Collective Bargaining in the Field of Librarianship

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 048 909 LI 002 718

AUTHOR Goldstein, Melvin S. TITLE Collective Bargaining in the Field of Librarianship. PUB DATE Dec 68 NOTE I73p.; Paper prepared for course in Library Personnel Relations at Pratt Institute, 3rooklyn, New York

EDRS PRICE ERRS Price MF-$0.65 %C-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS *Collective Bargaining, *Collective Negotiation, Government Libraries, *Librarians, Library Surveys, *Negotiation Agreements, Professional Personnel, Public Libraries, *Unions, University Libraries IDENTIFIERS Librarianship, *Library Unions

ABSTRACT As a matter of economic necessity, librarians must employ the technique of unionization, as though there were no professional associations, in order to obtain better salaries and working conditions. They must also employ the professional associations to seek out and bring about better library service, improve the techniques of librarianship and the image of librarians as though there were no unions. Librarians have an obligation to their profession to become involved in all phases of library policy including the establishment and the running of branches, as well as promotions, transfers and classifications. (Author) PERMISS,ON TO REPRODUCE THIS COTY RIGHTED MATERIAL HAS BEE% GRANTED BY r C7% itiekth S. 4/.41:C.,/,-;' CD TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE US OFFICE CY's OF EDUCATIONFURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE TRY ERIC SYSTEM REOVINS PER (ft) MISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER CD

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

IN THE

FIELD OF LIBRARIANSHIP

MELVIN S. GOLDSTEIN

PRATT INSTITUTE

BROOKLYN, NEW YORK Deember 1958

U 8. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATIC.1 B WELFARE OFFICE OF EOUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPP3 DUCE() EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATIOE ORIG- INATING IT POINT +O° VIEW OA OPIN ,ONS STATED DO NOT NECESSi-RILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATIOV K.,:IPOSI OR POLICY

Copyright 1969 by Melvin S. Goldstein All Rights Reserved Navin S. Wldstein 5123 Poa;; Road New York, N.Y. 10471 A Brief History of Collective Bargaining Ffforts onBehalf of Professional Librarians in the United States,Digests of

Individual Collective Bargaining Agreements Currently in Force, The Status of Certain Negotiations forCollective

Bargaining Agreements, with References to other Matters

Relating to the Subject of Unionization in Libraries and

Comments on the Role of Urions in the Field of Librarianship,

Based on a Survey of the 1:4 Libraries in the UnitedStates

Holding more than 500,000 Volumes

Submitted to Mary Y. Parr, Associate Professor of Librarianship and Director of Library Extension Programs, as a Term Paperfor LS 551, Library Personnel Relations, December 16, 1968.

Melvin S. Goldstein

3 CONTENTS

Statement of Purpose 1

Introduction 2

Brief Historical Review 11

The Special Position of Librarianship 13

Definitions 16

The Position of the American Library Association 17

State Library Associations *22

Current Statue of Library Unions 26

Public Libraries Operating Under Collective Bargaining Agreements 30 Detroit Publin Library 30 New York City 41 Brooklyn Public Library 42 New York Public Library 50 Queens Borough Public Library 54 The Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County 61 The Free Library of Philadelphia 62 Milwaukee Public Library 66

Public Libraries Operating with Unions 70 Contra Costa County Library 70 Fresno Countl! Free Library 71 Los Angeles Public Library 72 Los Angeles County Public Library 75 Oakland Public Library 77 San Francisco Public Library 78 Public Library of the District of Columbia 78 Chicago Public Library 79 Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore 84 The Boston Public Library 85 Grand Rapids Public Library 87 Minneapolis Public Library 88 The Saint Paul Public Library 92 Buffalo and Brie County Public Library 92 Cleveland Public Library 96 Seattle Public Library 99

University Libraries Operating with Unions 100 University of California at Berkeley 100 The City University of New York 101 University of Pennsylvania 103 Government Libraries 105 State Libraries 105 Federal Libraries 110 The National Agricultural Library 110 Department of the Interior Library 111 Department of State Library 111 The Librery of Congress 111 Veterans Administration Library Service 113 National Library of Medicine 114

Libraries Where Unions Nave Passed out of Existence 115 Atlanta Public Library 115 Wayne County Federated Library System, 116 Butte Public Library 117 The Public Library of remark New Jersey 118

Public Libraries with NonProfessional Unions Only 119 Ramapo Catskill Library System 119 Rochester Public Library 119 Library Association of Portlend (Oregon) 120

University Libraries - Faculty Statue and Vacuity Rank 121

Conclusion 134

Public Libraries to which Letters were Sent 139

Government Libraries to which Letters were Sent 145

University Libraries to which Letters were Sent 147

Unions and Employee Organizations to which Letters were Sent 155

Bibliography Periodical Literature 161 Pamphlets and Term Papers 167 Book 167 1.

Statement of Purpose

1 In October, 1939, Bernard berelson,while still a student la the Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago, published

in the Library Quarterly the first and, unfortunately, the last comprehensive history, review and critique on library unionization. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to set forth a history of library unionization in the United States from the inception of this activity until now, to note the current status of this phenomenon in individual libraries and to consider and comment on some aspects of the unionization of librarians, existing agreements, the terms of current contracts and some of the details of current understandings between unions and libraries as well es the demands of some unions. It is not intended in this paper to report on, analyze or compare salaries because this will be treated in a separate paper. It must also be noted that this paper will deal with the unionization of professional librarians and not necessarily with theunionization of other library personnel such as clerks, guards, maintenance people and bookuohile drivers. And away we go!

3Bernard bareleon, "Library Unicatetion,"Ibe IibrarviWarterly,IX (October, 1939), 477.510, 2.

Introduction

In order to gather material for this presentation of cue history

of library unions in the United States, the following methods were employed

to locate sources and to obtain the information:

I checked Library Literature for the period 1921 through 1968

under all pertinent subject headings. I read and abstracted every article

relating to the subject except items that appeared in Library Journal prior

to 1944 not available at Pratt Institute and in certain other publications

or issues not available at Pratt. In those cases, however, I abstracted

or copied the summaries printed in Library Literature. Articles mentioned

in Library Literature that were published in library union newsletters were

in some cases located in the EconomiceDivision of the New York Public

Library and wera read and abstracted there. All abstracts were type-

written and filed.

"Bibliography of Library Economy 1876-1920" by K.G.T. Cannons,

and "A Bibliography of Librarianship," Selected by Margaret. Burton and

Marion E. Visburgh, were checked but revealed nothing.

Every issue of Library Journal and A.IAaulletin for the period

April, 1968 through November, 1968, was checked for pertinent material because those items had not yet been indexed by Library Literature. I also went to other published materials to which I was specially referred

and Which are not indexed in Library Literature, such as Harold Jones's article in California Voice for July, 1968, and LhkAgmjgbrcLuLtrmhecl for

December 1966.

Every volume of A.L.A.__Bulletin 1938 through 1957 was examined

for information on the Library Unions Round Table in view of a brief

reference in Library Literature in 1942.

I checked the catalogs in ihe main reference room in the

Economics Division of the New York Public Library and located some news- 3.

but little else that was papers and bulletinspublished by library unions not available atPratt. Association'stirectory I selected from theAmerican Library

1966-67," every library in theUnited States with of American Libraries, letters to 154 library 500,000 volumes or moreand wrote individual 75 university directors (59 public libraries,20 government libraries, collective representation. libraries) for information onthe development of based on volumes onlyand not The list taken from theALA Itirectory" was of Congress for whichthe only on items, except inthe case of the Library "Circulation" and "population information given is"44,189,000 items."

The university library groupincludes served" were not considered. special libraries such university and collegelibraries as well as some The government librariesinclude as the Center forResearch Libraries. the United States State Libraries, librariesof various departments of

Government and, of course,the Library of Congress. International After consulting the"Directory of National and "Directory of Labor Labor Unions in the UnitedStates, 1965," and the 238, September, 1967," Organizations in New YorkState, Special Bulletin No. possibly be interested individual letters were sent to29 unions that might determine the developmentof in the organization oflibrary employees to

collective representation amonglibrary personnel. and some Letters were sent to thelmerican Library Association Administration correspondence ensued with MissRuth Frame of the Library

Division but this produced verylittle hard information. salutation, was A Xeroxed letter, with anindividual address and in order to determinewhethex sent to each of theState Library Associations collective representation and any of them wouldhelp library staffs with

collective bargaining. salutations Xeroxed letters withindividualized addressee and

ff 4. were sent to every university library on my list asking whether the librarians hold faculty status, faculty rank or neither.

An individually prepared letter requesting information was sent to every union, every person and every institution mentioned in the body of any literature or correspondence that cam. to hand who, it was thought, might have some information on the subject. For example, 1 wrote to Allan

Covici, the Editor of CU Voice, published by the Library Chapter of the

University Federation of Librarians - Berkeley Campus, who was mentioned in

Library Journal for July, 1967.

Reminders were sent out regularly to those who failed to reply.

Sometimes these were Xeroxed but more often they were individually written.

Letters were also sent to clarify questions that arose in correspondence or to comment on various points. The following is a table showing the number of letters sent:

Individually typed Xeroxed

Public Libraries 122 14

Local unions in connection with specific public libraries 40

Universities 91 64

Union Headquarters 37

Government Libraries 39

State Library Associations 9 51

337 129 466

Note is to be taken that the individually typed original letters were personalized in address and salutation as well as in the body where an attempt was made 1 each case to rAate to something that has taken place in connection with the specific library.

I had telephone conversations with many librarians in various parts of the country. These car) were usually made when I felt that on 5. the basis of the literature some important union activity was taking place at the particular library but 2 was not able to get any information from the library director by letter and was not successful in getting a line on the union evidently in charge of the organizing activity. Some calls were also made to clear up questions that arose in correspondence.

There were only two personal interviews, one with Lawrence

Brandwein, President of the Brooklyn Local, and one with Robert W. Schmidt,

President of the Queens Borough Local. I did not ask for a meeting with tho

Director of the Brooklyn Public Library because he had referred my inquiry to the Union Pro.lent.

No replies were received from the following libraries despite numerous follow-up attempts:

Public

Ilorcester Public Library and Central Massachusetts Regional Library

System Headquarters

Columbus (Ohio) Public Library

Government

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

University

Tulane University of Louisiana

University of Virginia

The survey conducted reveals that it is impossible to determine the number of librarians Oh. belong to unions and it is equally impossible to determine the number of unions that count librarians among their members.

Library administrations often, and probably with tongue in cheek, say that they know nothing about any unions in the place. The unions are useally just as reluctant to supply information, and union headquarters are either without any knowledge as to what is going on or prefer to indicate that they know nothing about it. The reason for the know- nothingism at union head- I) 6. quarters offices is the competition among unions to sign up public employees.

It seems clear, however, that one way or another, there are more librarians

in unions than ever before and we find them joining with teachers, with

government employees, with other groups both in and out of libraries and

as independents.

The American Federation of Government Employees (AFL-CIO) claims

1 that a number of librarians are meMbersbut "our membership reports don't 2 indicate occupation." The American Federation of State, County and

Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) which seems to be most active in the field of organizing librarians, provided information only after several letters and 3 a long distance telephone call. The American Federation of Teachers

claims the membership of a number of librarians through its local chapters, 4 particularly in New York. The United Federation of College Teachers, 5 Local 1460, says it has enrolled college librarians acid we must assume

this is not confined to the City University of New York. The United

Federation of Teachers, Local 2, in New York, claims that 850 of the 1,000

1 Letter from U. J. Voss, Research Director, American Federation of Government Employees, Washington, D.C., August 2, 1968. 2 Letter from Voss, September 18, 1968.

3 Tele?hone conversation with Donald Wasserman, Research and Education Director, AFSCME, Washington, D.C., October 31, 1958. 4 Letter from John H. Oliver, Assistant Director, American Federation of Teachers, Washington, D.C., August 7, 1968.

3Letterfrom ',reel Kugler, President, United Federation of College Teachers, Local 1460, New York City, August 27, 1968.

1 7. librarians in the New York City Public School system are members of UFT.

Those who are intrigued by the idea of having the Teamsters organize librarians will, be disappointed tc learn that the Teamsters report they have never attempted to organize any of the librarians or even book-

2 mobile drivera.

This paper, therefore, cannot attempt to survey all of the unions that may have librarians as members. I will attempt here only to report on libraries where unions for librarians are km-ova to exist including, of course, that special phenomenon, public libraries operating under a contract with a union which is designated by some authority as the collective bargaining agent for the librarians.

Note must be taken that in view of the greater reluctance on the part of unions to make information available, we have been Qblig d in this paper to depend more tha we would like on information oupplied by libraries and library literature.

It should also be made clear here that no public library, no government library and no university library coming within the purview of this survey operates on a closed shop basis in so far as its professional librarians are concerned. However, an agency shop provision has been approved for the Detroit Public Library, the first major library in the country to come under this condition

'Letter from Sylvia Mendlow, Co-Chairman, UPT Library Committee, United Federation of Teachers, Local 2, New York City, August 5, 1968.

2Letter from Abraham Weiss, Economist, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of Americas Waehiugton, D.C., August 7, 1968.

12 8.

62 persons, on behalf of 56 Public Libraries, wrote in reply to

various inquiries. The sex and titles of the 62 break down as follows:

Title Male Female

Acting Libmrian 2 -

Administrative Assistant 1

Assistant City Librarian 2 1

Assistant Director 1 1

Assistant Director of 7m:sonnet 1

Assistant in the Personnel Office 1

AsSistant Librarian and Head of Extension 1

Assistant to the Director 2

Assosiate Director 1

Associate Librarian 1 -

City Librarian 2 1

County librarian 2 3

Deputy Director 3 -

Director 13 3

Director and Librarian 1 -

Director of Libraries 1

Exe:utive Direaor 1 -

Librarian 5 1

Library Director 1 -

Personnel Director 1

Personnel Librarian 1

Personnel Manager 1

Personnel Officer 4 3

45 17 9.

Of the 75 University Libraries to which inquiries were sent, 27 persyns replied on behalf of 73 libraries. The sex and titles of all who replied break down as follows:

Title Male Pemalte

Acting Director of Libraries 4 -

Assistant Director 3 1

Assistant Director of Libraries 1 1

Assistant Director, Personnel and nudget 1 -

Assistant Director of LibrzAts for Administration

Alsistant Librarian 1

Assistant Professor 1 -

Assistant to the Director 2

Associate ZIrector 1 -

Aas4ciate Director for Public Services 1 -

Associate Director of Libraries 1 -

Associate Librarian for Public Services 2 -

Associate Librarian for Technical Services 2

Associate University Librarian 3 -

Dean of Library Administration I -

Director 9 -

Director of Libraries 11 1

Director of Libraries and Audio - Visual Cents'. 1

Director of University Libraries 2 - General Reference Librarian 1 -

Head, Reference Department - 1

Librarian 6 1

Librarian Personnel Officer 1 - Pousonnel Librarian - 2 PiAsident, Staff Association 2

Secretary to the Librarian 1

University Librarian 10 -

No title given 1 ......

