Special Libraries, February 1969

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Special Libraries, 1969 Special Libraries, 1960s

2-1-1969

Special Libraries Association

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Selected articles from Nauchno-Tekhnicheskaya lnforrnatsiya (Institute of Scientific and Technical lnformation of the USSR - VINITI) Faraday Advisory Editor: L. Cohan, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Soviet Editor: A. I. Mikhailov Focuses on experimental methods of analyzing, translating, encoding, searching and correlating scientific and technical information. Covers problems in the development of information languages, classification and indexing, and automatic analysis of texts. Describes new projects in automatic documentation, mechanical translation, mathematical linguistics and information retrieval. Sample contents include: Preparation of Secondary Scientific Documents Improving the Format of Scientific Documents A Linguistic Description of the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry Some Causes of Loss and Noise in Document lnformation Re- trieval * The Concepts "Information" and "Sign" * Fundamentals of Scientific Abstracting Methods The Problem of Translation and Modern Linguistics Documentation and Problems of Classi- fying Sciences Problems of lnformation Storage and Retrieval Grammars Describing the Relationships between Natural Lan- guages Automatic Textual Analysis e Analysis of lnformation Flow as a Means for Predicting the Future of Research Projects Research on Qualifications for lnformation Specialists in Chemis- try Optimal Structures for Subject Indexes of Abstract Journals A Distributive Theory of Sentences with Bound Regions An Ap- proach to Definition of Certain Fundamental Notions in Informa- tion-Retrieval Languages .Syntactical Homonymy in Russian (from the Viewpoint of Automatic Analysis and Synthesis). Annual subscription (4 issues): $145.00

TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN

THE FARADAY PRESS, INC. 84 FIFTH AVENUE. NEW YORK. N.Y. 10011

Editorial 67

Toward Professionalism 69 Herbert S. White

What Everybody Should Know About Translation 74 James M. Lufkin

Trimming the Clipping Files by the 7 R's 82 Olga Webber

Thesaurus Construction 87 Audrey N. Grosch

Through the Pre-Professional Training Maze 93 Elizabeth Ferguson A Computerized System for Periodical Subscription Control 95 Franklin S. Varenchik

Features Have You Heard ? 98 Letters 101 Coming Events 100 Classified Advertising 16~

SLA News To Reflect Our Objectives 103 Robert W. Gibson, Jr. The National Translation Center 104 Charles E. Kip Montreal Conference 105

1969 Candidates for SLA Offices 109 National Advisory Commission on Libraries 114 SLA and ASIS Study Possible Merger 114

Chapters & Divisions 115 Members in the News 115 Audit Report 116

Editor: F. E. MCKENNA Publications Assistant: FRANCISJ. RUTH Special Libraries Committee Chairman: MRS. CHARLOTTE M. DEVERS, North Castle Public Library MARYKLANIAN, Advanced Systems Development Division, IBM IMRs. ANNEJ. RICHTER,R. R. Bowker Company Special Libraries is published by Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. O 1969 by Special Libraries Association. Ten issues per year: monthly except double issues for May/Jun and Jul/Aug. Annual index in December issue. Second class postage paid at Brattleboro, Vermont 05301. POSTMASTER:Send Form 3579 to Special Li- braries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. SPECIIL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION President HERBERTS. WHITE Leasco Systems and Research Corporation 4833 Rugby Avenue, Bethesda, Md. 20014 President-Elect ROBERTW. GIBSON,JR. General Motors Corp., Research Laboratories 12 Mile & Mound Roads, Warren, Mich. 48090 Advisory Council Chairman MRS. CHARLOTTES. MITCHELL Library. Miles Laboratories, Inc. E!khart, Indiana 46514 Advisory Council Chairman-Elect HELENJ. WALDRON The RAND Corporation 1700 Main St., Santa Monica, Calif. 90406 Treasurer JEAN DEUSS Research Library, Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1967-70 Federal Reserve P. 0.Station, New York 10045 Past-President MRS. ELIZABETHR. USHER Art Reference Library The Metropolitan Museum of Art Fifth Avenue and 82nd Street, New York 10028 Directors MRS. THEODORAA. ANDREWS Pharmacy Library, Purdue University 1966-69 Lafayette, Indiana 47907 ROSEMARYR. DEMAREST Price Waterhouse & Co. 1968-71 60 Broad Street, New York 10004 MRS. GLORIAM. EVANS Production and Engineering Library 1967-70 Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Michigan 48232 CHARLOTTEGEORGI Graduate School of Business Administration Library 1966-69 University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024 EFRENW. GONZALEZ Scientific Division, Bristol-Myers Products Secretary, 1967-70 1350 Liberty Avenue, Hillside, New Jersey 07207 BURTONE. LAMKIN Federal Aviation Agency 1968-71 800 Independence Ave. S.W., Washington, D. C. 20553 Executive Director GEORGEH. GINADER Special Libraries Association 235 Park Avenue South, New York 10003

Subscription Rates 1969. Free to SLA members. Non- Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if members, USA and Canada, $20.00 per calendar received more rhan 90 days from date of mailing gear; add $1.50 postage for other countries. Single plus the time normally required for postal delivery Copies (Jan 1966 to date) $2.75. of the issue and the claim. No claims are allowed ~~~k I~~~~~& ~~~d cover~~~~i~~~ (1909.1965); because of failure to notify the Membership Depart- Inquire Krause Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th St., New ment or the Subscription Department (se above) of York, N. Y. a change of address, or because copy is "missing from Microfilm & Microfiche Editions (1909 to date): Inquire University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mchigan. special ~ib~~~i~~~~~~~i~~i~~assumes no responsi. Changes of Address. Allow six weeks for all changes bility for the statements and opinions advanced by to become effective. All communications should the contributors to the Association's publications. include both old and new addresses (with ZIP Codes) Editorial views .do not necessarily represent, fie. 06- and shouhd~fxaccumpltniedby a mailing label from a cia1 position of Special Libraries Association. recent issue. Members should send their communications to the SLA Membership Department, 235 Park Indexed in: Busrness Periodicals Index, Documenta- Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. Nonmember tion Abstracts, Historical Abstrac/s, Hospitd Literature Subscribers should send their communications to the Index, Library Literature, Library Science Abstracts, SLA Subscription Department, 235 Park Avenue Management Index, and Public Affairs Information South, New York, N. Y. 10003. Service. Membership 1969 DUES.Active, Associate or Affiliate $30; Student $5 ; Emeritus $5; Sustaining $100. The one-time payment for Active (Paid for Life) Membership is $350.

WORLD MEETINGS must form a part of the ready reference collection of every good scientific and technical library

The World Meetings publications-World Meetings Information included in the World Meetings publi- . . . United States and Canada and World Meetings cations is obtained entirely by direct inquiry to the . . . Outside U.S.A. and Canada-are the definitive organizers of the meetings rather than from sec- references to meetings and' their literature. They ondary sources. All listings are verified and up- supply information in depth on future meetings of dated at three-month intervals. interest to the scientific, medical, and engineering communities throughout the world. These journals The World Meetings publications are compiled, are completely revised and cumulated each quarter edited, and indexed by a full-time professional and represent the most complete and accurate staff and are reviewed regularly by our editorial archive of information on meetings available. advisory boards of distinguished engineers, scientists, physicians, and information experts. Detailed listings give information on the technical content, publications, exhibits, deadlines for pa- With the scientific and technical community spend: pers, name, date, and location of each meeting in ing more than $1 billion each year on meetings, addition to the contacts for further information can you afford to have these references more than in these areas. an arm's length away?

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Systematischer Katalog (Classified Catalog) Estimated 95,000 cards, 3 volumes Prepublication price: $265.00; after October 31,1969: $330.00

Catalog of the FOREIGN RELATIONS Library The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., New York The collection, approximately 55,000 volumes, consists of the following: documents of international organizations, including those of such organizations as the Council of Eu- rope, the European Communities, the International Court, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Nordic Council, and many others, all fully cataloged ; government documents, especially United States, including treaties and hearings involv- ing the conduct of international relations; books and pamphlets, both trade and institu- tional, in all western European languages. The catalog is in dictionary form-author, subject and title (on a limited basis). Estimated 153,000 cards, 9 volumes Prepublication price: $475.00; after April 30,1969: $590.00

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tions within the Association? In diffused SLA Board & Council lines of communications? In uncertain lines Rochester, N. Y., Jan 1969 of authority? In June 1964 the Keynote Speaker of the St. Louis Convention de- OR three days-or more accurately for a scribed SLA's organization chart$ in these Fmarathon of 72 hours-the meetings of words : SLA's Board of Directors alternated with those of the Advisory Council. Intermingled "In its splendid resemblance to an eight- with these meetings were Committee sessions level freeway interchange, it is clear that it and the social pleasantries arranged by the [the organization chart] could have been conceived only by an intellect vastly su- host Chapter, Upstate New York. perior to that existing among today's engi- Again, both major and minor issues con- neers-and thus it is an effective counter- sumed the energies of the Board. A listener measure against any attempts by the latter could well have been confused as to which to infiltrate the ranks of special librarian- were the maior issues and which the minor ship." issues from the relative lengths of time spent on some agenda items. In spite of previous Are the paths of communication within Board resolutions to protect itself from re- SLA clearly defined ? Obviously not. Do the ports submitted after the agenda deadline, Association's Chapters and Divisions (and tardy items were-once again-added to the their subunits) contribute appropriate strength agenda even though there had been no time to SLA or are they sometimes unwittingly for study by Board members. divisive in their influence? Chapters pro- Again, recommendations from some Com- vide year-round strength. But are the values mittees were not presented with adequate of local contacts diluted-or even destroyed clarity to allow for definitive action by the -by the subdivision of the metropolitan Board. And, again, the Board embarked on Chapters into Groups, that correspond- its own editorial adventures in an attempt to more or less-to the "subject" Divisions ? rescue Committee assignments that were in- Do the Divisions themselves contribute to adequately presented. To conserve their own a divisive philosophy: "I am more special energies, SLA Board members must, one than you are special." Have our "subject" day, face up to the difficult task of rejecting Divisions failed to recognize the evolution of Committee reports that are not adequately information services that have expanded the prepared or presented. Committee chairmen arena of every special library? Expanded so and members are volunteers, but so are the that the special library is no longer special in members of the Board. A rejected Committee a unique subject, but rather that its specialty chairman may be temporarily displeased, but is really its special services and special philos- an ill-advised action by the Board can sur- ophy for a specialized clientele. vive for years. 0 Much effort has already been expended in As the Board prepared to adjourn, echoes discussions about a "news" publication for of solemn pronouncements by the 1963 Board SLA. News and Notes, as an insert in four threw their shadows over the 1969 Board: issus per year of Special Libraries, has been What had happened to the "Goals for 1970"" discontinued after its November 1968 issue. so bravely stated in 1963 and largely over- Three identifiable sections are planned looked ever since? Some activity has existed for the issues of Special Libraries: I) formal in some areas of the goals, but the total bal- papers ; 2) news of the Association ; and 3) ance sheet for SLA's "Goals for 1970" is news and views from the world of libraries, deficient. Perhaps, some of the goals were information and knowledge. unrealistic; and perhaps, some were unattain- News items of immediate interest from the able with the available resources of man- January Board and Council meetings are re- power or money. ported in this issue; additional reports will Can the defective approaches to the goals appear in the March issue of Special Libraries. be found in defective lines of communica- FEMcK * Special Libraries 54: no. 4, 215-216 (Apr 1963). 2 Special Librarie~53: no. 2, 160 (Feb 1964). FEBRUARY1969 Apeace

If it's not inThe New YorkTimes Index, maybe it didn't happen

Researchers are often looking for specific details and hard-to-find aspects of past history. That's why The New York Times lndex is the b.est place to start a search-and often the onlv reference source needed. With backvolumes of the Index, patrons can quickly uncover facts, figures and trends over 118 years. And since entries show when and where the full story appeared in TheTimes, the lndex helps readers locate articles in other publications as well. For full details, or to order any back New York Back Indexes Times lndex on approval for 30 days, write to The New from 1851... York Times Library Services Department, Box SL-2, 229 West 43d Street, New York. N.Y. 10036. special Zibrccries

Toward Professionalism

Herbert S. White

President, Special Libraries Association

N THE broad consideration of Special made the rules, and we enforced them. In- I Libraries Association and its future, it is formation service has become a big business appropriate to think in terms of the outlook and a lucrative one. In part this has occurred for special librarianship itself. Much of our because expanding technology places a high energy is devoted to a consideration of the premium on complete, timely, up-to-date in- pros and cons of professional standards, of formation; in part because scientific manage- membership requirements, and of the place ment is supposed to be based on facts rather or absence of a place for library technicians. than intuition; and in part because new All such considerations occur without any sophisticated pieces of hardware make so clear discussion or definition of what it really much of this increased manipulation and takes to be a special librarian-except for sophistication feasible. the general assumption that you certainly cannot go wrong with a library degree. We are much preoccupied with the short- Service or Self-service age of librarians in general and of special librarians in particular. Our own staff vacancies give ample evidence that the short- There has always been something of a con- age is real. At the same time some of us are flict between the two functions of a librarv: nagged by the suspicion that the shortage as a part of the educational process and as a might not be as great if we did not squander service institution. At least part of our prob- professional talent on non-professional tasks ; lem comes from the fact &at librarv service and that the problem is really more one of -as special library customers have a right logistics, of moving available professionals to expect it-really conflicts with the empha- into professional assignments. sis on librarianshi~as an educational* ad- Librarianship, and special librarianship in junct, which still dominates our profession. particular, is a profession in transition. There In school librarianship and in much of pub- is no profession more dynamically involved lic librarianship, the emphasis is on teaching in change; and the end results will depend the client how to help himself. We tend to on us. This is challenging and exciting. make value judgments about our customers The road of special librarianship is branch- on the basis of their understanding of biblio- ing, and we must look down both forks of graphic tools and their ability to serve them- the road. Our dilemma arises from the fact selves; and we strive to improve that under- that, quite suddenly, we have competition standing and that ability. It is difficult to in the information business. Until quite re- realize that, in a special library setting, this cently, the acquisition, storage, analysis, and standard may have no meaning. For a par- dissemination of information were our busi- ticular customer, his ideal library service may ness; and our customers were stuck with us be one in which he need know nothing (or whether they liked our approach or not. We do nothing) about the way in which we handle material or secure answers. He has a himself-with no concern as to his opinion problem, he needs a solution-and no moral on the subject. judgments, please. (You will notice that I This sort of an attitude cannot succeed in insist on using the word, customer, although a service organization. The special library- many may find it more irritating than patron.) whether it be in an industrial, nonprofit, There are manv indications that we do not government or university environment-does function as well in the service area as we not produce or market product. The library should or, perhaps, as we think we do. Tra- will have difficulty proving its impact on ditionally, the responsibilities of the librarian sales volume or production costs. What can have been directed toward a strong program be easily established from the accounting in acquisitions, a professional effort in mak- ledgers is that the library is a not insignifi- ing materials ready and available through cant overhead expense, and that it therefore their preparation for use, the preparation of dilutes the operating profit. It is a perfectly tools to assist in their location, and finally natural and understandable reaction on the in assistance to the user in finding the in- part of operating managers to question and formation he needed. Assistance to the user ? challenge the validity of the library operation Yes, but the responsibility was still basically in terms of their own needs. As executive that of the customer. In fact, the "morality director of Leasco's NASA Facility, I have standards" of the library profession were and operated a direct contract project with profit still are largely based on the assumption that objectives, and have supported, from my knowledgeable, educated, cultured, worth- operating profit, the corporate library. Even while people are the ones who know how to though I am a librarian, I have also ques- use a library. We have, in various shadings, tioned its costs and the cost impact in terms all of the subtle little devices for showing of the services it provides to our operation. disapproval of those who do not measure up Our problems in this area are caused to our expectations, from outright shock to largely by our own stubborn refusal to admit friendly paternalistic condescension. "Oh, that, to any appreciable extent, we are a you mean you've never used Engineering service and not only an educational organi- Ilzdes? Well, come, let me show you how it's zation, and by our insistence in providing in- arranged." Such an approach hurts only the formation services as we think the customer librarian. If the would-be user now feels ought to be receiving them. When I empha- foolish and inadequate, he will find reasons size the necessity for providing information not to use the library at all. It then follows services as the customer needs them, I am that "Since I never use the library anyway, not saying that they should be provided as why does it need such a big budget? We he jays he needs them. I am emphatically need to cut expenses!" not stating that the internal techniques for Glib generalizations may be very unfair on information mani~ulation can be directed an individual basis to many, or most, of us. by the user. The librarian has management Nevertheless, part of our problems of im- responsibilities which he cannot delegate to portance, status, and recognition has come his customers. from an insistence on providing service on Some libraries have developed well in such our own terms; by giving the user what we an environment while others have just con- feel he ought to get, and by making him do tinued to exist. Nevertheless, these conditions for himself what we think he ought to do might have continued indefinitely, with the library supervisor finding his own place in the organization by his ability to manipulate and maneuver, but for one rather recent inno-

