more successful as a profes­ demonstrated that it is essential to the op- sion in reaching the campus ]eaders. As 408 I Letters I 409

Pastan puts it, "We certainly won't sell the terminants of library size; it seems that li­ case for librarianship talking to each other brary science can only profit from the intro­ at ALA meetings." duction of tools that have proven them­ selves so valuable for the other social sci­ Leonard Grundt ences. Because of this, however, it is impor­ Director tant that these techniques be presented as Nassau Community College Library clearly and accurately as possible. Without Garden City, New York commenting on substantive issues, such as the propriety of using a predictive equation based on the nation's finest research li­ To the Editor: braries as a norm for college libraries in general, I do wish to clarify one technical It was with some consternation that I point that recurs in Mr. Mcinnis' article read your little editorial in the March 1972 and that may be confusing to readers. issue. Mr. Mcinnis, referring to an earlier treat­ I suppose at this stage in life I should not ment of this problem by Reichard and be surprised at the continued examples of Orsagh, states that their conclusions are ef­ administrative and budgetary theft that are fectively invalidated since the "size vari­ so often at hand. I do not know how else ables are patently not (statistically) inde­ to describe the failure to use fees for their pendent of each other." This statement and implied purpose. You ask for reader re­ others about the problem of multicolli~eari­ sponse. I would be most unhappy if CRL ty, can be misleading. Linear regression was to cease or be curtailed. While I would equations of the form y=a + bx + cx2, for like CRL News to continue, I would not example, often appear in the literature, al­ miss it to the same degree. though the "size variables" x and x2 are I would think that in this day and age "patently not independent of each other." when we are faced with so many separate It is true that if the variables on the right and separated library organizations to side are statistically uncorrelated, the analy­ which we feel we should belong, but from ses may be simpler, but there is nothing in whose number most of us must choose a the theory that prevents one from using few, that the central authorities of ALA will correlated variables. If two of these vari­ not increase the temptation to not renew ables are perfectly correlated in the sense membership in ALA by removing from our that one completely determines the other, hands CRL. I think the issue is that specific, an investigator will not get incorrect results, and should be brought to the attention of but will rather find he gets no solution at the ALA authorities in as vigorous a man­ all; that is, he won't be able to solve the ner as is possible. equations. If the variables are strongly, but not perfectly, correlated he will get a solu­ R. G. Bracewell tion, but will find that the confidence inter­ Emmanuel College vals (or better, confidence ellipsoids) for Librarian and Library Coordinator the coefficients are larger than he might Toronto School of Theology otherwise have expected. These statements Toronto, Canada are not the same, however, as saying that the conclusions reached are invalid. Ed. note: Mr. Bracewell's letter appears to Mr. Mcinnis introduced the discussion refer to the editorial in the March 1971 of correlated size variables in an attempt issue of CRL, rather than the issue indi­ to explain the negative coefficients of the cated. Reichard and Orsagh paper. One can ob­ tain an alternative explanation of these neg­ ative regression coefficients by carefully To the Editor: considering what a regression coefficient is. A regression coefficient indicates how much I enjoyed reading Mr. Mcinnis' article the dependent variable will increase if a (May 1972, p. 190-198) describing his use particular dependent variable increases of regression techniques to investigate de- while the other dependent variables remain 410 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 constant. For the case at hand, if faculty extreme region, of what is most likely a size is fixed, an increase in the size of the nonlinear equation. This should be consid­ student body probably represents a reduc­ ered if one wishes to apply this equation tion in the quality of the college; the to schools of small or medium size. The "worse" a school, the fewer books its library negative constant term may be explained will own, and hence the negative coeffi­ by this observation. cient. Thus student body may, in this in­ stance, be more a measure of quality than Abraham Bookstein size. This effect is eliminated in Mr. Mcin­ Professor nis' treatment since his sample includes Graduate Library School only excellent schools. University of Chicago I would finally like to note that the equa­ Chicago, Illinois tion given is a linear approximation, in an Recent Publications

BOOK REVIEWS ceived approach to the problem, the con­ ceptual development of an investigatory scheme that would not change what was Crowley, Terence, and Childers, Thomas. Information Service in Public Librar­ being measured (generally conceived as ies: Two Studies. pref. by Ralph Blas­ the Hawthorne effect) and the logical framework of the research undertaken. ingame, Jr. 210p. index. bibliog. appen­ dix. Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow, 1971. Numerous conditions and factors were ISBN 0-81808-0406-9 LC 77-154298 reviewed and considered by professors Crowley and Childers in the deliberation One might well question the propriety of what methodology for measurement of reviewing Terence Crowley and Thomas would be needed ~ Factors such as per cap­ Childers' book, Information Services in ita dollar amounts available to the various Public Libraries: Two Studies, in a jour­ target libraries for books and professional nal devoted to academic libraries. How­ staff, nonprofessional staff, and other ex­ ever, what professors Crowley and Chil­ penditures in related areas were included ders have done in exploring devices and in an interwelding of support conditions methods applicable to the measurement that a library might marshall to provide of information services has serious and im­ reference services. It was the provision of portant consequences for college and re­ information services based upon the rela­ search libraries. One of the most difficult tionship between a high degree of support of a library's functions to measure and and the actual ability of the library to de­ quantify for performance evaluation is the liver factual and correct information that information services provided to its client Crowley and Childers researched with a groups. While this work addresses the need high degree of success. The control of vari­ to know how effective and correct the in­ ables to correspond to the researchers' orig­ formation disseminated by reference de­ inal contentions and hypotheses coupled partments and personnel is, a farther reach­ with the tactics and instruments devised ing effect is the model or style of measure­ for these studies should have general ap­ ment developed by these two researchers plicability in academic libraries. that has application in academic libraries Obviously certain techniques used by as well as public libraries. Hence, their ob­ other researchers were employed, such as jective formulation, problem solving meth­ the use of standardized questions with a odologies, and controlled data gathering scale of difficulty, the use of anonymous and testing devices should be carefully callers and questioners, and a control target considered by any academic librarian in­ group of equal or near equal libraries. As terested in reference service. such Crowley and Childers' study bor­ The two studies in this work are se­ ders 'very near to what Lowell Martin did quential in nature and explore the feasi­ in his study of the public service sections of bility of developing and applying quan­ the Chicago Public Library. What is of titative methods and statistical methodolo­ some interest is the similarity of results gy in the assessment of information ser­ that Crowley and Childers received when vices. While the superficial nature of the compared to that of Lowell Martin's. Just studies might well lead one to conclude in the area of accuracy of information ser­ that the principal thrust was on the cor­ vices provided, only thirty-six percent of rectness or effectiveness of the information Crowley's questions were correctly an­ response mechanisms and the role of tele­ swered. Childers did somewhat better as phone reference, the substantive aspects of fifty-four percent of his questions were these studies lie in the 'intellectually con- correctly . answered. To add insult to in- / 411 412 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