64 13 14 10.

Of the 20 Government libraries towhich inquiries were sent,

20 persons replied on behalf of 19libraries and the following is a breakdown of sex and titles:

Title Male Female

1 Acting Assistant Director

Acting Librarian of Congre:-J 1 -

Administrative Officer 1

Assistant Director

Coordinator - P'blic Libraries 1 -

Deputy State Librarian 1 -

Deputy Director 1 -

Director 2

Director of Library Services 1 -

Director, Library Service 1 -

Librarian 1 2

State Librarian 5 2

12 8 11.

Brief Historical Review

The only thing really new about unions libraries is that in

August, 1968, librarians of the Contra Costa County (California) Public

Library actually went out on a full-fledged strik.a. So far as we have

been able to determine, this was the first strike in the history of

librarianship in this country at least in so far as libraries with more

than 500,000 volumes are concerned. Indead, the only other instance of

a strike by librarians that we have been able to document took place in

1957 in three Swedish cities:Umea, Goteburg and Vasteras. But in

Sweden the librarians went out as part of an action called by the Swedish

Central Organization of Academically Trained Officials including engineers,

doctors, lawyers, dentists, clergymen and others.'

Otherwise unionization in libraries is strictly old hat. It's

been with us and arownd us for more than fifty years. It hasn't always

been altogether visible to everyone in the profession, however, because

it has come upon us in waves after long periods of calm. Librarians are

now splashing in the middle of the thire wave, longer and higher than

either of those preceding, and more librarians than ever before are

launching their surfboards and are hollering "Ride em cowboy!" while

others, mostly administratcre, are either shouting "Help:" or making

like then: is hardly a ripple. The fact is there is much more than a

ripple end much less than a flood.

In 1919 there were five library unions, all affiliated with the

American Federation of Labor.2 All of them were large, metropolitan establishments in the east, at a time when the firet World War and the

economic situation immediately following it prompted workers throughout

the country to form unions.

MINIIMIla 16

1J.F. &mess, "Librarians Strike!" Ontario Library Review, XLIV (February, 1960), 4-5.

2 Bernard Berelson, "librar Unionization." 16 12. By 1939 there were six library unions in existence (not much of a gain) which were formed because of the extremely poor economic conditions and with the hope that by associating themselves with the

1 militant labor movement the libraries and the librarians could be helped.

In some cases they definitety meant to place the libraries before the

:ibrarians, a type of dichotomy that has not been helpful.

And now we find only seven major public libraries, within the purview of this study, operating ,nder collective bargaining agreements with a union. Some of these public libraries were d-opped into this category quite by accident in that the contracts were actually negotiated between the city governments arid unions representing all city employees.

In these specific cases I'm afraid that if the librarians had been lift to their own devices there might have been no contracts.

In addition there are unions all over the country that count professional librarians among their members. We have identified un.Lons for professionals in at least 14 public libraries, three universities and at least three government libraries including The Library of Congress which boasts two.

Having regard tor the number of libraries reviewed for this study, it would appear that while there has been something less than a stampede to unionization by librarians there is certainly an ever graving movement in this direction. But at the moment, it's something like auto- mation in libraries;we hear an awful lot about it but its hard to find more than one or two libraries Oat are good living examples.

It seems sad to think that librarians may be turning to unions at a time when many unions are sus; mated of no longer following liberal policies.

1 Bernard Berelson, "Library Unionization."

17 13.

The Special Position of Librarianship

Since 0" )eginning of time librarians have had considerable difficulty deciding whether they are white collar workers or members of a respectable profession. They have always been somewhat less than torn bvt nevertheless undecided ebout choosing between unionization as a means of improving their working conditions, and their professional organizations to reshape the image of the librarian, to press for higher professional standards and thus achieve a higher living standard. Librarians were commonly characterized as a reticent lot, insecure, almost shy, certainly withdrawn, and to a considerable extent this has been true. Those characteristics are reasons why librarians have tended to look upon themselves not only as professionals but, more importantly, as people a notch or two above the ordinary working man. This train of thought was implemented by avoiding unions and the burly burly of life in the raw where unions are normally active.

Uhile the librarian who is convinced that librarianship is a profession separate and distinct from ordinary white collar employment and on a par with the learned professions may well be right, he is in an almost unique position as regards the sale of his professional services.

Unlike almost every other profession (with the interesting exception of social work, which can be the subject of a separate paper on the similarity of runlet workers and librarians), the librarian is practically obliged to work for a salary and is almost totally dependent for his livelihood on employment in a private or public institution.

The members of almost every other profession (except for social work) enjoy a degree of freedom in connection with earning a livelihood that simply is not available to the librarian. An engineer can hardly go off and build a bridge on his own but it is common enough for engineers

lb 14. to move from one project to another as consultants and plenty of engineers found their own firms. A nurse is normally employed in a hospital but a nurse often works for individual patients as and when she pleases.

Physicians, attorneys, chemists, even teachers who may give private lessons and who may even found their own classes or private schools, all possess a degree of independence that in the last analysis is manifested in their ability to hang out their own shingles. But not the professional librarian.

Of course, the possibility exists for a librarian to be an independent entrepreneur. A few have established private reference services of one kind or another and this may well spread. But I think that we can generally agree that for all practical intents and purposes the librarian cannot quite establish h:s own library. A librarian, by the very nature of the profession,, cannot be an independent operator.

It would seem, therefore, that the librarian, destined to be a salaried employee in the big business of libraries would naturally turn to the union. Maio non.

On the 'ne hand there's the tradition of the thing. A genteel occupation, relatively secluded, with a large number of women, historically with a low concentration of people in any given area, the librarian by background and disposition has yearned to identify with the learned professions. Even today, strong and aggressive library staff assoLta- tions with all the earmarks of unions shy away from referring to them? selves as unions and stress the professional association aspect of the thing.

On the other hand, however, are the realities of existence.

Librarians are interested in earning a livelihood - and maybe a little more. Acting is individuals they have not moved as far as some groups 15. have with the aid of unions. The Library Associations simply do not look upon themselves as being responsible for getting more money for librarians. As the librarians' dollar shrinks the librarians have found the unions somewhat more attractive, particularly the unions which have demonstrated ability at getting instant raises. The librarians used to rationalize that, after all, other profeosions have unions - look at the musicians, the variety artists, the newspaper writers, artists and others - none of which, incidentally, demand a graduate degree. Then along came the mild mannered teacher and his tough union and in the current third phase of library unionization the librarians stumbled on an excuse for which they waited for a long time. Ii the teachers (pz:dessionals!) can do it if the social workers (profeision- als!) can do it, then we can too! And as they move to unions, asking for those sweet salary increases they speak of improving library service.

After all, by getting better salaries and improved working conditions better people will naturally flock to the profession. Sounds liKe the teachorsi I'm afraid so, but it doesn't have tr, follow the teachers union all the way. There are other possibilities.

20 16.

Definitions

Webster's second edition defines "labor union" as: "A trade-

union of laborers. Any labor organization created for the purpose of

advmcing the interests of its members." The definition for "trade

union" is given as: "A voluntary association of working people organized

to further..7,r rvintain their rights privileges, and interests with respect

to wages, hours, and conditions of labor, efficiency, education, mutual

insurance customs, etc. . . . In a general sense, a voluntary combination

for mutual aid of any persons engaged in trade, as of employers, or

employers and workmen."

Webster's definitionor "profession" is: "a. The occupation,

if not purely commercial, mechanical, agricultural, or the like, to which one devotes oneself; a calling in which one professes to have acquired

some special knowledge used by way either of instructing, guiding, or advising others or of serving them in some art; as, the Profession of arms, of teaching, of chemist. The three professions, or learned professions, is a name often used for the professions of theology, law and medicine. b. Broadly, one's principal calling, vocation, or employment."

With this in mind, for the purposes of this paper we will consider that any organization of librarians, regardless of the name it chooses,

that devotes itself primarily to improving and protecting the salaries, working conditions and general perquisites of librarians is a union.

Any organization, however, that devotes itself primarily to an exchange of views amor,s librarians, the development of interest in librarianship and the general improvement of the profession and the extension of library service will, for the purposes of this paper, be considered a professional organization and not a union.

21 17.

The Position of The American Library Association

While the American Library Association has not taken a specifin or definite stand with regard to the unionization of librarians, there has been not only discussion of the subject in A.L.A. councils and pronounce- ments by the organization's officers but even official recognition of the

fact that unions in libraries do exist and that librarians might be interested in them. As time has passed the attitude of A.L.A. toward unionization of libraries has undergone a tardy but normal evolutionary change.

In 1938 when Hilton James Ferguson, the President of A,L.A.

1 addressed the A.L.A. convention,he looked way down his nose at unions and sniffed: "when, if ever, unionism coml. into the library, then we wi7.1

Lowe: our ataudards, our morale, our pelf-respect and our appenl to tixne we serve." He feared that unionization "!_s flatly opposed to the principles which have made American librarianship a useful and proud service." He added: "I em sure that if we keep out faith, in the manner of our predecessors, we tr:11 do our part, email or large, to make our nation one of intelligent individuals, worthy of the opportunities Di this western freedcm." Some Gf the comment that followed this was almost ag biased as De. Fergusowle own remarks. One joker even wrote thpt the effectiveness of librarians in unions has "been increased by the reaEen- tion that they are contributing to la or's fight for increased weans and inert .:ed leisure that is prerequisite to proper a;preci-tion and enjoyoet of books, and to education that is popular and trely democractic."2 Ha! avtdently unions eed the working man have changed along with libraries.

The Third Attivities Committee of A.L.A. went into the subjeet end, as might have been eepect6, showed bkessive7,8 on all concerned.1

WOW AP.

IHilton JamesFerguaon, President A.L.A., 1936-39, tddrees, AAPulattka YXX:I(July, 1938), 421-26. 2 Merritt, L.0. WAyalsSin XXXII (AulvIst, S'e2. 3 -01 aXXXVI:: (December, 1930'., 796-7. 22 18.

The Committee said that staff association shovAd be encouraged "but did not specifically express a similar opAn%on on union librarians." At the same time, however, the Committee expressed the belief that "library unions will increase in number" and that "the A.L.A.must frankly recognize that library unions may be able to contribute to the promotion of library service and should be encouraged and aided in so far as their efforts tend toward this end." The American Federation of State, County and Municipal Empl,Jyeel interpreted this as an endorsement by the A.L.A. of the need for unions in 1 libraries.

There was evidently enough interest in unions among A.L.A. members at the time to bring about the formation of an extraordinary (for that time)

Round Table at the A.L.A. convention in Kansas City in 1936,2 actually tie convention at which Dr. Ferguson delivered his address. This was the

Library Unions Round Table formed at a meeting of representatives froze unions of library employees. At that time, remember, there were still only six libraries that had unions and nobody had given any thought to anything as drastic as collective bargaining contracts. LURT was formed for the presumably excellent purposes of coordinating the work of existing (C and AFL unions of library workers, to act as a clearing house of information and advice for these unions and to assist unorganized library employees in 3 forming new library unions. ThPn there was the utandard stereotyped rationale at the time - and we find it with us today as well, supposelly to make the suggestions of the militants more palatable to librarians zo

lLynn Aschbrenner C..pyright November 1944, by klerican Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, A.F.L.

2 21LA Bulletin XLII (September IS, 1968), P74-6.

36LA Bulletin XLIV (hey 1950), 193. 19.

serve as liaison between the library movement and organized labor and,

of course, to cooperate fully with the A.L.A. in helping to extend and

improve library service. There was more of the same, such as - "To bring closer cooperation between organized labor and libraries, to acquaint the trade movement with the services and resources of the public

libraries and to make known to the library profession the needs and desires of 10 million organized workers."' It wasn't an effective lino

then and it isn't now.

LURT had an amazingly uninteresting history with completely blah

results. It was a bore. The impression it made on librarians tlwou,-h- out the country was comparable to that caused by a slow yawn on the other

side of the world. LURT met at the A.L.A. conventions in 1940, 1941,

1942, 1944, 1946, 1947 and 1948. This Round Table was hardly rich in vigorous leadership, and did little but see up information booths at the conventions whare pamphlets and the newsletters of library unions were distributed. The shock waves were not great. But, then, what could be expected of a group that in 1940 passed a resolution urging President

Roosevelt to keep America out of the war ?2 And in 1942 when there vac

a new line-up in the war, LURT pointed out, " . . the first duty and

responsibility of every library and librarian is to exert full energies

toward helping to win the war against the Fascist Axis."3 in view of

this type of devotion to high ideals, we needn't be surprised that -.hat- ever little activity there may have been in LURT with regard to the tnioni- tion of librarians, decreased rapidly until there was a one lite reference in the A.L.A. Bulletin for 1952, repeated in 1953, "The Library Unioar Round 1,.. .1110.Mr 1LA BulletinXXXV (September 1941), P119-23.

XXXIV (August, 1940), P153.

3 MA XXXVI (September 15, 1942), P104-8. 24 2C.

Table is in the process of reactivation, and, then, in 1154 -

oblivion.

So far as we can learn from the literature, the A.L.A. had no

further truck with unionization until 1968 when the new Preside-q, Roger

1,cDonough, delivering his inaugural address at the end of the convention

before only 800 or 900 of the 6,500 delegates who had attended the conven-

tion, recognized that library unions "have begun to move into a vacuum

that we have, by inaction, helped to create."2 Mr. Meo.lough then announced a prograo to determine what is and what is not being done for

the welfare of librarians and to plan remedial action, a general coufe,enve

program for the 1968 convention at which the "whole problem of profession-

3 al associations versus unions can be explored. Mr. McDonough, in a 4 letter to mesaid that a special program on this subject (organiv.ticu professional librarians for the purposes of collective representation) is being planned for the Atlantic City Conference this fall. In hisapeach, however, he proceeded to spoil a good deal of what he had said by continu-

ing: 'I am not against unions per se; I don't feel that unions can, or will, exhibit the same concern far the profession that we do."5

Mr. McDonough and the A.L.A. have missed the point: The unions are not supposed to be concerned with the profession; the job of the ulion is to be concerned with the librarian and to secure for him more money, betc,:r working conditions, an improved image and greats: security. It's up to ...... 1

1A1.ABulletin RN/ (December, 1952), 411. ALA Bulletin XLVII (December, 1953), 573.

2 Library Journal XCIII (August, 1968), 2807. 3 ALA Bulletin LXII (July/August, 1968), 873. 4 Letter from Roger H. Melk.nough, President A.L.A and Director, !err Jersey State Library, September 4, 1968.

5 ALA Bulletin LXII (July/August, 1968), 8/3. 21.

A.L,A. to be concerned with the professica and the professional aspects of librarianship and to do something about it. But that's another subject.