This paper is based on Mr. White's vation: the develo~mentI of information cen- talk presented daring his presidential ters. Many of our libraries have simply be- visits to Chapters of Special Libraries come information centers, and the library Association. Mr. White is vice presi- managers are now managers of these infor- dent, Leasco Systems and Research mation centers. There is nothing particularly Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland. wrong with this, unless you feel an attach- ment- to the historic nomenclature. The manager of the information center (formerly business of the information center is part of the librarian) can probably command a new the business of the library. I cannot visualize job description with a comparably higher the continued co-existence of the two con- salary. cepts as separates in the same organization, Our areas of deep concern come in situ- without eventually relegating the library to ations in which an existing special library the status of a high level stock room. has been supplemented by the formation of a new information center with no connection to the existing library organization. Inevi- tably such information centers have been Staff Services formed to provide information to the users in easy-to-digest, packaged forms-frequently, though not always, through the use Without doubt the special library staff of computerized equipment. What such in- will need the assistance of subject specialists, formation centers-with their computerized of translators, of systems analysts, of pro- search, their SDI services, their annotated grammers, and of budget analysts. These in- bibliographies, and their competitive product dividuals, however, must provide staff serv- evaluations-are providing, or promising to ices to the special librarian. When full-time provide, is information, not materials and not assistance is required, these subject special- procedures for obtaining materials. ists, analysts and programmers must be members of the library's staff, reporting to the special librarian. Pioneering Techniques All librarianship, but particularly special librarianship, must change to meet the expanding desires and interests of the user There is irony in this development. Much community, or be relegated to a supply room if not most of the early experimentation function. Certainly the advent of computer with such information techniques as SDI processing, with greater and more rapid service was pioneered by librarians, fre- access to large information stores, rapid quently through the necessity of overcoming large-scale printing, and reprographic proc- reluctance and apathy of management. It is esses, has had considerable impact on the sad, indeed, to find that our own tools have philosophy of information service. Our cus- been turned to use by others, while much of tomers simply cannot keep up with the de- the library profession has hidden behind the velopments in their fields-scientific and endless refrain: "We know machines are humanistic alikewithout assistance. coming, and we know they will have appli- An additional area of significant change cations in the library, but nobody has proven with impact on the library profession is di- their usefulness yet." Apparently others do rectly related to computer technology, and, not agree. through it, to the interchange of information It now becomes fairly obvious that the between library locations. reason for the instant success of these pro- When I speak of the developing applica- grams is the fact that they provide or prom- tion of computer technology to library oper- ise to provide a kind of service which the ations, I am not talking about its pertinence customer has wanted all along and for which, to library housekeeping functions, to such despite the protestations of corporate pov- tasks as ordering, check-in, routing, circu- erty, he would gladly have been willing to lation control, etc. Machine applications here Pay. have been feasible and practicable for at There is no service performed by an "in- least a half-dozen years, despite the never- addition-to-the-library" information center ending pleas for more study and for more which should not legitimately be performed time. Such library functions are very like by the library. If our concerns are informa- similar tasks in insurance companies, banks, tion and all of the intermediate processes mail order firms, and warehousing opera- necessary for the full, proper and successful tions. Techniques and principles long estab- utilization of this information, then the lished fit our needs quite nicely with only minor adaptation. I am addressing myself to the far more significant and far more difficult Intraprofessional Relations questions involved in computer assistance to the librarv in the ~erformanceof intellectual functions within the library. We worry about our relationship to other The NASA Information Program has professional associations which seem, in been distributing computer tapes to NASA large part, interested in the same kinds of Centers and selected major contractors for programs and ideals in which we are inter- over five years. The National Library of ested. A quick glance at the American So- Medicine has been active in the program for ciety for Information Science membership about four years, and the Library of Congress roster discloses the names of some of the and the Defense Documentation Center also most active members of SLA. The American have programs in being or in preparation for Library Association has now established a the distribution of machine readable infor- formal division for systems studies and mation. These programs of centralized proc- mechanization, an area we tended to con- essing, as they affect libraries, are being sider our private domain. But such concerns tremendously accelerated through the de- are an inversion of the real problem. People velopment both of remote access consoles for will affiliate with groups which best satisfy input and output to computers at distant lo- their needs and interests, regardless of what cations, and through the feasibility and prac- those groups or associations are called. SLA's tical economic necessity for computer time decision-whether to be completely inde- sharing. To a greater extent, today's com- pendent, to cooperate closely, or eventually puters have excess processing capacity. They to merge-will follow as a natural result of can handle more mani~ulations within a which path we choose as a profession, and time span than any one input device can de- how well this Association, or any other, re- mand. It therefore becomes both economi- sponds to meet the needs which are gener- cally and technically practical to make one ated. central computer location the information Our concerns with recruitment, our con- reference store for a large number of li- cerns with professional standards, and our braries, with each of these libraries querying concerns with the continuing questions about the information store in what to the machine what kind of people we ought to permit to is sequential but to the user appears to be a become members of the Special Libraries simultaneous manner. This development, Association are valid and topical, and I am accompanied in turn by greater sophis&tion not suggesting that they be side-tracked. I in microstorage and blowback and by cathode have already expressed my own personal ray tube projections of computer informa- opinion, in other forums, that I consider the tion, changes all of the economics of com- library degree by far the most suitable train- puter storage of library information. ing for work in special librarianship and in- It also changes all of the ground rules for formation science, but that I consider the de- the library itself. It simultaneously multi- gree as neither an exclusive qualification nor plies the reference resources of the partici- an automatic one. pating organizations and places greater em- What I am suggesting is that the question phasis on the use of this material through professional reference work, through biblio- of formal educational qualifications becomes graphic search and through selective dis- secondary when compared to the total need semination, while at the same time consid- for all special librarians to continue their erably de-emphasizing the local requirement education and preparation-no matter what for technical processing. Because, in this their original training. Those of you who kind of cooperative organization, processing attended library school a decade or two ago, can only be done once within the system, and as I did, know how ill prepared you would that pr&essing must be accepted- by all of be for coping with the operational problems the other members. I doubt that we will have you face today if you had to rely exclusively difficulty adapting to this, once we realize on that training. It is safe to say that this its inevitability. year's graduates, if they put their minds into the deep freeze, will be just as ullqualified and ill prepared ten years from now. The Answers Are Crucial This is not the fault of the educational institutions, much as we like to blame them for many of our problems. A library school, Our consideration of these questions is or any other school, can only prepare its not just germane but it is crucial for the fu- students with the information available at ture and growth of librarianship, specifically that time, no matter how well it orients its special librarianship, and even more specifi- curriculum to special library needs. A physi- cally the Special Libraries Association. cian who attended medical school twenty The task of information analysis, informa- years ago and who has learned nothing since tion dissemination, and information packag- graduation is not someone I would like to ing will be performed, whether we do it or have treat my illnesses. A special librarian not. We still have the option of being the who has learned nothing since graduation ones to do this. We have the head start twenty years ago is a poor bet to run a special in the fact that we are the incumbents, and library. that we have the education and training for There is no one single simple solution to the handling of information. But we rapidly the problem of continued updating, and it throw that advantage away when we refuse is certainly not unique to us. Technical obso- to recognize all the signs which indicate what lescence or, to be genteel, technical erosion management and the customer really want- affects many professions. Some of the solu- when we insist on talking about back-orders, tions can and must come from our educa- filing backlogs, lack of cooperation in re- tional institutions, and some library schools turning overdue material, crises in binding are aware of their responsibilities. Others, of becmse of missing issues, by insisting on course, are still turning out masses of gradu- tdking to our management about tools and ates with cookie cutter uniformity. mechanics in which nobody but us is re- However, not all of the activity in this motely interested, and by failing to translate area can come from the library schools, and our needs into the concepts which manage- even when it does, it will require your sup- ment does understand. port and assistance. It is the exponents and We can fight to retain what was ours by developers of new ideas and new technolo- default at a time when it was too mundane to gies who must teach about them. Much of interest others, and has now become a chal- the activity must come through your own lenge of tremendous scope which has at- participation and initiative; much of this tracted many outsiders-some earnest and activity should be channeled through the qualified, some quacks and charlatans. We framework of your professional association. can fight to demonstrate to others what we so Special librarianship will not be a pro- clearly know, that the management of infor- fession for the faint of heart, for those lack- mation services is properly ours by training, ing in intellectual stimulation, for those un- experience and attitude. Or we can nestle se- willing to commit themselves to continued curely in our fortress, ordering material only self-education and improvement, and for on demand, indicating its location in the those looking for a nice quiet place to retire system once it arrives-through an intricate immediately upon graduation. cabala of symbols-and keeping accurate Wc need not do it. We can quietly step records of who borrowed what. This is a job aside and let the ranks be filled by the sci- even our newly arrived competitors in the in- entific informationalists, logicians, behavior- formation business are willing to concede to alists, philosophical empiricists, empirical us. After all, who wants to spend his life philosophers, and the thousand-and-one oth- running a stock room ? We still have the opportunity to do some- ers, who can see the expanding frontier and thing about it. But it must be soon. who want their piece of real estate. Even these people, in their projected scheme of things, have a place for us. They need some- Receizvrl for rez'iew Ortobev 24, 1968. body to run their information stock room. Accepted for pnblicatiou December 29, 1968. What Everybody Should Know About Translation

James M. Lufkin

Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota 5 5408

"literary" translation, although necessary and useful for some purposes, are often arbitrary Translation, whether "literary" or "tech- and misleading. Most of what follows refers nical," is a creative art, not a lexicographic to "technical" translation, since that general process; machines have failed to give useful class is what concerns most readers of this translations of serious texts for this reason. journal, but we need also to consider trans- The conventional distinctions between "liter- lation in general and, briefly, "literary" trans- ary" and "technical" translation are mislead- lation as well. ing and perhaps false. Literal or word-for- word translations are not translations at all "Literal" verszu "Exact" Trmslations and their use should be discouraged. Trans- There is a French proverb to the effect lation requires a full command of both that a translation is like a woman: if she is languages and some understanding of the beautiful, you must not expect her to be subject. Quality is difficult for a layman to faithful. And Chateaubriand, with a more judge, but idiomatic English is one good restrained image, compared the translator to sign and there are other indications. the painter who gives us not the original person, but a portrait of her. Benedetto Croce, however, had the last word with this sort of comparison. He said that the translator of poetry who claims to reproduce or even replace the original is like someone who LTHOUGH nearly everybody who has gives a lover an "equivalent" or "similar" A a degree from an accredited college or woman in place of the one he loves. university-is supposed to have a nodding Now there is something fundamentally acquaintance with a foreign language, most misleading about all of these clever compari- college students get very little training in sons, for they imply that a translation must translation except at the elementary level. be literal in order to be exact. And this as- They are taught to anderstand, nowadays, sumption is based in turn on the mistaken rather than to translate; although there are idea that the translator transcribes zoords good reasons for this from the point of view from one language to the other, that trans- of general education, those elementary exer- lation is largely a mechanical, word-match- cises in translation leave the graduate with ing, or lexicographic process. The naivete of strange notions of what translation is and this notion is not lessened by the fact that what it involves. Finally, translation is fast many translators have inadvertently helped becoming a recognized and respected pro- to perpetuate it. fession. and those of us who are concerned A "literal" translation is not only not with information transfer should know more more faithful than some other kind but it is about it. really not a translation at all, for it leaves First of all, the distinctions frequently the statement in a kind of limbo between made between "technical" translation and the original language and the new language. One of the reasons for this is that interlin- influences, and yet they can make all the gual synonyms-two words in two different difference between a useful translation and languages having exactly the same meaning mere gibberish. A simultaneous interpreter -are extremely rare. Even when they do may perform logical analyses on whole exist, it usually turns out that their secondary strings of polyvalent terms while he is re- meanings do not match or that their conno- constructing phrases at the rate of a hundred tations are quite different. This is particu- words or more a minute, but he does most larly true of false cognates or "false friends," of it subconsciously and is therefore unable as translators call them. to give anything more than a superficial ac- Word-for-word translations, even when count of it. the subject matter is as simple as, say, the warning on the back of a can of rat poison, The failure of the machine translation program is no are often dangerously inaccurate, often mis- fault of the computer scientists. It was the inevitable leading, 'and frequently unintelligible. No result of unjustified optimism on the part of the lin- competent translator will deliver one, and guistic scientists associated with it who faced, appar- their use should be discouraged. The reader ently without being aware of it, an enormously difi- who asks for a "literal" translation shows his cult problem containing vast sets of unknown complex ignorance of what translation is and of what variables. it is supposed to do. If he simply cannot wait for a proper translation, he should ask for a The translators, who must have known summary, specifying, for example, the num- what was involved in translation, did not ber of typewritten pages or perhaps a per- know what computers could and could not centage of the length of the original. This, do. On the other hand, the computer people, incidentally, is one test of a translator's com- who presumably knew what their machines petence. If he is not capable of summarizing could do, did not know what translation in- the ideas in a document, he may not be volved. Communication between the two capable of translating it properly, for its groups was fragmentary and ineffective. words cannot be understood without some Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, a lone giant who un- grasp of the ideas they convey. derstood both worlds, and who had devoted ten years to the problem, declared in 1960 Machine Translation that the thing was impossible.1 He was not listened to, and the federal government spent If translation were the mechanical process another ten million dollars trying to do it. some have imagined it to be, we should have But in 1967 a report issued by the National had useful machine translations long ago. In Academy of Science2 concluded with a fact we have nothing of the kind, and may touching understatement to the effect that never have, for the steps in which an idea useful machine translation was not in "im- in the source language is first understood and mediate prospect." then re-expressed in the second language are so subtle, so complex, and so deeply hidden Literary and Technical Translations from observation that we may never be able to devise a machine program capable of imi- Translation, as the French say of diplo- tating them. We cannot program a machine macy, is the "art of the possible." It works to carry out steps which we are unable to within severe restraints. and it succeeds when specify. The effect, for example, of the syn- the best choice is made of many alternatives. tax and the context upon the meaning of a In other words, it is a creative art, a dynamic single term may be so subtle as to defeat all process in which a series of problems are attempts at linguistic analysis, and yet the seen to have multiple solutions, whether the intended sense may depend entirely on those text is "literary" or "technical." two factors, and the choice involved may be What the translator of a technical text between not two or three terms or phrases in does requires essentially the same skill as the the second language but between twenty or work of a literary translator. If the trans- thirty! No linguistic scientist or translator lator of, say, Rimbaud or Mallarm6 must has yet fully described the operation of these grapple with whole strings of words de- liberatcly chosen for their clusters of poly- in~pressionas similar as possible to that re- valent meanings, the translator of, say, Heis- ceived by the reders of the original. enberg or Schrodinger-as he approaches Some of the more voc-a1 professional trans- words chosen usually, but not always, for the lators, neverthelesb, scem to be split into two opposite quality, their Lark of ambivalence- groups. I. J. Citroen, addressing himself to must first grasp concepts of very great "Thc Myth of the Two Professions" in subtlety. I, for one, would not presume to Babe1,Qhe official organ of the Interna- call one more difficult or more worthy of re- tional Translators' Federation, argues con- spect than the other. With regard to two vincingly that the conventional distinction quite specific texts, such a comparison could between "literary" and "non-literary" trans- be made, but that is another matter. For ex- lation is irrational and misleading and should ample, the translation of Edgar Allen Poe's be discontinued. Others, in the same journal poetry into French can be done with great and elsewhere, have contended-muih less ease because of what Kenneth Rexroth has successfully, I think-that the two kinds of called, "the very banality of [Poe's] thought translation are fundamentally different in and the poverty of his style." On the other both purpose and method. hand, the translation into French of a paper But this is a translators' quarrel. What li- on "Optimal Unsupervised Learning Multi- brarians need to know is that the translator category Dependent Hypotheses Pattern of serious subject matter of my kind, from Recognition" from the ZEEE Tra?z.mrtiom oti the Go~pelAcco~dizg to St. ]ohu to A. I. Znformntiou Theory will require an under- Oparin's essay On the Origin of Life, must standing of ideas of a far higher order of understand the ideas in the original. To complexity than anything in Poe for all his argue that one or the other, in general, is ingenious onomatopoeia. more difficult or more dignified is a waste of But comparisons of this kind are instruc- time. What must be borne in mind is that at tive only if we keep in mind the fact that this level or anywhere near it, a superficial both poetry and scientific writing are con- command, no matter how encyclopedic, of cerned with ideas. In both cases, the trans- the two languages alone is 1201 1zenr13 enough. lator must re-create the ideas (or the emo- Whether the translator has acquired his tions) and not the words, which are merely abil~tyto deal with a specific subject through symbols representing them. In both cases, previous experience with it or, as I suspect he must create a new set of symbols which some of the really brilliant ones do, whether will give the reader of his new version an he picks up that abtlity nr he goes ahead with

Ach, bitter bereut, wer des Weisen Rat scheut Und vom Alter sich nicht Iasst beraten. Ach, zu hoch nicht hinaus! Es geht ubel aus! Sagte das Weib zum Soldaten. Doch der Soldat mit dem Messer im Gurt Lacht' ihr kalt ins Gesicht und ging uber die Furt.

Ah, bitterly rues, who good counsel eschews And by the wisdom of age is not guided. So fly not too high, or you'll fall from the sky!- By the woman the soldier was chided. But, the knife in his belt agleam, He laughed in her face and forded the stream. (Addis) his tr.anslation is also useless to argue. In any translator . . . who has used English words case, a translator deals with ideas, for which forced into French, German, or Russian the words are mere symbols; he is an intel- thought patterns. . . ." Finally, "it should lectual, not a keypunch operator. never, ever, occur to the non-linguist reader of a translation that what he is reading is a translation. This is the test of a merely com- Good Tr.anslators petent piece of work, for an excellent translation ought to be able to deceive even an- A good translator is an accomplished other translator." writer in his own language. This principle, If a literary translator has the prestige of universally acknowledged in the books on a Stephen Spender, he may, with some im- the subject, is frequently ignored in practice punity "translate" Goethe's poetry without because the people who hire translators or understanding it. This may not be a very buy their work often think of translation as edifying spectacle, but at least nothing ex- a mechanical process, where actually it is plodes in the laboratory, and nobody is less apt to be mechanical than most kinds poisoned. Or, if he has the reputation of a of writing. The effectiveness of a translation, W. H. Auden, he may "translate" Bertolt that is, its accuracy and its basic fidelity, de- Brecht's lyrics with perfectly gratuitous em- pends heavily on the translator's own style. bellishments. This may not be very honest, And the "attainment of style," as the Unesco but since no job or contract is at stake, the report on scientific and technical translation4 translator will not be fired. put it, "is an art-something dependent on Here are six lines from a song in Bertolt personal choices between uncodifiable alter- Brecht's Matter Cowage and ihre Kinder,5 natives, not a science susceptible to analysis." followed by a line-by-line translation which Above all, style is functional; it is not a mat- Robert Addis of Addis Translations Inter- ter of decoration; it conveys meaning, and national composed at my request for the impact. The competent translator tries to benefit of readers who do not know German. write, "in the phrases which would have The second translation by W. H. Auden ap- occurred spontaneously to an educated native peared in Delos,G the official organ of the of the language of translation, had he National Translation Center. The third ver- wanted to express the same ideas and the sion, my own, is the result of a simple ex- same shades of meaning. It is precisely this tension of the principles exhibited in Au- which is not grasped by the second-rate den's "translation."