jury, Crowley's poor showing was explained have personal name and subject indexes. by the fact that he included current event The Encyclopedia contains an "Acronyms questions that required up-to-date sources and Initialisms Dictionary." for answers and some form of current Is a directory an encyclopedia or a dic­ awareness service to up-date the informa­ tionary? Can the permuted indexes created tion resources of librarians and library sup­ from directory information legitimately port staff. qualify a directory to be called an encyclo­ While the results of the two studies are pedia? I think not, but the indexes to this depressing, a very positive approach to the new edition of a directory of innovative, ex­ study of qualitative measurement makes perimental, computerized information cen­ this book highly worthwhile. All academic ters, networks, and data banks could have librarians interested in the effectiveness been useful indicators of the applications and performance of their information ser­ of new technologies in the field of informa­ vice units would do well to study these tion services if they were better done. Pity research methods and begin to ask, "are that the indexes are so poor. The subject we failing in one of our principal library index is especially poor, with many incon­ tasks in not providing correct or valid in­ gruous stylistic aberrations and a totally in­ formation?" I recommend this book high­ adequate syndetic structure. Not only will ly.-Robert P. Haro, University of Southern these flaws frustrate and confuse the user California, Los Angeles. of this book as a directory, but it will limit its usefulness as an analytic tool to study Kruzas, Anthony T., ed. Encyclopedia of the availability of information systems for Information Systems and Services. Ann given subject areas. There are too many in­ Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Brothers, stances to cite, but perhaps these examples 1971. 1109 pages. $67.50. will suffice: (1) In Subject Index, Handi­ Why does the editor choose not to men­ capped Children has no "see also" refer­ tion the connection of this publication with ences; Gifted Children has "see also Ex­ its predecessor, Directory of Special Li­ ceptional Children"; Exceptional Children braries and Information Centers (2d ed., does not send the reader to Handicapped 1968)? In many ways it is very similar. Children, Gifted Children, Blind, Brain­ The content of the descriptions for each or­ Diseases, and so on; ( 2) Two entries ap­ ganization listed is similar (seventeen cate­ pear for the same ERIC Clearinghouse on gories of information in the Directory, Exceptional Children (pages 125 and 739 eighteen in the Encyclopedia) . The format of the directory) . Both appear in the Sub­ is different: in the former, the listings run ject Index under Exceptional Children, but several to a page with abbreviations and only one of each appears under Gifted codes to conserve space; in the latter, each Children or Handicapped Children. organization has a full page, with each The eight separate indexes for special­ category of information labeled. Some ized features or services are merely an al­ 13,000 organizations are listed in the for­ phabetic listing of the organizations who mer; 833 in the latter. The arrangement is have responded affirmatively to certain slightly different: in 1968, U.S. organiza­ questions on the survey insbument. There tions are separated from Canadian; some is no attempt to analyze, for instance, what effort has been made in 1971 to include in­ kind of computer application or service is novative services and .exclude commercial provided, or for that matter if the abstract­ services or traditional special libraries. ing and indexing services are complete for The substantive differences between the the collection held, published or available two publications exist in the indexes. In the on request. There is no classified index by Encyclopedia the different types of services computer system or micrographic equip­ or systems (e.g., abstracting and indexing ment used. services, Selective Dissemination of Infor­ As a directory, this is a useful update of mation (SDI) Services, serials publications, the 1968 edition of the Directory. As an micrographic applications and services, encyclopedia, it is a poor first try. Recom­ etc.) are indexed separately. Both editions mended for libraries in need of information Recent Publications I 413 about other information services (names, Then again there are some debatable addresses, phone numbers, etc.) for refer­ statements. "The library organization re­ ral purposes, but not recommended to any­ flects the motives and aspirations of library one in need of an encyclopedia of informa­ personnel as modified extensively by socio­ tion systems and services.-Pauline Ather­ cultural factors." In describing the BBPS po­ ton, Syracuse University. sition, the author states as one of his posi­ tions that "Men require majority opinions as men carry clubs-for security." Among Kemper, Robert E. Library Management; environmental constraints determining be­ Behavior-Based Personnel Systems havior is the fact that "the image of the li­ (BBPS): A Framework for Analysis. brary is determined to a large extent by fa­ (Research Studies in Library Science, no. cility and resource planning." Or finally, 5) . Littleton, Colorado: Libraries U n­ "although the BBPS model has limited val­ limited, Inc. 1971. 104p. $8.00. ue for strategic long-range planning, cause­ This slender volume is interesting despite and-effect analysis based on this model can its formidable title which might better have be applied fruitfully in a library to several been stated as "The Concept of Behavioral­ kinds of operational planning decisions. For Based Personnel Systems and the Theory instance . . . administrators could measure of Their Library Applications." Assistant the effects of requiring professional librari­ professor of librarianship at the School of ans to type sets of catalog cards as a result Librarianship at the University of Oregon, of the institution's decision to decrease Mr. Kemper's purpose is to improve library money allocated for clerical typists." personnel practice. He hopes this theory The statement of the theory seems to "will be useful to librarians who do research overlook the fact that organizational goals on personnel systems, to those who design are in constant flux, personnel aspirations them, to those who use them, and to stu­ keep shifting, procedural factors are altered dents." The book does not present methods continuously, and thus the apparently ideal­ for personnel administration but rather "a istic nature of BBPS seems naive as here perspective on personnel systems and hu­ presented. Nevertheless the "perspective" man organizations." is a useful challenge to anyone in person­ Once the reader has adjusted to the be­ nel administration. havioral language, the volume is clear and The volume is interesting and easy to well organized. One can obtain a reason­ read despite such curious statements noted able comprehension of the entire text by above; it can be useful for those who are reading the first half of the preface, Chap­ going into a review of personnel manage­ ter 2 (three pages of text), Chapter 3 (five ment in a serious way. The author is to be pages of text), and Chapter 6 (four pages applauded for his conclusion that "justice, of text) . The volume includes some decency, managerial behavior, and effective "thought questions" which may help the conflict resolution cannot be written in . . . volume be used in a classroom situation. A personnel manuals. They must be written very lengthy set of case studies constitutes in the mind and the heart of the library ad­ Chapter 5. ministrator or supervisor." To this one There are some very good statements might add that other essentials are judg­ and thoughts. For example, "An organiza­ ment, a sound ethical basis for action, sym­ tion as a social system . . . involves recogni­ pathy, tolerance, and flexibility-partly in­ tion of such elements as formal and infor­ born and partly based on experience. This mal organization within a total integrated volume may help to that encl.-David C. system." On page twenty-three a paragraph Weber, Stanford University. on "emergent behavior" is well stated and stimulating. And later: "Information on emergent behavior is meaningful only if it Salton, Gerard, ed. The Smart Retrieval can be regarded as making an incremental System. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice contribution to some explicitly stated long­ Hall, 1971. 556p. $15.00. range desired goal." The editor is honest in his introduction 414 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 when he explains the make-up of the book redupdancy in some of the reports.-Henry and his reason for its publication: Voos, Rutgers University.

The ISR reports covering the SMART system are not generally available in the Library Service to the Disadvantaged. open market; moreover, the information Eleanor Frances Brown. Metuchen, N.J.: contained in the reports is difficult to as­ The Scarecrow Press, 1971. 560p. similate, being dispersed over a large num­ ber of volumes including many thousands A more descriptive title for this book of pages. For this reason it has seemed ad­ might be "Public Library Service to the visable to collect in an organized manner, Disadvantaged," for there is little or no dis­ as a single book, the most important con­ cussion of programs of other types of li­ tributions contained in the earlier reports. braries for serving this special group. The The present volume thus consists of up­ emphasis on public library programs is not dated versions of twenty-seven studies tak­ a limitation-the quantity and range of the en from the material contained in the ten most recent scientific reports ( ISR-8 to literature, which consists in large measure ISR-17). Among the material covered are of reports of individual librmy successes theoretical developments, including the and failures, necessitated a comprehensive derivation of system evaluation measures overview. In this book, the author reviews language analysis techniques, document many relevant programs and synthesizes the grouping techniques, and adaptive space various experiences and viewpoints into transformation methods, as well as experi­ general and specific guidelines for action. mental studies relating to document analy­ sis methods, interactive user feedback pro­ Eight groups which are disadvantaged cedures, partial document searches based by economic, social, mental, or other handi­ on clustered £le organizations, and com­ caps are identified: the aged; neglected parisons between the SMART system and youth; physically handicapped persons; the more conventional operational information mentally handicapped; persons deprived systems. economically; persons confined in institu­ The material and research done in these tions; those with language barriers; and reports was accomplished between 1964 persons who are discriminated against be­ and 1969. The research which this volume cause of race. The particular needs and ser­ reports has been reviewed generally in vice-related problems of each group are those years. Some of the experimentation presented with numerous examples of actu­ is rigorous and the ideas are fresh (or were al programs. In the chapter on the physical­ fresh). However, since commentary on the ly handicapped, for example, topics include experimentation is already available, it is requirements for special reading aids and more important to delve into the utility of the need for adapting facilities for persons this publication. The gathering together with impaired mobility. Psychological ap­ and reorganization of the materials and ex­ proaches and techniques, steps to take in periments on automatic document process­ initiating programs, and the use of nonbook ing, rearranged to put thesaurus construc­ materials are other useful features of the tion, experimental evaluation, etc. in con­ chapters on the eight groups. The suggest­ text is valuable. For people generally not ed reading lists for the disadvantaged (for looking for reports in this area, this is a example, "Best Books for Disadvantaged good state-of-the-art review for SMART ex­ Blacks") perhaps should not be accepted periments. For someone who is interested without some reservation; it is difficult for in experiments in automatic indexing, query any individual to determine what is best for negotiation automatically, and so on, this a large group. is not a bad book to own. If however, you Some general problems emerge from a are working in this field, you should already study of programs for these groups. Lack have read the reports reproduced herein. of funding and adequate staffing, attitudes Some of the chapters have also appeared among the disadvantaged that the library in periodical literature and in proceedings is not relevant to their needs, low educa­ of meetings, and as parts of a book. The tional levels, and passive attitudes on the publication of the reports as they are causes part of library boards and librarians are Recent Publications I 415 among the several problems cited. Ways of Langmead, Stephen, and Beckman, Mar­ coping with these obstacles, such as partici­ garet. New Library Design: Guidelines pation of the disadvantaged in program to Planning Academic Library Build­ planning and increasing the tax base ings. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons, 1971. through the establishment of regional sys­ $12.25. tems, are realistic, if predictable. Librarians are more aware of the need for continuing evaluation of programs and It is always interesting to look at the so­ services. It is to the author's credit that this lutions of a building program through function is discussed and the need for it someone else's eyes. In this case the build­ stressed. If evaluative techniques had been ing program belongs to the University of employed consistently as the public library Guelph library. Mr. Langmead, the project evolved, the current crisis in meeting the architect, and Ms. Beckman, Deputy Li­ needs of a changing clientele might have brarian, have done an excellent job of de­ been averted. scribing their philosophies and approaches The trend toward diversified services ad­ to library building planning and develop­ dressed to the particular needs of a group ment. It is their thesis that successful li­ has its critics. As libraries take on activities brary buildings must be functionally and such as sex and hygiene classes and con­ aesthetically satisfying. sumer education groups, a reasonable ques­ The question one must raise is, "To what tion can be raised as to whether nonbook extent did the authors satisfy this ambitious oriented activities are within the domain undertaking?" Let us take a close look at of library functions. These new activities, the two parts of this book. as illustrated in many of the program ex­ The first sixty-nine pages are dedicated amples, demand an expertise beyond the to the task of identifying such complex training of the librarian. The author deals problems of new library building develop­ with this question at some length, suggest­ ment as site selection, selection of planning ing the need for cooperation between li­ team, functional considerations for library braries and other agencies and the use of operations, architectural considerations, fur­ personnel from other professions. Some dis­ niture selection and layout, moving, and op­ cussion of the possibility of integrating cer­ erating the new library. The second half of tain library services into agencies such as the book includes approximately forty settlement houses would have been pro­ pages of the University of Guelph Library vocative. Building Program and its floor plans. This reviewer detected some unsupport­ Mter reading his work, the reviewer was ed and somewhat biased statements ("The left with the strong suspicion that the build­ flight of industry and white, middle-class ing program for Guelph was written before families to the suburbs has also robbed the the guidelines for planning were developed inner cities of leadership." p. 76). It is in the first part of the book. The guidelines probably a subjective judgment as to suggested reflect much of the local scene whether these statements mar the effective­ at Guelph which may or may not have any ness of the book; the reviewer simply found bearing for other campuses. One can only them annoying. surmise that the authors' technique is justi­ Library Service to the Disadvantaged fied by assuming that what is good for should be of value as a source book for Guelph must be good for others as well. A public librarians. The extensive references good example of this takes place in Chap­ to ongoing or experimental programs and ter 3, where the role of the planning team the suggested approaches for implementing is covered: the discussion reflects strictly new programs are particularly useful fea­ local attitudes and circumstances. tures. Academic librarians, who in many in­ Very few, if any, of the many items dis­ stances are becoming increasingly sensitive cussed in this book are explored in any to the needs of disadvantaged students depth. Major considerations are treated among their clientele, will find some of the briefly and in almost abstract style, offering guidelines relevant to their planning.­ little help and few solutions to problems. Saundra Rice Murray, Howard University. The issues of centralized vs. decentralized 416 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 library, of a separate undergraduate facility library buildings. Many building consul­ and of open vs. closed stacks are discharged tants claim that if the shipping-receiving in less than two pages. room is undersized or poorly designed, the The complete omission of the following rest of the building will have undesirable important considerations should also be features. The New Library Design does not noted: discuss the receiving area at all. The lack ( 1 ) There is no discussion on the de­ of appreciation for a functional receiving sirability of certain types of floor· coverings. area is reflected in the Guelph Library There is no relief to such questions as Basement Floor Plan, which shows a mar­ where in the building should one use car­ ginal receiving area ( p. 86) . peting or tile floor covering. What quality ( 8) Anybody who has planned a univer­ of carpeting should one look for? Does car­ sity library of some size will agree that fac­ peting hold up on stairways? ulty studies can be a touchy issue. Most li­ (2) A number of libraries have been braries plan either too few or too many. built during the past twenty years with Much help is needed to establish local automatic smoke detection systems to pre­ needs. If you were looking for an answer vent small fires from becoming major disas­ relating to faculty studies, such as number ters. Smoke detection systems can . be in­ needed, size, and location in the building, stalled to show the exact location of trouble. here is the quote of the entire section deal­ Not one word on this important safety de­ ing with the subject matter: vice. ( 3) The security problem in a library Small private studies, available for library building can be improved by connecting related research by faculty members are alarm-activated fire exits to a central panel, found in both college and university li­ thus alerting staff when a door is opened braries. The numbers which will be neces­ without authorization and the location of sary will vary depending on the size and the opened door. Apparently this type of character of the institution and other fa­ detail was not considered by the authors. cilities provided on campus. ( 4) The authors fail to discuss in any depth the vertical transportation problem Other topics are treated with equal depth of students and faculty. Remaining unan­ and breadth. How useful is such a state­ swered are such questions as how many ment to prospective library planners and elevators are needed per thousand students architects? This work can not serve as a in various high buildings? When does one checklist of new buildings when one con­ consider an escalator instead of an elevator? siders the omissions. It is equally difficult ( 5) It is common knowledge that li­ to consider this book as a guide to library braries have some doors even when com­ planning, since it offers little or no guidance pletely flexible modular, open-access build­ at all. ings are designed. A few strategically locat­ Considering the positive points, the re­ ed doors that are a few inches too low and viewer recommends reading the work if you narrow have defeated the easy, free-access are interested in "how we did it at Guelph." concept in many libraries. Questions on In fact, if you buy the book, don't miss these problems. are seldom raised before reading about the problems identified at the construction, and the subject is not brought Guelph Library (p. 84-85). It is most edu­ out by the authors either. cational. It is entirely possible that their ( 6) The work gives no advice on the de­ sirability of a public address system in a problem list is only two pages long because large building. Should a public building of they have used their own checklist. a certain size have such a system to an­ The reviewer cannot recommend this nounce dosing hours? To help evacuate the work for the use of the practitioner who building if an emergency develops? To pro­ needs advice for an overall good building. vide the flexibility of piping programmed At best it can serve as a companion to oth­ music in limited and select areas? er works that are listed in the bibliography. (7) The importance of the shipping-re­ -Peter Spyers-Duran, Florida Atlantic ceiving area cannot be overemphasized in University. Recent Publications I 417