On October 4, 1976, American librarians will celebrat?. the centennial of the American Library Association. Uslially, in convection with such an event, the organization doing the celebrating gets somebody of prominence to write its history, distributes it to stockholders or the membership and to all librariea free of charge, which is just about what it is worth in most instances. On the other hand, the organizaticn could use the occasion to take a good hard look at what it may have accomplished aver the century, or at where it has failed, as well as at where it is heading and should be heading. Even better, the organivtien might engage : completely objective research grail:, to do the study awl point the directions to be taken. In preparation for its centennie:,

ALA ahoutd have a serious study undertaken on its behalf, with particulr.ir regard lot the growing strength of unions in the field of librarianship.

The 1976 convention of ALA could be interesting. 22.

State Library Associations

Even as conservative an observer as Keith M. Cottam says there is a "definite need for statements of policy from Library Associations."

A/together against unions, he is in favor of "strong, vigorous, profession- aA associations at the local, state and national levels, with backbone to defend the rights of librarians, for that may be the nost acceptable

1 alternative for those who would prefer collective action." The trouble is that we have heard this cry to the Library Associations before this cad nothing has happened. If the Associations don't move now they may well find that they have blown their last opportunity. A survey of State

Library Associations reveals that they are doing very little.

On October 4, 196O, a letter was sent to the Presidents of

State Library Associations. 25 replies were received. No reminlers were sent. The letter said, in part:

I have learned that a growing number of librarians are joining unions or other organizations for the purposes of collective representation and that some states have passed special laws in order to permit government employees to join unions and in some cases to require government departments to negotiate with such bodies.

Collective representatiai: and collective bargaining are highly complex operctions and most library staffs hardly have the resources to act independently in this type of project. It is likely, therefore, that library staffs of independent libraries would turn to their state ascQvia- tions for advice and guidance and fir even more direct intervention.

I would appreciate your advising me whether your association has considered the role as either an advisory body or possibly as a bargaining agent for any of the library staffs in your state interested in bargaining collectively and, if so, what decision has been reached, what action has been taker to implement the decision and what results have been achieved.

1 Keith M. Cottam. "Unionization is not Inevitable, "Library jorrml XCIII (November 1, 1968), 4105.

27 23.

The following State Associations replied that they had not given

the subject any consideration.

Arizona North Carolina

Delaware Oklahoma

Florida Pennsylvania

Hawaii South Dakota

Idaho Tennessee

Kansas Texas

Kentucky Utah

Maryland Virginia

Missouri Vast Virginia

Montana Wisconsin

The following replied they were either stueying the prohloal or

planned to study it:

Connecticut

New Hampshire

New Jeruey

The following replied that they had considered the subject b'Jt were doing nothing about it:

Massachusetts

Michigan

With regard to Massachusetts, it is interesting to note thct it has a "collective bargainiug" law obliging state bodies to bargain collec-

tively with employees who organize for that purpose. The Public Library

Administrators Division of the Massachusetts Library Association coneucted a survey In 1967 and learned that "collective bargaining activity among

city and town employees, exclusive of teachers, was reported in 64 commcni-

ties. In 11 of these, the library staff was either all or partially organized." Partial organization occurred in 7 libraries and the organin

28 24. body was the AFSCME. In 4 libraries where the complete library staff was organized, 2 were organized by the local city or town employees association, 1 by a local library staff association and 1 by AFSCME.

47% of the Head Librarians thought that an established state 0.: national library association would be the most appropriate organization to represent library employees in collective bargaining. The remaining half almost equally divided between a local library staff association anci a local city or town associ,..tion. 2% f:hose an established industrial union.

55% believed that the Massachusetts Library Association should pro

1 vide a full range of assistance relative to the collective bargaining Xaw.

So what happened? According to Joseph S. Hopkins, to whom my letter addressed to the Precident of MIA was referred: "At this momeIt there is no official position of the MLA in regard to the Association assum- ing the position of bargaining agent for Massachusetts lublic Librario: ."

Mr. Hopkins guessed "that the librarians in the larger cities will affiliate with an existing national association such as the American Federation of

State, County and Municipal Employees because they have the wherewithal."

One explanation for this, according to Mr. Hopkins, is that the dues wog ". be prohibitively high if the MLA were to assume a function in collective 2 bargaining.

Michigan Library Association considered the ratter in 1966 rind decided that its members mould be better off joining with the municipal employees in their communities for the purpose of collective bargaining

"rather than using MLA as a bargaining agent." It was thought question-

3 able whether MLA would or could be as effective as a strong local urion.

1 13assachulette Library Association. Public Library Administrato's Division. "Findings from questionnaire survey on the impact and implicatf.ons of the Massachusetts 'collective bargaining' Law on public libraries," May 15, 1968. 2Letter from Joseph S. Hopkins, Director, Watertown Free Public Library, October 25, 1968. 3Letterafrom W.J. Kimbrough, President, Michigan Library Associetion, October 11 and October 22, 1968. 23 25.

There's your answer, Mr. Cotters! In so far as collective bargaining is concerned, the library associations areblowing it. kid, as a setter of fact, they are,unfortunately, providing the membership with no alternative but to join unions. Whac I'm afraid of is that the associations are not going to do anything atall with regard to the position of the librarians or even with regard tolibrary service in the community and will leave the entire bunile in a vacuumto be filled by the union.

30 26.

Current Status of Library Unions

Up until very recently there was little hope of organizing libraries for the purposes of collective representation. Certainly until this decade nobody gave any thought at all to having * union act as an exclusive bargaining agent on behalf of libraries. In the first place, note must be taken that as a general matter public libraries are exempt from the Wagner Act and are not legally obliged to recognize any elganiza- tion as having exclusive Oargaining rights on behalf of employees even if every single employee in the public library were a member of the union.

Secondly, almost all of the large libraries are affiliated with a branch of the government and until very recently government employees did not have the right to join unions for the purpose of collective bargaining.

Actually, there are still many states where such activity may tot be legal.

The first library unions, with librarians, were in the following five libraries, all in the east and all affiliated with the APL;

The New York Public Library - May 1917

The Library of Congress September 1917

The Boston Public Library - May 1918

Washingto5, D.C. Public Library October 1918

Philadelphia Public Library - June 1919

None of the unions formed at these libraries, except for the

Library of Congress, lasted beyond the early twenties. The union at the

Washington Public Library seems to have been the most successful because, it is mid, it went out of business when it had met all of its objectives in connection with the reclassification of positions and salaries.

Berelson indicates that the leadership of the unions in Boston, New York and Philadelphia was not very good4

.01110W 1 Beroard Berelson, "Library rtionization."

31 27.

Then in the 1930s, evidently arising out of the unusual economic depression, the loss of jobs, low pay, payless furloughs end the cRoling of libraries, there was a rebirth of union activity in libraries and by 1939, according to Berelson, there were unions in the foltowins libraries:

Library of Congress - two unions

Butte, Montana Public Library - 1934

Cleveland Public Library - 1937

Milwaukee Public Library - 1937

Chicago Public Library - 1937

Grand Rapids Public Library - 1937 (inactive in 1939)

During the 1940e there were unions present in nine libraries, as follows:

Atlanta Public Library' 2 Washington State Library

Library of Congress (2 unions)

Boston PublicLibrary3 1943

Detroit Public Library - 1949

New York PublicLibrary: 1940 6 Chicago Public Library- 1937 .1.1111.

IAL6 BulletigXLI (September 15, 1967), 77-81.

ZW,f. Tucker, lUnienication for Specie/ Libraries," Soeqiel_LiWriee, XXX (Pehruary, 1939), 41-5. 3 Lynn Aschbrenner,

4Lettor from Araur M. Woodford; Ahlistent ih tho,Perecclol Office, Detroit Public Library, 4ugust 27, 1908.

s LIZagAgglim (Chicago), IV (January/February, 1940).

6C_ (September, 1938).

32 28.

Cleveland PublicLibrary'- 1:117 2 Milwaukee Public Library - 1937

We now have the following seven libraries either opezartng under collective bargaining agreements with unions and including librarians or in

the course of negotiating such agreements with unions designated as sole bargaining agents:

Detroit Public Library

Brooklyn Public Library

New York Public Library

Queens Borough Public Library

Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County

The Free Library of Philadelphia

Milwaukee Public Library

There are also unions at at least the following 14 public libraries;

Contra Costa County (California) Library

Fresno County Free Library

Los Angeles Public Library

Los Angeles County Public Library

Oakland Public Library

San Francisco Public Library

Chicago Pub1'x Library

Enoch Pratt Free Library (Baltimore)

Grand Rapids Public Library

Minneapolis Pyb14.c Library

St. Tsui Public Library

Buffalo and Erie County Public Library

1 Bernard Berelson, "Library Unionitatior."

2 Letter from Vivian Maddox, Assistant City Librezian, Milwaukee Public Library, October 17, 1968. 29.

Cleveland Public Library

Milwaukee Public Library and at the following three government librax,es:

Library of Congress

Department of Interior Library

Mashington State Library

There are also unions with librarians at the following universities:

City University of New York

University of Pennsylvania

University of California at Berkeley.

34 30.

Public Libraries

Operating Under Collective Bargaining Agreements

MICHIGAN

Detroit Public Library

Here we have today, not one, not two but three - count them - three collective bargaining agreements covering different groups of employees of the Library. One with which we need not concern ourselves in this paper, except to note for the record, is the contract for clerical and maintenance personnel concluded with the Detroit Library Commission by Local 1259,

District Council 77, American Federation of State, County and Municipal 1 Employees, AFL-CIO. The second is the contract covering "Pre-Profession- al - Assistant Chief of Library Department" - including Library Pre-

Professional Assistant, Librarian I, Librarian II, Librarian III, Assistant

Chief of Library Department and Semi-Senior Accountant - entered into between the same Local 1259 and the Detroit Library Commission as of May 7, 2 1960 and in force until October 31, 1969. The third is the contract between the Detroit Library Commission and the Association of Professional

Librarians of the Detroit Public Library running from July 1, 1968 to July

1, 1971, covering all Chiefs of Departments, Chiefs of Divisions, and Co- 3 ordinators of major activities employed by the Detroit Library Commission.

Librarians and other employees covered by the APSCHE contract now come under an agency shop provision recently approved by the Detroit

City Council. "The employees may join the Union or pay a service fee equal to Union dues. The deadline for fulfilling this requirement is

January 2, 1969 and failure to do one of the above will lead to severance

1 Agreement dated May 7, 1968 between the Detroit Library Commission and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL- CIO, Local 1259, District Council 77. 2 akl. 3 Agreement dated June 25, 1968 between the Detroit Library Commission and the Association of Professional Librarians of the Detroit Public Library. 35 31. 1 from the Library payroll.

Excluding the usual patter about recognition of librarianship as a prmfession, the paramount responsibility of the Library Commission in the operation of the library system, responsibility toward each other and the community, and so on, the followinj are some of the main points in the agreement between the Commission and the Association of Professional

Librarians of the Detroit Public Library covering Chiefs of Departments,

Chiefs of Divisions, Coordinators of Major Activities, and the Chief of

The Technology And Science Department:

1. The Association is recognized "as the exclusive representative for the purpose of colleztive bargaining in respfxt to conditious of employment."

2. Under "responsibilities and prerogatives of supervisors" are noted that the ultimate decision for promotions and transfers (of librarians and full time clerks) resides solely with the administration;that there shall be regularly scheduled meetings at least twice a year of all supervisors and top administrators for the purpose of more adequate two-way communication.

3. Promotions procedure notes that vacancies above Division Heads shall be posted for seven calendar days prior to filling the position permanently with the usual statements of qualifications required to be on file in each library agency, promotion to be by merit based on consideration of professional background and attainments with length of service as only one of the factors to be reviewed.

4. After seven years of continuous service application may be made for sabbatical leave of six months to one year. Staff members sabbaticals to be paid on a one-half salary rate basis with no vacation accruing during the sabbatical leave.

1Letter from Arthur W. Woodford, Assistant in the Personnel Office, Detroit Public Libfary, November 29, 1968.

JU 32.

5. Grievances (conditions considered to be in violation of the agree-

ment) are handled in a four step procedure: a) to the immediate superior;

b) Association Grievance Commitee meets with the Personnel Director;

c) Association meets with the Library Director; d) The Library Commission.

There are the usual strict time limits involved in that no grievarce

shall be processed unless presented within seven working days of its

occurrence or knowledge of its occurrence as well as with regard to going

from one step to the next.

6. The agreement establishes a committee representing the Associa-

tion and the employer for the purpose of reviewing and formulating a

procedure and guide lines for preliminary interviews, employee ratings

and such other employee review.

7. Sick leave, leave of absence, hospital and life insurance, holidays,

vacations, longevity pay, pensions and wages are as specified in the

current regulations (containing nothing of particulcr significance) and

therefore not spelled out in the contract, but it is agreed that any

improvements negotiated with the City of Detroit will be added to the

agreement.At the same time, note is taken in the agreement that the

Association will cooperate with the Commission "in every way possible to gain improvements in each of these areas, especially wages."

The agreement enteree into with Local 1259 governing the Pre-

P:cofessioral - Assistant Chief of Library Department group, is much more

detailed and is one of the most comprehensive in existence. In this case

too the union is recognized as the exclusive representative for the purpose

of collective bargaining in respect to .ates of pay, wages, hours of vork,

and other conditions of employment. The contract also contains an

article on union security providing that members of the union shall be members fos. the duration of the agreement. The following are other main provisions of the agreement: 1 Dues check-off. 37 33.

2. Grievance (an event or cond_tion considered to be in violation of the contract) procedure provides for four steps: a) Union steward with the employee's immediate .supervisor; b) Union to the Personnel Director; c) Union to the Library Director; d) Arbitration with Union and Employer agreeing on a mutually acceptable arbitrator, otherwise selection of an arbitrator by rules and procedures of the American Arbitration Association.

In the course of the entire procedure no employee is required to meet with any superior without Union representation.

3. The Library must make available to the Union copies of all notices end directives of library-wide distribution or affecting employees within the bargaining unit, including the proceedings of the Detroit Library

Commission and the D.P.L. Register, and a copy of the budget after approval by the Commission, among other things.

4. New positions requiring new classifications and ealaries to be discussed with the union.

5. No strike, cork stoppage or alowdowa - No lockout.

6. Six months probationary period for new employees may be extended another six months.

7. Seniority is defined "as the length of continuous service as determined on the job classification basis in accordance with the employee's last date of hire."

8. 15 days notice in writing must be given before intended effective date of discharge. The employee and the union may discuss the matter with the employee and have the right to appeal the discharge through the

grievance procedure.

9. Lay-off, being a reduction in the working force, is strictly in

accordanco yid.: seniority although "in proper cases, exceptions may be made."

Recall also on the basis of seniority. Stewards in the event of lay-off

38 34.

shall be continued at work as long as there is a job in their classification

which they can perform and Local union officers shall be continued az wont

at all times provided they can perform auy work available.

10. Transfers, as a practical matter, can be made by the Library

whenever the needs of the service demand.

11. Promotions call for the posting of a job and employees may

apply, the promotions being based on the Employee's ability to perform the

job and seniority. A senior applicant who disagrees with the reasons for

the denial of his request for promotion has access to the grievance procedure.

12. Normal work week of 40 hours including 45 minutes meal period and

20 minutes rest period which brings work week down to 34 hours 35 minutes. EL-

playa°e on the afternoon shift, starting at 2:00 p.m. or later get a pay

E.:amium of 3%.