"Ah! Watch what you do! What I tell you is true, For the sake of the Good God who made us, 0 believe what I say: your death lies that way," Cried the goodwife to the invaders. "Balls!" they all roared, waved a lance or a sword, Laughed aloud in her face and marched down to the ford. (Auden)

Ah, bitter brews he, whom the white rat shies, And by the Old Man lets himself not be baked! Ah, drink up, but not outside! 'Tis foul without! Says the soldier's wife to her spouse. But the soldier with a knife in his gut Caught her cold in the nose and gave over the fort! (Lufkin) In technical or scientific translation the for any phrase or statement that seems most rigorously exact reproduction of what wrong, incongruous, or implausible. These is said in the original is usually demanded, he should check with the translator, per- or assumed, of every translator. I say t~sually, sonally if possible, or through his agency because for some purposes, exactness is not head. This may not prove anything, but in required, and because sometimes a trans- general a really incompetent translation will lator can improve on a badly written original. be full of patently inexact expressions and I say asmmed, because the output of the this technical review should reveal them. In technical translator is seldom compared, by particular, this can be a powerfully effective the users or buyers of that translation, with means of discovering the fundamental unre- the original. It is taken on faith, and this liability of a translation done by someone puts a very great importance on both the who has apparently a fzll commmd of both honesty and the competence of the trans- languages bat not of the sabject. And as one lator. On the other hand, a literary transla- professional translator has emphatically tion, even though it is presumably intended pointed out to me, the two kinds of knowl- for people who cannot read the original, edge-if there actually are "twon-are not may be read by a good many scholars and separable in practice. others who already know the original or have easy access to it. And few publishers Translators Disagree would pay for a translation of a novel, play, or poem without having it checked by a On the whole question of the relative im- competent judge of its quality as a transla- portance of the translator's knowledge of the tion. But in industrial and academic situ- subject when he is confronted with a text of ations, the translation of a given journal really substantial intrinsic difficulty, I have article, symposium paper, patent, or field encountered sharply divergent opinions from report must usually be done at once-and professional translators. Some of them say presumably paid for promptly-and there is that their work is "purely linguistic" (what- little opportunity to check it. ever that means) and that they can translate the most abstruse technical discussions with Eucllaatilzg Quality no more knowledge of the subject matter than they gain from the process of translat- What can the buyer or user do about ing it, dictionary in hand, although they quality in this situation ? First of all, he can admit that it may not be a translating diction- read the translation to make sure the English ary at all but a dictionary or even an encyclo- (or whatever the target language may be) is pedia of physics or of electronics. This last natural and idiomatic. This is by no means point confirms my notion that translation of an absolute index of translation quality but serious texts is never "purely linguistic" but it is far more helpful than it is generally is deeply involved with the concepts them- known to be. If your translator cannot com- selves. mand his target language fully you have Other professional translators assure me reason to suspect the presence of other de- that they are able to work effectively only in ficiencies in his work. Incidentally, it is gen- fields that they are well acquainted with and erally, although not quite universally, agreed that no matter how well they know the lan- by authorities that the translator should be guage concerned, they do not attempt to zvriting (translating into) in his native lan- translate technical discussions in fields in guage and reddi~zg(translating from) his ac- which they have not actually worked or at quired language (and even those-notably a least read extensively. school of interpreters in Russia-who believe But I have summarized here a debate he should work the other wav around are among giants. The professional translators I assuming a level of general competence so have questioned in connection with the prep- high that the question becomes academic). aration of this essay all have enormous erudi- secondly, the user, that is, the person-who tion in many fields, and have full command needs the technical information for his work, of several languages. As to what percent of can read the translation through and check the professional translators whose services are available are this well endowed, I can read a newspaper in a foreign language, any- only guess, but I suspect that it is small. one can claim that he is "fluent" in seven (or It is unnecessary to exaggerate the point- nine, or twelve) different languages without by claiming, for example, that only another much fear of contradiction. Surely, in view physicist can properly translate a simple lab- of the difficulties outlined in this article, a oratory report in physics-in order to em- little humility would be a better sign to look phasize the importance of understanding. for in a translator's qualification sheet. If But an important and very awkward truth there are doubts about the matter, it is best about journal articles and some of the more to question someone who has used the serv- esoteric reports in science and technology is ices of that translator. too often overlooked : these communications Generally speaking, you get about what are not witten for outsidev~to understand. you pay for (or less) in the way of quality, They are written by specialists for other in translation as in any other professional specialists; the outsider is not in most cases service, although there is nothing to prevent deliberately excluded, but he might as well a quack from charging the same rates that his be. For example, the specialist writing for competent competitor does. Translation is a other specialists in the same field frequently service, not a commodity. Furthermore, good makes free use of terms which may look like translators do not engage in systematic price "standard" terms but which have special competition, and the buyer is well advised to meanings accepted only by this in-group. be as wary of bargain translations as he is of And if the science or technology in question bargain medical or legal services. A com- is a fast-moving one, these special meanings petent translator who has earned the respect may not be given in any dictionary. Further- of his colleagues and his clients does not more-and this can be an even more for- work for a clerk-typist's wages (even if he midable obstacle-the specialist writing for has to do his own typing because he cannot others who are concerned with the same afford a secretary). problem does not usually define or explain his basic assumptions, or, as he would call Translation Costs them, his initial or boundary conditions. There are two perfectly good reasons for Regarding rates, some broad generaliza- this: first, explanations of this kind can be tions are possible. In this country, transla- extrcmely difficult, especially in advanced, tion of technical matter of moderate diffi- theoretical work; and second, the author can cultv into English., from one of the West assume, generally, that his readers already European languages is usually billed at about know them. The result may easily be an im- $25.00 per thousand English words, with a portant contribution to one branch of physics low in the neighborhood of $20.00 and a which experienced researchers in another high of $35.00 both falling within the nor- branch of physics cannot zmderstand. Where mal range. Translations into the same lan- does this leave the translator? Unless he can guages may cost more than twice as much make out the meaning of every separate because they are usually intended for pub- statement in the text (regardless of whether lication and must be highly polished. The he can understand the whole and its implica- fees usually include proofreading. Transla- tions or not) this task will be extremely dif- tion from or into Russian is generally a little ficult for him. higher, and the relatively esoteric languages What then, are we to make of the trans- may bring $40.00 or even $50.00 per thou- lator who claims to be able to deal with sand English words, according to Kurt Gin- "many" languages and "all" subjects? The gold, a former president andnow a director answer is not simple. There apparently are of the American Translators Association, translators who can do this; there certainly writing- in Babel7 in 1966. are some whose translations do not match Literary translation is much cheaper. Andr6 their claims. Since translators in the U.S. Schiffrin,8 editorial director at Pantheon, are not yet certified or licensed, anyone can says that $15.00 per thousand words is close call himself a translator-just as, in a coun- to the standard, although I have heard of rates try where not one adult in a hundred can of $20.00 and even $25.00. One reason for this is that most newly translated novels, for regularly and make their work a little easier example, sell hardly enough copies to break by providing them with English-language ref- even, so that even this low rate can look big erences whenever possible. Above all, do not to the publisher. Incidentally, the translator be overly concerned with costs. A good trans- rarely shares a book's royalties, so that he has lator is a highly trained and skilled profes- exactly the same reward, whether the book sional and will not condescend to work for fails or becomes a best seller. cut-rate fees." According to Kurt Gingold,S there are somewhere between 2,000 and 4,000 full- A Note on Some Periodicals time translators in the United States today Devoted to Translation (nearly all of them, I believe, engaged entirely or mainly in technical translation), The Imorporated Lingzlist. Published and about 500 of these are members of the quarterly by the Institute of Linguists (91 American Translators Association, the lead- Newington Causeway, London, S.E. I), it ing and the only national professional society was, until this year, quite the most distin- for translators affiliated with the Interna- guished journal of its kind anywhere. It tional Federation of Translators (FIT). ATA publishes scholarly articles, often by famous published in 1966, for the first time, a Pro- authorities, devoted to both technical and fe~rional Service Di~ectorygiving language literary translation, and it is beautifully pro- and subject matter qualifications for about duced. However, it now has a formidable half of its members. A new edition of this di- rival in the U.S. (see below). The Zncorpo- rectory will be ready for distribution early rated Lingzlist is in its 7th year. in 1969." Babel. The official organ of the Fkdkration Internationale des Traducteurs (16, rue A. de Finding a Competent Tm~zslator Pontmartin, 84 Avjgnon, France) is pub- ov Translation lished quarterly. It is a little less demanding of its authors than its British counterpart, I assume that the readers of this journal and its format is somewhat more modest, but are well aware of SLA's Translators and it also finds room for both technical and lit- Translations: Services and Soz~vcesin Science erary contributors, many of them with dis- and Technology, a 224 page book announced tinguished reputations. Babel is in its 14th in this journal (July-August 1965). How- year. ever, in 1966, Dr. Gingold7 pointed out that there is very little overlap between the ATA Delos, A Journal On & Of Translation. Directory and the SLA publication, so that Published six times a year by the National many readers will want them both. The ar- Translation Center (2621 Speedway, Austin, ticle just cited, incidentally, contains the best Texas 78705). Like the two journals de- advice on this subject that I have seen, and I scribed above, Delos publishes essays about have made free use of it in this paper. In translation by well-known authorities but un- fact, since Babel may not be seen regularly like them it also publishes complete trans- by most readers of Special Libraries, I can do lated poems, stories, and essays, and excerpts no better than to quote from Dr. Gingold's from longer works. It is also unlike both concluding advice to those who buy or sub- Babel and The Incorporated Lingz~istin that contract for translations: it is apparently to be devoted to literary translation exclusively. In fact, in its first "Make sure you have specified exactly what issue an anonymous review of a volume of is to be translated and by when you will need essays by members of the Federation Inter- it. Build up a group of suppliers on the basis nationale des Traducteurs published by Per- of your own experience. Once you have found gamon gives evidence of a degree of hostility a group of individuals or firms who can give you the type of service you require, use them to technical and scientific translation that both charity and logic must attribute to envy, for there can be no other grounds for such mal- * Available at $10.00 per copy. Address orders to ice. But as a medium for the exchange of both American Translators Association, P. 0. Box 489, Madison Square Station, New York 10010. ideas and information about literary transla- 80 tion this journal promises to be extremely chine Translation of Foreign Languages." important, although it has apparently been This essay has been extensively reprinted funded for two years only. Its parent organ- in other journals, but I will send a copy ization was established by the Ford Founda- to anyone who asks for it. However, it is only an amateur's survey, and I wrote it tion, and it is able to offer both small fel- when I had seen only one of Bar-Hillel's lowships and substantial grants for specific famous papers on the subject. He is the translation projects, the terms and conditions authority. for which are given inside the cover of the 2. Language and Machines: Computers in first issue. It also has a section, called "Clear- Translation and Linguistics. National Acad- ing House," listing current translations in emy of Sciences, National Research Coun- progress, together with the names of the cil, Washington, D. C., 1966. Its Publ. no. publishers (for those accepted for publica- 1416. tion) and the translators, Of the current list 3. Citroen, I. J. The Myth of the Two Pro- of 163 titles, most or all of them presumably fessions-Literary and Non-Literary Trans- lation. Babel 12: no. 4, 181-188 (1966). of book length, about 40 are being done un- 4. Scientific and Technical Translating and der National Translation Center grants or Other Aspects of the Language Problem, fellowships. Although the list does not pre- Paris, Unesco, 1957 & 1958. tend to be complete, the commercial pub- 5. Brecht, Bertold. Das Lied vom Weib und lisher showing the greatest interest in new dem Soldaten, in Mutter Courage und literary translations is Alfred A. Knopf, by ihre Kinder. Berlin, Suhrkamp, 1949. p.28. far, with 27 titles. Delos is in its first year. 6. Auden, W. H. Song of the Goodwife to the Invaders. Delos 1 : 26 (Apr 1968). The American Translator. The official or- 7. Gingold, Kurt. A Guide to Better Trans- gan of the American Translators Association lations for Industry. Babel 12: no. 3, 142- (P.O. Box 489, Madison Square Station, 145 (1966). New York 10010). From a modest beginning 8. Schiffrin, And&. Translation and the Pub- as little more than a newsletter, the Arneri- lisher. Delos 1: 176-187 (Apr 1968). can Translator is well on its way toward be- 9. Gingold, Kurt. The Translation Scene in coming a serious journal. However, unlike the United States. The Incorporated Lin- Babel or Delos it has no financial support gzrist 7: no. 2, 26-7 (Apr 1968). from Unesco or the Ford Foundation, and it has not had time to acquire the industrial support now enjoyed by the Incorporated Acknowledgements Linguist. Incidentally, The American Trans- lator, Babel, and the ATA Professional Serv- I am grateful to a dozen Honeywell librar- ices Directory are sent free to all individual ians who patiently answered my questions and corporate members of the ATA. about their experiences with translations, and to Robert Addis, Bernard Bierman, Henry Fischbach, and Kurt Gingold, all of the Notes and References American Translators Association, for shar- 1. The reader interested in knowing what ing their professional insights with me dur- happened to this much-heralded effort ing many hours of conversation. should read the Introduction, and Chap- ters 12, 13 and 14 of Part 111, "Machine Translations," of Yehoshua Bar-Hillel's Received for review February 10, 1968. Ac- Language and Information (Addison-Wes- cepted October 20, 1968. Mr. Lufkin is man- ley, 1964) and still in print. Much of the ager of Professional Publication, Honeywell book is technical, but the historical intro- Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. He is a mem- duction and the chapters cited are not. For ber of the American Translators Association readers who do not have easy access to Bar-Hillel's book, a review of the entire and chairman of the IEEE Group on Engi- problem which I wrote specifically for lay- neering Writing & Speech (Institute of Elec- men appeared in the IEEE Transactions on trical and Electronics Engineers). The author Engineering Writing & Speech (June has extensive personal experience as a simul- 1965) under the title, "Human vs. Ma- taneous translator. Trimming the Clipping Files by the 7 R's

Olga Webber

Union-Tribune Publishing Co., San Diego, California 92112

still a distant dream, but the need for weeding is here and now. Clipping files always need weeding. Be- Part of the weeding problem is that weed- cause weeding is a negative action, this win- ing is n negtive action. Librarians were born nowing process must be approached posi- to save things, and it goes against the grain tively through the 7 R's. to throw away a clipping which has been Restraint. Retain less initially. lovingly nurtured for ten or twenty years. Revision. Rework and reclassify; define No one will give a librarian a medal for tighter headings. weeding except perhaps the company officer Reorganization. Eliminate something by who signs the purchase requisitions for new filing cabinets-and he usually does not even consolidating with something else. use the clipping file. The people, who do Replacement. Abstract a pile of clippings on use the file, will be unhappy because thnt one index card. clipping they wanted has been discarded. Retirement. Move less frequently used clip- The very term, "weeding," is unappetizing pings to an inactive storage area. with its connotation of a back-breaking, Reproduction. Reduce volume of clippings down-on-the-knees type of drudgery. Weed- by use of a reduction copier or by various ing implies grabbing whole handfuls of nox- microforms. ious matter and discarding it. This is cer- Relinquishment. Sensible discarding is advis- tainly not the ideal way to treat a clipping able ; use positive standards. file. A better approach to this operation is to think of trimming the clipping files by the 7 R's: Restraint, Revision, Reorganization, Replacement, Retirement, Reproduction and Relinquishment. It is apparent that restraint is necessary in EEDING is a topic that is frequently discarding, but restraint should also be prac- W shufled to the bottom of the deck ticed at the outset so as to keep the ~olume when librarians compare their problems. All of clippings down. Continuing review ses- know it must be done; all rather dislike do- sions with the indexers and classifiers (who ing it; and all would rather not think about "mark" the articles to be retained) should it-because it makes us feel guilty. Some be routine as the first step in trimming the will, perhaps, add hundreds of clippings to files. the file each day, discarding nothing-while keeping one hopeful eye on the computer Too Conscientioxs? specialists who are expected to come like conquering Romans to take over our files Many clipping files have grown to their when they have become too unwieldy. Un- present frightful proportions under a succes- fortunately for many of us, automation is sion of industrious, conscientious librarians who have retained everything with multiple cessful librarian is the one who is skilled at copies for insurance. There is undoubtedly improvising storage areas in unlikely places. a need to rework and to reclassify in line Double decks of cabinets with ladders might with current usage and nomenclature. As be a possible intermediate solution in some reorganization progresses, keep in mind how libraries. the subject headings may affect computeriza- Another space saving possibility for the tion. Then the trimming and weeding be- retired-or less frequently used-dippings come part of the total operation. is some sort of mobile cabinet or shelf ar- Libraries with large staffs (but little space) rangement, such as cabinets on casters to are particularly fortunate in having the man- eliminate a good deal of aisle space. This ar- hours to discard piles of clippings and to re- rangement would be particularly valuable place groups of clippings with one card with where the unit cost of floor space is high. a brief description of such clippings with The saving in space would probably com- date and page references. Routine discards Densate for the extra cost of the casters and can be established for clippings about de- bumpers required on the cabinets. Such an ceased persons and about business organiza- arrangement would, of course, not be prac- tions that have moved out of the area. tical &e~t where there is minimal u;e of If the discard process is too painful, that the material. moment can, perhaps, be postponed a few As budgets permit, the purchase of the years longer with a retirement program. If new suspension and powerized conveyor files, you are lucky enough to have a little corner such as the Remington "Lektriever" and of a basement or attic for storage, so much Diebold "Power Files," should be considered. the better. But if there is to be storage, it The St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times-Independent should be in a form that is classified and and the Long Island (N.Y.) Nezusday are readily avdable. Even though such process- among the newspapers that have installed ing is more expensive, it would have the ad- "Lektrievers" in their libraries. The Toronto vantage that stored material is almost as (Ont.) Globe and Mdil and the Jamaica accessible as current material-thus eliminat- (N.Y.) Long Island Press are among those mg most complaints about the inaccessibility who have purchased Diebold files. These of stored material. units utilize otherwise wasted overhead mace. Another alternative is to rearrange furni- After all possible means of stretching our ture for maximum utilization of the available physical space have been exhausted, we come floor space. Someone has said that the suc- to the possibility of shrinking the clippings. There are now copiers such as the Minolta FAX 1714, an electrostatic copier that pro- duces an 8% X 11 copy (reduced 20% or 50% from the original size). Copies can be filed compactly, but they are still readable with the naked eye.

Microreproduction-which is expensive and which may not be the ideal solution for every library-has the advantage that the stored material is almost as easily available as current material (after the library's clients accustom themselves to the use of the viewing machines).