Gregmy, Ruth W. and Stoffel, Lester L. is made of the enormous problem of inform­ Public Libraries in Cooperative Sys­ ing member library staffs, and not just the tems: Administrative Patterns for Ser­ directors. vice. Chicago: American Library Associ­ In the appendixes, the authors rely heavi­ ation, 1971. 315p. $9.95. ly on materials of the Suburban Library This mistitled volume, widely anticipated System. While this surely was quick and in the public library world, is a distinct dis­ easy and may be fine for Stoffel's ego, since appointment-mainly because it says very he is director of that system, it unfairly little about systems, and what it does say overlooks the many superior documents de­ consists of reassuring generalizations and veloped by other systems. The model by­ platitudes designed to prove to local li­ laws, for example, do not even suggest that braries that they need have no fear of co­ the director should serve as secretary to the operative systems and that there are naught board, a common and desirable practice. but benefits to be derived from member­ The authors are working on a new manu­ ship. script which will consider the problems of Whole chapters belong in a basic book cooperative library systems. Maybe that of public library administration. And often will result in the book we've all been wait­ where the role of the system could be use­ ing for.-Guenter A. Jansen, Director, Suf­ ful, it is overlooked or minimized. For ex­ folk Cooperative Library System. ample, in the chapter on capital improve­ ments the system consulting staff and sys­ Michael H. Harris. Reader in American tem knowledge are entirely overlooked. Sys­ Library History. Washington, D.C.: tem staff can assist in selecting the right ar­ NCR Microcard Editions, 1971. 242p. chitect, help to select the best site, and so This volume is a compilation of previous- on. Nothing of the sort is mentioned. The ly-published materials concentrating upon authors and ALA are capitalizing on inter­ selected aspects of American library history. est in a popular subject without really writ­ The fifth volume in a growing series, it in­ ing about it. The section on supportive sys­ cludes writings by such authors as David tem services should have occupied half the Mearns, Kenneth Brough, and Howard book instead of the mere nineteen pages de­ Clayton on the historic development of voted to it. American libraries and librarianship. Three Comments like "It [the cooperative li­ of the selections are admirably suited as brary system] presents absolutely no threat study-pieces in American intellectual his­ to the library's local prestige ..." represent tory courses: "Democratic Strivings" by ideas not shared by a large number of Sidney Ditzion; "Causal Factors . . ." by member libraries throughout the nation. In Jesse H. Shera; and " ... Rise of Research light of New York State's massive direct­ and Research Libraries, 185G-1900" by access problems, such as those which Samuel Rothstein. Ranis's credentials for prompted the recent pullout of the Finkel­ this undertaking include his Guide to Re­ stein Memorial Library (Spring Valley, search in American Library History (Scare­ New York) from the Ramapo-Catskill Li­ crow, 1968) and numerous bibliographic brary System, it is idiotic to use a 1963 contributions to The Journal of Library His­ comment by Jean L. Connor to prove that tory. "an anticipation of serious drains on any The book excerpts and journal articles member library ... is not justified by ex­ number twenty-four, and each selection is perience records." That's just not true. And prefaced with a brief explanatory state­ many libraries would disagree with the view ment. The text is printed on "raggy" paper that "the system is the voice of the member (National Cash Register Company main­ units in library and related planning and tains its own paper mill) with double-col­ research councils." umn paging for the body of each selection. Essential cooperation with nearby large The selections are arranged into six topic municipal libraries (Chicago, New York, headings ranging from colonial library his­ etc.) is overlooked. While the importance tory through Melvil Dewey and ALA to of communication is stressed, no mention twentieth century specialization (library 418 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 service to children, growth of the library These are the proceedings of what must catalog, etc.). Introduced by a short intro­ be the most elaborate, expensive, and well­ duction, these topic headings all end with organized library conference yet held. A a bibliography of suggested "Additional planning group, representing some seven­ Readings." teen professional organizations, worked for Due to the potential student audience for over a year to plan the conference and to such a work, such frivolous study-impair­ commission thirty-one studies that were ments as text-illustrations or an index have distributed in advance to the 125 invited been omitted. One may criticize the litho­ participants who were selected to represent graph cover illustration depicting an interi­ all interested professional communities, all or scene of an English library, drawn by ei­ types of libraries and information centers, ther David Loggan (1635-1700?) or one all geographic areas, and "new blood." The of his contemporaries. This cover is stan­ participants were then convened for five dard for all titles in this series. A seven­ days to "identify and discuss the proposi­ teenth century English library interior may tions fundamental to the establishment and be an appropriate cover for a Reader in Li­ operation of a national network of libraries brary Administration or Reader in the Aca­ and information centers." They were given demic Library, etc.; but as the single illus­ three tutorial sessions-one on telecommu­ tration for a book dealing with American nications, one on librarianship and interli­ library history, it is of questionable value. brary cooperation, and one on computer Other criticisms include misspelled words concepts and the relationship of the com­ within the text, such as "Pennsylvaina" puter to library automation-in order to (p. 204), "farily" (p. 175) and "made" in provide a common basis for the terminology the phrase "could made an exchange" (p. and concepts of the interdisciplinary groups 66). An identical Justin Winsor quotation represented; heard a keynote speech on appears in two neighboring selections (p. "Federal Telecommunications Policy and 206 and p. 212). Library Information Networks"; and then Unlike the earlier American Libmry His­ organized into five working groups-net­ tory Reader ( ed. by John David Marshall), work needs and development, network ser­ no separate biographical essays on Ameri­ vices, network technology, network organi­ can librarians are included. Marshall's book zation, and network planning-which ex­ was compiled from papers delivered before amined in detail the commissioned papers, the American Library History Roundtable; discussed the issues, and prepared written whereas Harris depends upon bibliographi­ summary reports of discussions and recom­ cal selection from among a multitude of mendations. These recommendations, un­ widely scattered subject-related materials. fortunately, consisted mainly of statements On the whole, this is an excellent, thought­ of sentiments that all can endorse but few fully-constructed reader that can be heartily can enforce. ("Personal privacy and other recommended for background study in human considerations should be protected American intellectual history or library sci­ in the interface with technology, and free­ ence-oriented reserve collections.-Paul A. dom of access to information without the Snowman, III, form erly at Sullivan Coun­ constraints of censorship should be guaran­ ty Community College, South Fallsburg, teed.") New York. The conference passed two major resolu­ tions. The first asked "That, as a matter of Conference on Interlibrary Communica­ tions and Information Networks Pro­ priority, the National Commission on Li­ ceedings. Joseph Becker, ed. (and con­ braries and Information Science devise a ference director) . Chicago: ALA, 1971. comprehensive plan to facilitate the coordi­ $15.00 (Sponsored by the American Li­ nated development of the nation's libraries, brary Association and the U.S. Office of information centers, and other knowledge Education, Bureau of Libraries and Edu­ resources." The second asked the Federal cational Technology held at Airlie House, Communications Commission to allocate Warrenton, Virginia, Sept. 28, 1970- 0ct. specific frequencies for space and terrestial 2, 1970). noncommercial public and educational ser- Recent Publications I 419 vices, including library and information ser­ The rna jor value of the conference was vices. probably the preparation and publication In his introduction to this volume the of this information. It is difficult to see how editor and conference director summarizes the conference otherwise advanced the his personal observations of the conference cause of networks. There are now, and as follows: ( 1) the papers represent the were at the time this conference was most comprehensive collection of material planned, many elements of a network in ex­ on networks available; ( 2) a national net­ istence. A major conference of those active­ work of libraries and information centers ly involved in those elements which dis­ appears to be a viable concept; ( 3) the in­ cussed ways of developing standards and dividual is the one to be served by a na­ practical bases of cooperation and inter­ tional network; ( 4) the development of the communication would certainly have been network concept is an interdisciplinary task; a more productive use of the grant funds ( 5) libraries and information centers will than the discussions represented here. need to be "proactive" rather than reactive; The most distressing element of this con­ and ( 6) new patterns of organization that ference, however, is how little attention will permit networks. to operate effectively was paid to the major question of what it must be developed, and meaningful net­ is libraries have to communicate and what work development cannot be imposed from the real purpose of a national network is. the top down but must grow from grass­ Only Chapin's paper seems to have directly roots motivation and support. It is, inciden­ addressed this problem and there is little tally, difficult to reconcile this observation evidence in the working group summaries with the conference resolution asking the that anyone at the conference paid much National Commission to devise a compre­ attention to it. His paper deserves further hensive plan. attention, especially the conclusion that This publication presents the thirty-one "Elaborate schemes, at great expense, that commissioned papers, the five working do little more than make the last 3 or 4 per­ group summary reports, a bibliography, cent of materials available are likely to be and, as an epilogue, a poetic parody Hia­ [and should be] rejected by librarians and watha's Network. While the papers are un­ the public."-Norman D. Stevens, Univm·­ even, contain much duplication (Gone sity of Connecticut. With the Wind is constantly being trans­ mitted by telefacsimile in two minutes but Ralph Shaw's slow messenger is nowhere to be seen), and too often consist of specu­ OTHER BOOKS OF INTEREST lation about networks they do, in general, bear out Becker's conclusion that this is the TO ACADEMIC LIBRARIANS most comprehensive source of information on networks available. In particular the American Book Publishing Record Annual papers by Casey, Hacker, Hayes, Kenney, Cumulative 1971. New York: R. R. Bow­ Miller and Weber, and Lynden represent ker Co., 1972. 1087p. $35.00. (66-19741). good summaries of the historical develop­ (ISBN 0-3852-0531-2). ment of networks. On the other hand it is Appleton, Marion B., ed. Index of Pacific hard to believe that the network concepts Northwest Portraits. Seattle: University of the future as described by Licklider and of Washington Press, 1972, 210p. $7.50. Samuelson will be attained by 1980, as (70-38982). (ISBN 0-295-95179-6). Licklider suggests. The papers of most sig­ Bachman, Jerald G., Green, Swayzer and nificance are those by Bunge ("Reference Wirtanen, Ilona D. Youth in Transition. Service in the Information Network"), Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Chapin ("Limits of Local Self Sufficien­ Research, University of Michigan, 1971. cy"), and Dennis ("The Relation of Social 250p. (79-630045). (ISBN 87944-111- Science Data Archives to Libraries and 9). Wider Information Networks") which rep­ Berlin, Charles, ed. Studies in Jewish Bibli­ resent analyses of and commentaries upon ography History and Literature; In Honor present-day practices and problems. of I. Edward Kiev. New York: KTAV 420 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972