Overtime pay at time are a half for all hours worked over eight hours in a day (including the meal break), and all hours in excess of the

normal work week, for work on Sunday.When an employee is called back to work in excess of his regular shift he is guaranteed at least four hours virk or pay at time and a half.Overtime at double time for work on the

seventh day of the normal work week and on holidays.

13. Seven paid holidays plus two awing holidays. Any employee who his to work on a holiday gets double time, minimum being two hours.

14. Leaves of absence without pay granted without loss of seniority for, among other things, serving in the Peace Corps, continuing educatIon with direct relationship to library position and serving in an exchavge or other library position for a limited term. These leaves are grantedor censorable periods not to exceed one year but extendable to two years.

Leaves of absence with pay are available to employees who attend

Library convIntions, but these must be approved. 35.

Sabbatical leave for professional and educational development may

be granted for six months to oae year after seven years of continuous service

at one-half salary.

Military leave granted with accrued seniority while in the armed

forces. Reservists paid the difference between reserve pay and regular

salary with thc library while on active duty.

15. Vacation - an employee who becomes ill and under a doctor's care during his vacation for more than three days can charge such days to sick

leave. In the event illness or other conditions prevent an employee from

taking his vacation he shall be paid all vacation credits or allowed to

take vacation at a later time.Annual vacation prorated up to twenty dorking days.

16. Sick leave accumulates at one day for each month with a maximum accumulation of 125 days. In addition, five reserve sick leave days for each year of service which may accumulate to a maximum of 125 days. Employees may charge up to five days against current sick leave for personal business avid non - illness emergencies, such as religious holidays, Upon retirement, disability or death, payment will be made for one half of unused sick leave not to exceed thirty days.

17. Longevity pay Upon completion of ten years, two per cent with minimum of $100 and maximum of $150. Upol. completion 15 years, four per cent tiith a minimum of $200 and a maximum of $300.

18. Blue Cross - Blue Shield for employee and his legal dependents, plan M-75, Ward Coverage ?lanai, C and D or Community Health Associatkc.

19. The general retirement system of the City of Detroit.

20. Life Insurance as provided b, the City Employees Benefit Plav under theDetroit City Charter, as well as voluntary greup life insurance mailable up to a maximum of $10,000 for salary range $10,000 and eve:.

40 36.

21. Tuition refund to employers with more than three years standing

for courses related to the field in which the Librarian is working provided

there is approval from Personnel Director, funds are available tnd the

employee continues work one year after completion of the courses or repays

money given to him.

Since the Detroit ,lontracts are particularly comprehensive,

consideration should be given to the following items!

1. It is interesting that in a library of this size and complexity,

it was felt necessary to write into the contract that semi- annual me3tinps

be held of all supervisors and top administrators. This was apparently

inserted at the request of the Association covering this group of employees.

The supervisors may have felt that they were not being given adequate

direction or not consulted regarding the formulation of policy. 11:is

could be a first step toward greater participation by librarians in the

management of the Library.

2. Promotions are left strictly and firmly in the hands of the Library

administration as spelled out in the contract with the Association. !ft the

case of the Union, however, the promotion procedure indicates that tor;

library has little option but to promote within the ranks as long as the

senior person applies for the opening, otherwise the matter can go to

grievance which can prove to be terribly burdensome.

3. Sabbatical leave provisions in both contracts are a start al-

though, confined to half salary regardless of lengthof leave, it is not

likely that many people will feel able to take advantage of the sabbaticals.

This, however, is the kind of thing that establishes a precedent and nerves as a basis for negotiating future contracts and perhaps doing Setter.

4. The Associatbn-Management committee to review certain personne: matters is very important because it brings the union into the field if airing practices, promotions and related matters.

41. 37.

5. The paragraph in the Associationkontract calling for cooperation betweeti the Association and the Commission to gain improvement in various

areas, particularly wages, is unique and therefore of particular interest.

In effect it calls on the union and the administration to get together and pressure the city. Don't think badly of this, Virginia; after 11l, there is no reason why professional librarians should not combine with library administrations and present a commonfront to the fiucal and other authorities for improved salaries and working conditions.

6. The arbitration and grievance procedures are established, as usual, for the benefit of the Union on behalf of the staff members and are not designedfor the utilization of management. It would be extremely difficult for management to have recourse to these proceduresshoald it feel that conditions exist in violation of the contract. Management's only practicol recourse is to take unilateral action and force the Union to resort to the grievance procedure if it wishes, or into a strike.

7. The contract with the Union does not set forth acceptable reasons for discharge. Even the standard "malfeasance" clause is absent. In effect this could well mean being obliged to go through the grievance machinery any time anyone is to be discharged regardless of the reason.

TWA plates a grave burden on management and the result is that nobody is likely to be fired at any time.

8. The transfer provision in the Union contract, not demanding transfers on a seniority basis, is different from the transfer clause in most modern contracts. This one at least provides for the possibility of transferring people on the basis of need within the service as determined by the library administration.Probably next time around at negotiations this will be changed!

9. With regard to leaves of absence without pay, as provided for in the Union contract, it does not appear that the administration may exercis,! much discretion. 42 38.

10. Payment of 1/2 accumulated sick leave upon retirement, disability

or death is ore of the most enlightened clauses of this type and may be

of great benefit both to '.:he library and the employee. It is representa-

tive of the kind of clause being adopted by libraries in order to persuade

people not to stay out sick at the slighter' excuse.

li. Tuition refund is definitely a plus item and it is interesting

that this is in the Union contract but not in the contract with the

Association.

The recent uniou history in Detroit starts with July 23, 1965, whrn

Act 379 of the Public Acts of 1965 became effective. The new law

declared for the first time the organization end collective bargaining

rights of public employees in Michigan, provided for their enforcement,

-etablished procedures for determiaing collective bargaining representa-

tives, repealed the automatic strike benefits of .he fofmor act (the Hutchin...

Act) and made other significant changes in that law.1

Since 1949 there has been a Detroit Public Employees Union which was

chartered as Local 1259 of the APSCME.Shortly after that the check-off of

dues was instituted but many union members did not choose to use this servi-e.

With the passese of the new law, Local 1259 mounted a campaign, obtained

authorization cards and on April 6, 1966, vas recognized as the sole bar-

uining agent for all clerical and production maintenance erployees of the

D.A:roit Public Library.

1Letter from Arthur M. Woodford, Assistant in the Personnel Offi,le,

Detroit POlic Library, August 27, 1968. (The information that toll .; is based largely nn this letter.)

4 ,3 3i.

Then, in February, 1966, a newly formed group, called the

Aasociation of Professional Librarians of the Detroit Public Library, filed for recognition as the sole bargaining agent for all the professions staff (pretty late, as it turned out) while Local 1259 filed to repr7.7,ent professional librarians from Pre-Professional grades through Assistant

Chief of Department, and also to represent professional librarians

Division Chief through Coordinator. There was a hearing before a St_te

Labor mediation officer in April, 1966, and the three principals invc1!.1, including the L'..brary Commission, presented their arguments for the (..4,,J1c,n of the professional staff:

"The Library Commission, agreeing to the division between

'supervisory' and "non-supervisory' personnel, held that Librarian 'in.; who function as :71::st Assistants and Assistant Chiefs of Department.: 3#1.,u1.: be included in the 'supervisory' :ategory; Local 1259 held that Fi:3C

Assistants and Assistant Chiefs should be classed as 'non superviso;

APL-DPL held that all professional librarians should be included in a single bargaining unit."

4 4 40.

In the fall of 1966, the State Labor Mediation Board ruled that the professional staff should be divided as follows;

Unit A:All librarians employed by the Detroit Library Commission including Pre-Professional Librarians, Librarians I, II, III (area specialists and First Assistants), Assistant Chiefs of Departments, and including regular part time librarians; but excluding Chiefs of Departments and Divisions,

Coordinators of Major Activities, Chief of Technology and Science Department,

Director, Associate Director, Assistant Directors, Assistant in the Personnel

Office, and all other employees, supervisors and executives.

Unit B:All Chiefs of Departments, Chiefs of Divisions, Coordinators of Major activities, and the Chief of Technology and Science Department employed by the Detroit Library Commission; excluding Pre-Professional

Librarians, Librarians I, II, III (area specialists and First Assistants),

Assistant Chiefs of Departments, Director, Associate Director, Assistant

Directors, Assistant in the Personnel Office, and all other employees.

This decision, of course, actually supported the request of

Local 1259 and denied the request of the Library Commiss:.va and the APL-DPL.

An election was held on January 11, 12 and 13, 1967, for representa- tionof the professional staff. Of 214 eligible to vote in Unit A, 85 voted for APL-DPL and 103 voted for Local 1259. Of 50 eligible to vote in Unit B,

27 voted for APL-DPL and 18 for Local 1259.The Library Commission there- upon recognized Local 1259 as the bargaining agent for the"nen supervisory" librarians and APL-DPL as the bargaining agent for "supervisory" librarians.

Extensive negotiations followed and contracts wore signed and ratified.

I would assume from the course taken by all of the negotiations that the administration of the Library might well have been anxious to see established a separate union made up of as many upper grades of librarians es possible in a separate organization for "supervisory" personnel. This is 41.

often standard procedure in cases of this kind so that in the event of a

strike by a union there will be sufficier.t, it is thought, supervisory per-

sonnel available to man the pumps. But it did not work out in this case, one

probable reason being that the APL-DPL waited much too long to get started.

NEW YORK

In New York City all money matters come under agreements with the

City of New York and not with the individual library systems.District Council

37 of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL-C10,

and the City of New Yore have reached an agreement on the salaries of librarlan6

in the Brooklyn, New York and Queens Borough Public Libraries and this rep-

resents not only the first salary contract concluded on behalf of public

librarians in the City of New York, with new minimums, but for the first tins

provides for across-the-board increases at all levels plus guaranteed minimum

increases for all promotions. This agreement on salaries does not apply to

librarians of Research Libraries at New York Public because they are not

paid by New York City funds. The agreement, to be implemented soon, is retro-

ective to January 1, 1968, and will run through June 30, 1970. It provides for a minimum starting salary of $7,600 for professional librarians, as follows:

January 1, 1968 January 1, 1969

Librarian $ 7,600

Senior Librarian 8,250 8,650

Supervising Librarian 9,500 9,950

Principal Librarian 10,850 11,300

The parties were supposed to agree last October on the minimum for the position of Librarian effective January 1, 1969.1The unions 1.47___ volved told me that the new base would certainly be no less than $8,200.

1 Broadside issued by District Council 37, AFSCME, August, 1968. 42.

the agreement,the In the New YorkPublic Library, prior to minimum scales were: $ 7,050 Librarian 7,800 Senior Librarian 9,000 Supervising Librarian 10,300 Principal Librarian of salaries in the Having regard forthe normal progression appear that theunions have thus City of New York ingeneral it would not in terms of salaryincreases. far achieved anysignificant break-through Mr. Beasleyindicated, they L.rc But they are justgetting started and, as {Mr. Beasley is presidentof the NYPL union.) fighting against an image. sick leave andthe like All matters relatingto vacations and Regulations Salary Plan andStandard Leave are spelled outin the Career and these items are notnegotiable by individvsl of the City of NewYork and will not be discussedin this paper. unions.These items, therefore, conditions and other Separate agreementsgoverning working of the respectiveunions and related matters arethe responsibility

individual library systems.

Brooklyn Public Library 37, AmericanFeeera- Library Guild Local1482, District Council Employees, AFL-CIO, asexclusive tion of State, Countyand Municipal Brooklyn Public Librarydared bargaining agent, has acontract with the sets cut 1 working conditions, September 15, 1967. This contract covers clause. The procedure and includes a nostrike no lockout a grievance salaries, covers thefollowing grades of agreement, whichdoes not include Librarian, with certain librarians from LibrarianTrainee to Principal

exceptions:

between BrooklynPublic Libv.r7 'Contract dated September 15, 1957, Local 1482, AmericanFederation of and District Council37, Library Guild AFL-CIO. State, County andMunicipal Employees, 43.

Librarian Trainees, Librarians, Senior Librarians, Supervising

Librarians and Principal Librarians except for Librarian Trainee Aide,

Senior Community Coordinator, Superintendent of Branches, Assistant

Superintendent of Branches, Assistant Coordinator I of Central Service,

Director of Special Services, Director of Reference, Director of Finance,

Coordinator of Cataloging, Coordinator of Childrens Service, Coordinato:

of Adult Service, Chief of Administration Service, Director of Young Teens,

Coordinator of Book Ordering, and a few others. Also in the unit are

professional, clerical and custodial classifications except for four

confidential secretarial positions.

The following are some of the most important items in this

contract:

1. The right of any employee to join or to refrain from joins-.;; tae

union is recognized.

2. This agreement is particularly important because it contains a management clause that spells out specific reserved rights of the Library

and notes that these are excluded from the arbitration provisions of the

Agreement. Some of these rights are the following: To determine services, staffing and the schedule; introduction of new methods and

facilities; to open, relocate and close any agency, and to select a location for any agency except as to the impact of such decisions upon employees; to select, hire, and assign employees; to schedule, trancfer and promote employees.

3. In Brooklyn a big item is operation of the library in extreme weather conditions. This contract sets forth that when the temperamuye- humidity index remains at or about 80 for one hour, all staff except a minimum required to maintain service to the public shall be released.

When it reaches 82 the Director's office shall be called with regard tJ closini, that particular location.

46 44.

When the indoor temcerature at work location remains below 64

degrees two hours after the beginning of the work day, the Director's office

shall be called for a decision about closing that work location.Staff may be transferred from a closed work location to another one.

4. Where a transfer to Tilt a vacancy must be made from a work

location any person in the proper class of positions may be asked to

transfer but it is mandacory only for the person with the least seniority

in the class of positions, in the work location.

5. If, while on annual leave an employee is seriously disabled for a period of a week or more this will be charged to sick leave and the like amount of annual leave will restored to the employee's credit.

6. Dues check-off.

7. Grievance (any dispute between the Library and the employee concern:n

the meaning and application and the alleged violation of the provisions of the collective bargaining agreement) procedure: Pour steps beginning no later than thirty days after grievance arises: a) Employee in Wititg to immediate supervisor who forwards it to appropriate person; b) Employee or his representative may submit appeal in writing to Superintendent of

Drenches, Coordinator of Central Skrvice or the Executive Assistant to the

Director who shall conduct grievance hearing where employee may appear sith or without a representative; c) Employee or his representative may submit appeal in writing to the Director; d) Union may submit written request for arbitration to the American Arbitration Associati-n.

8. No strike - no Lockout.

9, Promotions Board with three of the non-permanent members selected by the Director and two of them selected by the Director from specified groups of employees with the concurrence of the Union.

The management clause with specific reserved right as set out in this contract is hardly S.O.P. and the spelling out of the rights would seem to point up the inherent strength evidently exhibited by the Union ani worrying the administration. 43 45.