The Minolta Fax 171 4 made its official debut at the BEMA Show in Chicago, Oct 28-Nov 1, 1968. Dimensions: 35%" W x 30%" D x 40%" H. About 95% of the reporters-on being To do our own microfilming at the pace presented with microfilmed clippings-made we choose rather than to send the work out one of the following comments: has the advantage of flexibility and complete control. We skip through the files and choose The material is more difficult to find and subjects with large full envelopes so as to read on a viewer ; achieve the maximum saving of space; usu- They prefer a clipping on their desks for ally nothing less than three years old is ready reference as they type the story filmed. (without the necessity of taking notes be- However, microjackets are certainly not forehand) ; the only microform available for use in the 0 Print-outs take too long and smell bad ; crowded library. There is the possibility of 0 They are reluctant to ask for print-outs of using roll film coupled with a card index. a whole file when perhaps only one buried While many newspapers now find that roll fact was needed ; and film is excellent for storage of the entire The use of a viewer for any length of time newspaper, the rolls may be somewhat in- gave them a headache, vertigo, upset stom- flexible when used for the large variety of ach, impaired vision and/or pains in the subjects of a clipping file. lower back. Among- the other cut film formats there are aperture cards, which are simply a small Twelve years after we began our micro- square window of film inserted into a film program, the older employees were re- punched card. After punching information signed to it. Operations at the San Diego into the card it is possible to select and re- Union-Tribzlne are ample evidence that the trieve the information through the use of smaller library with a limited budget can be- tabulating devices. There is also the micro- gin a microfilming program on a fairly small card which is still another version of an scale without too large an expenditure. A opaque aperture card with multiple images Recordak RV-2 Starfile Microfilmer camera arranged in rows. is operated for about 2 hours a day to micro- Microfiche is yet another possibility. Fiche film clippings while the operator also answers is a rectangular sheet of film on which are inquiries. The film is 16mrn, and there is processed microimages arranged in rows with an 18:l reduction. The 9y2 X 14 filming an eye-readable heading at the top of the surface accommodates five columns. When card. Fiche has all the advantages of trans- 100 ft. of film has been exposed, it is sent lucent film. ~lusthe flexibilitv of the index J I for processing. The cost is about $5 per 100 card concept. At least one library, the To- ft. to produce one negative and one positive ronto Globe and Mail, has changed from mi- print. The negative is stored in roll form crofilm in jackets to microfiche for clippings. with a brief table of contents on its box. The A 4 X G fiche can contain 60 or moreimages positive is cut up and inserted into 3y2 X 5 depending on the reduction ; approximately four-channel acetate jackets; and a heading 100 fiche will fit into 1 inch of filing space. is typed at the top of the jacket. There is equipment for quick film-to-film re- The jackets are then either filed in one of production of microfiche, an important point the old envelopes if feasible, or if the enve- for the regional library concept. Excellent lope is worn, a new one is prepared. At 54 hard copy reproductions are obtained on each, the jackets are the most costly phase of reader-printers. the operation. However, a package 1/16 inch thick takes the place of 20 envelopes (each 1 inch thick) for a saving of almost 2 ft. of file depth. In Finally there are the new supermicrorepro- the 12 years we have been microfilming at duction techniques, such as the NCR photo- this slow pace, about 9,500 ft. of microfilm chromic microimage (PCMI) which makes have been added to the fdes to replace 455,- possible a reduction of 48,400:l. The entire 000 column-inches of newsprint. The saving text of a 1,245-page Bible can be reproduced in new cabinets has more than made up for on a piece of film less than 2 X 2 in. in area. the cost of the filming. Becoming less remote daily are the advanced integrated film systems that combine emy." It may never be possible to be com- photographic images with coding, and on pletely consistent, but there should be an into complete computerization and the effort made to standardize headings and to world of digital storage, with the possibility eliminate the duplicate clip in many cases. of material being fed into the machine di- "Miscellaneous" seems to be in disrepute rectly from the newspaper's automatic type- these days, but if the number of envelopes setters. A total system is unnecessary for many in the collection is to be a minimum, there library situations. The name of the president should be general subheadings for articles of the Rotary Club should be identifiable which do not warrant a separate file. Some without an expensive computer. libraries have an "A-Misc." or "B-Misc." By some form of miniaturization the neces- for persons who may be mentioned in only sity of weeding can be postponed for a num- one clipping. Another useful catch-all sub- ber of years. By setting up a continuous, se- heading is "Background Articles" which can lective weeding program the necessity of a be under almost any subject and can include microfilm program can also be postponed. almost anything. If a library still mounts If you decide on a trimming and weeding clippings on backing sheets, the amount of course, most files contain reams of material filing space is doubled. Certainly considera- that can be discarded quickly and painlessly: tion should be given to eliminating such obvious duplicates, forecasts on economy or pasteups. farm output, announcements of coming The possibility of using different colored events after the event is over, much foreign markings or envelopes or tabs from year to news, sports, day-to-day routine weather year has been discussed frequently in the stories, stock exchange activity, fashion and past. These devices make the discard steps cooking articles, youth features, out-of-date easier if discards are to be in wholesale lots scientific and medical material (which could or after a predetermined length of elapsed be seriously misleading), feature'stories about time. construction-in-progress, minor accidents and It is, of course, wise to have the sanction crimes. of management before any weeding program The biographical aspect of a story is often is initiated. It is also wise to attack the prob- more important than the subject aspect, so lem before there is a sense of crisis and pres- that the subject clipping can be eliminated in sure from drawers already overflowing. Ide- some cases. Political news is composed of ally, positive standards are used-perhaps, much hot air; after an election a-lot of it even written procedures or an authority book should be allowed to escape. Beware of the -for selection of the clippings to be re- mistake we once made by having an elderly tained. rock-ribbed Republican lady weed the politi- If there is no time for weeding and if the cal clippings. Our remaining collection was library is short-staffed, the librarian should 95 0/6 Republican clippings and 5ro Demo- review and revise procedures-and should cratic. even consider hiring additional temporary Entertainment news is another area for help. The use of library assistants for weed- possible excision, especially the puff stories ing has not generally been considered to be received from press agents. In clipping so- good practice. But other professions, such as ciety news, social organizations can be re- medicine, assign important life-and-death stricted to lists of officers and factual articles. duties to competent assistants. If you are Teas or luncheons that creep into the files lucky enough to have a clerk on your staff can be promptly discarded. who is experienced and capable, by all means give him the weeding assignment. If you insist on doing it yourself, set a goal of, per- Heads vs. Sitbheadr haps, only 20 clippings a day. If done every In many libraries the question of place day, this small number does make a differ- versus subject has not been resolved, that is, a ence. clipping will be filed under "Air Force Obviously, there is no way to weed with- Academy-Meningitis epidemic" and also out decreasing the totality of the collection. one under "Meningitis-Air Force Acad- But in many ways, the right kind of selective weeding and reorganization can improve and Barrett, Lydia M. 'l'he~eIs No End. Me- strcngthen your service, by clearing out dead- tuchen, N. J., Scarecrow Press, 1961. wood, by tightening classifications, and by Cheydleur, Benj., ed. Technical Preconditions providing more space for newer topics. for Ret?,iezd Ceiiter Operations, Spartan Books, Washington, D. C., 1965. Man's World of Facts, IBrM Data Processor Fear Not 10: (no.4) 19-21 (Nov 1967) If you are afraid to even contemplate the Kent, Allen, ed. Library Plaming for Az~to- discard of material which may have some mntiou. Spartan Books, Washington, D. C., future value, it would be well to remember 1965. that no library is able to maintain an un- Licklider, J. C. R. Libruries of the Fntmre. limited collection in all fields. Through such MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1965. attempts to keep everything-in case it Rhydwen, David A. The Applicatio?~ of might be needed-we have choked our li- Microph~tography to New~paper Clip- braries. pings (transcript). N. Y.,American News- It is to be expected that some mistakes paper Publishers Association (Jun 1963) will be made in weeding even with the most Schechter, George, ed. Iizformatio~zKetriveal: careful approach. But, surely, the more im- A Crjticul View. Washington, D. C., Thompson Book Co., 1967. portant consideration (rather than worrying Shoemaker, Ralph J. Weediug aizd Other about some elusive fact that might be wanted Space-Sa~ilzgillethods (transcript). N. Y., ten years from now) is to have, in general, American Newspaper Publishers Associ- an up-to-date, trim, functional collection, ation (Oct 1957) whether it be in clippings, or aperture cards, Sharp, Harold S. Readiizgs iiz Special Li- or stored on some magnetic surface. brarimihip. Metuchen, N. J., Scarecrow Press, 1963. Sloat, Aiz Appt,onch to Weeditz~Ct,ite~ia for Newspaper Lib~avies, N. Y., American Ash, Lee, ed. Ynle's Selective Book Retire- Newspaper Publishers Association (1965) ment Program. Hamden, Conn., Shoe Whatmore, Geoffrey. Nezos I~iformatiov. String Press, 1963. Shoe String Press, Hamden, Conn., 1965.

Received for i~elliezu]me 22, 1968. Accepted November 28, 1968. Prese~ztedto the Neus- paper Divi~ioiz,SLA, 39th Amzcal Confer- elice, Los Angeles, Cakf., June 4, 1968. Mrs. Webber is head lzblilivla?~of the UxiowTrzb- me Pz/b/ishi?zg Co., publisher of the Sm Diego Umoiz md Eve~ihzgT~ibzme. Thesaurus Construction A Small Collection of Nonscientific Reports

Audrey N. Grosch

Systems and Automation Division, University of Minnesota Libraries, Minneapolis, Minnesota 5 545 5

guides for persons wishing to employ coordinate indexing techniques as their organiza- The techniques used to construct a non- tional method for the subject fields they wish scientific subject thesaurus are discussed. Con- to index. These thesauri may be custom siderations important to the librarian experi- tailored to fit the particular situation, just as encing for the first time the problem of subject heading lists may be altered to fit an coordinate indexing applied to a small re- individual library situation. port collection are presented. Simple relation- Indexers working with nonscientific col- ship, rule, and form factors showing a gen- lections must depend primarily upon their eralized relationship case illustrate the points own creative approach without benefit of discussed. Vocabulary scope, control need, published thesauri as additional aids. It is term generation, thesaurus format, and struc- the purpose of this paper to show one par- ture of thesauri are considered. ticular approach to the control of indexing terminology for nonscientific subject disci- plines. These points are a result of the application of uniterm coordinate indexing to a Marketing Research Library (MRL) report collection.%e thesaurus of terms which re- ITH THE advent of coordinate index- sulted from this indexed collection will be W ing systems, index creators have found used to provide examples where needed and it necessary to exercise control over the ter- hereinafter referred to as the "MRL The- minology employed in their information re- saurus." trieval systems. This control function, also The problem of terminology control represent in other indexing systems, is per- volves about the heavy occurrence of nebu- formed by a thesaurus containing the various lous and ill-defined words, rapidly changing terms used and their interrelationships. terminology, and great numbers of synonyms. Detailed and comprehensive published Changes of meaning with changes of word thesauri have been compiled for many sci- order are another phase of indexing prob- entific and technological subject fields; lems. It was found in a small system (1,600 however, such fields as history, sociology, eco- reports and 1,200 terms) indexed, using the nomics, business, psychology, languages, ge- "MRL Thesaurus," that word order problems ography, art, and other nonscientific fields, were few and did not hamper searching this have been relatively untouched.1-4 The pub- particular collection. Therefore, no corrective lished thesauri extant serve as invaluable techniques were applied to this phase of the Document - Terms A B --.Generic to . . . C -Related term . . . D Post on . . . Thesaurus E -See from . . . - F --.See . . . G .

Figure 1. Document Generating Index Terms. indexing problem. This is not to preclude The system language will be generated that in another subject collection, especially primarily by the items indexed. This lan- one much larger or needing more descriptive guage is characterized by a varying combina- terms, that techniques should be considered tion of entwined related sets of terms. The to alleviate this phase of the indexing prob- entwining becomes more complex as the par- lem. Dependent upon frequency of search, ticular subject language becomes larger. Fig- errors resulting from this condition would ure 1 shows the composition of this en- have to be the deciding factor before the ap- twining from the particular document, the plication of any corrective techniques. terms generated by the document, their vari- The remedy for the problems resulting ous possible relationships, and finally the from the terms themselves is to consider each resultant thesaurus. term only as it is used in the individual docu- The total number of terms needed to ade- ment under consideration. Later on, if it is quately describe a collection at any particular found that the term has additional connota- point in time will be dependent upon the tions, the resultant changes in use should be number of separate, distinct concepts within recorded in the thesaurus to insure future the collection. In the indexing which created continuity in the use of that term and its re- the "MRL Thesaurus," 100 documents deal- lated terms. Thus, a building block approach ing with the generic category "Cakes" pro- was most workable in the formulation of the duced the bulk of the terms in this broad "MRL Thesaurus.'' field, even though there were over 300 reports having "Cakes" as their general sub- Vocdbz~lnryScope ject. This same phenomenon occurred in all other general subject categories in this col- Before indexing a collection, it is necessary lection. to find out in general terms what subject areas are encompassed. This will enable the Need for Vocabzdary Control indexer to select certain aids to determine such things as the various kinds of relation- The need for language control is demon- ships between terms, definitions of terms strated by two conditions, whatever the or- both in the general sense and in the sense ganizational method used for the collection. specific to the use of the term in the item be- The first condition is the lack of continuity ing indexed, and any synonyms not readily throughout a particular system in term usage, apparent. Periodical indexing services, sub- term meanings relative to their use in the ject heading lists, classification schemes, dic- system, and term assignment as a result of tionaries, textbooks, and personal conversa- the individual differences between indexers. tions with subject field authorities are all The second condition is the inability of an useful aids for the final selection terms. index user to always determine all possible avenues of searching the index for the de- and searching of this portion had taken place sired information, especially if the creator over a short period of time, additional terms, and user of the index are not the same per- term relationships, and synonyms were dis- son. Certain search problems will be more covered. As this reworking continues, using complex than others. To ameliorate this dif- the index will make its effectiveness greater ficulty of determining proper search terms, as time passes. Each time a search does not consultation of the "MRL Thesaurus" to locate the desired information or the amount find a term-and its related terms as they of information suspected of being in the col- appear in the system language at that point lection, a thorough examination should be in time-is of definite aid. made to discover any omissions or mistakes Construction of a thesaurus improved the which may have occurred in indexing. Any conditions described above and also served changes which can be made to facilitate as a method of familiarizing staff and users better searching should be accomplished as in the general system language and content: efficiently as possible. of the particular collection. The "MRL The- saurus" serves both the user and creator of Physicnl Fovmnt of The~aurus an indexing system in locating the desired In order to trace the various relationships information more reliably and efficiently. between terms, it is necessary to employ a notational code. Several codes have been de- Term Genenztion from Doczme7zts vised by the compilers of the various printed To simplify development of vocabulary thesauri. Our preference for the code of the pertinent to broad subject areas, documents to American Institute of Chemical Engineers be indexed were categorized in advance of has been influenced by a desire to create an actual indexing. Simple sorting methods de- index which would have a format like an- termined documents pertinent to broad sub- other index within the company. The nota- ject categories and enabled the indexer to tional form chosen should not influence the concentrate on terms relative to a particular actual manipulation of the index since fun- subject area of the collection. It is difficult damentally the same relationships are traced enough to index a collection without the ad- by the various codes. Some examples of these ditional distraction of switching thoughts to codes are in Table 1.

Table 1. Notations of Four Codes.

GT-Generic to NT-Narrower term Generic to See also-related RT-Related term RT-!?elated term Also see -specific PO-Post on BT-Broader term Specific to -down SF-See from UF-Used for Includes x -See from See Use Use xx-See also from See See under a totally different subject area each time a The form which various terms take should be different report is read. governed by a set of ground rules. These pro- As each item was indexed and terms were vide a frame of reference to insure handling assigned, each term was simultaneously re- of singulars, plurals, foreign words, and other corded for the "MRL Thesaurus." As index- situations in like manner. Table 2 lists the ing proceeded, the "MRL Thesaurus" was rules with examples which were used in the consulted to check each term assignment. "MRL Thesaurus" construction. New terms and new relationships were re- Inclusion of scope notes in a thesaurus corded as they were generated. Cards are the broadens its usefulness. These notes clarify medium for this authority record. After a terms which are to be employed only in a portion of the total collection was indexed certain manner or for concepts not readily defined by familiarity or by sight. Scope notes should be only as lengthy as is necessary to properly categorize the particular Basic to all indexing systems are the in- term to which the note is to be applied. For terrelationships among various terms. The example, the term "Cereals (RTE)" desig- nature of these relationships can be described nates thdt this term includes only ready-to- by the analogy of a jewel cut in such manner e'lt varieties and not the use of the grain as a to have five facets. Each facet is a distinctive cereal or a cereal which must be cooked by kind of relationship, while the jewel itself the consumer before eating. This very short, represents the total system language and its abbreviated scope note serves its purpose, al- glitter the information gleaned from the col- though occasionally one or two sentences are lection. The relationships are: hierarchy, syn- needed. onymy, homonymy, association, and syntax.

Table 2. Form Rules for the "MRL Thesaurus."

RULE EXAMPLE

1. If a word is used alone or in combination with 1. Describing a report titled "Chocolate Fudge two or more other words as an indexing term, Cake vs. Yellow Cake," the term cake would it is called a free term. be a free term since it would be entered alone. Also, the other terms in this title would be free. 2. If a word in the filing position is used with 2. Taste test is used as one term; it is not posted only one other word in the vocabulary, it is a as Tastes and Tests so it is o bound term. bound term or in other words not free. 3. Enter substantive forms in the plural only, pro- 3. Term Sweetners. vided the singular can be inferred conveniently without broad change of meaning. 4. Enter singulor forms after plurals where the 4. Term Loaves: loaf, appearance of both terms focilitates searching and indexing. 5 Enter the singular form of foreign words and 5. Tel-m Veloute; veloutes. the complete plural form.

6. If the singular form is broadly generic or de- 6. Term Cake; cakes. fines a field and the plural is more substantive, enter the singular and add the plural. 7. Add attributive or adiectival forms to the sub- 7. Term Confusion; confused. stantive words with which they stand in the closest sense relotionship. 8. Enter the gerundive forms and add the par- 8. Term interviewing; interviewed. ticiples. 9. Consider the first word of proper names and 9. Term Betty Crocker. foreign phrases to be bound term and enter the full phrase. '0. Where synonyms occur, enter the well known ID. Term Gold Medal Kitchen Tested. form and make a See reference from the See Gold Medal other. Trace the See reference under the well Kitchen Tested known term by See from reference. Gold Medal SF Gold Medal Kitchen Tested

Kitchen Tested SF Gold Medal Kitchen Tested

11. Enter homonyms showing meanings parenthet- 11. Terms Cereals (Cooked). ically each on separate cards. Cereals (RTE). PACKAGES

I I I1 I I I -Cans -Drums Cannisters -Cartons -Sacks

BottlesII Jars Carboys I FlasksI Boxesr-n Barrels Crates - - - -

Figure 2. Example of Hierarchic Relationship.