Publishing House, Inc., 1971. 587p. tion. Melbourne: Victoria Institute of $25.00. (70-138462). (ISBN 87068-143- Colleges, 1971. 30p. 5). McCormick, Marilyn G., ed. Information: Carter, Robert M. Communication in Or­ Part 2 Reports, Bibliographies. v.l. no. 1. ganizations. Deb·oit: Gale Research Com­ New York: Science Associates/Interna­ pany, 1972. 272p. $14.50. (73-161194). tional, Inc., January-February, 1972. 89p. Epstein, A. H., Davison, Wayne, Montague, Rowan, Richard L., ed. Collective Bargain­ Eleanor, Stovel, Madeleine, and Veaner, ing: Survival in the '70's? Philadelphia: Allen B. Bibliographic Automation of University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972. Large Library Operations Using a Time­ 481p. $12.00. (75-189564). (ISBN 0- Sharing System: Phase II, Part 1 (July 8122-9076-3). 1970-]une 1971). Stanford, Calif.: Stan­ A Strategy for Public Library Change: Pro­ ford University Libraries, 1972. 283p. posed Public Library Goals Feasibility Hoppe, William A. Policies and Practices Study. Chicago: American Library As­ in Evening Colleges, 1971. Metuchen, sociation, 1972. 84p. (72-000062). (ISBN N. J.: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1972. 587p. 0-8389-3106-5). $15.00. (71-175929). (ISBN 0-8108- Whyte, Jean P., ed. Proceedings of the 16th 0452-2). Biennial Conference; l'rogress and Pov­ International Bibliography of Dictionaries. erty. Sydney: Library Association of Aus­ 5th ed. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., tralia, 1972. 783p. $15.00. 1972. 511p. $29.50. (ISBN 3-7940-1049- Winton, Harry N. M. Man and the Envi­ 3). ronment. New York: UNIPUB, Inc.jR. R. Kay, Ernest, ed. International Who's Who Bowker Company, 1972. 305p. $12.50. in Poetry. 1972-73. 3d ed. Totowa, N.J.: (72-739). (ISBN 0-8352-0536-3). Rowman and Littlefield, 1972. 696p. Zachert, Martha Jane K., ed. Library His­ $32.50. ( 59-16302). (ISBN 900332-19- tory Seminar No. 3, Proceedings, 1968. 0). DeLand, Fla.: E. 0. Painter Printing Co., Libmries in Colleges of Advanced Educa- 1968. 202p. ABSTRACTS

The following abstracts are based on those prepared by the Clearinghouse for Library and Information Sciences of the Educational Resources In­ formation Center (ERIC/CLIS), American Society for Information Science, 1140 Connecticut Ave., N.W., Suite 804, Washington, DC 20036. Documents with an ED number may be ordered in either microfiche (MF) or hard copy (HC) from ERIC Document Reproduction Service, LEASCO Information Products, Inc., P.O. Drawer 0, Bethesda, MD 20014. Orders must include ED number and specification of format desired. A $0.50 handling charge will be added to all orders. Payment must accom­ pany orders totaling less than $10.00. Orders from states with sales tax laws must include payment of the appropriate tax or include tax exemption certificates. Documents available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22151 have NTIS number and price following the citation.