It would appear that the seniority provision relating to transfers could lead to a great deal of trouble in view of the fact that in practice only those with the least seniority and, therefore, perhaps the least experience will be assigned to ghetto locations where it might be expected the most experienced and best librarians should be assigned.We could then have develop a situation similar to that existing between the teachers and the Board of

Education where the beet teachers are in the white, middle class districts and the most inexperienced (who need not always be the worst)are in the ghetto schools where the experienced best are really required. Mr. Brandwein, the rresident of the Guild, pointed out to me that this danger does not exist in the library because it is recommended, although not mandatory, that anyone re- fusing a transfer give two reasons for the refusal, and because the manning table which calls for representatives from different classifications in library, and since the staff of a branch is so small one can always be certain that there will be very experienced people making up an important part of the staff. It sounds good, but I'm not so sure. I am altogether suspicious of a system that is baled to a considerable extent on obliging the newest people to accept the least desirable jobs particularly when this is coupled with procedures that make it ever more difficult to remove people from the system an;" wiry. The contract contains no provision regarding the discharge of any employee. Conceivably, this is considered superfluous either because nobody is going to be discharged or because anyone who is discharged has recourse r:f: the grievance procedure.

In the development of modern unionism in libraries, Brookly:. has taken the lead in establishing one of the most militant and effective union groups among librarians in this country.When Dr. Milton James

Ferguson headed Brooklyn Public back in the 1930s he did not think altogetlt..r kindly of the advisability of librarians banding together in unions.ae was 46.

the kind of man wno believed stratgly in the role of the American Library

Assoziation, of which he was President in 1938-39, and was just as convinced

that unions would hurt libraries and the cause of librarianship. He was

"proud that librarians have resisted the invitation to identify themselves with labor unions" and he "felt that rapid strides are being made toward a solution of these problems (unjust dismissal, adequate compensation, reason-

able hours and appointment of qualified persons), . . . without resorting to the deplorable practices adopted by many organized groups."1 Little wonder there wasn't a Brooklyn union at the time that was able to get anywhere.

On January 7, 1940, however, a union of public library employees

New York was organized by the State, County and Municipal Workers of America,

GIO, at a meeting of employees of the New York, Queens Borough and Brooklyn

2 3 1-Iblic Libraries. This city-wide union was dubbed Local 251 and, while basically a New York Public Library Union, it set up a Brooklyn chapter with 4 the following program:

1. Strict application of the Schemes of Service:

Elimination of work out of title

Regular and systematic appointments from public lists of eligibles.

2. Improvement of working conditions:

Shorter hours.' ' Four weeks vacations

Open Payrolls. Improved ventilation.

3. Consolidation of the three library systems in a single N'w

York City Public Library.

4. Improvement of library service.

5. Ccosistent support of the aims of progressive organized le.or.

hilton James Ferguson, Address at ALA convention 1938. 2 C.P.L. UnionNeva(Chicago), IV (January/February, 1940). 3 C. P. L. Union News, IV (December, 1940). 4 Ths Library Unionist, II (May,1941). 51 47.

(The Library Unionist, the organ or: 251 at the time, carried some

interesting bits and pieces in connection with this prcgram:

("Swing and Sway with the SCMRA" - to advertise a dance.1 "The Yanks

are NOTcoming."2 "Don't use Parmelee and Terminal Cabs." "Refuse to Patro- nize any movie that directly or indirectly encourages American participation

in the war. There are plenty of good movies."3)

On December 12, 1940, a committee of SC) IA met with Dr. Ferguson to discuss with him the question of organization among Brooklyn librarians and to 4 establish a basis for negotiations. Dr. Ferguson was cooperative and not only oilered to send information material to members of the staff but offered to (.1n-

Sider any problems that might be submitted to him in writing and to meet with a committee to clarify problems. But Dr. Fergusun evidently had not changed

..1 that much after all, or had second thoughts after the committee left hi.1, because a month later 251 was complaining that no replies had been received fr,4

5 Brooklyn Public Library,and in June, Dr. Ferguson was reported to have declinee

to beet wish the union and to answer mail. It was said that he refused to meet with the members of any organization whose membership lists were not public.

Nothing further of importance occurred until that famous Friday,

October 28,1966, when the professional librarians at BPL voted 188 to 62 to join the American Federationof State, County and Municipal Employeis, and the c:ericals voted 372 to 68 to join.7 Thiswas accomplished primarily under the leadership of Lawrence Brandwein, the librarian at BPL who is President of Local today. Just before the election the librarians got their first benefit, a reduction in the work week ,Eros 40 to 35 hours.

1The Library_ Unionist,I (March, 1940). 2 The Library Unionist, I(April, 1940). 3The Library Unionist, (May, 1940).

'The Library Unionist, I (December, 1940). 5The Library Unionist, II (January, 1541). 6The Library Unionist, II (June, 1941). 7X. E. Nyren, 'the Brooklin Gambit,"Library Journal, XCI (December 1, 1966), 5905

;_) 48.

In addition to pressing for better salaries, vvrking conditions and fringe

benefits we again find a library union stating its determination to achieve

higher quality library service.'The union leaders qxpressed the hope tat

"the total program of the union will enhance the attractiveness of librarianship as a profession and hence attract more and better qualified people. Its

natural result will be an uverall advancing of library service and thus

2 complement the aims of the library administration." This is more likely

meant to satisfy some of the older librarians on the st.117f.

Bargaining between the union and the administration of the library

lid not go altoc.2ther smoothly and on Saturday, June 24, 1967, the first

major demonstration by a library union took place when members picketed the

3 main library building in Brooklyn. The reason for the demonstration was

t..qe claim by the union that the administration was dragging out the negotia-

tions unduly. It is interesting to note, however, that this demonstration

was held on the librarians' own time and that library service was not affectcd.

Among the issues which the union claimed remained unsolved were promotion

procedure, adequate compensation for emergency call-in duty, and the right

of. union activity in free time on library premises.

The signing of the contract on September 15th, however, did not

is.,.rk the beginning of a honeymoon. When three of the officials of the 4 Dtooklya union wrote a letter to the editor of the Library Journal, John

7,1.nts, the Director of the Library, objected that it was a "gratuitous

public questioning of the motives of the library administration" because

the letter referred to conditions in the library in extremely hot or cold

1L'hrary Journal, XCII (January 1, 1967), 38+.

2 Library Journal, XCII (February 1, 1967), 508+.

3 ignalmag. XCII (July, 1967), 2493. 4 Library Journal, XCII (November 1, 1967), 3935. 4;.

weather as "bordering on the inhuman," and to "years of autocratic ann

paternisticadministration."'" The library placed official reprimands

in the records of the three officers and the executive board 417 the union

claimed that their rights to free speech were being abridged. The matter

vas settled, particularly under the influence of the Brooklyn Librarr

Council, new plans for picketing were cancelled and the Library Dire.:.;:7 2 Agreed to rescind disciplinary action. Then, in a show of unity, t-s

Brooklyn Public Library and tht Brooklyn Library Guild (the union) ins -J-d

3 a milestone statement setting forth, among other things, the responalY7.:;:y

of union officials to voice opinions privately or publicly and an

agreement to establish channels of comnunication with representativer, c:

the Library and the union to meet regularly. This, of course, prov5.4,'

the lilwarians with the rf.ght to meet with the ad.O.nistration and LLlcusf

matters on an equal baste.

Lawrence Bfandwein, President of Library Guild Local 1482 i7 4 Brooklyn, saye that the union now has 605members out of atotal of

about 900 employeee at B17.. The fact is, says Bra4dwein, that thers

are veil- few exempt jobs in Bro-,:ilyn. One Important point, in so far

es the union is concerned, is tnat supervisors are members of ':e uton

en the baaie that a supervisor is nbt the sine as a policy-mekJr. The.

only pncple erampt are poUcy makers and the usual complement of

tonfidential secretaries. Even members of the Pe:ronnel Depar%Lent may now join the union. his WR3 accomplished

1 V.brarr Journsl, =IL (7.:brutry 15, 1968), (95.

Library Journil, XCIII (March 1, 1908), 933-34.

3Library Journal, XCIII Writ 1,1968), 139g.

S'ea Addendum.

J4 50.

with the help of Mr. Herbert Haber, the New York City Labor Relations Director.

Mr. Brandwein said that the union new meets regularly with the

administration. The union, he said, is definitely seeking voice in the

administration of the library in connection with setting policies, promotion

procedures and relatemettera.1

What would Dr. Ferguson say now!!

New York Public Library

Librarians and clerks of the New York Public Library are represented

by the New York Albite Library Guild, Local 1930, District Council 37 of the

2,merican Federation of State, Olunty and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO, which

is the exclusive bargaining agent, and a contract is being negotiated. Guard:,

and maintenance people are represented by Local 374. Local 1930 has about

2 '"00members, making it the largest library local in the United States. All

employees are free to join the union or not, as they wish. Local 1930 is now

negotiating a contract with the New York Yublic Library to govern working

conditions and related matters, and salaries for employees of the Research

Libraries.3 The Library administration said on October 10, 1968, that "the

Library has recognized the union as the bargaining representative for people 4 employed in certain categories of jobs, but no contract has yet been signed."

The official "Staff News" of the Net: York Public Library annouiced

last April: "District Council 37, American Federation of State, County and

Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO, has prcaented to the Library authorizing sign -

tures from a narrow majority of staff members !n both the librarian and non-

librarian staffs in certain classification titles listed below. The Library,

therefore, has agreed to have this union represent these staff in collective

1Interview with Lawrence Brandwein, October 22, 1968.

2 Letter from David Beasley, President Local 1930, October 19, 1968.

3 Ibid. 4 Letter from Lawrence Parke Murphy, Assistant to the Director, New York Public Library, October 10, 1968.

0,1 51

bargaining. This action is consistent with the Library's long established policy of permitting any member of its staff to join or not to join an

organization of his own choosing, and of the Library's willingness to recog-

nize as bargaining agent any organization which represents a majority of an appropriate unit."' The following librarian titles are included in the

librarian group:

Librarian Trainee, Librarian, Senior Librarian, Supervising Librart.an,

Principal Librarian, and in the Research Libraries, Librarian I,

Librarian II, Librarian III, Librarian IV (with one exception).

While negotiations are now in progress, the Union was very late in getting its demands on the table. As of November 22, only one negotiating

2 meeting had been held. Items on the list presented by the Union include rersonnel files, promotion, overtime work, temporary closing and grievance procedures.According to the Union head, it is hoped to set up a labor- management committee to meet monthly. The President also notes that "our main thrust in unionization is towardsrecognition of librarianship as the

most important educational element in the nation. . . . We are determined to change our Legge - and what is more important - the work which creates our image ."3

The President of 1930 explained that the negotiating committee could not get more than it did from the City for salaries because: Librarians are regarded as unworthy of respect (value) accorded to an educator by City Offi=

cials. . . . (and) their reputation for timidity and self-negation, or . .

'dessicated spinsterhood'."The President continued that "Union acti"ity will make apparent the determination of librarians to become leaders and not

followers in the community, . . . to be lions rather than mice."4

"Staff News," Nzw York Public Library, LVIII (April 4, 1968), 49.

2Telephone conversation watt Robert W. Schmidt, President, Local 1321, Queens Borough Public Library, November 22, 1968. 3 Letter from David Beasley, October 19, 1968. 4 Ddvid Beasley, "Report to the Membership,"Newsletter, (September, 19M:,

niblithild by NYPL Library Cuild Local 1930. ' r- demsernmamosum 52.

The New York Public Library was the first in this country to have

a union; it was formed in May, 1917.But like the other library unions

formed at this period it did not have very strong leadership and this AFL

1 affiliated union died in the 1920s.After that the library had a ataft

association which was rather active and in 1925 it carried on a successfiU

campaign to get an added appropriation of $350,000 for the Library.

In January, 1935, a new i"ependeL'7 union, called the Library

Workers Union, was formed to recruit all members of the library staff and to

fight the Staff Association which, said the union, dealt only with "marriage::,

hikes and dinners."This union composed an impressive list of demands in-

cluding a minimum wage of $65. a month for pages, $150 a month for Assistant

Librarians, a salary increase with every promotion, no arbitrary payless

furloughs, holiday and Sunday work at time and a half, and "ventilation to

2 be judged by the effect on the workers as well as on the books."

Representatives of the Library Porkers Paion seemed to have an

unusually good relationship with H. L. Lydenberg, the Director, and met with him often to discuss all kinds of problems.It is not possible to know how many librarians were members; but it is clear that many of the

pages and stack workers were in the union. The President of the union,

Ferry Furness, Irked in the stacke. As indicated in the Library Worker, which was published by the union, a great deal of attention was paid to the

difficult working conditions in the stacks.

On May 20, 1936, the union memberbbip voted to dissolve the Library

Workers Union and to join the Staff Association. The union claimed that it had

1Berna:d Berelson, "Library Unionization." The Library Quarterly IX (October, 1939), 477-510.

2 The Library Worker (New York), January 1935. 53. revitalized the work of the Staff Association and there was no longer any reason for it to continue in existence.

The New York Public Library Employees Union Local 251, affiliated with the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Workers of

Ame:ica, CIO, was organized on January 7, 1940 at a meeting of emAoyees of the New York, Qi!eens Borough and Brooklyn Public Libraries.'This .'as primarily a New York Public Library union anone of its successes wee to persuade the Near York City Planning Commission to revive its budget upwazd 2 by $320,000 for public library needs. Local 251 at its start was referrld to as a "flourishing and aggressive union of New York Public Library

Workers."3

Vet unlike the earlier union at NYPL, 251 was a vertical orgplza- rion comprising worker,: of all ranks. Its purpose was to gain increased wages and better working condition°, to improve library service and"to cooperate with other trade union groups in the labor movement toward a better Americe.4 The union did succeed in setting up procedures wit's': the library trustees and administrative officers who were very cooperative.

For example, the union won the privilege of having its publication acrd unnouncsments posted on staff bulletin boards and that was a big thirg in those days. There were actually negotiations on questions of an open the payroll and readjusted holiday schedules for/Reference Department.

The aJministrntion of the library agreed that emplo7ees had the right Lc,

1C.P.L. UnionNews, IV, (January/February, 1940).

2 UnionNews, IV, (December 1940). 3 H. T. Black,"Impressions of the Ncw York Public Library," Isarsslys Librarians CouncilBulletin, I (January 1940).

4 Biography ofa Library Local 1940", New York Public Library Employees Union, SCHWA Local251 (CIO).

J0 54.

join the union.'There was a continuing dialogu2 between the union and

the Board of Trustees at NYPL and the union's newspaper, Library Unionist, made it clear that it was easy to meet with the Dire,%tor of the Library.

By 1946, the union claimed that minimum salaries had been raieed from

$1,320 per annum to $1,980 in the last three years, an increase of more 2 than $600. The Library Unionist continued publication at least until

April 1950.