HIERARCHY.Hierarchic relationships are of a HOMONYMY.Homonymic relationships occur generic nature such that specific terms de- infrequently and take place when two terms noting specific concepts fali within succeed- are spelled alike but have different meanings. ingly broader concepts. The example in For example : Figure 2 could take other forms, particularly Roll-the shape of a particular cake. if the use of the terms was interurited differ- ently. Independent of the specific manner of Roll-the small sweet pastry usually glazed or jellied. each of these relationships, hierarchic relationships enable the index user to search for Addition of a scope note clarifies the differ- material on several different levels of speci- ence between these two terms and restricts ficity. their use to the proper situation. We then SYNONYMY.Synonymic relationships are of have: such construction that most terms meaning Roll (Cake form) the same thing can be determined through Roll (Pastry) familiarity with the specific subject terminology or the use of some of the previously ASSOCIATION.Associative relationships can mentioned indexing aids. Tracing synonyms occur between any two or more given terms through the index by means of cross-refer- dependent only upon how these terms are ences insures that one term will be used con- used in relation to each other to convey the sistently for that concept. A search under the concepts of the item indexed. Many of these unused terms will indicate to the index relationships are a result of the individual in- user to refer to the proper term. This also dexer's viewpoint. Occasionally terms can cuts down the number of postings which have a dual relationship of both associative would have to be made for some documents and hierarchic natures. For example, "Choc- without jeopardizing retrieval of the desired olate" is a product in itself, a type of cake information. (or a modifier denoting flavor), and an in- gredient of the cake type comrnonly called tional search tool to determine term relation- "Devil's Food." Here we see "Chocolate" ships not readily apparent. In summary, the being hierarchic to "Cake" and associative to thesaurus is the key to the system language "Devil's Food," a particular kind of cake. and enables a search request to be translated into the search language for the particular SYNTAX.Syntactic relationships involve the system. The thesaurus is as necessary to con- order of words and the change in meaning trolled vocabulary coordinate indexes as a which can occur as a result of this order. subject heading authority list is to a subject These relationships are not controlled by heading index. means of terms alone, but involve the use of techniques known as "Links" and "R~les.""~ References Few problems of this type occurred in the searching of this collection and as stated pre- 1. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. viously it was concluded that the expense of Chenzical Elzgineering Thesauras; a word- adding either one or both of these techniques book f ov wewith the comept coordination was not warranted. It was concluded that the system of information storage and re- small nonscientific collection did not need trieval. N. Y.,A.I.Ch.E., 1961. 2. Engineers Joint Council. Thesaarz~s of these techniques particularly if one follows Engineering Terms; a list of enginee~ing the popular premise, "Keep it simple." tevnzs and their relationships for zue in uocabdary control in indexing and re- trieving enginee~inginformation. N. Y., Pertinent terms derived from the items in- E.J.C., 1964. 3. Armed Services Technical Information dexed should be formulated when the sub- Agency. Thesunvm of ASTIA Descriptors. ject parameters of a collection have been de- 2d ed. Washington, D. C., 1962. termined, method of indexing has been 4. U.S. Public Health Service. Medical and chosen, and the need for system language Health Related Sciences Thesuaws. (Its control has been recognized. As terms are Publ. no. 1031) Washington, D. C., U.S. generated, they should be recorded for the Govt.Print.Off., 1963. working thesaurus, and additions and changes 5. Grosch, A. N. Application of Uniterm entered as they occur in the indexing. Terms Coordinate Indexing to a Marketing Re- should be formulated with a set of rules search Report Collection. Special Libraries for their grammatical structure. Thesaurus 56: 303-311 (1965). 6. Taube, M. Notes 072 the Use of Roles and notation should be consistent and trace the Liaks itz Coo~dinateIndexing. Amer. Doc. needed relationships as they apply to the 12: 78-100 (1961). particular collection. The thesaurus serves as 7. Documentation, Inc. The State of the Art an authority guide for the indexer and index of Coordinate Indexing. Jaster, J. J., Mur- user. It insures continuity in term assign- ray, B. R., and Taube, M. AD 275 393 n~ent.It serves the index user as an addi- (Feb 1962).

Receiz,ed for l.ez)iew Augz~st12, 1968. Ac- cepted December 13, 1968. The work reported in this pupel zras performed at Gen- ern1 Mills: Inc.. Mimenpolis. Mrs. Grosch is ZOZL'systems coordinator it2 the University of AIinnerota Libraries. Through the Pre-professional Training Maze To the Ballard School, with Gun and Camera

Elizabeth Ferguson

Institute of Life Insurance, New York, N. Y. 10017

There is more variation in public libraries ; for instance, "senior clerk," "library trainee," Discussions of programs for the "pre-professional," and "sub-professional." training of library technicians These titles usually apply to people involved have not cited the major contri- in the library's technical service area. bution of SLA's New York Chap- An interesting new training concept and designation, which is being developed in ter since 1948. "Special Librar- Maryland, is the "para-professional" pro- ies" is pleased to reprint this gram. Trainees with good basic education, article from the December 1968 mostly college graduates, are being placed in issue of "New York Chapter public service areas of libraries and are being trained by means of a lengthy in-service News." Miss Ferguson is the New course. They are generally called "library York Chapter's Ballard School aides" but are occasionally referred to as Representative. "mini-librarians." As the profession increases pressure on aca- demia to undertake some education for the pre-professional level of library work, other VEK since the Master's Degree became titles have evolved. Most popular so far is E standard equipment for a library pro- "library technician," extending acceptance fessional, and the library schools stated that similar to that granted by science in such they were training only administrators, the cases as dental technician and x-ray techni- official rule has evolved as follows: educate cian. Currently, however, this is being re- the chiefs and let the chiefs train the indians. vised in some quarters to "library technical (It has been stated more seriously by a li- assistant." Accordingly, most of the courses, brary school dean that the role of the gradu- now in their experimental stages in commu- ate school is to "educate for the profession" nity and junior colleges, are called "library and that the individual library must "train technician training programs" or "library for the job.") However, the chiefs are in technology programs." And even these terms short supply, so the indians actually carry a may be on the way out since there is also great deal of the work, and this training can talk about "information technicians" and be a real burden. Query: shouldn't some edu- "information specialists." cation and training be available short of the Generally speaking, library technology graduate level ? courses are appearing in the curricula of com- There is great current controversy among munity colleges and technical institutes, in a librarians concerning this problem. Very few four-year colleges, and as night school much involved is the question of what the programs in such non-collegiate institutions Indians are to be called-those whose work as the Graduate School of the U.S. Depart- puts them between the out-and-out clerks ment of Agriculture and the Ballard School and the professionals. This aspect isn't too of the YWCA of New York City. serious in special libraries. In general, the Needless to say, the library associations are term "library assistant" is used, but this must very much in the act. SLA's Education Com- be carefully distinguished from "assistant li- mittee sponsored an important discussion brarian" who may or may not be professional. session at its pre-conference program in 1967. MLA has a newly created Committee many undergraduate situations. Ball~rd'sdis- on Library Technician Training and has also tinction in the field results from twenty years approved~aprogram in medical library tech- of effective teaching; and that effectjveness nology under the State University of New emerges partially from not having to deal York at the Upstate Medical Center in Syra- with the knotty questions of college credit. cuse. ALA, officially in opposition to -any Many Ballard alumnae have, however, gone sort of undergraduate training for lo, these on to graduate schools of library science. many years, has now set up a Subcommittee New York Chapter hopes that its experience on undergraduate standards of the Commit- in training library technicians will prove tee on Accreditation. helpful to the newer programs. Special librarians have been concerned with technical library training for a long time. The number of professionals on the typical Ballard School Courses (Spring 1969) small staff of a special library is limited, and non-professionals often carry considerable re- Bdsic library operations: Survey of clerical sponsibility. Furthermore, -the pressure of and technical procedures in libraries; including business makes in-service training particu- acquisition, binding, preparation and storage of library materials, duplicating methods, cir- larly difficult. Individual chapters have con- culation and routing techniques, etc. Monday, ducted programs of man; sorts-mostly 5:30-7:25 p.m. 8 classes $28. Jan 27-Mar 19. short-term workshops given by groups of li- The cme dnd repair of books: A practical brarians not attached to an educational insti- course dealing with the mending and repair of tution. Almost none of these can be operated books, magazines, and file materials. Thursday, on anything like a continuing basis because 5:30-7:25 p.m. 8 classes $24. January 20 of the tremendous time and effort they de- through March 30. Instructor: Nancy P. Rus- mand of busy librarians. sell, B.A. Cornell Univ., bookbinder and re- New York Chapter tackled the problem in storer. Metrooolitan Museum of Art. 1948, when a committee was established to Book repair workshop: Repair your own books and magazines in class. (Prerequisite: the care investigate the possibilities of having an es- and repair of books.) Thursday, 7: 35-9:3O tablished business school conduct training p.m. 8 classes $24. Mar 27-May 15. Mrs. Rus- courses in librarianship. The committee got sell. a sympathetic hearing and immediate cooper- Elementdry reference work: Covers basic ref- ation from the Ballard School of the YWCA. erence books, indexes, microfilm, newspapers, Ballard is the oldest business school in the government documents, and bibliographies. city and is dedicated, like the YWCA itself, Monday, 5:30-7:25 p.m. 8 classes $28. March to-furnishing practical help to working men 24 through May 12. Instructor: Lorraine E. and women. McKinnie, M.L.S., Pratt Institute; librarian, On April 4, 1949, the first class opened. Continental Can Co. Elementary cdtdloging I: The simple theory of Taught by Florence Bradley, long-time li- cataloging and its practical application, useful brarian of the Metropolitan Life Insurance to assistants or catalogers in small libraries. Co., it was called "library clerical practice." (Prerequisite: high school diploma and typ- There were two sections of 25 students each. ing.) Monday, 5:30-7:25 p.m. 8 classes $28. Miss Bradley inquired of these students what Jan 27-Mar 1. Mrs. McKinnie. aspects of special library work needed more Elementary catdlogifzgII: Classification schemes, detailed study and she learned, to nobody's book numbers, and practice with subject head- surprise, that cataloging and filing headed ings. (Prerequisite: elementary cataloging I.) the list. Following this clear indication, the Wednesday, 5:30-7:25 p.m. 8 classes $28. general course was abandoned and individual Mar 26-May 14. Mrs. McKinnie. courses substituted. The list of 1969 Ballard Subject filing dnd indexing: Classifying and arranging material, planning and subject classi- courses announces the four basic courses in fication for various types of industries, cross library techniques which have been given referencing, preparation of indexes to the sub- for many years, plus the newer, and very ject file. Thursday, 5:30-7:25 p.m. 8 classes useful, session on book repair. $28. March 27 through May 15. Instructor: Ballard's course list ~orr&~ondsvery closely Ann McDonald, librarian, Metropolitan Corn- to the core curriculum being offered in muter Transportation Authority. This Works For Us

A Computerized System for Periodical Subscription Control

Franklin S. Varenchik Pl,odnc-ts Division, AtlnnticRichfield Conzpa?zy, Wilmhzgtou, Culif.

N THE Products Division of the Atlantic- RETENTIONINFORMATION. The major hold- I Richfield Company, representatives* of ings of copies of the periodical within the both the Technical Information Center and company. Since there is more than one li- the Systems and Procedures Department have brary within the company and since the sev- jointly developed a computerized system for eral libraries do not all contain the same a Periodical Control System. The new system periodicals, the Retention Information pro- has achieved the following: vides the necessary data to locate rapidly a particular volume of any publication retained. An improved method of renewing period- icnl subscriptions, RENEWALAND PURCHASINGINFORMATION. Periodical cost control through the elimi- Data pertaining to the procurement of the nation of duplicate subscriptions, publication by the individual subscriber or The ability to rapidly locate particular the departmental subscriber. This informa- copies of periodicals, tion is utilized by the subscription renewal Centralized file maintenance, and programs to generate renewal lists. The ability to handle many different infor- Specifically, the data elements on m~tionprocessing applications. the PCS Master File are: Furthermore, the Periodical Control System eliminates the costly overlap of purchasing and accounting functions. 0 Acqzlisition Serial Number. A unique The nucleus of the Periodical Control Sys- 4-digit identification number assigned to each tem (PCS) is a master file of the approxi- periodical title. mately 1,000 periodical subscriptions of the 0 employees and departments of the company. Pzlblicatio~z Title. The official title of the publication. For each periodical there are three major categories of information : 0 Supplementary Information. 120 char- acters of any information which may be use- IDENTIFICATIONINFORMATION. Data ele- ful to the Technical Information Center, but ments which are unique to each periodical for which no specific field has been provided. title. Within this category is contained all Titles (either births or deaths), date of title data which describe the publication. change and general explanatory text are all examples of items placed in this field. * Members of the team included Mrs. Hester Dale 0 Pz~blicationFregneizcy. Frequency of pub- and Marcia Wingo from the Technical Information lication per year. Center, and Wim Boerdam and Walt Shirley from the Systems and Procedures Department. 0 Indexizg Services. Abbreviations for the services which regularly index the articles ap- tion to a specially designed data transmittal pearing in this periodical. form. These forms are sent to the Data Proc- 0 Language. The language of the periodical essing Center where they are keypunched and if it is not received in English. processed on an IBM 360/50 computer. The 0 Name and Address of Source. Name, ad- result of this procedure is an updated PCS dress, city, state, zip code and country (if Master File and a new page for the Period- needed) of the source from which this pe- ical Coordiaatio?~System Catalog. The cata- riodical is procured. log is nothing more than a formated print-out of the information contained on the PCS Master File. Therefore, the Technical In- formation Center has been given complete 0 Where Retained. The retention center control and responsibility for the quality of where copies of the periodical are regularly the information in the center's master file. filed. This one factor, more than any other, has 0 Hozu Retained. Whether the periodical is been instrumental in the success enjoyed by bound, unbound, microfilmed, etc. 0 the new system. From Date. The earliest date of reten- There were several uses to which the file tion; this is the date of the first copy on file. was put immediately. One was the generation 0 To Date. The most recent copy on file; if of an alphabetic listing of all the 1,000 pe- there is a current subscription, this field is riodicals. This listing has been very useful blank. as a support tool to the basic catalog. A list- 0 Retedon Center Box Number. The phys- ing of the holdings of each of the major ical location of the periodical within the re- retention centers is also generated. In this tention center. way there is no need to supply each retention 0 Missing Copies. The dates of the copies center with a full catalog of the PCS Master missing or lost from storage. File.

0 Accomting Responsibility. The code for The major accomplishment of the new sys- the individual or department subscribing to tem, however, is the development of a pro- the periodical. gram for subscription renewals. Before de- 0 Copies. The number of copies received by Ge~o~mentof the master file, the procedure a department or individual. was overloaded with copying, typing, recopy- 0 Addressee. The name of the subscriber. ing, and retyping in addition to the multi- 0 Locatiolz Code. The subscriber's address tude of errors inherent in such a manual code. system. The new system for periodical orders 0 Room No. The subscriber's room number. operates once per year and consists primarily 0 Expiration Date. The expiration date of of three steps. the current subscription. First, a listing is generated from informa- 0 Method. The method of procurement of tion that is extracted from the PCS Master this subscription ; for example, gratis, gratis/ File. This listing, known as the Periodical membership, purchase order, etc. Subscription Check-List, is circulated to all 0 P.O. No. The number of the purchase departments in the company together with order used to initiate this subscription. directions for its completion. The check-list, 0 Price. The subscription price as found on organized by department, contains the name the purchase order. of each subscriber in the PCS Master File. 0 year^. The time period of the current Beneath his name is listed the periodicals to subscription. which he subscribes together with the prices, number of copies, andexpiration dates. The subscriber is instructed to indicate how many copies of each periodical he wishes to renew As changes occur, the Technical Informa- for the coming year. tion Center transfers the necessary informa- The secoud step is the updating of the file: coding, keypunching, and inserting the new information into the Master File. In the third step, a listing is produced containing the new subscriptions and renewals for each publisher and/or jobber. A purchase order is prepared and attached to each order list. The purchase order and order list are then mailed to the appropriate publisher or jobber. When the purchase orders are returned, they are sent directly to the Accounting Department where the individual way toward improving an already operational departmental account is charged. Further- information retrieval service, the Periodical more, if any changes have occurred, the Control System has enabled what was once Technical Information Center is notified and a book and periodical depository to evolve the PCS Master File is updated. into the Technical Information Center.

The work described in this paper was devel- An additional benefit derived from the oped zuhile Mr. Varenchik was systems ana- implementation of the subscription renewal lyst for the AtlanticRichfield Company, Wil- system has been a reduction in the expenses mington, California. Mr. Varenchik is a related to subscriptions. The new system un- graduate of the University of California, Los covered cases of duplicate subscriptions. Fur- Angeles, in Basiness Administration; he is thermore, some subscribers cancelled their now engaged in graduate stndy at USC in expensive periodicals when they realized how qtlantitative business analysis. Late in 1967 much they actually were costing. The most he joined Capitol Records, Inc., Hollyzuood, important benefit, however, remains the im- California 90028 as a senior systems analyst, proved procedure for renewing periodical where he is participating in the redesign of subscriptions. the Corporclte Inventory Control System. In the future it is planned to incorporate books, conference papers, and internal company reports and correspondence into the sys- Received for review Augtlst 12, 1968. Ac- tem in order to develop a total information cepted December 3, 1968. Petroleum Divi- gathering, processing, and dissemination net- sion, SLA, 59th Annual Conference, Los work. Together with work that is now under Angeles, Calif ornia, Jme3, 1968. HAVE YOU HEARD ? Leasco's SEC Financial Information Service Four additions to the "disclosure" financial information service have been announced by Leasco Systems & Research Cor- Federal Information Processing Standards poration; the service is operated by Leasco The National Bureau of Standards under an exclusive contract with the Securi- will maintain the Federal Information Proc- ties and Exchange Commission. The new essing Standards Register as the official source reports are annual reports to stockholders, of information in the federal government registration statements on new offerings, pro- for hardware standards, software standards, spectuses on new offerings, and mutual fund application standards, and data standards. A annual reports. Microfiche, microfilm and new publication series (FIPS Pz/bs) has been full-sized copies are available. A variety of initiated by NBS. A current list of all publi- subscription jackages are available. For in- cations in the series may be obtained from: formation write: Leasco, 4833 Rugby Ave- Office of Technical Information and Publica- nue, Bethesda, Md. 2001'1. tions, NBS, Washington, D. C. 20234. Wilson Library Bulletin Tisco Awarded NASA Contract The H. W. Wilson Com- The National Aeronautics and Space pany has announced the Administration has awarded a 94.3 million appointment of Arthur per year contract to Tisco, College Park, Md. Plotnik '1s associate editor The new contractor is jointly owned by In- of the lVilson Lihq formation Dynamics corporation, Reading, Bdeti?z effective Febru- Mass., and Infortnatics, Inc., Sherman Oaks, ary 3. Mr. Plotnik was Calif. The present "batch" process EDP formerly Information and operations of the NASA facility will be con- editorial specialist at the verted to real time operations. Library of Congress where hk was assistant editor of the LC Itzforrnntio?~Bulletin. He Indexers' Society received an MLS from Columbia University in 1966. The American Society of Indexers xvas founded recently. The new society will GPO Bookstore in San Francisco be affiliated with the (British) Society of Indexers. Alan M. Greengrass (New Yod A new branch of the Government Timer) was elected president pro tem, and Printing Office opened on Jan 22 in the Fed- Dee Atkinson (Mills College of Education, eral Office Building, 450 Golden Gate Ave., New York), treasurer. Membership applica- San Francisco. Extending to the West Coast tions are available from the secretary: Mrs. a public service that already exists in Chi- Jessica L. Harris, 43 Wilson Place, Freeport, cago and Kansas City, the San Francisco N. Y. 11520. store will offer for immediate purchase some 1,000 popular U.S. Government publications. New Regional Medical Library High-speed mail order service for the other GPO publications will be provided. Regional library services for health professionals in Michigan, Ohio and Ken- High Speed Facsimile tucky are now available as a result of the establishment of the East Central Regional A new high speed facsimile trans- Medical Library at Wayne State University, mission machine has been designed by Ma- Detroit. A $100,000 grant was made under tsushita Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. the authority of the Medical Library Assist- Only 8-24 seconds are required to scan a ance Act of 1965. Other regional medical 7 X 10 inch area. For additional informa- libraries have already been established in tion contact: Masaoka-Ishikawa & Associates, Boston, Philadelphia, Seattle and Chicago. 551 Fifth Ave., N. Y. 10017. Quebec Bar Miniaturizes Fiftieth Anniversary "Mini-Biblex," the new microfiche The Technical Library at Wright- service offered by the Quebec Bar, includes Patterson AFB observed its fiftieth anniver- law reports of the Supreme Court of Canada sary on Oct 25, 1968. The library is the old- since 1876 and of the Quebec Court of Ap- est USAF library. In addition to the main peal and Superior Court since 1892. Filming library there are two branch libraries and will be done by Bell & Howell. Contact: three field libraries. Technical library service Micro-Data Division, Bell & Howell Com- is provided for all military and civilian per- pany, 6800 McCormick Rd., Chicago 60645. sonnel at Wright-Patterson.