New England Library Information Net­ Teqhnical Services in New York State," by work, Final Report. "The Development Peter J. Paul~on; (2) "Interlibrary Cooper­ and Testing of an Automated System ation; The Academic Areas," by D. A. Red­ of Catalog Products Production." Coun­ mon; ( 3) "The Role of Urban Libraries in cil on Library Resources, Inc., Washing­ Cooperation," by John Dutton; ( 4) "Li­ ton, D.C., Feb. 1970. 176p. (ED 058 brary Network; Observations on the Chi­ 898 MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58) cago Conference," by Clint Lawson and The final report on the Council on Li­ ( 5) "SCOPEing the Future of Librarian­ brary Resources ( CLR) Grant no. 443 for ship in Ontario," by John Wilkinson. the New England Library Information Net­ work ( NELINET) is divided into three The Book Publishing and Manufacturing parts. Section one is a general commentary Industry in Canada; A Statistical and on the NELINET project, which was con­ Economic Analysis. Department of In­ ceived to test the viability of creating a cen­ dustry, Trade and Commerce, Ottawa tralized, regional capability to use electron­ (Ontario), Oct. 1970. 180p. (ED 058 ic data processing techniques for technical 904 MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58) processes and other service requirements The fundamental objective of the study of a network of libraries. The philosophy is to obtain a detailed analysis of the book of the total project and of the system de­ publishing industry and the book printing sign planned to achieve project objectives industry in Canada, in order to determine is discussed. The NELINET system design what steps the federal government might and its transferability is reviewed in section take to assist the industry in improving its two. Section three is a technical report on viability and in promoting its stability and . the hardware, software, and system design growth. This objective implies that the of the project. study will provide the detailed analysis of the industry necessary to formulate the ma­ Co-operate?? Or Co-operate!!! A Sympo­ jor policy options which may be open to the sium on the Need for Co-operation industry and to the government of Canada. Among Ontario Libraries and the De­ The primary purpose of the study is statisti­ velopment of a Network Library Sys­ cal and economic data collection. Publish­ tem (University of Western Ontario, ing and manufacturing are the elements of London, 26 Oct. 1968). Ontario Library the book industry considered. Publishing Association, Toronto, Dec. 1968. 48p. includes manuscript selection, editing, (ED 058 893 MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29) copyrighting, marketing, and aspects of r The five papers presented at this sympo- physical distribution as they pertain to pub­ sium are: ( 1) "The Librarian and the Por­ lishers. Manufacturing encompasses type­ cupine; Experiences With Cooperation and setting, .printing, and binding. Both English I 421 422 I College & Research Libraries • September 1972 and French language publishers of Canada work, and their participation in and per­ are analyzed. ception of the library material selection process. The study was designed to provide A Report on Information Services at the information for policy making, but the im­ University of North Carolina at Chapel plications which are drawn must be con­ Hill. By John Callahan and others. 25 sidered tentative since only the user's point Jan. 1972. 39p. (ED 059 731, MF­ of view is covered. A more complete analy­ $0.65 HC-$3.29) sis must also consider the perspectives of The University of North Carolina at librarians and administrators of the Smith­ Chapel Hill community has long been in sonian Institution. need of a coordinated and expanded infor­ mation service. Students, particularly those International Book Year 1972; A Hand­ in the General College, have had great dif­ book for U.S. Participation. National ficulty obtaining information concerning Book Committee, Inc., New York, N.Y. academics, transportation, sports, cultural U.S. IBY Secretariat. 1971. 46p. (ED events, or merely a telephone number. The 059 725 MF-$0.65 HC-$3.29) present services are inadequate for various The November 1970 general conference reasons. They are scattered, overburdened, of l:JNESCO proclaimed calendar year incomplete, and often overlapping. The 1972 as International Book Year. The gen­ problem has been aggravated by the recent eral theme is books for all, and the goal is growth in the size of the student body. The to focus attention on the role of books and reorganization and coordination of the pres­ related materials in the lives and affairs of ent system would render information more the individual and society. The overall ob­ accessible and its dissemination more effi­ jectives are the encouragement of author­ cient. The following report is intended to ship and translation; improved circulation study the existing services, discuss the prob­ and production of books; promotion of the lems encountered with these services, and reading habit; and strengthening the use­ offer some proposals for solutions. The pro­ fulness of books in education, international posal is broken down into three areas: tele­ understanding, and peaceful cooperation. phone l

cataloging system, ( 2) a remote catalog ac­ equipment widely available in the United cess and circulation control system, ( 3) a States has been included. The first chapter bibliographic information retrieval project, provides information about the most widely ( 4) a serials control system, and ( 5) a ma­ and generally used microforms and de­ jor technical processing system that will scribes considerations related to equipment computerize most of library processing. The requirements. In chapter II, those factors third annual report discusses the implemen­ are discussed that affect equipment selec­ tation of these five subsystems. The fore­ tion regardless of the type of microform. most accomplishment reported in the fourth The next four chapters further describe the annual report was the implementation of equipment available for reference to a giv­ the shared cataloging system. en microform. Operational and functional information about the equipment available A Guide to Microforms and Microform is compiled in tables in each chapter. Chap­ Retrieval Equipment. ed. By Mark Mc­ ter vp briefly describes equipment that Kay. Applied Library Resources, · Inc., does not really fit the classifications used in 1972. 68p. (ED 059 750, MF-$0.65 chapters III through VI but provides types HC-$3.29) and levels of retrieval and reference that As used in this handbook, microform re­ will be of interest to many. The appendix trieval equipment is defined as any device lists the manufacturers who supplied the that is used to locate, enlarge, and display information about the equipment included microform images or that produces en­ in the handbook. larged hard copy from the images. Only New Catalogs and lndexe

Catalogues.of the Berenson Library of the Harvard Unive~sity Center for ITALIAN RENAISSANCE STUDIES at Villa I Tatti . The nucleus of the Berenson Library near Florence is the magnificent collection of bpoks and photographs on Italian art of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Current hold­ ings total more than 70,000 volumes and well over 150,000 photographs. The entire collec­ tion of the library represents the cultural evolution of the mediterranean world beginning with ·ancient Israel, Greece and Rome, continuing with the impact of Byzantium and Islam, and flowering with the rediscovery of classical culture. Other fascinating sections compli­ ment and enrich the basic resources: classical and Near Eastern archaeology; medieval illu­ minated manuscripts; comparative religion, literature and philosophy; the literary classics of England, France and Germany; Oriental art history and literature. The Harvard University Center which inherited the collection in 1959 has maintained ~he strength of the holdings in Italian Renaissance art while increasing holdings in Renaissance history and literature. Author and Subject Catalogs, 7 Volumes. "ISBN : 0-8161 -0973-7 Prepublication price: $675. 00; Price after-April.30. 1973: $840.00

Catalog of the TRANSPORTATION CENTER ·LIBRARY Northwestern University

The Transportation Center Library Catalog offers a major collection on current d~velop · ments in trahsportation socio-economics, highway traffic analysis, and police administra­ tion. The holdings, 40% of which have been issued since 1965, include 79,000 books and reports and 1,000 periodicals. Transportation management operations, planning, econom­ ics, regulation and impact for all modes are the rriain emphases, with important subfields on physical distribution, traffic safety, and the application of quantitative techniques to transportation functions. The police administration component is comprehensive in traffic layv enforcement police patrol, management personnel administration and manpower allocation. There is substantial representation of transportation developments outside the United States. The publication of this Catalog, containing over 200,000 entries, makes avail­ able a broad and detailed resource for modern transportation study: . ' Author Catalog, 3 Volumes. ISBN : 0-8161-0924-9 Prepublication price: $210. 00; Price after April30. 1973: $260.00 Subject and Geographic Catalog, 9 Volumes. ISBN : 0-8161 - 0185 ~ X Prepublicationprice: $625.00; Price after Apn130. 1973: $780.00 Complete Set, 12 Volumes. Prepublication price: $775.00; PriceafterApril30. 1973: $940.00 Invaluable research aids to the scholar and librarian

Author Catalog of The Francis A. Countway LIBRARY OF MEDICINE for Imprints up to and Including 1959 The Countway Library of Medicine contains two of the most venerable and extensive col­ lections of medical literature in the United States: the Harvard Medical Library and the . Boston Medical Library. Both collections are renowned for medical education and research because of their size-over 260,000 combined entries-and the richness of their historical and contemporary collec;tions. The historical collection includes European titles printed from 1475 to 1800; American titles issued from 1668 to 1870; English titles printed from 1475 to 1800; one of the greatest collections of medical Hebraica and Judaica from the 1300's to the 1800's; manuscript collections and historical subject collections. The library's resources emphasize clinical and basic science materials with special sections in cardio­ vascular disease, neoplastic disease, aerospace medicine, legal medicine, demography and human ecology, medical history and biography. The Countway Library of Medicine Author Catatog is unquestionably an essential acquisition for medical research libraries. Author Catalog, 10 Volumes. ISBN : 0-816-171024-7 Prepublication price: $1, 135.00; Price after Apn130, 1973: $1,415.00 FOLGER SHAKE_SPEARE LIBRARY CATALOG OF THE SHAKESPEARE COLLECTION The Folger Library has one of the largest collections in the world ot editions of/ Shakespeare's works and Shakespeareana.The Library contains almost all the important editions published over the course of four centuries as well as significant translatiqns .in some forty languages. About ninety percent of the known editions published in the 16th and 17th centuries are represented in the collection. The topics covered run the gamut of Shakespeare studies and; in addition to textual and interpretive crit­ ical works, include source material, adaptations, parodies and analogues. This excellent bibliographical record contains over 16,000 entries for works, separate plays, and subjects and is an essential re­ search tool for all students of Shakespeare. 2 volumes (7x10) 1972.1SBN: 0-8161-1009-3 $45.00 FILM RESEARCH: A CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ANNOTATIONS AND ESSAY Compiled by Peter J. Bukalski This new work concentrates on books in film history; theory and criticism; film production; film genre; the sociology and economics of filrri; national cinemas; film scripts; works about particular films; per­ sonalities, biographies and filmographies; film education; film-related works; bibliographies, guides and indexes. Essential works are listed separately with annotations. An introductory essay explores the various approaches to film research and a separate section treats films suited to intensive analysis and available for purchase. This immensely valuable volume is the only work of its kind listing the great proliferation of film books in recent years. Available now. 1 volume (7x10), 215 pp., approx. 3,110 entries. 1972. 1SBN : 0-8161-0971-0 $12.50 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE: A REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1900-1971 With Selected Nineteenth Century Materials Compiled by Beatrice Ricks, Joseph D. Adams, Jack 0. Hazlerig This new work provides a bibliography of books and articles by and about Nathaniel Hawthorne, plus a cross-referenced subject index reflecting the history and development of interest in his work. The Hawthorne bibliography presents comprehensive coverage for 1900 through 1971 with selected critical items from the 1800s. The editions of Hawthorne's own writings are divided into complete collections; representative partial collections; diaries, letters, notebooks; romances, collected stories, biography. This valuable new resource is an expert guide to the growing scholarly attention given to Hawthorne's work. 1 volume (6x9), 300 pp. ISBN: 0-8161-1021-2 $15.00 INDEX LII;IYCUS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LIBYA, 1957-1969 WITH SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL, 1915-1956 Compiled by Hans Schluter An important contribution to reference-works on North Africa, this work is the only complete index to materials concerning the growth and history of Libya. Because Libya has no national bibliography, Index Libycus is an indispensable guide to a wide range of subjects covering the humanities and the sciences-including economics, communications, medicine, public health, law, politics, religion;. his­ tory, education, geography and geology. An alphabetical list of authors facilitates the use of material in the volume. Available now. 1 volume (7x10), 304 pp., approx. 4,418 entries. 1972.1SBN: 0-8161-0939-7 $19.50 RELACIONES LITERARIAS ENTRE ESPANA E ITALIA: ENSAYO DE UNA BIBLIOGRAFIA DE LITERATURA COMPARADA (Literary Relations between Spain and Italy: A Bibliographic Survey of Comparative Compiled by Joseph Siracusa and Joseph L. Laurenti Literature) This bibliographical compilation of periodical literature, including essays, monographs, articles, and also literary studies-drawn from extensive research in European and American libraries-docu­ ments the progression of Spanish and Italian literary and cultural relations from their medieval be­ ginnings to the mid-twentieth century. Arranged alphabetically and chr'onologically, Relaciones Liter­ arias assures quick and reliable access to a vast and important field of literary history. An.index of authors with cross references is included. Available now. 1 volume (7x10), 255 pp., 2,880 entries. 1972.1SBN: 0-8161-1010-7 $20.00 new 1mpr1nt rom . . Ha o. eatur1ng sharply focused bibliographies for the scholars, students and librarians of the Seventies.