The 1950a and the early 1960s were quiet in so fee as we zan determine from the literature. But in 1967 the new union, now en AFSCME

affiliate, decided to go after members, and on the basis of cards signed

by over fifty per cent of the staff the NYPL decided to recognize the

3 union without asking for an election. One of the problems here, however, was that the library took the position that no staff member with super - viuory responsibility could be a member of the union which would htve ruled

out some members of the union organizing committee. This was settled at

arbitration which ruled that the supervisors could belong to the union. 4 Full recognition of the union came in April, 1968.

Queens Borough Public Library

The Queens Borough Library Guild, Local 1321 of the American

rederation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO, iF the

OXCAUSiVO bargaining agent for employees at the Queens Borough Public

'Library Unionist, I (March 1940).

2Library Union Round Table," ALA Bulletin, XL (September 15, 1946) 102 -1.

Library Journal, XCII (November 15, 1967) 4094. 4 Letter from David Beasley, Octobcr 19, 1968. 53.

Library.' Salaries having been settled with the City of New York the

Union is in the course of negotiating working condition° and other related matters with the library administration.One thing has been decided; the exclusions. There are a lot more than in Brooklyn.For example, 12

Principal Librarians, including four Regional Librarians, are exclvd,-% The tendency here on the part of the Board of Trustees is obviously to keep out of the union a group of people who might, in a strike situation, 11.43 the library going anyway. This is a throwback to the thirties.

Having charged the Library administration with delaying laCtit.; in concluding an agreement, the Union conducted a demonstration on Saturiky,

November 9, 1968, in front of the main building of the Queens Sorot'gh

Library, complete with pickets and signs.As in the case of the IL.o'Llyu demonstration, this one was conducted on the employees' own time and not designed to disrupt library service. The 200 pickets included about n.5 people from Queens and the rent from Brooklyn and New York.

Immediate results were claimed in that during the week fol!eving the Library administration gave the demands of the union a great dee!. of consideration which brought about significant progress at a two hour negotiating eeting; on November 19th where the Union claims it obtained agreement on a number of important points.Even more important, as far ca the Union is concerned, is that the Union is now bargainthg &reedy \i't'a the Assistant Chief Librarian and not with the Library's attotaeys who ate

2 now at the table only as advisers. -=0 1Letter from John W. Kunkel, Assistant Director of PersonLa, Queens Borough Public Library, September 5, 1968. Letter from Robert W. Schmidt, VTesident, Local 1321, recAved September, 1968. 2 Telephone conversation with Robert W. Schmidt, Novcmber :2, l9 8. 56.

The negotiations over a list of demands presented by the Union,

including many detailed items not pertinent to this review, continue. The

following, however, are some of the items relating to librarians which the

Union seeks:

1. 35 hour week; time and a half for all work over 40 hours;

double time for Sunday.

2. Employees called for emergency work to be paid minimum of foul hours at overtime rates.

3. 5% differential between 6:00 PH and 8:00 AM.

4. Grievance procedure in three steps with binding arbitration as last step.

5. Library to provide Welfare Fund $60 per annum effective January

,, 1968 and $85 per annum effective January 1, 1969 for all employees cove:ed by the contract, to be used for health insurance purposes decided by union members.

6. Labor-management committee to meet monthly.

7. Mininua standards of the American Library Association, par-

ticularly with respect to workloads, to be put into force.

8. with regard to working in extreme weather conditions, request is

Ittmilar to Brooklyn's except Queens Borough calls for release of most staff at tarperiture humidity index of 78 and a call to the Director at 80. In c)ld weather Queens sticks with Brooklyn and calls Zor action at indoor

temperature of 64.

9. Illness during vacation to be charged to sic: leave provMed

the inability to work lasts for five working days or the employee is confir:

to his home by a doctor.

10. Priority in vacation scheduling on basis of seniority withir.

title in the work location.

61 57.

11. Unlimited accumulation of sick leave, and employees entitled

to one day of terminal leave for every two days of sick leave up to a maximum of 100 days.

12. Annual leave taken in units of one-half hour.

13. The Library to be closed for Good Friday, two days Rosh

Pashana and for Yom Kippur.

14. An employee .rho has used up his sick leave allowance may at his option request to go on leave without pay before using up his annual

leave fund.

15. Job specifications to be created where they do not exist, or modernized where they do exist, the Union having an opportunity to review

them before they are issued.

16. Involuntary transfers to be made only in reverse order of seniority in title, with seniority in the region to govern.

1 ?. N7 regular scheduling of split schedules. Employees assigned

to work in split schedules for temporary emergency purposes, which shall not exceed five working days, to receive tine and a half for all parts of such split schedules.

Most of the above demands are altogether reasonable but it is significant to note several unusual items that appear in the draft and some that dr:olt appear at all. For example,it becomes difficult to relate a professional attitude to a group that asks for annual leave to be taken in units of one -hail hour. It might, however, be the intension of the Union to apply this to non-professionals only, but even at that I'd have my doubts. Closing the library on Good Friday, Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur is irresponsible; libra-:ies

1Draft of demands proposed by Local 1321, AFSCHE, District Council 37, Queens Borough Public Library, undated, received from Robert W. Schmidt, President, October 25, 1968. should be kept open on holidays. I understand the religious significance of these holidays as I do the administrative difficulties in setting schedules, but schedules for personnel should be adjusted as, indeed, they are in many places. raosing holiday clauses in contracts are just one of those fringe benefits and an item for negotiation; they have no other meaning - but it's not professional.

What is even more important, however, is the item about involuntary transfers only in reverse order of seniority ia title and submit that this could cause a great deal of trouble as noted in describing the item in the

Brooklyn contract.Mr. Schmidt, the President of the Union, said that quelns is quite free of what may be considered rough or high crime neighborhoods, but Queens is likely to get them and librarians can be expected to prefer not working in those areas. The result, again, will be that those with the least experience may be assigned to these places because they will have the least seniority, although here again I was told that the manning tables wowle still guarantee propor representation of top grade librarians at all branches.

I an just not that confident. Wouldn't it be better to have established a zommittee on transfers on which there would be representatives of both the uiion and the administrstion and break this binding knot of seniority on transfers?Thit, is a very important matter in large cities.

And here we are led a what may be considered the most striking easence in a modern set of contract demands; the Union daps not ask for an opportunity to play a role in promotions. The Union has decided, evidently, to keep away from one of the most important factors in modern librartAnship; the right of a librarian to be judged by his peers and not by some distant administrator. The Queens Union appears to be timid also because while it ould like to review new job specifications it does not Llsist on the oppot- tanity to.play a role in setting up the new specifications.And, as an

63 59.

overall matter, there is no demand to play any kind of a tole in formulating

library policy. That's quite all right with me because I don't think that

is a union's business anyway, but I am not sure that the librarians in Queens

are doing anything, through any channel, to influence library policy.

And there is no demand by the Union that overtime work is not man-

datory, so far as the list is concerned.

Union activity here has a very short history. Local Union 251 organized by library employees in New York City on January 7, 194c), was

said to have included Queens Borough employees) but there doesn't seem to

!)e anything to support this, The Library Unionist, organ of the New York

Public Library employees union Local 251 hardly mentions Queens Borough.

By 1967, District Council 37 of the American Federation of State,

county and Municipal Employees had become very active but in this case the 1,..aturi was facing a Board of Trustees that not only didn't crumble in the modern

tradition but was a throwback to the industrial Boards of Directors of the

early thirties.The Queens Borough Board did not want to deal with a

Union, did not have to deal with a Union and did not want to have anything to

,!c, with the Union's representatives. Until the demonstration last month,

despite the fact that the Union had been formally recognized and was engaged

in negotiating a contract with the Library, the Union's representatives

Jere not given en opportunity to bargain with any member ofkhe Board of

TvusteaS or the administration but they had to negotiate with attorneys engaged by the Board of Trustees.2 In January, 1967, the Trustees simply notified the staff they would not acnept union representation of the staff

1C.P.L. Union News, IV (January/February 1940).

2 Interview with Robert W.Schmidt, President, Local 1321, October 25, 1958.

64 60. because "the Board of Trustees feels that recognitionof A Union would not

1 be in the best interests of the library,its staff and the public." This, in 1968: They need a new publicity writer.The negotiators for District

Council 37 were so fascinated by the archaic situation here that they brought people in to witness the negotiations as a scientist might go to New Guinea to study a primitive tribe. One possibility is that the Board of Trustees was preparing for the tactics of harassment sometimes employed by a Union when it achieves power. This is c way of serving notice in advance that two can play at this game.The interesting thing here, of course, is that the

Board of Trustees of a public library in New York is not required to recognize a union even if the union were to have every single employee signed up.

On the other hand, the employees could bring pressure to Lear either through demonstrations or protestations through the City government which controls

the money.

A change of heart occurred when the City of New York indicated to

the Board of Trustees that it was the policy of the City of New York to recoa- nize union representation of its employees (in New York the librerians are employed by the library systems which are quasi-public corporations but are paid by the City of New York).The Trustees then announced quite suddenly

that there would be an election April 11, 1967, on the question of represen-

2 tation by a labor union. All staff were permitted to vote, except for three

top employees, and all voted in one group rather than divided along professicnal non-professional and clerical lines.The staff voted by a substantial margin =..Ammo INww...... ww library Journal,XCIL (February 15, 1967), 722.

2kikrary Journal, 'Celt (April 15, 1967), 1557. 61.

to be represented by a union.'The AFSCNE claimed that it now represented

the library employees but the Board of Trustees said the vote meant merely

that the staff favored some kind of union representation.

The AFSCNE union then proceeded to get designation cards from

staff members. About 56% of the professionals indicated that they wished to join plus about 60% of the others who were cointed in a seperate

2 group. According to Library Journal, of "319 professional librarians

eligible, 169 or 53% signed for the union. Among all other employees,

of 525 eligible, 331 or 63% signed.';

01110

The Public Library Youngstown ionin County

The Federation of Library Employees (not affiliated) was

organized on January 1, 1968, and a contract Is being negotiated with 4 the library. As of November 26, 1968, however, the contract had not

5 yet been finalized.

The staff of tract: library system voted 126 to 23 to designate

its staff association, the Federation of Library Employees, as its sole

1Library. Journal, XCII (May 1, 1967), 1783.

2 Interview with Robert W. JchmidL., President, Local 1321.

kibrary Journal, XCIII (April 15, 1968), 1570. 4 Lettor from David W. Griffith, Director, Public Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County, October 15, 1968. 5 Letter from David ". Griffith, November 26, 1968.

6u" 62, bargaining agent. David W. Griffith, the Director of the library, agreed to deal with the new union.

Librarians up to and including Department Head are eligible to join the union as well as other classes of employees although some of the top people in administrative posts are exempt.Professional librarians hold leading positions in the union.

Library Journal reported "general agreement that the union will deal only with salaries and working conditions and not with library policies or administrative matters."'

PENNSYLVANIA

The Free Library_ofphilldelphir

There is an overall contract between the City of Philadelpa, of which the Free Library is a component part, and District Concil

American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO, which is the exclusive bargaining agent. The current contract, which

2 3 went into effect February 20,1968, is based on the 1961 contract.

The earlier contract was entered into under speciai enabling legislaciA passed by the Council of the City of Philadelphia in April, 1961, permitting the establishment of a modified union shop for city employces.4

It is to be noted, therefore, that the librarians and other library

ilittly Journal, XCIII (March 15,1968), 1090.

2 Agreement between the City of Philadelphie and Philadelphia District Council 33, AFSCOE affiliated with AFL-CIO, effective February 20, 1968,

3George L. Gardiner, "Collective Bargaining, Some Questions Asked," ALA Bulletin LXII (September, 1968), 973.

4Bi11 No. 656.

" b I 63.

fall withinthe collective of Philadelphia employees of theFree Library for all Cityemployees. between the Cityand the Union bargaining contract employees. The in the contractfor library There are nospecial provisions points in thecontract; following are someof the main Honday throughFriday. week; 5 days;8 hours each 1. 40 hour work Civil Service with the PayPlan of the 2. Wages in accordance Board of theCity ofPhiladelphia. Commission andthe Administrative completing eighthours. half for anywork after 3. Time and a off, time and ahalf, as well as scheduled day For work onfirst resolarly day off. regularly scheduled doable :,ime forwork on second receive $8,336 and$11,608 may ealaries between 4. Those with however, electtime 0 $8,336 per annum. They may, overtime but atthe rate of compensatory timeoff. work; the, is, for overtime en anh)(rfor hour basis of situations mandatory exneptin the case 5. Overtime ie not

health and safety. affectitg public to be paid back for overtime employees called 6. Cell back time -

four hours. for at least midnight, 5 cents 4 :00 PM and differential between 7. Night shift

per hour. each month upto accumulated at 12/3 working days 8. Sick leave

203 days. half on thosedays. holidays and payat time and a 9. 13 paid than nine 5/6 days a monthfor thocc less 13. Vacstitn earned nine years,which amonth for thosewith more than years service,sad a days permitted. of more than30 days No accumulation mites it 16days a year. to seniority. Layoffs in inverseorder according 11. to th' calls for $180 ayear payable welfare plan 12. Health and

Union for eachemployee. $2,500, 13. Life insurance 68 t4.

14. Pension and retirement according to the Municipal Retirement

system.

15. Grievance procedure. a) Union represenative and the immediate

supervisor of the employee; b) union representative and the personnel officer; c) Union representative and the head of the particular department; d) Union representative ani the Personnel Director of the City of Phila-

delphia; e) Advisory Board of six members, three named by the Personnel

Director and three by the Union; f) A seventh member selected by the six

to act as Chairman and the decision reached by vote considered advisory only.

16. Dues check-off.

17. No strike - no lockout.

The above, of course, is an overall contract covering all employee

of the City of Philadelphia so that under the circumstances we cannot apply

the same criteria we would to a contract negotiated specifically for pre

fessional librarians. Thus, we cannot at this point discuss the involveme.lt

of professional librarians in the formulation of policy in the library. I

have not yet been able to learn of any trend or action at the Free Library

of Philadelphia toward the development of a separate professional organizart.n

that might be interested in extending library service or improving the

conditions of the librarians.

As for the history of the movement in Philadelphia, the Public

Library here was one of the first to have a union, one having been formed

in the city in June 1919,1 but it did not last beyond the early 1920a.

Available literature reveals nothing after that until the 1960a.

Mb. 1 Bernard Berelson, "Library Unionization."

63 65.

The legislation passed in 1961 in Philadelphia provided for mandatory, voluntary and prohibited cliss!fications of employees in terms of union membership. The decision as to the assignment of an employee to one of these groups io left to negotiation between the City and the Union. Wien pointed out that the voluntary classificatioeis open to librarians who are not supervisory petsonne1.11 Gardiner said that the voluntary classification is coiposed of employees predominently

"pro - professional, beginning professional and non-professional." Gar- diner went on to bay that, according to the Director of the Library,

-few members of the professional staff became members under this arrange- ment"2but this phrase is lifter bodily from Nyren and therefore adds noth'ng. In addition, however, Gardiner is all wrong about union membership in Philadelphia and Nyren isn't altogether right either unless things have changed since he wrote his article.