Information on Engineering Standards Systems Analysis for Special Librarians The National Bureau of Standards is The University of Illinois at Chicago now prepared to offer information services Circle has announced an introductory course on published engineering standards and speci- in systems analysis for special librarians. The fications. More than 16,000 standards and course includes EDP and programming prin- specs have been collected from more than ciples, and criteria for evaluation of manual 350 U.S. trade, professional and technical and machine methods. The course began Feb societies. They have been indexed and cata- 4 and will meet weekly through May 27. loged; and a KWIC Index has been compiled. Address inquiries to: Information Continuing Education Section, Office of Engineering Standards Services, NBS, Washington, D. C. 20234. The 1969 list of conferences, workshops and short courses of interest to librarians, Corztiming Educntion for Lihraria'idlz~, Biomedical Librarianship has been published as a reprint from an ar- For the third consecutive year the ticle in the LED Newdetter. The directory Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins Uni- and three supplements are available at $1.00 versity, has received a grant from the U.S. prepaid (billed orders, $1.50). Order from: Public Health Service for postgraduate train- Continuing Education for Librarians, ALA, ing in Biomedical Librarianship. The stipend 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 60611. will be $5,500. Applications will be accepted until May 1 from those wishing to begin the Ontario Education Collection program in Jul 1969, and until Jul 1 from The library of The Ontario Institute those wishing to begin in Sep 1969. For for Studies in Education (OISE) has pur- applications write to: Alfred N. Brandon, chased the major part of the library of the Welch Medical Library, 1900 E. Monument Canadian Association for Adult Education. St., Baltimore, Md. 21205. The collection is comprehensive for Canadian materials. OISE, a center for graduate studies, Pergamon Moves is at 102 Bloor St. West, Toronto 5, Ontario, Pergamon Press has a new address: Canada. Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523. The new telephone num- Grolier Acquires Scarecrow ber is 914/592-7700. Scarecrow Press, Inc., which publishes a wide variety of reference and systems Computer Careers materials for use in all libraries, has been ac- A new career brochure has been is- quired by Grolier Incorporated. Also in- sued by the Business Equipment Manufac- cluded in the acquisition are two Scarecrow turers Association in collaboration with the divisions: Mini-Print Division and Scare- American Federation of Information Process- crow Reprint Division. The officers of Gro- ing Societies. Single copies free; 2-99 copies lier's new Scarecrow Press Division are Dr. at 404 each; 100-999 at 364 each. Orders to: Ralph R. Shaw, president; and Albert W. BEMA, 235 E. 42nd St., N. Y. 10017. Daub, vice president and sales manager. Computer Reference Guide COMING EVENTS CCM Information Sciences will pub- lish a one volume reference book, Gz~ideto Mar 31-Apr 1. Workshop on Library Per- Znformntion Sousces in the Computer Sci- sonnel Problems at the Windsor Park Hotel, ences in Summer 1969. Persons who wish to Washington, D. C. Sponsored by Executive submit review material for possible inclusion Management Service, Inc. in conjunction should contact the author: Mrs. Ciel Carter, with Drexel's library school. Registration fee head librarian, Association for Computing $60. For information: Shirley A. Stover, Machinery, 211 E. 43rd St., N. Y. 10017. Executive Management Service, Inc., 2317 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, Va. 22201.

Past Cataloging Records Apr 19. Council of Planning Librarians. Tenth Annual Conference . . . in Cincin- The Council on Library Resources nati at the Netherland-Hilton Hotel. Con- has made a grant of $25,000 to the Library tact: Cynthia F. Stoots, Indiana Dept. of of Congress to support a three-month project Commerce, 336 State House, Indianapolis, to determine the feasibility of converting Ind. 46204. LC's retrospective cataloging records to machine readable form. Deputy Librarian of Apr 23. Third Aslib Annual Lecture by Congress John G. Lorenz is officer-in-charge The Baroness Wootton of Abinger on "Expert of the project. and Layman in Contemporary Society" . . . at the University of London.

Engineering Index Tapes Apr 24-25. Eighth Annual Conference on Records Administration, sponsored by the Current Information Tapes for Engi- American Records Management Association neers (CITE) are now available for the and the University of Minnesota. Write: fields of plastics and electrical/electronics J. P. Shancr, Dept. of Conferences 8- Insti- engineering. The CITE program consists of tutes, Nolte Center, University of Minnesota, a monthly master tape, thesaurus on tape Minneapolis 55455. (updated monthly) and complete abstracts in either hard copy or microfiche. The 1969 Apr 27-30. Seventh Annual Clinic on Li- subscriptions are $2,300 per year for Plastics brary Applications of Data Processing in the and $2,800 for Electrical/Electronics Engi- Illini Union Building, University of Illinois neering. Write: Marketing and Business Serv- at Urbana. For information: Extension in ices Division, Engineering Index, 345 E. 47th Library Science, 111 Illini Hall, Champaign, St., N. Y.10017. Illinois 61820.

Aug 9-26. PL/I Library Programming New Oral History Library Seminar in the Illini Union Building, Uni- versity of Illinois at Urbana. Write: Ex- The organization of the William E. tension in Library Science, 111 Illini Hall, Wiener Oral History Library of the Ameri- Champaign, Illinois 61820. can Jewish Committee was announced on Oct 27. Louis G. Cowan, director of special Aug 24-25. Symposium on Programming programs at Columbia's Graduate School of Languages Definition sponsored by the Spe- Journalism will be director of the library. cial Interest Group on Programming Lan- The collection, which will chronicle the guages of the Association of Computer Ma- American Jewish scene for the last seven chinery . . . in San Francisco. Write: Dr. decades, will be maintained at the American James A. Painter, IBM, Dept. 978, Bldg. Jewish Committee's Institute of Human Re- 025, Monterey & Cottle Rds., San Jose, Calif. lations, 165 E. 56th St., N. Y. 10022. 95 114. LETTERS

Two Hoover Libraries avoidance of unnecessary duplication and pur- chases. In Mrs. Wayne Cole's interesting article on Also something of a "blind spot" in the ar- "Presidential Libraries" in the November issue ticle is the fact that the bibliographic data, (p. 691-697), reference was made to the pau- once captured in the machine-readable form city of certain collections at the Herbert Hoover is further manipulable for a variety of pur- Presidential Library in West Branch, Iowa. poses, e.g. circulation control, SDI and spe- The principal reason for this is that a large cialized reading lists, statistical reporting, etc., amount of material relating to President either as part of the initial system design or as Hoover and many of his associates is in the subsequent developmental phases. A minor Herbert Hoover Archives of the Hoover Insti- corollary of achieving machine-readable status tution at Stanford Universitv. is the additional txotection afforded the data base (with its "father" and "grandfather" E. Berkeley Tompkins tapes) from vandalism, theft, fire or other ac- Herbert Hoover Archivist and Senior Staff Member cidental destruction. Last but not least, there is a certain failure The Hoover Institution on War, to recognize differences between catalogs. All Revolution and Peace book catalogs are considered "the same in the Stanford University, California 94305 dark," whereas there are in reality vast differences in acceptability between the techniques used to produce them. This refers primarily to Are All [Book] Cats the graphic arts quality (or absence of same) achieved by the catalog but may also cover the Same in the Dark? such things as format, data element manipulation, sorting capabilities, etc. The article on book catalogs in the Decem- In summary, I found myself in basic agree- ber issue (p. 783-788), by Estelle Brodman ment with what the article said while at the and Doris Bolef, is on the whole an excellent same time being troubled by what was omitted. paper, subtly reasoned and with a fine historical sense. In that part of the discussion W. T. Brandhorst dealing with the situation today and the pres- Principal Information Scientist ent rationale for book catalogs, however, sev- Leasco Systems & Research Corporation eral highly relevant matters are ignored. Bethesda, Maryland 20014 For example, it is not clearly enough brought out that the justification for a book catalog does not necessarily depend simply upon a direct one-to-one confrontation with the card catalog Career Minded at its central location. As a matter of fact, the advantages of book catalogs become most I may not be a "professional" librarian, but dramatically apparent in situations where I am a career librarian. Whether or not I can branch libraries, or several closely cooperating wear the SLA lapel pin and feel that the whole libraries (a constantly increasing phenome- world recognizes it as the outward and visible non), are involved. The most obvious case is sign of an accepted and accomplished "profes- certainly the planned addition of a branch col- sional" librarian makes little difference to me. lection (admittedly less prevalent in industry Maybe that's because nowhere does my di- and universities than with school and public ploma stipulate that possession of it guaran- libraries) where the use of a book catalog to tees that I am or will be a professional any- avoid certain start-up costs for the new loca- thing. The diploma simply attests to the fact tion can be a powerful motivation. In both that I was willing and able (intellectually and branch and cooperating situations the use of financially) to fulfill the requirements of a for- holdings or location codes permits both union mal higher education. catalogs, listing the combined collections of all Do persons of like interests congregate be- participants, and catalogs restricted to the col- cause of their like interests, or is it a means of lections of a single location, as desired. Other keeping others out of the holy circle? I realize benefits of book catalog systems may be the that engineers for example would not want sharing of participants in expenses, and the carpenters to have the same level of recognition, pay, privileges, etc. they enjoy. But do A Closed Club? they really join a society as proof of their professionalism, or because of their desire for di- Nothing Professor Sellers [Special Libraries alog with persons with careers similar to p. 57 (Jan 1969)] can do or say will change theirs? I know of no organization which is the situation regarding the use of the title "Li- both a professional certification agency and a brarian"; that isn't even the issue. Neither is common meeting ground for persons of similar "standards." The issue is the membership-the careers or interests. Attorneys must pass a state life-of SLA. Shall it be a closed club of the bar examination or its equivalent before being near contemporaries of John Cotton Dana or a allowed to practice law. But persons have been growing organization meeting changing needs? known to pass the bar without first having a Voices cry out for the status quo but their law degree. Doctors of medicine must be li- once insistent ring has changed to a hollow censed to practice. These are legal require- rattle. ments regulated by state and federal statutes. Professor Sellers may have calculated that members hi^ in the ABA or the AMA doesn't innuendo is stronger than truth when she sug- give you the right to practice law or medicine. gests that Margaret Pflueger's Committee was You must meet the legal requirements. so permeated with non-degree folk that unwise A percentage of the SLA membership pre- co&lusions would emerge. A review of Wbo'.r fers to view SLA as a certification agency first Who in Library Service will convince any skep- and foremost. SLA's function as a common tic that Elizabeth Usher appointed a Commit- meeting ground for persons of like careers and tee with enough graduate degrees in library interests being merely a product of unplanned science and subject areas to satisfy the severest parenthood. Is this practical? Is it real? Is it honest critic. If our new SLA President is to what the majority of the membership thinks appoint a Committee to arrive at an answer or wants? And, who cares? Nearly everyone I acceptable to Professor Sellers I suggest that a have tried to talk to on this subject of member- criterion other than the L.S. degree be used. ship requirements are apathetic. Are they un- Perhaps age? professional? Or is it they are more career Charles H. Stevens minded than profession oriented? Chairman, Advisory Council 1967/1968 Aphrodite Mamoulides Shell Development Company Project Intrex, M.I.T. Houston, Texas 77001 Cambridge, Mass. 02 139

Four lines were inadvertently omitted from the January 1969 issue of Special Libr4rie.r. The following lines should be inserted aboz'e Equation 2 in the left-hand column of page 28:

Then the system can be expressed mathemat- ically thus: sla news

To Reflect Our Objectives

OUR Board of Directors attempts to reflect the wishes of the membership. Accord- Yingly, in response to an Advisory Council resolution from the New Orleans Council meeting in January 1968, a special committee was appointed to investigate possible changes in our Bylaws and Guidelines relating to Association membership classifications of Active, Associate and Affiliate members. The special committee subsequently prepared a series of proposed changes in the Bylaws that were in keeping with the Council's recommendations. The Special Libraries Association has long taken great pride in the ability of its members to serve their user groups and so, accordingly, our membership qualifications must consistently receive a high level of our concern. AND these membership qualifications must also reflect the SLA objectives as stated in our Bylaws if we are to continue to grow and serve our constituents. A vibrant organization should reflect broadening horizons and new techniques. In Montreal at our Annual Business Meeting in June, proposed changes in our membership requirements will be presented for discussion and action. A positive action will result in a mail ballot during the summer. The proposal encompasses changes that will allow a graduate librarian or information specialist immediately to become a full, active member of SLA. The proposed changes will also enable anyone holding a professional position in a special library to become an associate. (For other changes, please refer to News O Notes for April 1968 and July-August 1968.) These changes must be carefully thought through and thoroughly discussed. It is my strong feeling that SLA is most effective as a voice for special librarians and information specialists, and in support of special librarians when it speaks for most of us. If SLA is to represent us truly, membership requirements must be designed to afford membership to all professionals in our field. We need the enthusiasm and idealism of new librarians just as much as we need the experienced voices of our present members. Therefore, as President-Elect, I urge your active participation in discussions on these changes and your support when voting for the simplification of the membership requirements. REMEMBER, we are a professional organization and as such have a responsibility to future special librarians and information specialists.

ROBERTW. GIBSON,JR. President-Elect

Additional statements regarding the proposed changes in the Association's Bylaws will appear in the March and April issues. These statements will be prepared by President White and by Mrs. Charlotte S. Mitchell, Chairman of the Advisory Council. The National Translations Center

The continued success of the center de- SPrxrAL LIBRARIESASSOCIATION has transferred ownership of the SLA Translations pends on the continued broad participation Center to The John Crerar Library, Chicago. by all who prepare and use translations. Since 1953 the center has been operated for Anonymity of donor organizations is assured SLA by Crerar through contractual arrange- through careful obliteration of all markings ments. Financial support for the center has which might allow the identification of the come from grants received from the Na- donor. The translations are indexed, and are tional Science Foundation, the Clearing- then made avaiIabIe to others on request on house for Federal Scientific and Technical payment of a nominal photocopying and Information, U.S. Public Health Service, and service fee. (If the donor desires, a loaned the American Iron and Steel Institute. More copy of a translation will be microfilmed, and than 136,000 translations prepared by mem- the original returned to the donor.) Records bers and member firms of SLA, as well as of translations available from other sources government agencies, have been deposited in are also maintained. the center. A semi-monthly bulletin, Translations Reg- Increasing administrative burdens led to ister-Index, announces new additions to the the decision by the SLA Board to relinquish collection and provides a quarterly cumulat- direct administrative responsibility for the ing index. Translations Register-Index, pre- center. pared by the center, continues to be spon- The center has been renamed the National sored by SLA. Orders for subscriptions for Translations Center by Crerar. A grant of the calendar year 1969 and for back years almost $70,000 was made by NSF for par- (1967 and 1968) at $30 per year should be tial support of current operations in the year addressed to : 1968/1969. Special Libraries Association SLA is now represented on the Advisory Subscription Department Board of the center by Charles E. Kip, chair- 235 Park Avenue South man of SLA's Translations Activities Com- New York. N. Y. 10003 mittee. The Advisory Board of fifteen members will also have representatives of the Subscriptions are accepted for the calendar major scientific societies as well as repre- year only. sentatives of professional library associations, SLA's Translations Activities Committee such as ALA, MLA, ASIS, etc. believes that if the translations activities story Since 1953, more than 100,000 transla- is presented personally to the SLA Chapters, tions have been supplied to requesters. The many more SLA members will realize the cooperative efforts of the center and those value of both the center and the translations who have contributed translations have pre- vented needless duplication of work; the publications and will wish to contribute their savings thus far are estimated at about 10 translations on a regular basis. Therefore a million dollars. Inquiries on availability and short "package" presentation has been pre- orders for translations are welcomed by mail, pared which will be distributed soon to all telephone and teletype : the SLA Chapters. It is hoped that all Chap- ters will be able to schedule the "package" National Translations Center at one of their meetings this year. The John Crerar Library 35 West 33rd Street Charles E. Kip, Chairman Chicago, Illinois 60616 Translations Activities Committee Telephone: 312/225-2526 Chemstrand Research Center, Inc. Teletype: 312/431-1758 Durham, North Carolina 27702 60th SLA CONFERENCE The Queen Elizabeth Hotel Montreal, P. Q., Canada June 1-5,1969

Canadian National

MONTREAL,Canada's metropolis, The Conference Theme: is one of the world's most dynamic cities. It is a natural hub of transporta- Information Across Borders tion and communications, the connect- ing link between a great inland water- way and the seven seas. PRELIMINARYPROGRAM ? The dynamic qualities of Montreal RE~l~~~AT1~~FORMS? will furnish the background for the HOTEL RE~l~~~~~l~~FORMS? dynamic programs in the handling of man's knowledge. Although the tech- The preliminary Conference informa- nical programs planned by SLA's Di- tion was mailed to SLA members in visions vie for the attention of Con- early February. If you do not receive ference attendees, there is also time your copy, please request copies from: for more relaxed informal discussions. George M. Horner, Chairman While the lights of Canada's "show- SLA ~e~istrationCommittee case city" brighten the night, the heart Shawinigan Chemicals Limited P.O. Box GO30 of another city beats underground. Montreal, P. Q., Canada Miss Tees Bienvenu i Montreal

Miss Goodfellow

Miss Hazlett

Van Dyck & Meyers

Miss Ryan CONFERENCE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Mrs. Land Conference Chairman MIRIAMH. TEES The Royal Bank of Canada Deputy Conference Chairman MARJORIEGOODFELLOW Sir George Williams University Conference Program Chairman EILEENB. MORASH National Film Board of Canada Conference Treasurer Printing ANTHEADOWNING GWENHAZLETT The Royal Bank of Canada The Warnock Hersey Company Ltd. Exhibits Publicity IRISLAND ALICEKUDO Air Canada Financial Times of Canada Hospitality Registration MADELINERYAN GEORGEM. HORNER Canadian Industries Ltd. Shawinigan Chemicals Ltd. Information Tickets & Meals SHIRLEYCOURTIS AGATHAM. BYSTRAM Noranda Research Centre McGill University Local Arrangements Transportation & Tours ELINORBARTLETT HELENEDECHIEF The Bell Telephone Company of Canada Canadian National Railways Welcome to Montreal 1969 MONTREAL CONFERENCE COMMITTEE

Miss Downing Miss Dechief

Miss Bartlett

Mrs. Bystram

Miss Courtis Mr. Horner

Miss Kudo

L. Vaincourt

Mr. Frappier

MONTREAL CHAPTER EXECUTIVE BOARD 1968 / 1969

President GILLESFRAPPIER Canadair Ltd. President-Elect Treasurer ELINORBARTLETT CHARLOTTEK. DUERR Bell Telephone Company of Canada Union Carbide Canada Ltd. Secretary Past President JOSEPHINEWAKEFIELD HILDAI. MACLEAN Montreal Engineering Company National Science Libraty, Ottawa Of course, you're coming to Canadian Nalional CANADA this summer ! But, if you go home at the end of the Special Libraries Association Conference in Montreal, you'll miss seeing the rest of a fantastically fast-developing country. Ah ! but wait- We have a plan. For you, your family and your friends. It's called-