CATALOG OF THE C. M. DOKE COLLECTION OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES The University of Rhodesia Library The Doke Collection, one of the finest private libraries of African languages, contains over 3,000 books, pamphlets and manuscripts, including many very rare items. The total collection represents more than 200 African languages and dialects, with particular strengths in ·Nguni, Sotho, Shena, Bem­ ba, Zambian, Tonga, Myanja and Swahili as well as Khoisan and West African languages. A number of valuable folklore items are also included. The Catalog is in two sections, author and LC classified · subject section .Available now. 1·volume (7x10), 616 pp., 8,394 entries. 1972.1SBN: 0-8161-0997-4 $29.50 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF BOTANISTS REPRESENTED IN HUNT INSTITUTE PORTRAIT COLLECTION- RACHEL McMASTERS MILLER HUNT BOTANICAL LIBRARY Carnegie-Mellon University · The publication of this Index makes available the identity of over 11,000 botanists, horticulturists and plantsmen whose portraits are included in the magnificent Hunt Institute portrait collection. Brief biographical data is provided alohg with the person's particular botanical interests or hortic~ltural specialty, and the country of his principal activity. Botanists from all countries and all times, including those living, and whether of world-wide or local importance are included. Photocopies of most of the 17,000 portraits of all types are available. 1 volume (8Y2x11), 432 pp. ISBN: 0-8161-1023-9 $30.00 ANGLO-VATICAN RELATIONS, 1914-1939: CONFIDENTIAL ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE BRITISH MINISTER'S TO THE HOLY SEE . Compiled by Thomas E. Hachey This volume surfaces the confidential annual reports of the British ministers to the Holy See between 1914 and 1939. The accounts represent a valuable new resource for diplomatic studies, and provide a first-hand and revealing view of the Vatican's foreign relations, and of British diplomatic involvement in the activities of the Roman Catholic Church. They also prove useful for research on various aspects of the Vatican's internal affairs and its wide range of diplomatic relations. Collectively, they add new dimensions to understanding Vatican politi~s and the Church and international relations. Available now. 1 volume (7x10), 440 pp. 1972.1SBN: 0-8161-0991-5 $18.00

THE LIBRARY OF JOHANN LUCAS SCHOENLEIN IN THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF WURZBURG On Epidemics and Nosography The library of the well known clinician, Johann Lucas Schoenlein ( 1793-1864) is a specialized col­ lection of epidemiological, nosological and nosographical literature of the 15th through the 19th cen­ turies.l;he 8,000 titles include many rare works from the 16th and 17th centuries. In addition to Ger­ man and Latin. there are English, French, Italian, Dutch and Spanish language fitles. Highly regarded as a bibliographic tool, the Wurzburg Schoenlein medical library catalog provides access to remark­ able medical and medico-historical materials, and has great historical val.ue both from bibliographic and medical points of view. · 1 volume (7x10), 580 pp. ISBN: 0-8161-1007-4 $45.00

SELECTED REFERENCES TO LITERATURE .ON MARINE EXPEDITIONS, 1700-1960 FISHERIES-OCEANOGRAPHY LIBRARY, University of Washington This rich compilation of some 9,000 references provides an index to ships, expeditions, reports and published papers resulting from expeditions involved. in fisheries, marine biology, and oceanographic research from the 18th to the mid-20th centuries. Gathered over a period of twenty-five years, the index is a working research file and, though selective, is particularly valuable in bringing together references to a given expedition scattered throughout a wide variety of sources. Arrangement is alphabetical by ship and expedition name. It is ari invaluable reference aid in ship and expedition iden­ tification. 2 volumes (7x10), 703 pp. ISBN: 0-8161-1006-9 $20.00 The Library Reference Series . I Facsimile Reprints of Basic Reference Sources and Major Writings on the History and Methods of Professional Librarianship

For many years Gregg Press has been helping libraries build their subject collections by publishing quality reprints and original works in the fields of American history and literature and Pacific history. Now, to mark a new beginning as a division of G. K. Hall & Co ., a recognized leader in library reference publishing, Gregg Press announces· the Library Reference Series, a new reprint program featuring 37 basic reference works and classic studies of American libraries and librarianship. Based upon such standard reference works as Constance M . Winchell's Guide to Reference Books, sugg~stions from librarians, and the required reading lists for cour·ses in American library schools, the Library Reference Series is organized into three subseries: e Basic Reference Sources. Included in this collection are standard reference works, cited in Winchell's Guide to Reference Books and elsewhere, that have proven their usefulness and belong in the reference collection of any library. Ranging from Nathan M . Cohen's Library Science Dissertations, 1925-60 through Norma 0. Ireland's An Index to Indexes and Local Indexes in American Libraries to the monumental Guide to the Study of the United States of America, the works in this section continue to serve as basic guides to a broad selection of subject fie)ds and information areas. e Library History and Biography. Included here are the standard histories of such major in­ stitutions as the Boston Athenaeum, Chicago Public Library, New York Public Library, New York Society Library, the Library of Cc;>ngress, the University of Virginia Library and the H. W. Wilson Company, as well as Samuel Swett Green's classic The Public Library Movement in the United States and · Louis Shores' The Origins of the American College Library. To balance the institutional histories, this subseries also includes American Library Pioneers, an eight-volume set of standard biographies of major figures in the American library movement produced by the American Library Association. e Librarianship and Library Resources. Included in this section is a· selection of purely pro­ -fessional books· that every librarian should ·be familiar with. From such eminently practical works as David Haykin's Subject Headings: A Practical Guide to the Library Institute's The Reference Function in the Library, the craft and profession of librarianship is well presented through a broad range of basic studies. Also included is the foundation volume of Robert Downs' American Library Resources. The Library Reference Series is now in production and all titles will be ready for shipment in December. Orders received direct from libraries before December 31, 1972 will be billed at the speCia.l pre-pub­ lication price. Special Pre-Publication Price, $380.00 Orders received after December 31, 1972 will be billed at $425.00 For individual titles and full descriptive information, write to: egg ress, m coopera wn WI e os on u 1c 1 rary presents a timely, new collection of retrospective materials offering significant insight into history's most intriguing triangle ...

The American' . Revolutionary Series: he Three Sides of the American Revolution Compiled by George A than Billias, Professor of History, Clark University Facsimile Reprints of Vital Documents, Studies and Accounts Pertaining to the Activities of the Three Major Camps-of the American Revolution -the British -the Loyalist -the American and French Allies.

The forty-nine facsimile reprints, drawn from the highly regarded collection of American revolutionary materials at the Boston Public Library, will prove of especially great value with the bicentennial of the War of Independence close at hand. This event will bring intense and far-ranging reassessment of the parties, issues and actions that led to the Revolution and determined its outcome. e The Loyalist Library is a basic lib.rary of 20 works on the actions and attitudes of those col­ onists who remained loyal to the Crown and who have been generally neglected in most his­ torical studies of the War. This collection includes four works on or by Joseph Galloway, one of the most outspoken critics of British treatment of the Loyalists; detailed accounts of Loyalist activities in the various colonies; and, finally, several accounts of what happened to the Loyal­ ists after the war, their migrations and their claims for losses to the British Parliament. e British Accounts of the American Revolution offers a broad selection of 15 titles describing the War from the British side. It includes. such works as Edmund Burke's speeches in favor of appeasement, Robert Beatson's six-volume histQry of British naval operations in the War, and the Historical Manuscript Commission's extensive collections of manuscripts, letters and jour­ nals relating to the Revolution, as well as individual and collective biographies of major -British figures responsible for the conduct of the War. e American and French Accounts of the Revolution contains 14 titles and emphasizes the military and political maneuverings so crucial to the American victory. It includes such diverse works as Abbe Raynal's classic treatise on British colonialism and the right to revolt against it; Paul Allen's first general accqunt of the War from the standpoint of post-War of 1812 Anglo­ American relations; and Thomas Balch's detailed history of the French involvement in all areas of the War. The American Revolutionary S'eties will represent a la11dmark source of unique scholarly materials for the reassessment and continuing study of the American Revolution and will be a marked asset in the holdings of all college and research libraries.