Actually, Librarians I, II and /II er.i in the voluntary

11041110

1 K. E. Nyren, "Libraries ani Labor Unions."

2Geolvl L. Gardiner, "Collective Bargainins."

iU classifications and can join the union if they wish. This includes

some Supervisory Librarians because all branch heads are LibrariansIII

1 or IV and most of them are Ms.

WISCONSIN

Milwaukee Pu

The Milwaukee Public Library Employees Union, Local 426,

District (!ouncil 48, American Federation of State, County and MUnicips.!

Employees, AFL-CIO, is included in the general collective bargaining agreement between the City of Milwaukee and Milwaukee District Couhc4.1

AFSCME, AFL-CIO. This agreement, which was signed by Local 426, among, others, went into effect on January 1, 1966, and is scheduled to expi-e

2 at the end of 1968. There are now 144 members of Local 426 of whom 3 50 are professional librarians.

The eatery negotiations are handled for the city by its Dly!.sion of Labor relations (similar to the situation in New York City) and the relations with the union of the individual city departments are concerned primarily with the implementationof the contract provisions. The signing of check-off cards has been authorized. The Library Union has a representative present at all Board meetings in Milwaukee.4 This a matter of/union representative attending regular board meetings first 5 went into effect back in March 1938.

'Telephone conversation with Miss Seyda, Personnel Department, The tree Library of Philadelphia, November 1, 1968.

2 Agreement between the City of Milwaaee and Milwaukee District Council 48, AF8CME, AFL-CIO and its appropriate Affiliated Locals, effective January 1, 1966.

Sutter from Vivian Maddox, Assistant City Librarian, Milwaukee P*L1-tc Library, October 29, 1968. 'Letter from Vivian Maddox, October 17, 1968. SM. Leon, "Nilwaukoo Led Off," Proeresekve_tattg Council (Deeeeiber, 1940), 45. 67.

The following are the main points in the contract:

1. Grievance procedure; a) Orally between employee and immediate

supervisor either alone or with a Union representative; b) In writing to the

immediate supervisor; c) In writing to the Bureau or Division Bead; d) In writing to the Department Read; a) Arbitration by requesting the Wisconsin

Employment Relations Board to submit a lieu of five arbitrators, one of whit

to be selected es arbitrator by both prtias.

2. No sttike no lockout.

3. Vacation at one day a month for those With less than ten years

service; lk days, with a maximum of 15 days a year, for those with ten or tx.e years; and two days a month for those with more than 20 years service, with

C maximum of 20 days annually.

4. Sick leave at 15 days a year up to 90 days "normal," and 90 :'7

cumulative "special sick leave" from which sick leave granted at half pay.

5. 714 paid holidays with work on these days at time and a half.

Some additional days off earned by longevity.

6. EIrpital and surgical care insurance for the employee and fard10

yaid for by the City with hospital care up to a maximum of 365 days.

1. Life insurance equal to employee's annual lassie salary at a

charge zo employee of 21 cents per thousand.

S. Pensions in accordance with the City's general pencion laws.

9. Overtime at time and a half in cash or compensatory time off.

10. Emergency work minimum credit three hours pay at time La a hrli.

11. Personnel on military leave with Reserves paid differmcs be-

tween Reserve and regular pay for maximum 15 days white training.Leave of

Aunts without pay when drafted and return to same or equivalent job with

enniority and salary advancement.

12. Bight hour work day, five drys a week.

72 6C.

The Milwaukee Public Library Staff Association was organized

ia 1934. Two years later the Staff Association held a referendum with

regard to affiliation with the AFSCME and the union group lost by a few votes. The following year, in 1937, another referendum was held and the

union group von by a small majority.On September 1, 1937, the new

union received its charter and"has since been recognized by theLibri,r:P.1

2 On October 1, 1937, the Staff Association was diaaolved.

The Library Employees Union, in accordance with its charter

1937, became Chapter 14, Local 2 of the AFSCME. Miss Ruth Shapiro, the

first President of the Staff Association, became the first President of

the Union3and said that about 50% of the library staff belonged to the 4 union in 1938. Friendly and aooperative relations were maintained he

tween the union and the administration of the Library. One way in wi/ch

this was accomplished was in getting support for the Library hob' orconLzed

labor in Milwaukee. In this connection, the Library workers participatlo

in an education program for workers and the Library Union together with 5 the rest of organized labor in Milwaukee helped make it a success.

The Library union in Milwaukee her always been quite iv:tive .tnd

has cooperated closely with the library administration.The union h(lpPd

the Librarian to change personnel classifications and helped gain aillevy

tummies. It has also taken progressive action as, fm example, appearing

Ic.r.L. Union New', II (January, 1938)

2Wilson Bulletin, XII (November, 1937), 209-10. 3 Sernard Iteration, "Library Unionization." 4 Letter from Vivian Maddox, October 17, 1968.

SLUM ALLLikall. (September, 1941) 119-23. 69. before the State Legislature to oppose a bill barring married women from polalic employment.`

The union claimed a number of accomplishments and by 1964 it was reported that among other things, the union had obtained a better sick leave program, increased vacations from rwo weeks to three weeks after ten years and four weeks after 20 years, overtime at the rte

2 time and a half, pension system, grievance procedure and a credit union.

Wisconsin passed a state law recognizing the right of public employest :v organize and their right to choose by election which organization the local government should be required to negotiate with on their behalf.

In 1967, according to Nyren, there were 130 union members out of a 3 staff of 450 with all classes of the library represented.

The union claimed in1967 that it had gained the bee.: pay scale of any public library system.4in addition it said it had achieved time and half for 5unday end holiday work, shift differenties for evening and Saturday work, and prepaid hospital insurahce as well e3 liberal penean benefits.

Library union members are now becoming increasingly interec.ed in participating in actions involving promotions, transfers, reclsseifi- cations of positions and other similar items.5

1Erik J. Spicer, Trade Unions in Libraries (The Experience in United States), Term paper, August 3, 1959.

2 D. H. ?baton, Odds and Bookends, ELY (Spring, 1964), 5-8.

3K.E.Nyren, "Libraries and Labor Unions."

4Jack Oolodner, "The Librarian and the Union," Wilson LibtartPuaetin, NM (December, 1967), 387-90. 5 Letter from Vivian Maddox, October 29,1968.

'74 70.

Public Libraries

Operating with Unions

CALIFORNIA

Contra Costa County Library

Here we have the first full-fledged strike by librarians in a major library in the United States. The Library Unit of the Contra Costa County

Employees Association, Local 1675, American Federation of State, County and

Mclictpal Employees, AFL -CIO, struck the county libraries and put out pickets from August 22 to August 30 when about one-third of the county library employees were out. So Contra Costa County Public Library's place in history is assured. The strikers won a 5% increase, originally suggested by the

Personnel Director and agreed to by the Board of Supervisors before the strike, plus 21/27. extra for workers in lower paid classifications. The Union feels it won recogn!lion of the right to bargain.'

Local 1675 was quite active in the early sixties but had gone to sleep by 1968. The Board of Supervisors of the County would not let the Union participate in wage negotiations and was not even receptive to granting the

5% increase recommended by the Personnel Director.The Union wanted a $50 increase for all employees and following mass meetings the Board of :iupervisoro agreed to the 57. recommendation, but by that tima feelings were running high and on August 1st representatives of 1675 were authorised to strike. It must be noted that the sitcation in Contra Costa County is coaplicated to a considerable extent by an inter-union fight with Local 302 which also represents county employees and even tad one librarian member, and that one,

1Lets Huish, et al. "Report from the Picket Line," Library Journal, XCIII (November 1, 1968), 4107

73 71. of course, eventually crossed the picket lines.

The main issue of the strike, according to the Union, was collective bargaining and the right of county employees to strike, as well as salary raises for lower paid employees because straight percentage raises year after year only kept increasing the spread between low and high salaries.

There is no indication that 1675 nag anywhere near a majority of the staff in its membership.1

It is of interest to note that on August 13, 1968, the County

Librarian, Bertha D. Helium, wrote that she had referred my inquiry regarding possible union activity to a "professional member of our staff who has been

Chairman of a series of informal meetings termed 'Library Unit of 1675.'This refers to members of the County Library staff who are members of the Contra

Costa County Employees Association, Local 1675. . . . The only information

I have is from the grapevine or the press. No informal or printed data. I understand that election for Chairman or Peaident of the 'Library Unit' is

about to be held."2On August 22, the library was struck. On December

2, after reading Library Journal, I wrote to Mrs. Helium to suggest that she get a new grapevine.

Vresno County Free Library

Although, according to the Librarian, there has been no move

Co:Yard organizing a collective bargaining unit here, staff members may join eider the Fresno City Employees Association or the AFL-CIO Local 458.3

Thus far, however, I have not been able to obtain any information on Local

458 despite repeated inquiries.

ILois Huish, et al. "Report from the Picket Line."

2Letter from Bertha O. Helium, County Librarian, Contra Costa County Library, August 13, 196C.

3Letter from Alice F. Reilly, County L brarian, Fresno County tree Library, August 13, 1968.

76 72.

Los Angeles Public Library

The Librarians' Guild, Local 1634, American Federation of State,

County and Municipal Employees, AFL -CIO, formed in June, 1968, claims to rep-

reocnt more than fifty per cent of the librarians at the Los Angeles Public

Library (approximately 170 out of 300 librarians) and more than fifty per cent

of the librarians at the Santa Monica Public Library (approximately 14 out o2

20). Darryl Mleynek, President of the Guild, says that the jurisdiction of

1 his Guild covers all of Los Angeles County. This would include the Los

Angeles County Public Library but right now 1634 represents librarians only in

2 the Los Angeles City Public Library and the Santa Monica Public Library.

The Librarians' Guild includes professional librarians only because

the group intends to be a $rofessional union," presumably to set it apart

:tom non-professionals, concerned not with thu traditional issues such as

salary and working conditions but also with "improving communications within

the library system, with fostering a professional atmosphere at all levels

of wavk, with increasing participation in the formulationbf broad policy and

goals, with becoming more involved in community relations, and with increasing

the freedom and independence ok librarians so that they can work at their

full potential." In addition, the stated purpose of the Guild is"to promote

the profession of librarianship by improving salaries and working conditions

. . and by providing a forum from which members can speak to the community

3 about the profession's services and needs."

This Librarians' Guild has issued the clearest statement of any

library union to become involved in library administration.Guide lines set

out for the Guild include the following statement: "As professionals we

1Letter from Darryl Mleynek, President, Librarians' Guild, .oTal 1634, AFSCHS, Los Angeles Public Library, undated, received November, 1968.

2Letter from D rryl Mleynek, November 24, 1968.

3Library Journal, XCIII (August, 1968), 2777.

77 73.

feel that the formulation of policy should be a cooperative process utilizing

the intellectual resource!, of the entire professional staff. That is what we are trained for and that is one of the obligations of being professional.

As professionals, we envision our relationship to the administration as that of a group of responsible well educated colleagues dedicated to our profession of librarianship and who are only incidentally also public employees. As professional colleagues with the administration, we feel that our ideas are of value and that each of us from our vantage point in the library system hcs a contribution to make toward policyformulation."1Among the aims of the tviid:

1. Horizontal advancement for Children's and Ycung Adult LibrarienG,

Readers Advisers and subject bpecialists, as well as vertical advancement into administration.

2. Abolition of salary scales that overlap promotional classifications.

3. Participation of all librarians in establishing service prioritics, evaluating new modes of service and discussing broad policy decisiors.

4. Broader compensation for attendance at professional meetings pnd tuition reimbursement.

5. An immediate 161/27, pay increase followed by salary studies and increases to a level comparable to other professionals of similar education.

6. Differential pay fot both night and week-end work.

7. Professional credit for contin.ed pertinent education.

8. 12 days sick leave annually, and four weeks vacation.

9. And the two pound wedge of Bocce Ceparazzin cheese! Reimbursement

2 of parking expenses for central library employees.

A recruiting pamphlet notes that of twelve professional groups employed by the City of Los Angeles, librarians - the only class required to la1-4)

1Librarians' Guild Guide Linea, mimeograptld, undated.

2 "Are you a professional," mtrgeographed pamphlet published by ?AbrarianslCuild, Local 1634, AMC Los Angeles Public Library, received In Noymber, 1968.

7 ci 74. a master's degree - have the lowest rate of pay. Six of these professional classifications, requiring only a B.A., have salary scales beginning at $776 a month. Two semi-professional classes requiring only two years of college or two years experience begin at $641 a month.1 At this time salaries for

"Libraricn" in Los Angeles ranged from $624 to $7762 or a beginning rate of $7,488 per annum.

With all of this obvious activity, the Personnel Officer of the

Library in a letter to me confined himself to noting in passing that the

Library has a Staff Association which is made up of both professional and

Lon-professional employees and that"as of about two months ago we also have a Librarians' Guild, made up exclusively of professional librarians." In addition, he said that no organization at the library is recognized as the exclusive bargaining agent.All employee organizations have the right to present employees recommendations regarding working conditions, salaries and other employee benefits, but neither the Library nor the City is required to

3 adopt any recommendation.

The aspirations and aims of the Guild make up a near perfect list for a professional organization. To a great extent the list I.a rationalizvtion of the need felt by librarians to deal collectively on matters of salary and working conditionu and this split personality approach carries with it the inherent danger of improving neither the lot of the liurarians nor the service of the library. There's the distinct risk here of falling between two chairs.

This danger is pointed up by Hr. Mleynek'a further statement: "As would be expected of a union, we have become quickly involved in salary discussions,but perhaps somewhat uniquely we have also become involved in discussions with our administration on ways of improvingcommunications."4

'Are you a Professional?"

2 Monthly sele4 schedule, Los Angeles Public Library, July 1, 1960. 3 Letter from Anthony P. Matica, Personnel Officer, Los Angeles Public Library, August 16, 1968. 4 Lotter from Darryl Nileysek, undated, received November, 1968. la 75.

Los Angeles County Public Library

According to the County Librarian, "there has not been any activit7,

by or on behalf of the stiff of the Los Angeles County Public Library tc

organize a collective bargaining unit, either for our professional librarians

or other library employees."'

')n the other hand, however, the Los Angeles County Employee?

Association includes in its membership many library employees, both professional and non - professional. 'lh'.s Association is provided with a voluntary dues check-off system, provides counseling for its members as well as counsel before the Civil Service Commission, conducts salary

studics and makes recommendations to the Board, but does not have "as yet, any legal bargaining power to negotiate working conditions, salaries, etc., with the Board in behalf of its members."2 In addition, there is

the statement of Darryl Mleynek, President of the Librarians' Guild,

1534, of the Los Angeles Public Library, that the jurisdiction of the Uuili includes all of the Los Angeles County area.

An Fmployees Relations Ordinance was adopted3last fall by :ha

Board of Supervisors to cover all County employees to "provide an oree:ly and workable system to regulate the relations between County management and its employees, or organizations representing theta."The Library is a depart - meat of County government, responsible to and governed by the Board of Super- visors. Sinta the adoption of the ordinance, the Personnel Officer oi

Library reported there have been few concrete developments to report during this initial parted.