The Super Continental in Western Canada northern rails Come with us on our Great Post-Conference Northern Rails Tour But book your reservations now, or Across Western Canada. at least drop us a line to say you're Pick a day: June 6, 7 or 8 to leave seriously interested. Montreal aboard CN's renowned If you didn't receive the reservation Super Continental streamliner. forms mailed in December, write Pick your train accommodations : at once to: Bedroom (2), Roomette, Lower, Miss Helene Dechief, Chairman Upper. Remember, first come, first Transportation & Tours served. 1969 SLA Conference P.O. Box 1341 Pick your hotel accommodation: Main Post Office Single or twin. Montreal 101, P. Q., Canada

Continuing- Education for Librarianship FOURseparate Pre-Conference Seminars in Conjunction with 60th Annual SLA Con- ference, Montreal on Sunday, June 1, 1969 at The Queen Elizabeth Hotel. The four all- day seminars will run concurrently: 1. Personnel Administration 3. Problem Publications 2. Planning the Library Facility 4. Basic Principles of Management Registration fee for each seminar: $20 (includes lunch) Registration closes April 15, 1969. SLA membership is not a prerequisite. Registration brochures were mailed to SLA members from New York on February 10. If you have not received yours, write, telegraph, or phone: Mrs. Margaret N. Sloane, Chairman SLA Education Committee The Ford Foundation 320 East 43rd Street . New York 10017 Telephone: 212/573-5103 1969 CANDIDATES FOR SLA OFFICES

For President-Elect Florine Oltman is chief of the Bibliography Branch, Air University Li- brary at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. She received a B.A. (with a major in English) from Southwest Texas State College, San Marcos, Texas (1937) and a B.S. in Library Science from the University of Den- ver (1942). She has been a high school teacher and librarian in Texas (1937/43), reference librarian at the Naval Air Station, Pensacola (1943) and a hospital librarian during World War I1 at the U.S. Naval Hospital, Pensa- cola, Florida (1944/46). At the Air University Library, she has been a cataloger (1946/47), and librarian of the Special Staff School Branch of the Air University, Craig AFB, Alabama (1947/50). Miss Oltman has served as reference librarian and bibliographic assistant (1950/55), and as librarian of the Air War College Branch (1955/58) before attaining her present position in 1958. Miss Oltman has published articles in Specid Librcwies and Library Jol~rnal.She has been a consultant on library services at the School of the Armed Forces, Caracas, Venezuela. She is a member of the Alabama Li- brary Association and has served as chairman of its Planning Committee. SLA Chapter actiz~itie.r.In the Alabama Chapter (now the South Atlantic Chapter), she has served as secretary (l954/5 5), vice-president (1955/ 56), and president (1956/57). In addition there have been Chapter committee appointments. SLA DizGsion actir~ities. In the Military Librarians Division, she has served as secretary (1957/58), vice-chairman ( 1958/59), and chairman ( 1959/60) plus Division committee assignments. At the A.r.rociatio7z lez~el. Chapter Relations Committee, member (1959/60), chairman of the Committee and Chapter Liaison Officer (1960/6 1) ; second vice-president of the Association and Chairman, Ad- visory Council (1961/62). A member of SLA since 1946.

Margaret L. Pflueger is assistant chief, Technical Services Branch, Di- vision of Technical Information Extension, U.S. Atomic Energy Commis- sion, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. She received a B.A. (with a major in French) from Capital University (1937), an M.A. from Ohio State University (1940), and a B.L.S. from the University of Chicago (1944). She was an assistant at the Columbus Public Library (1941/42) and librarian of the Metallurgical Laboratory, University of Chicago (1944/ 45). She was a cataloger at the Army Library (1945/48). At Oak Ridge Miss Pflueger was librarian of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Li- brary (1948/50), and chief of the Information Section, Division of Tech- nical Information, U.S.A.E.C. (1950/66). Miss Pflueger is the author of papers published in Specjcrl Librdries. SLA Chapter activities. In the Oak Ridge Chapter (now Southern Appa- lachian Chapter) Miss Pflueger was secretary (1954/55), vice-president (1955/56), and president (1958/59). In addition there have been many Chapter committee appointments. She was editor of the Unioa List of Serials in Il'echzical Libraries of the Oak Ridge-K?zoxvilleA~en (1964). SLA Division activities. She was secretary-treasurer of the Nuclear Sci- ence Section of the Sci-Tech Division (1964/65). (continues) At the As~ocintionlevel. Translations Activities Committee, member (1963/66) ; Bylaws Committee, chairman (1966/69) ; and chairman of the Special Committee on Membership Requirements (1967/68). A member of SLA since 1946.

For Advisory Council Chairman-Elect

Keith G. Blair is chief librarian, Convair Division of General Dynamics, San Diego, California. He received a B.A. (with a major in General Sci- ence) from the University of Iowa (1941) and a B.L.S. from Columbia University (1942). He was reference assistant in the Science Technology Division, New York Public Library (1942/43) before service in the U.S. Navy (1943/ 45). He served as librarian of the General Chemical Company, New York City (1945/46) and the Maritime Service at Sheepshead Bay, N. Y. (1946/47). At the Navy Electronics Laboratory, San Diego, he was reference librarian (1947/57). Since 1957 Mr. Blair has been at General Dy- namics Convair; before his appointment as chief librarian in 1966 he had been engineering librarian, library supervisor, and technical information specialist (1957/66). Mr. Blair is a member of the American Society for Information Science, American Library Association, and California Library Association. He was associate professor of library science at San Diego State College (1965/66). He has published in Special Lib~aries. SLA Chapter activities. A charter member of the San Diego Chapter (1960), Mr. Blair has been treasurer (1961/62), vice-president (1962/ 63), and president (1963/64) of the Chapter. SLA Divirion activities. Sci-Tech Division's Bulletin Project, chairman (1961/62). Aerospace Division, treasurer (1965/66). At the As~ociationlevel. Resolutions Committee (1968) ; Membership Committee (1968/69). A member of SLA since 1946.

Robert E. Fidoten is assistant director, Research Planning and Informa- tion Sciences at PPG Industries' Glass Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He received a B.A. (with a major in Radio) from Washing- ton Square College, New York University (1949) and a B.L.S. from Pratt Institute's Library School, Brooklyn (1950). Additional graduate studies have been at Harvard's Graduate School of Education (1950/52) and the University of Pittsburgh's School of Library and Information Sci- ence (1965/present). He was librarian of Emerson College, Boston (1950/51) and cataloger at Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts (1951/52). At Bing- hamton, N. Y. he was library supervisor, Link Group, General Precision (1952/56) ; and in Baltimore he was librarian of RIAS (Martin-Marietta Corp.) (1956). He served as chief librarian, Republic Aviation Corpora- tion, Farmingdale, Long Island, N. Y. (1956/64). Mr. Fidoten served as manager, Information Services for PPG Industries (1964/68) before appointment to his present position at PPG. Mr. Fidoten is a member of the American Society for Information Sci- ence, Pennsylvania Library Association, National Microfilm Association, Institute of Management Sciences, and the Tri-State Association of College and Research Libraries. He is visiting lecturer at the School of Library and Information Sciences, University of Pittsburgh (1968/present), and a member of the Advisory Board, Library Technician Program, Allegheny County Community College (1967/present). SLA Chapter activities. In the Pittsburgh Chapter he has served as vice- president (1966/67), president (1967/68), and director ( 1968/69), in addition to Chapter committee appointments. He has also served on committees of the New York Chapter. SLA Division activities. In the Engineering Division he has served as chairman-elect (1966/67) and chairman (1967/68). At the Association level. Membership Committee, member (1965/67) ; Planning Committee, chairman (1967/69). A member of SLA since 1950.

For Director (1969172)

Aphrodite Mamoulides is head librarian, Shell Development Company, Houston, Texas. She received a B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin in 1953. Miss Mamoulides has been head librarian at Shell Development Com- pany's Houston facility since 1954. SLA Chapter activities. In the Texas Chapter she has served as second vice-president ( 1958/59), first vice-president ( 1959/60), and president (1960/61). She was bulletin editor (1958/59) and has served on Chap- ter committees; a member of the Chapter's Education & Recruitment Com- mittee to plan courses at the Graduate School of Library Science, University of Texas (1959/62). SLA Division activities. In the Petroleum Section of the Sci-Tech Di- vision, she served as secretary-treasurer (1959/61). In the Petroleum Di- vision she has been vice-chairman (1966/67) and chairman (1967/68). A member of the Petroleum Section's committee to plan the Forum on the Abstracting and Indexing of Petroleum Exploration and Production Litera- tzm, held in Dallas, Texas on February 19, 1960. At the Association level. Member of Special Committee on Membership Requirements (1967/68) ; Membership Committee, member (1968/70). A member of SLA since 1954.

Edythe Moore is manager, Library Services, The Aerospace Corpora- tion, Los Angeles. She received a B.S. (with a major in physics) from Pennsylvania State University (1942) and an M.S. (L.S.) from the Uni- versity of Southern California (1965). She was an engineer at the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation, Hatboro, Pennsylvania (1942) ; patent liaison at L. P. Graner, Inc., New York City (1943/44) ; coordinator, Technical Information Center, Philips Labora- tories, Inc., Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. (1944/47) ; research librarian, Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., New York City (1948/53) ; research librarian, Behr-Manning Corporation, Troy, N. Y. (1953/55) ; and head, Tech- nical Information Center, American Potash and Chemical Corp., Whittier, California (1956/62). Miss Moore joined Aerospace Corporation as literature research analyst (1962/64) and has been manager of library services since 1964. Miss Moore is instructor in the School of Library Science, Immaculate Heart College, Los Angeles (1965/present). She is a member of the California Library Association, American Society for Information Science and the American Chemical Society. She has published in Special Libraries and Jo~~i~rilof Chemir-nl Doczc~/tentiltionand has directed seminars of AMA and ARMA. SLA Chapter. iir-fil~ities.In the Southern California Chapter she has served 3s secretary (1958/59), vice-president (1963/64), and president (1964/65). In addition there have been Chapter committee appointments in the New York Chapter (1917/53), Upstate New York Chapter (1954/55), and in the Southern California Chapter. SLA Dil~i~ionartiz.ities. In the Aerospace Section, Sci-Tech Division she served as secretary (1963/64). In the Chemistry Section, Sci-Tech Divi- sion she served as vice-chairman (1760/'61) and chairman (1961/62). She has also held committee appointments in the Engineering Section, Sci- Tech Division. At the As~or-idtioil /elme/. 1968 Los Angcles Conference Registration Committee, chairman; Membership Committee, chairman (1967/69) ; Special Committee on Membership Requirements (1967/68). A member of SLA since 1949.

For Director (1969172)

Howard B. Bentley is research librarian and special assistant to the chief, Bureau of Editorial Reference, Time, Inc., New York. He received an A.B. (with a major in English) from Principia College (1947) and an M.S. from the Graduate School of Library Science, Simmons College (1954). He has served at the Brooklyn Public Library (1954/55), and in New York Public Library's Economics Division (1956/57) ; he has also been a free lance library consultant (1755/57). At Alanar (a division of Bro- Dart) he was administrative librarian (1957/59). At Time Inc. he was research librarian in charge of the Architecture and Building Branch Li- brary (1959/66) until appointment to his present position. Mr. Bentley is a member of the American Library Association and the Council of Planning Librarians. He has been a consultant to various projects including Urbandoc (1964). In addition, he is the author of several books and articles. SLA Chnpter. nctiuities. He was chairman of the New York Chapter's Newspaper and News Group (1764/65), and has also served on Chapter committees. SLA Dilsision nr-fiz~ities.He has been chairman of the Social Science Di- vision's Planning, Building, and Housing Section (1963/64), and has also served on Social Science Division committees. He is a member of the Documentation Division, Newspaper Division and Social Science Division. At the A~socintionlevel. Special Libraries Committee, member (1964/ 66), chairman (1 766/67). A member of SLA since 1757.

Loyd R. Rathbun is library officer of MIT's Lincoln Laboratory, Lexing- ton, Massachusetts. He received a B.A. (with a major in music and Eng- lish) from the University of Southern California (1939) ; an M.A. (1942) and an M.S.L.S. (1757) were also received from U.S.C. He has been solo oboist, Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra (1934-41) ; oboist, Warner Bros. Pictures (1741/59) ; and lecturer in oboe at U.S.C. (1941/52). He was librarian, Comnlunications Division of Hughes Air- craft Co., Los Angeles (1959/62). Mr. Rathbun is a member of the American Library Association, New England Library Association, Massachusetts Library Association and Beta Phi Mu. He was the John Cotton Dana Lecturer at Pratt Institute (1966). He has participated in SLA Conference programs and is the author of papers published in Special Libraries. SLA Chapter activities. In the Boston Chapter he was bulletin editor (1962/64), president-elect (1966/67), and president (1967/68) in addition to Chapter committee appointments. In the Southern California Chap- ter he was assistant bulletin editor (1960/62). SLA Division activities. A member of the Sci-Tech Division. At the Association level. Personnel Committee, member (1962/64), chairman (1964/66) ; Professional Standards Committee, member (1964/66). A member of SLA since 1959.

Other officers and directors who will continue to serve on SLA's Board of Directors in 1969/1970 are:

Robert W. Gibson, Jr. who automatically succeeds to the office of Presi- dent; and Helen J. Waldron who automatically succeeds to the office of Advisory Council Chairman. Mrs. Gloria M. Evans and Efren W. Gon- zalez will serve the third year of their three-year terms (1967/1970) as Directors. Rosemary R. Demarest and Burton W. Lamkin will serve the second year of their three-year terms (1968/1971) as Directors.

Ballots and voting instructions will be mailed from the Association's New York offices in early March. National Advisory Commission on Libraries

SLA Board and Council Reaction also encourage the establishment of the proposed Federal Institute of Library and HE Report of the National Advisory Information Science, and wish to indicate T Commission on Libraries was discussed our Association's strong interest in par- by SLA's Advisory Council and Board of ticipating in the planning and implementa- Directors during their January meetings. The tion of this institute." Board of Directors adopted a resolution which has been transmitted to Robert H. Mr. White also indicated the Association's Finch, Secretary of Health, Education and hopes that the new Administration will in- Welfare, by SLA President Herbert S. White. troduce or support legislation to achieve The resolution adopted reads: these objectives as soon as possible. The "National Library Commission Act "The Board of Directors of Special Li- of 1969," a bill (HR 908) to establish a braries Association, while recognizing permanent National Commission on Libraries shortcomings and omissions in the report, and Information Science, was introduced by endorses the report. Specifically, we en- Representative William A. Steiger (R-Wisc.) dorse the recommendation for the estab- when the 91st Congress convened its first lishment of a National Commission on session January 3. Mr. Steiger is a member of Libraries and Information Science. We the House Education and Labor Committee.

SLA and ASIS to Study Possible Merger

HE Council of the American Society for Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan is TInformation Science (ASIS) and the president-elect. Board of Directors of Special Libraries Asso- Membership of both organizations is pri- ciation (SLA), in separate meetings, ex- marily in the United States and Canada. pressed themselves as favoring, in principle, The three SLA representatives appointed investigation of a merger between the two by President White to the committee are: organizations ; their respective presidents were authorized to appoint three members to a Grieg Aspnes, Research Librarian six-member committee to bring to both or- Cargill, Inc. ganizations a specific report. It is anticipated Cargill Building that such a report will be ready for initial Minneapolis, Minnesota 54402 detailed discussion by the SLA Board in June Miss Louise K. Montle, Library Supervisor 1969 and by the ASIS Council in July 1969. The Boeing Company, Airplane Division The American Society for Information P.O. Box 707 Science, with approximately 3,000 members, Renton, Washington 9805 5 has its headquarters in Washington, D. C. The president of ASIS is Joseph Becker, Theodore D. Phillips EDUCOM, Washington, D. C.; Charles Assistant Chief Librarian P. Bourne, Information General Corp., Palo Queen's University Alto, California is president-elect. Kingston, Ontario, Canada Special Libraries Association has approximately 7,400 members; its headquarters are Both organizations are aware of the fact in New York City. The president of SLA is that there are unique features in each organ- Herbert S. White, Leasco Systems & Research ization, and the committee will be specifi- Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland ; Robert W. cally charged to safeguard the interests of the Gibson, Jr., General Motors Corporation, entire membership. CHAPTERS & DIVISIONS Southern California Chapter will meet on Mar 13 and Apr 10 ; the Chapter's annual business meeting is scheduled for May 14. New Jersey Chapter's all-day meeting on Mar 20 has the topic, "Manual vs. Computer The Insurance Division has published the Systems: Guidelines for the Road to Take." Jul 1967/Jun 1968 issue of Insurance Peri- Seminars will be conducted in: systems anal- odicals Index; the price is $15 each. Send ysis, mechanization and automation. For de- checks to: Special Libraries Association, In- tails: J. R. Cronin, Squibb Beech-Nut, Inc., surance Division, P.O. Box 406, Back Bay East Brunswick, N. J. 08816. Annex, Boston, Mass. 021 17.

MEMBERS IN THE NEWS Laura Nell Gasaway . . . assistant catalog librarian, University of Houston Law Li- brary. Miss ~asawayreceived her MLS from Texas Woman's University; she was the recipient of an SLA Scholarship in 1967.

Charles M. Gottschalk, director of libraries, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Wash- ington, D. C., has begun a two-year leave of absence to join the International Atomic En- ergy Agency, Vienna, as a senior officer in Budington Doms the development of an International Nuclear Information System.

William S. Budington . . . appointed exec- Mrs. Merlie Hughes, librarian at the Arctic utive director and librarian of The John Health Research Center, was presented with Crerar Library, effective Apr 1 to succeed an Award in Recognition of Sustained High Herman H. Henkle, who has served as chief Quality Performance on Dec 13. The center, executive officer since 1947. operated by the U.S. Public Health Service, is located on the University of Alaska campus Fred Croxton, former director of Redstone in College, Alaska. Scientific Information Center, Redstone Ar- senal . . . to executive vice-president of Dr. Leroy H. Linder . . . elected a di- Technical Information Services Co., a sub- rector of Friends of the Library, University sidiary of Informatics, Inc., Sherman Oaks, of California, Irvine. He has also been se- Calif. lected to serve on the Advisory Council on Education for Librarianship by UC's presi- Louise Darling, Biomedical Library, UCLA dent. will discuss "Regional Medical Library Serv- ices to the Hospital Libraries" at a meeting The Buffalo (N. Y.) Courier-Express pre- of the Hospital Librarians' Section, Associ- sented a feature story on Mrs. Ruth Lake ation of Western Hospitals . . . Apr 28-29 MacDonald, librarian of the Erie County in Anaheim, Calif. Technical Institute in Buffalo on Nov 10, 1968. Keith Doms, now director of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh has been elected di- Joanne M. Mann, recipient of an SLA rector of The Free Library of Philadelphia Scholarship in 1967, is librarian, Depart- . . . to succeed Emerson Greenaway after ment of Defense Library, Fort George G. his retirement in September. Meade, Md. AUDIT REPORT Oct 1, 1967-Sep 30,1968

Board of Directors of Special Libraries Association, Inc. In our opinion, the accompanying statements (Exhibits I through IV) present fairly the assets and liabilities of Special Libraries Association, Inc, at September 30, 1968 resulting from cash transactions, and the income collected, expenses disbursed and changes in fund balances for the year, and are presented on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. Our examination of these statements was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and accordingly included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. The accounts of the Association are maintained on the basis of cash receipts and disbursements, and accordinglv include a~proximatelv$74,816 collected at September 30, 1968 for dues and periodical subscrip&ns applical;ie to subsequent periods; the correiponding amount at September 30, 1967 was approximately $64,000. The accounts at September 30, 1968 do not reflect expenses incurred but not paid of approximately $30,000; the corresponding amount at September 30, 1967 was ap-

60 Broad St., New Yorrk, N.Y. 10004 Derenz ber 6, 1968

EXHIBIT I

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, INC.