The American Revolutionary Series is now in production and all titles will be ready for shipment in December. Orders received direct from libraries before December 31 , 1972 will be billed at the special pre-publication price.

Special Pre-Publication Price, $985.00 Orders received after December 31, 1972 will be billed at $1200.00

For individual titles and full descriptive_ information, write to: Englische Studien Journal of Philology Journal of English Vols.1-76. (All published). Vols.1-35. (All published). and Germanic Leipzig 1877-1944 London 1868-1920 Philology (Including general indexes to (Including general index to Vols.1-61. Urbana 1897-1962 Vos. 1-25, 26-50) Vols. 1-35 in Vol. 35) (Including Index to Vols. 1-50 Clothbound set ..... $2,200.00 Clothbound set ...... $600.00 (Partly in the original edition) Paperbound set .... 2,000.00 Critical historical and philo­ Clothbound set ..... $1, Vols.1-75 logical analyses by prominent Paperbound set . . . . . 1, Per volume, paperbound 33.00 academicians appear in this "Devoted to s.tudies of the Vol. 76 journal d~voted to Classical English, German, and Scandi­ Paperbound ...... 16.50 studies. The depth and range navian languag~s and litera­ of the articles make this journal General indexes to Vols. 1-25, tures .... It features a wide an invaluable tool for all those 26-50 range of studies- origin~l engaged in Greek and Latin as Per index, paperbound . 11.00 scholarly- of interest to unde well as Old Testament studies. graduates as well as to Many single issues available in scholars." the original edition, Please -Katz, Magazines for Librari inquire.

Widely acclaimed as one of the foremost journals in the field of English literature and philology, Englische Studien published a wealth of scholarly articles dealing with major British and American authors. Contribu­ tions are in English and ~er­ man. orth Carolina. Zeitschrift fur Slavia. Casopis pro niversity. Studies in romanische slovanskou filologii ilology Philologie Vols. 1-21. Prague 1922/23-. 1-61,1906-1964 Vols.1-64. Halle1877-1944 1952/55 othbound set Clothbound set .. . .. $1,810.00 Clothbound set ...... $714.00 53 volumes ...... $1 ,580.00 Paperbound set . . . . . 1,650.00 Paperbound set ...... 630.00 aperbound set . . . . . 1 ,370.00 The first German journal de­ Slavia is the oldest existing voted to a specialized study of international journal of Slavic research in the classical Romance languages, the studies. It is devoted ~o COJTI­ d modern languages and Zeitschrift encompasses a parative literature and linguis­ ratl!res. All forms and pe- variety of sub-disciplines. "A tics and publishe~ articles, of literature are covered. significant current bibliography materials, discussions, and re­ cles are long, averaging listing books and periodical views in all Slavonic languages, ,000 words, and include: articles on the language and and in French, English, and lysis of poetic language- literature of the various German. agery, structure, etymology; romance languages." mination of newly­ -Winchell, iscovered texts and original Guide to Reference Books anuscripts, and historical udies .... " tz, Magazines for Libraries F.W. Faxon Company, the only fully automated library subscription agency in the world, has an IBM 370/145 computer currently listinQ 48,222 peri­ odicals for your library. Our 'til forbidden service - the automatic annual renewal of your sub­ scriptions - provides fast, accurate, and efficient processing of your orders and invoices. It has been acclaimed by librarians throughout the world for the savings in time and effort it offers library personnel. We'd like to serve your library, too.

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The first volume to present the best of current think­ ing on systems and standards for the control of audiovisual material With reports and discussions of re­ search activity and current prac­ tices in the United States, Canada and Great Britain by representatives of professional or­ ganizations and national centers in library, audiovisual, and informa­ tion science fields. at $15.00 from AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 50 East Huron Street Chicago, Illinois 60611 Greatest Advance Since the Typewriter was Invented! No More Smeary Erasing­ Covers Mistakes Instantly, Permanently! SELF-CORRECTING TYPEWRITER RIBBON!

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City______state ______Zip _____ Ralph Crane and Some Shakespeare First Folio Comedies By T. H. HoWARD-HILL, University College, Swansea. xvi, z9o pp., index. $7.50 (Bibliographical Society) Ralph Crane probably transcribed the manuscripts of The Tempest, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Merry Wives of Windsor, Meamre for Measure, and Winter's Tale that were used for the printing of the Shakespeare First Folio. This study supports that theory by providing for the first time a detailed description of the habits and characteristics found in Crane's extant dramatic transcripts. These· traits, which seemed to change over the years. are then used to analyze this important Jacobean scribe's part in the preparation of copy for the five First Folio comedies. Howard-Hill's work is significant because it establishes Crane as a Folio scribe, studies Crane's preserved manuscripts in great detail, and explores in further depth the actual composition of the Folio. Jacobean Dramatic Perspectives By ARTHUR C. KIRSCH, University of Virginia. I34 pp., index. $7.50 Jacobean plays have often been treated as variations of Elizabethan or Shakespearian models. This study shows how they may be better understood and more properly evaluated on their own terms. The author considers the development and popularity of Fletcherian tragicomedy and coterie drama in this period and demonstrates how the kind of self-conscious theatrical experience these genres encouraged affected the works of the major Jacobean dramatists. He examines the extensive and frequently parasitic dependence of the tragedies of Webster and Ford upon Fletcheriari premises and shows, at the same time, how similar theatrical ideas contributed to Shakespeare's rich explora­ tion of tragicomic form in the problem comedies and last plays. Mr. Kirsch also considers Marston-'s coterie plays and illuminates the important and salutary influence of coterie dramaturgy, with its morality play inheritance, upon Middleton's career. The Fatal Mirror Themes and Techniques in the Poetry of Fulke Greville By RICHARD WAswo, University of Virginia. ix, z,8z pp., index. $8.50 The Fatal Mirror is the first full-scale critical study of the nondramatic verse of Fulke Greville, whose best poems rank among the finest lyrics of the English Renaissance. The study surveys past and current scholarly perspectives on Greville and answers the recently felt need for a reassessment of Greville's poetry. The author analyzes the philosophical, literary, and religious issues in which Greville was actively involved and which func­ tioned as a background for his poetry. Much attention is given to Greville's sonnet sequence, Caelica. Waswo interprets the individual poems arid traces general themes as they a:r:e developed within the sequence and in relation to contemporary philosophical issues and conventions of religious and amorous verse. Greville's use of these conventions is compared to the-practice ·of his contemporaries, Sidney, Donne, and Herbert. Long Black Song Essays in Black American Literature and Culture By HousTON A. BAKER, JR., University of Virginia. I57 pp., bibliog., index. $7·95 In this collection of eight critical essays Houston Baker maintains that black American culture, grounded in a unique historical experience, is distinct from any other, and that it has produced a body of literature that it equally and demonstrably unique in its sources, values, and modes of expression. Black American literature is rooted in black folklore-animal tales, trickster slave tales, religious tales, folk songs, spirituals, and ballads. A knowledge of this literary tradition is e~sential to our understanding of any black author or work. These essays demonstrate that proper appreciation of the work of black American writers demands an understanding of the tradition of black American literature and of the distinctive culture out of which it has arisen. University Press of Virginia Charlottesville THE INDISPENSABLE BASIC RESEARCH TOOL FOR •••

historians archivists studying the first century of Ameri­ of collections containing supple­ can expansion, the development of mentary land records, surveys, federal land policy, or local history bounty-land warrants, or early deeds genealogists land-title searchers seeking precisely to locate migra­ ting per$Ons west of the Appala­ or county recorders chians, their East Coast origins and of deeds evidence of possible Revolutionary wishing to establish the first link War military service (the land patent) in chain of title to specific land tracts librarians holding National Archives micro­ films of General Land Office, U.S. Treasury, or Department of State records FEDERAL LAND SERIES Clifford Neal Smith, Editor

The FEDERAL LAND SERIES makes available to librarians, historians and other scholars a systematic survey of archival materials on the land patents issued by the United States government from 1788 to 1810. Of special in­ terest are a list of grants to refugees of the Revolutionary War from Canada and Nova Scotia, the names of Connecticut "Sufferers" who lost property to the British, and some military bounty-land warrants issued for service during the Revolution.

THREE-WAY INDEX • Indexes every name encountered • Indexes all subject matter covered • Indexes all tract designations You will find the Federal Land Series an indispensable basic research tool.

ISBN 0- 8389-0138-7 (1972) $20.00 • AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION Chicago, Illinois 60611 June 22, 1815, 1A.M., Downing Street. Stop the press to inserl the following letter received this morning by the Lord Mayor.

"r-r:: Hon. Mayor H Percy is just am·ved with dispatches from the .lh~ke of Wellington, dated llilterloo, containing the account o.famostdecisiveandglon'ous victory over the wholeo.ftheFrench Armywiththelosso.fmorethan200pieceso.fartilleryandaparto.f the baggage belonging to Buonaparte:' So began a dispatch that alerted London and the world to Napoleon's crushing defeat at Waterloo. Now for the first time, The Times of London is available in an archival-quality microfilm edition. Refilmed page by page from the original newspaper pages. With every page photographed flat to assure readability. And with every frame microdated for a fast, convenient search. Since 1785, The Times of London has recorded with unequaled authority the social and political history of Europe. Back issues provide researchers with an important perspective on events at home and abroad-a perspective no American newspaper alone can match. An annual subscription to The Times of London costs $288; an annual index subscription costs $87.50. For further informa­ tion, including a free booklet describing historic periods covered since 1785, write to Microfilming Corporation of America, 21 Harristown Road~ Glen Rock, N. J. 07452 The New York announces the first archival edition of The Times of London on microfllm. One outstanding primary source deserves another. For the First Time in Microfiche

OFFICIAL REPORTS ON CRIME AND THE MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC ORDER, PRIOR TO 1949

for the ten largest American cities (1950 census) and for their respective states Baltimore $128.00 Maryland $4.00 Boston $97.00 Massachusetts $281.00 Chicago $75.00 Illinois $20.00 Cleveland $109.00 Ohio $11.00 Detroit $68.00 Michigan $27.00 Los Angeles $54.00 California $13.00 New York (City) $132.00 New York (State) $486.00 Philadelphia $114.00 Pennsylvania $14.00 St. Louis $59.00 Missouri $6.00 Washington, D. C. $49.00

$1,585.00 total price if all19 cities and states are purchased at one time (a saving of $162.00 over item-by-item purchase of the collection).

A complete set of printed main-entry catalog cards (Library of Congress format, five for each title) is supplied with orders of the complete collection at no additional charge.

AVAILABLE FEBRUARY 1973

Prices and availability of reports for other cities and states to be announced. Please write or telephone for additional information. Full descriptive brochures are available on request . • Redgrave Information Resources Corporation Dept. RS 1.11• 53 Wilton Road Westport, Connecticut 06880 telephone (203) 226-6963 cable: REDGRAVE SERIAL PUBLICATIONS 2nd Edition Andrew D. Osborn The standard treatise on the selection, processing, cataloging, and ser­ vicing of serials is here brought up to date. Osborn emphasizes the implications of deveiopments new to the profession: the growth of com­ puter technology, the Anglo-American Catalog Rules of -1967, the use of Coden, and the emergence of the book catalog for serials. He sets forth sound principles and relates them to actual practice. ISBN 0-8389-0118-2 $15.50

HOW TO CATALOG A RARE ~OOK 2nd Edition, Revised Paul S. Dunkin Here, in an up-dated version of the 1951 edition, is a method which allows any cataloger to catalog a rare book without having had previous experience. In clear language, with no jargon, the book explains how the catalog description of a rare book can be written in brief, simple English. The author makes the complicated Bowers collation formula readily understand- able and describes a concise means of title transcription. ISBN 0-8389-0141-7 $4.95

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES An Examination of America's Literary H~ritage John Gordon Burke, editor II Hayden Carruth, George Garrett, Larry Goodwyn, John Knoepfle, and William Everson examine five geographical regions of the United States, the qualities which define them, the literary heritage and important contributions of each, and the characteristics which make each region's literature unique. A bibliog­ raphy on regionalism and American literature is also included. - ISBN 0-8389-3136-7 Winter 1111 PERIODICALS FOR SCHOOL LIBRARIES A Guide to Magazines, Newspapers, and Periodical Indexes Revised Edition Compiled and edited by Marian H. Scott .. An evaluation of periodicals for children from kindergarten through grade 12. Covering the realities of curricular demands and the wide range of reading levels and personal interests of students, the pub­ lications chosen include key foreign and ethnic periodicals, and all - meet the recommendations of the new Standards at all grade levels. ISBN 0-8389-0139-5 Winter

-1111 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN A TECHNICAL SOCIETY Mary Ruth Brown, Eugene Lair Moss, and Karin D. Bright The first presentatiqn, in one volume, of print and non-print mate­ rial from widely differing sources: textbooks, reference works, pe­ riodicals, government publications, and learning materials available from societies, industries, and organizations. Also included is infor­ mation on filmstrips, transparencies, ·and other audio-visual aids. ISBN 0-8389-0128-X Fall INTERLIBRARY COMMUNICATIONS and INFORMATION NETWORKS joseph Becker, Editor

The complete report on the conference on Interlibrary Communications and Information Networks, Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia, September 28-0ctober 2, 1970. Sponsored by the United States Office of Education and the American Library Association

Interlibrary Communications and Information Networks presents ... • 31 outstanding papers on available and theoretical methods of extending library service capabilities. • Definitive summary of plenary sessions, working group reports, and recommendations.

Interlibrary Communications and Information Networks confronts five major problems and proposes solutions ... 1. Is there a true need for a national information network? 2. What are the functions and services best suited to a national network? 3. How rapidly can new technology be applied and used in network operations? 4. How will national networks affect libraries and information centers- socially, legally, and administratively? 5. What can be leamed about a proposed national network from existing specialized networks. Here is a work of lasting value to all librarians and information scientists concerned with the future of information services agencies. cloth ISBN 0-8389-3123-3 $15.00

American Library Association 50 East Huron Street • Chicago, Illinois 60611 From Redgrave in Februar_y 1973: Two New Review Journals -THE WALL STREET -REVIEW OF BOOKS Edited by business and financial historian Robert Sobel of Hofstra University, The Wall Street Review of Books publishes timely, in-depth reviews of works of interest to the business and financial communities. WSRB reviews scholarly and trade books, reprints, teaching and research materials, governmental and foreign-language publications.

WSRB's Editorial Board includes George Benston, University of Rochester/ Michael Parrish, University of California, San Diego/ Fred Siesel, Weeden & Co./ Melvin Tarr, American Stock Exchange/ and Sheldon Zerden, Bruns, Nordeman & Co. WSRB will cover publications in business, banking, finance, investments and other relevant areas. Reviews range from 1500 to 3000 or more words and appear within six months or less after book publication; four times a year in 6" x 9" paperbound, 160 pages per issue; NMA-format microfiche version is available. Institutional Subscription Rates in the U.S. (outside the U.S. please add $2.00): full size or microfiche: 1 yr. $25 2 yrs. $48 3 yrs. $70 full size and microfiche: 1 yr. $35 2 yrs. $66 3 yrs. $95 REVIEWS IN AMERICAN HISTORY A Quarterly Journal of Criticism. Managing Editor: Stanley I. KutZer, University of Wisconsin Associate Editor: Stanley N. Katz, University of Chicago Law School Editorial Board john W. Blassingame, Yale University Harold M. Hyman, Rice University Allan G. Bogue, University of Wisconsin Winthrop D. jordan, University of David B. Davis, Yale University California, Berkeley Merrill D. Peterson, University of Carl N. Degler, Stanford University Virginia Sidney_ Fine, University of Michigan Harry N. Scheiber, University of Frank Freidel, Harvard University California, San Diego Lloyd C. Gardner, Rutgers University Anne Firor Scott, Duke University

Reviews in American History is a quarterly featuring timely, comprehensive review-essays (averaging over 2000 words) of scholarly, professional and non-fiction trade books in American history and related fields. Reprints, teaching mate~ials and research publications are covered. Reviews in American History contains 160 pages per issue; four issues a year in 6" x 9" paperbound; NMA-format microfich~ version is available.

Institutional Subscription Rates in the U.S. (outside the U.S. please add $2.00): full size or microfiche: 1 yr. $20 2 yrs. $38 3 yrs. $54 full size and microfiche: 1 yr. $30 2 )lrs.·$56 3 yrs. $80

Subscriptions are volume-year only; Shipment cannot be made without payment. Single issue and back volume prices, and rates for individuals on request. Descriptive brochures available for both journals Send orders and inquiries to: REDGRAVE INFORMATION RESOURCES CORP • Dept: RS • 53 Wilton Road, Westport, Connecticut 06880 1.11. (203) 226-6963 An indispensable reference for scholars and students 'Of 'the Church ...

The Official Record of the Decisions of ROMAN ROTA

This unique series of documents constitutes the Catholic Church. -most authoritative collection ever assembled of Rota Romana. Decisions by the Sacred Roman Rota of the Catholic S. romanae Church. It presents the rulings which the Rota, rotae decisiones seu since its reconstitution as an ecclesiastical tribunal in 1908, has handed down on a vast number of sententiae matrimonial, ecclesiastical, and criminal cases. Vols.1-54. Cltta del Vatlcano Unlike all previous collections of its kind, Sacrae 1909-1962 romanae rotae decisiones seu sententiae contains (Partly in the original edition) a complete, definitive record of Rotal decisions, Clothbound set I $1 ,425.00 com pi led annually under the R9ta's own supervision. Paperbound set I $1 ,220.00 Vols. 1-3, 5-14 These superb volumes are an invaluable source of Per volume, clothbound I $30.00 information regarding the Church's legal and moral Vols. 4, 15-43, 46-54 attitudes and precepts. In addition, they strikingly (In the original edition) illuminate many of the important changes taking Per volume, clothbound I $25.00 place within the modern Church. Because of its Vol. 44 profound historical significance, this magnificent Clothbound I $40.00 work will find a lasting place among the annals of Vol. 45 Church history. Clothbound I $45.00 From Vol. 41-, the title is: Catholic Church. Rota Romana. S. romanae rotae decisiones seu sententiae se/ectae. For detailed information, please write to Mr. Paul Negri at the New York office. Johnson Reprint £~!~?o~~!~on ® 111 Fifth Avenue New York, N.Y. 10003