STATEMENT OF ASSETS AND FUND BALANCES RESULTING FROM CASH TRANSACTIONS SEPTEMBER 30, 1968

Fund balances (Note 1) Assets General Fund: Cash, in savings accounts ...... U. S. Treasury Bills ...... Deposits ...... Exhibit I1

Federal Grants and Contract Fund: Cash ...... Less-Unexpended advances from National Science Foundation Exhibit 111

Reserve Fund: Cash in savings accounts ...... 19,497 Marketable securities at cost (approximate market value $50,987) .... 44,528 64,025 Exhibit IV

Life Membership Fund: Cash in savings account ...... 11,199 Exhibit IV

Non-Serials Publications Fund: Cash, including savings accounts of $29,035 ...... 48,542 Exhibit IV Carried forward ...... 275,124 EXHIBIT I (continued) Brought forward ...... 275,124 Scholarship and Loan Fund: Cash in savings accounts ...... 20,317 Loans receivable ...... 1,979 22,296 Exhibit IV

Equipment Reserve Fund: Cash in savings account ...... 7,769 Exhibit IV

Foreign Publications Agency Fund: * Cash ...... - Motion Picture Fund: * Cash ...... - Total assets ...... $305,189

Note 1. The total of assets of each fund represents the iund balance of the the respective fund. The changes in the respective fund balances during the period are shown on the indicated exhibits. The cash balances shown in the respective funds have been adjusted for amounts owing to or due from other funds. ' The Foreign Publications Fund and the Motion Picture Fund were closed out by action of the Board of Directors during the fiscal year. The balances in these funds were transferred to the General Fund.

EXHIBIT I1 SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, INC. STATEMENT OF INCOME COLLECTED, EXPENSES DISBURSED AND CHANGES IN GENERAL FUND BALANCE FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1968 Actual Budget Income collected: Dues and fees ...... $158,564 Periodicals Scientific Meetings ...... 15,222 Special Libraries ...... 84,208 Technical Book Review Index ...... 28,497 Net receipts from conference ...... 27,175 Contributions for new furniture and equipment ...... 8,130 Interest ...... 3,938 Addressing service ...... 2.398 Miscellaneous ...... 1,684 -- Total income ...... $329,816 Expenses disbursed: Allocation of funds to subunits: Chapters ...... 16,845 Divisions ...... 14,236 Committees ...... 1,044

General operations: Salaries and wages ...... Employee benefits (Note 2) ...... Office sewices ...... Occupancy costs ...... Professional fees and service ...... Travel and entertainment ...... Member sewices ...... Public relations ...... Carried forward (General operations) ...... SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, INC. EXHIBIT I11 STATEMENT OF INCOME COLLECTED, EXPENSES DISBURSED AND CHANGES IN FEDERAL GRANTS AND CONTRACT FUND BALANCE FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1968 Cumulative Information Soviet Index to Translation Science Litera- Translations Exchange Translations Center ture Display Register-Index Total Income: National Science Foundation ...... Sales ...... Total income .....

Expenses: Salaries ...... Payroll taxes ...... Supplies and equipment ...... Communications ...... Computer processing ...... Reference tools ...... Photocopying ...... Promotion ...... Handling charges ...... Display materials ...... Rent and administrative services ...... Travel ...... Shipping ...... Service fees ...... Printing ...... Postage ...... Other ...... Overhead charged by John Crerar Library ...... Overhead charged by SLA General Fund ...... Design ...... Total expenses ......

V, +a Excess of income over expenses ...... m Fund balances, beginning of year ...... $11,798 Interactivity transfer ...... (2,339) Transfer to unexpended advances from National Science Foundation ...... (9,459)

B - - - $14,689 Fund balances, end of year ...... $ 14,689- k = -- I C; Notu 9. Duri~lgtile year Scptcmbcr 30, 1968 tlrc Association co~~ibincdthe Trans- Foundation-sponsored activities sincc the inception of tl~crcspcctivc activities. To thc cs- liltions Register-Index I'ulld wit11 tllc Fcdcral Grants ;11d Contri~ctsFund. Tl~cbalancc of tcnt that the receipts from the government cscccd govcrnmcnt-autllorized disburscmcnts, tile combined fund at Septenlbcr 30, 193 rcprcsents tlle net excess of rcccipts from As- such excess is I-efundablc to tllc govcrnmcnt or may bc uscd for current and Ioturc govcrn- ---:..+inn nri~ntr.irdolrfrv .nA rmvrrnmrnt so~lrrc~ovrr exuenditures for National Science mcut-sponsored activities. EXHIBIT I1 (continued) Actual Budget Brought forward (General operations) ...... Periodicals: News and Notes ...... Scientific Meetings ...... Special Libraries ...... Technical Book Review Index ...... New furnishings ...... Moving expenses ...... Miscellaneous ...... Reduction for expenses disbursed for account of: Non-Serials Publications Fund ...... Federal Grants and Contracts Fund ......

Expenses disbursed (cont'd) : Systems study at headquarters ...... Contingencies ...... Total expenses disbursed ...... Excess of income collected over expenses disbursed ......

Fund balance. September 30. 1967 ......

Add: Transfer from Foreign Publications Fund ...... 404 Transfer from Motion Picture Fund ...... 8 3 Fund balance. September 30. 1968 ...... $136. 669

Yote 2. The Association has a contributory group annuity retirement program with an insurance company covering substantially all qualified employees. The total pension expense for the year was $3.519. which includes amortization of prior service cost . The actuarially computed value of vested benefits was fully funded as of September 30. 1968 . Unfunded past service cost to be paid by the Association amounted to $12. 844 as of September 30. 1968. The employees' contributions to the plan for the year ended September 30. 1968 totalled $569.

EXHIBIT IV SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION. INC. SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN SPECIAL FUND BALANCES FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30. 1968 Reserve Fund Interest and dividends received on marketable securities and savings bank accounts ...... $3734. Balance. September 30. 1967 ...... 59. 652 Balance. September 30. 1968 (Exhibit I) ......

Life Membership Fund Interest on savings bank account ...... Dues received ...... John Cotton Dana lectures-expenses ...... Balance. September 30. 1967 ...... Balance. September 30. 1968 (Exhibit I) ...... (continued) FEBRUARY1969 EXHIBIT IV (continued)

Non-Serials Publications Fund Sales charged to Sustaining Members ...... $4361. Proceeds from sales of publications ...... 25. 130 Interest on savings bank accounts ...... 1.313 Other ...... 542 28. 421 Production and selling expenses ...... (23. 933) Excess of income over expenses ...... 4. 488 Balance. September 30. 1967 ...... 44. 054 Balance. September 30. 1968 (Exhibit I) ...... $48. 542

Scholarship and Loan Fund Gifts ...... $12. 541 Interest on savings bank accounts and student loans ...... 1.219

Scholarship grants ...... (18. 500) Balance. September 30. 1967 ...... 27. 036 Balance. September 30. 1968 (Exhibit I) ...... $22. 296

Equipment Reserve Fund Insurance proceeds ...... $209 Interest on savings bank account ...... 400 Less-Expenses disbursed ...... (1. 423) Balance. September 30. 1967 ...... 8. 583 Balance. September 30. 1968 (Exhibit I) ...... $7697.

Foreign Publications Agency Fund Balance. September 30. 1967 ...... $404 Less-Transfer to General Fund ...... (404)

Balance. September 30. 1968 (Exhibit I) * ...... -

Motion Picture Fund Interest on savings account ...... $83 Less: Return of contributions to Chapters ...... (592) Transfer to General Fund ...... (83) Balance. September 30. 1967 ...... 592 Balance. September 30. 1968 (Exhibit I) * ...... -

The Foreign Publications Fund and the Motion Picture Fund were closed out by action of the Board of Directors during the fiscal year . The Balances in these funds were transferred to the General Fund . Expert Service on MAGAZINE SUBSCRIPTIONS for SPECIAL LIBRARIES

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Beginning with volume 13 (January 1969) Scientific Meetings will be published quarterly, instead of three times a year-and at no increase in subscription price.

Scientific Meetings, which has been published continuously for twelve years, is an alpha- betical and chronological listing of future conventions and symposia of scientific, technical, medical, and management organizations-regional, national and international. Subject 1 index in each issue. Subscriptions: $15 per year in U. S. and Canada; add $1.00 for other countries. Single copies: $6 each.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 235 Park Avenue So., New York 10003 LATEST CATALOG LISTING.. . . .NEWSPAPERS ALONG AM_EICB'S GREAT TRAILS \ These Newspapers May Be Purchased on 35mm Microfilm Bell & Howell compiled this new catalog of Newspapers Along America's Great Trails to help researchers and historians recapture the real vitality that was America coming to life along her growing frontiers. All newspapers listed in the catalog are part of the archival collect~onin Bell & Howell's Micro Photo Division vaults. They have been selected for this catalog because of their special interest to students of America's frontiers. Please write for your free copy from: rnmo PHOTO mvlslon BOX 774, WOOSTER, OHIO 44691

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Now Undercover! International Directory of Back Issue Vendors: Periodicals, Newspapers and Documents. 2d enl. ed. Compiled by F. John Neverman 1968 Soft Cover 104 pages (6 x 9) $2.25 LC 68-57264 * * * Listings include Periodicals Newspapers Documents Newspaper Indexes The Directory contains more than 240 listings of back issue vendors in the US. and abroad. It is an enlarged version of the first edition, "International Directory of Back Issue Periodical Vendors," published in 1964. Separate indexes for periodicals by language and subjects; index for documents by country or agency of publication; index for newspapers and newspaper indexes by place of publication. ' Order Today! SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003

/ Complete composition, press and pamphlet binding facilities, cou- NUCLEAR Articles include "Nuclear TREATY Disa;mment Efforts Since pled with the knowledge and skill RATIFICATION 1945, Related U. S. & International Agencies," gained through fifty years of experi- and "Text of the Nonproliferation Treaty." The Pro & Con discussion on the question: ence, can be put to your use-profitably Should the U. S. Senate Consent Now to Ratification of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty?" contains views of those active in its consideration, including Majority and Minor- ity Reports of the Senate Committee on For- eign Relations, Hon. Dean Rusk, Paul Nitze Senator Thomas Dodd and Rep. Craig HOS: mer. January 1969. THE VERMONT SCHOOL Controversy over the Fed- DESEGREGATION eral role in school desegregation includes fac- PRINTING COMPANY tual background articles on existing Federal aid programs and policies and statutes af- fecting present desegregation efforts. The Pro & Con discussion focuses on recent ef- Brattleboro, Vermont forts in Congress to curtail the Federal desegregation role. February 1969.

-- Recent Issues: Congress & Airport Develop- ment (Dec); U. S. Anti-Ballistic Missile Sys- tem (Nov); Congress & U. S. Foreign Policy PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL (Oct). OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Rates: 1 yr., $12.50; 2 yrs., $22; 3 yrs., $30. Single copy, $1.50. ll'rrfc: The Congressional Digest, 3231 P St. N.W., Washington, D. C. 20007.

SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS AVAILABLE 9th National Symposium on lnformation Display Los Angeles, California May 1968 Contents include: Iso-Echo Contour Circuit for Selective Threshold Display of Precipitous Video Targets, on a Weather Radar RHIIPPI Screen, Photoplastic Film Multl-Color Dlsplay, A High Resolut~onClosed Circu~tRemote Viewing System, Generalized Equations for Display System Deslgn. $15.00 ALSO AVAILABLE 8th National Symposium on lnformation Display San Francisco, California May 1967 Contents include: Dry Silver Recording Materials for Display Purposes, The Application of Photo- chronics to Color Display The Plasma Display Panel-A New Device for lnformation Display and Storage, Anaglyph ~t&eoscopic CRT Display System, Analysis of Saturation and Reliability ~n a Shared Display System. $15.00 7th National Symposium on Information Display Boston, Massachusetts October 1966 Contents include: Display Devices and Techniques lnformation Processing as a Function of Display Format, The Observer-Human Factors aid Performance, Display Systems, Display Standards and Measurements. $1 5.00

Commencing January !969, the Society for lnformation Display P!oceeding.s will be published as a quarterly journal of approximately 450 pages. This journal will lnclude the annual Symposium proceedings as well as other papers reflecting the current status of this discipline. I Annual Subscription: (payable In advance)

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POSITIONS OPEN Special Services Head-In Connecticut State Li- brary, a newly formed unit comprising stack attendants, publications and sales, shipping, sup- Catalogers-The University of Akron needs two plies, bindery, copying and duplicating. Organiz- experienced catalogers and one without prior ing and supervisory ability are essential, as is an experience. MLS, knowledge of LC necessary. MLS and experience. Outstanding fringe bene- Background in serials or music or science help- fits, including month's vacation. Salary range ful. Salary $8,000 and up, depending on experi- $10,960-$13,300. Please send resume and reference. Fringe benefits excellent. Apply H. P. ences to Charles Joyce, Connecticut State Li- Schrank, Jr., University Librarian, The Univer- brary, 231 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, Connecti- sity of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44304. cut 06115. Head of Art and Music Library-Position requires Master's Degree in Library Science and Librarian-Responsible for the operation of a college major in art; some knowledge of music small medical library. Provides assistance to desirable. Salary $7,200 for 30 hour week, vaca- technical and management personnel by conduct- tion of one month, social security. Submit appli- ing library research and preparing bibliogra- cations to Edwin T. Coman, Jr., Trustee, Library phies. Develops and installs procedures, systems Association of La Jolla, 5784 Bellevue Avenue, and services best fitted to the requirements of the La Tolla. California 92037. Company. Minimum 3 years experience in a business or technical library. Should have some Chief, Data Processing Unit-in major univer- supervisory experience. Excellent benefits. Send sity library. Desire person with experience in li- r6sum6 and salary requirements to: I. L. Beckley, brary with operational EDP program. Minimum Becton, Dickinson and Company, Rutherford, requirements: experience with designing, costing N. J. 07070. and programming. Salary negotiable. Box C-98. Museum Curator-Librarian-In Connecticut State Library to take charge of collections and related manuscripts and documents in areas of ASSISTANT HEAD OF firearms, coins, buttons, clocks, and Connecticut memorabilia. Best of fringe benefits and working CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT conditions. Minimum salary $10,380. Library de- We are seeking an exceptional person to take gree and pertinent experience or aptitude neces- over the Number Two position in our circula- sary. Please send r6sum6 and references to tion department. Must haue strong administrative Charles Joyce, Connecticut State Library, 231 ability, capacity for leadership, initiative and experience to assist in directing training and Capitol Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut 06115. supervising a sta8 of over 100 people. RESPONSIBILITIES: day-to-day management Research Librarian-for one of the world's fast- of collection of over 3 million volumes, circulation exceeding 450 million volumes est growing pharmaceutical and chemical com- annually; assignment of study space, de- panies. Qualified MLS will supervise a staff op- velopment of circulation procedures; co- erating a technically oriented research library ordination of circulation functions with of approximately 20,000 volumes, 1,200 periodi- other departments. cals. Excellent working conditions in a suburban BACKGROUND: college degree plus 5 years of experience, preferably in large research area. Good advancement opportunities and a library with broad knowledge of collection liberal benefit package. Send resume to D. B. management and advanced circulation con- James, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey trol techniques including data processing and operations research; above all the 07065. An Equal Opportunity Employer desire to succeed in a challenging job: COMPENSATION: $11-12,000 based on background plus our excellent benef~tsprogram McGill University has an opening for the posi- that includes health, medical and life in- tion of: Associate Librarian-a member of the surance, retirement program, liberal sick senior administrative staff who will participate leave and 5 weeks paid vacation after one in library policy making, coordinate the develop- year of employment. ment of departmental libraries in the sciences Qualified applicants should send detailed resume and other fields (staff totalling 60), and carry in confidence to: Personnel Department additional responsibilities. Prefer a background in the sciences with substantial professional and YALE UNIVERSITY administrative experience. Salary open and com- Sterling Memorial Library mensurate with qualifications and experience. 120 High Street New Haven, Connecticut Address letter of application and resume of education and experience to: Director, McGill Uni- An Equal OpPortunity Employer versity Libraries, 3459 McTavish Street, Mont- real, Canada. There's a whole world of opportunity in IBM's technical library near Raleigh, N.C.

IBM's data communications reference center have a Ma5ter's degree in Library Science and a is compact, but its scope is international. IBM Bachelor's in physical science or engineering. facilities across the world use it as a company Crow with IBM. information retrieval center. Making use of so- Today's major growth industry is information phisticated tracking and automated records handling and control. And IBM is a leader in systems, the library supplies them with "instant" that field. As a result, the professional chal- bibliography and technical references. lenges at IBM are more demanding, more so- The Librarian and Assistant Librarian we're phisticated than ever. looking for have a variety of duties, ranging So if you're a problem-solver who wants a from coordination with nearby Research Tri- personal sense of achievement and recognition angle Park libraries to the development of a for your hard work in an exciting growth com- new printed-book catalog. pany, consider IBM. Librarian. Company-paid benefits. If you qualify, you'd administer a four-person There's a wide range of company-paid bene- department that collects books, serials, and fits, including hospitalization and insurance. reports. Areas covered include communica- Under IBM's Tuition Refund Plan, you can tions, mathematics, and engineering. study further at any of several nearby universi- You'd be responsible for ordering, circula- ties. tion, reference,and literature-searching services You should have at least three years of solid Call or write. experience in a large library. You should also Call Dave Fellows at (919) 549-5879 collect. have a Master's degree in Library Science or a Or send him a brief letter or resume at IBM Bachelor's degree in physical science or engi- Corporation, Dept. CB1013, P. 0. Box 12195, neering. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. Assistant Librarian. An Equal Opportunity Employer If you qualify, you'd order all library materials, update the catalogs, implement an automated serial records system, and assist with circulation, reference, and literature searching. No experience is required, but you should IBM. POSITIONS WANTED

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