'Letter from William S. Geller, County Librarian, Los Angeles Covety Publie Library, August 15, 1968.

?Ibid.

3Letter from James RRobb, Personrel Officer, Los Angelec County Public Library, November 4, 1768. so 76.

The following are some of the provisions in the Ordinance that may well effect the status of librarians in terms of their becoming part of

a collective bargaining procedure:

1. Employees have the right to form, join an employees organization

of their own choosing, or not to join.

2. The scope of negodations betkeen management and certified employee organizations includes wages, hours and other terms and conditions of empltyment.

3. A petition for certification as the majority representative of employees in an appropriate employee representation unit may be filed with

the Employees Relations Commission by an employee organization.

4. In the establishment of employee representation unite, professi-ral

rmployees shall not be included in a unit with non-professional employees u*,-

less a majority of such professional employees vote for inclusion in such

5. The County and any certified employe :' organiz:Aion may negotiate a procedure for handling grievances arising within the unit for whi:h such

1 organization hac been certified. The Ordinance "envisages written contract agreements between the county and the unions or associations elected by

the county eteloyees."2

The above would indicate considerable activity in the County oftoc

Argeles with regard to collective bargaining in behalf of employees and in view of this it's a safe guess that there is more activity among the librari..'

in Los Angeles County Public Library to organize collectively than is apparently recognized by the County Librarian or his Personnel Officer. No

information on the subject has been forthcoming from a union.

11111110.4.111=m1.

1County_of Los Angeles 'Digest," I (August 2, 1968).

?nosAngeles Times, (July 26, 1968), 3.

81 77.

Oakland Public Library

The personnel of the Oakland Public Library hii.e not organized a collective bargaining unit. The Library operates in a Civil Service

System and the Oakland Municipal Civil Service Employees Association pays attention to employee welfare including salaries.

The Civil Service Board recommends a scale far each classification in the Civil Service and these recommendations are circulated among employees who have the right to hearings before the Board.Tha City

Council has consistently a:cepted the recommendations of the Civil Servicr.

Board.

The Charter of the City provides that the compensation of all library employees shall be set by the Library Commission. The Commiss!")n always follows the formula adopted by the Civil Service Board, with the

Council providing the required fiscal support in the budget 1

While i have bun unable to 3( re Ainy information regarding the presence of a uniou in Oakland for librarians, or any union that has librarians among its members, the presence and type of activity followed by the Civil Service Employees Association is close enough to that of a union to place Oakland public Library in this section of the survey.

11.0, 1 1 Letter from Teter T. Cony, Librarian, Oakland Public Library, October 14, 1968.

82 78.

San Francisco Pt:Nlic Library

Professional librarians at the San Francisco Public Library have not been organized in a union. There are, however, three unions or organizations in the city to which staff members do belong:

San Francisco City and County Employees Union, Local 400 (a branch of the Building Service Employeea International Union), AFL-CIO.

Federation of Public Employees

1 Civil Service ..cssociation.

The Federation of Employees was organized in 1932 and, ce.th

all library personnel as members, acted pretty much es official

spokesman for the library staff on civil service matters.When the San

Francisco Public Library Association was formed it at first called on -le

Federation for its cervices bat tor the past three or four years the Staff

Association has preferred to act independently. At the present time some

65 or 70 library personnel, of whom all but five or six are professionals, are members of the Federation.'

District of Columbia

Washington

Although no action has been taken by th,.; personnel to otgaaie a

/.=1111.111011...... amws ILetterfrom John F. Anderson, City Librarian, San Francisco Public Lir4.ory, /tarifa 13, 1968.

2Letter from Frank Moitoza, Jr., Executive secretary, Federation of Public Employees, San Francisco, California, November 22, 1968.

8 3 79. collective bargaining unit, it is assumed by the Director that some staff members belong to the American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO;

Local #1 of the American. Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees,

AFL -CIO; or other organizations. 1

The salaries of District of Columbia employees (except for teachers and firemen) are the same as those of Federalemployees and any raise, and increased benefits passed into law automatically encompass DCPL employees.

For more than 25 years there has been union rupresentatioa on the Board

Library Trustees. At the present time the Third Vice-President of the

Greater Washington Central Labor Council is a member of the Board (1c-Jd cheers!)

Washington, it will be remembered, had one of the earliest unions - formed in October, 1918. But it went out of business when had achieved it objectives in connection with the reclassification of posi%lons and salaries.

ILLINOIS

Chicago Public Library

This is one of the few public libraries in the country from which it has been exceedingly difficult to obtain Any hard information from t'e library administration dt.spite the fact that there has been union activity here since 1937.2What the administration does admit, however, is "there is a union in the Chicago Public Library. It has not been designated as ea collective bargaining agent; there hsa been no election, there is no 'agreement' with the Won.° In addition

swomobol, 11.1.1Ml. 1.1=11091.

1 Letter from Harry K. Peterson, Director, the District of Columhia Public Library, No-ember 22, 19A8.

2C.P.L. Union News,, December, 1937.

3 LeLter from Alex Ladenson, Acting Librarian, Chicago Public Library, October 10, 1968. 84 8c.. a dUes check-off system is in effett and "administration officers of the librsiy meet with a union committee rn personnel problems."'

Thomas L. Beesley, the Director of District Council 1,9 of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees,

AFL-CIO in Chicago, the person to whoa the Library refers persons seeking information on unionization of libraries in Chicago, is also one of those who don't like to answer mail.At the moment, therefore, we have to depend on the literature.

When the Chicago Public Library Union was organized in

1937 by representatiies of the State, County and Municipal Workers of America, CIO, it was designated as Local 88. The program of the union at that time included the following points:

1. Strict enforcement of civil service for all library employees.

2. An adequate staff at all times.

3. Definite classification of duties within each grade.

4. Reclaszification of grades upverd to bring compennati, line with that of other city departments.

3. Minimum wage of $1,200 for all full ?iae employeed part time based on proportional basis and time and a half for overti.o?,

6. Academie increases within grades.

7. Pour weeks vacation with pay, and a ?5 hour week (30 h week in a long range program).

8. 'roper working conditions.'

The President of the Union was Mr. A. 8. Korman who !has el 111. /.... 'Handwritten note from Chicago Library, October, 1963, reply to letter seat to Alex Ladenson, Acting Librarian.

ynion Novi, .;eptamber 1937.

85 81 active in LURT.

Local 88 published regularly the monthly &Pik. Unign.pews.

The union reported that it was working very hard and, accord-Ag to its newspaper, until 1941 it devoted a great deal of effort to makin,N known that "the war (World War II) is a struggle between

Fascist Nazi Imperialism . . . and Franco BritishImperialism and the

American people don't want any part of thewar."1 This line was changed in June 1941, however, when the headlines ran: "Librarians must help win the war. It is the sacred duty and obligation of

every American . . . to use all abilf.ties and resources tohelp 2 this war against Fascist barbarism. Everybody has three guesses as to what caused the line change! In 1942, C.P.L. Union News began a column called "Books that lose the War," which was a very thinly 3 disguised attempt at censorship apparently advocated by the union.

By January, 1943, the employees of the Chic.go Public

Library had won a ten per cent increase in salary for whict: the union 4 claimed credic.

Bernard Borelson in his 1939 article, "Library Unionisation," said that poor economic and professional conditions in the library were the reasons for the establishment of Local 88. He pointed out that in

Chicago tab's: delegates attended meetings of the board of Trustees of

5 the Library.

In April, 1940, Local 88 had adopted a prepesel suggested in

1C.P.L.UhicaiRews,January /February, 1940. 2zzaa_v_ June, 1941. s Su:Alm-W*20a,November, 1942. 4 cALkaatialsgi,January 11, 1943.

sShmard Serelson,"Library Unionisatioa."

8C) 82.

the C.P.L. survey and recent studies of the A.L.A. Board en Salaries,

Staff and Tenure. The Union now stressed, in addition to the 35 hour

week and other staff benefits, an increase in library inneme to $3,400,00C,

modern library fecilitiee in all sections of the city, an effective

public relations program and a representative Friends of the C.P.L.

organitation. This list also proposed the adoption of A.L.A. c1as:_4:.ca-

tien and pay plans as a basis for C.P.L. claasificatiensscheme.' This

is the first time we find a union basing a demand directly on an 4.1.A.

recommendation.

The union in Chicago continued its activity and by 1959 sri':

J. Spicer was able to report that the union claimed influence in rertJi,c:

automatic increase., posting of civil service lists, resumption of arx,int- gents from long standing lists, the granting of a half day olf weekly for

the building force, aCustmento in pay rates for holiday and overtire -ark.

Spicer also mentioned that the attendance of union delegates at meetinha

of the Board improved unionadministration relations.2 However, it met be noted that Berelson also referred to union delegates attending Bcare meetings in 1939 and I have some doubt that this practice was contiucld

when Spices sported it in 1959 because there is no mention of this in

the C.t.LLUOon News through 1945. Spicer may well have based hit.

statement on what Bereleon had written.

Relations between the library and the union have not been altogether friendly since the mtd.fifties because tfie library administra

tion has generally refused to deal with the union. In 1967 the um.),

said it had 250 dues paying employees but actually claimed that a mejority el the 800 employees of the library had delegated the union as their

Bultetiq, =XIV (June, 1940), 419-20.

2 kik J. Spicer, "trade Unions in Libraries."

87 83. representative. At the same time, Gertrude E. Gscheidle, the Librarian,

said that only about 25 members of the professional staff and 145 clerical, workers were actually members of the union) Having regard for the fact that Mies Gscheidle did not mention maintenance workers, both the union and Miss Uscheidle may have been right. This-is part of the old numbers lone in union necotiations. But there must have been some weight to the union's claim because at the end of 1965 the union did win the right to have dues check off and was allowed to make recommendations to the Library

Board (although not to enter into negotiations) and this hardly would have been granted without having a substantial number of people 00 the staff behind the union.

When the Library evidently refused, early in 1967, to grant the union the right to represent its members in processing grievances as well as the right to submit suggestions for improvement of personnel practices,

the union threatened a strike in March, approved by the membership, and this was averted only by the intervention of the Mayor of Chicago, Mt.ley

This intervention resulted, according to the union, in the library agreets1

to the above two important concessions, and the union said it would withdr,.

rte law suit pending against C.P.L. and postpone its scheduled collective

Darpiilie$ election to await the results of a bill before the legislature 2 to permit collective bargaining by public employees in the State of Illinoia.

Jr to now the bill has net passed the General Assembly is Springfield.3

A few months later, K. S. Myron, in Library Journal, referrA

to the Chicago Public Library as a ''disaster area in librarianship" aid

acid thAt the union had "auly about 200 staff members, including almost no

4/...... =1111011.11.111.11 11..110.41/111/ /1111111/ MON.IMMIIMMII 1 Library Journal, XCII (April 1, 1967), 1938-39. 2DU. 3 Latter free de Lafayette laid, Deputy State Librarian, Illinois V:ate Library, August 21, 1968. 84.

professionals, signed up." I gathered that Mt. Myren was concerned

that the union "makes no bones of its disapproval of how the Library is

run" and that the members publicly criticised the operation of the

Library and that recently hired "library science people" who have not

worked up from clerical jobs are seen as a distinct menaca by the union.

By December 1967 the library workers in Chicago were able

claim a 3715 hour week, three weeks vacation after one year and certain 2 rights of seniority. If these are examples of accomplishments in

December 1967 then maybe it's a disaster area after alllOn the other

hand it must be noted that es of Januaty 1, 1968, a beginning librariin

with an MLS started at a salary of $7,320, only about $300 less than Vw

current New York City minimum.3

MARYLAND

Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore

There is a staff association that apparently concern* itself

with something more than hikes and luncheons since its Board of Covxm3rs

doer, apprach the library administration with problems relating to

salaries and employee welfare. The Stiff Askociation is representic

the General Committee of Municipal Employees, a panel made up of reeaen-

Wives from nine city agencies and this group drafts ordinances to

introduce changes in retirement, pension and related areas ef concern to

the City Council. In addition, many staff members also belong to the

Classified Municipal Smpleyees Association which has been instrumental in

o14110101.IMMIMEMI

1K. B. Nyren, "Libraries and Labor Unions."

2 Jack Coledner, "rile Librarian and the Union,"

3 The Chicago Public Library Schedule of Salaries, effective Jena%) I, 1968.

83 gaining salary increases for ell city employees, broadened medical benefits and overtime pay for certain employees.

The Municipal Employees Association, which "speaks fo: all municipal employeee" says that about 100 Pratt Library employees are 2 nembers. I have not been able to determine how many of these people are professional librarians.

Also active in Baltimore is the American Federation of State,

County and Municipal Employees, All-C10. Last July the Mayor of

Battimore announced that an ordinance would be introduced in the City

Council authorizing the election of a group to have exclusive bargaining rights for city employees. The President of the Classified Municipal

Employees Association, however, said he would recommend that the

Association not participate in any election of an exclusive bargaining agent for city employees and that the association would most likely 3 remain alive and run an insurance program for city workers.

Under the circumstances 1% seems pretty clear that the employees of the Enoch Pratt Free Library are going to be blanketed under a union contract. (See Addendum)

MASSACHUSETTS

The Boston Public Library

The Boston Public Library operates under an agreement concluded between the City of Boston and the American Federation of Stets, County and

1 Letter from Mary L. Huber, Personnel Officer, Enoch Pratt Free Library, August 16, 1968.

2Randwrittennote from Municipal Employees Association, Inc., Baltimore, undated but received in September, 1968. 3 AMILeatiin (Baltimore), July 11, 1968.

*60 86.

Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO, and Affiliates, effectiVe July 5, 1967, and 1 currently in force until the last Wednesday in April 1969. This agreement, however, covers only Library Assistants, CleriCet and MechaniCal Services in the Library and not the professional librarians. According to Gunars Rut- kovskis, Assistant to the Director of the Botton Public Library, "no election for designation of a collective bargaining agent was made.The city adopted a Collective Bargaining law and designated the American Federation of State,

County and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO, and Affiliates . . " The Director and the Associate Director, with representatives of the Personnel Office in the Library took part in the negotiations.2 These negotiations, however, covered only the classes mentioned and not the professional librarians.

None of the professional librarians at the Boston Library are members of the union. Mr. Rutkovskis ventured the guess that the salaries in Boston, being competitive on a national level, the urge for professional librarians to unionize simply did not materialize. He added that much more initiative was shown on the part of the non-professionals, probably because they saw the chance of getting more money through unionization. He noted 3 that the Library was altogether neutral in the matter.

Massachusetts State Law says that no collective bargaining unit may include professionals and non-professionals unless a majority of the professionals in the unit agree. The professionals at the Boston Public iJbrary evidently did not vote for the union so they are without a collective 4 bargaining aszeement, 11111-11Il 1 Agreement between the City of Boston and the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO, and Affiliates, effective July 5, 1967 (Library).

2Letter from Goners Rutkowski', Assistantto the Director, The Boston Public Library, September 9, 1968. 3Telephone conversation with Wears Rutkovskis, November 22, 1968. 4Ceorgo L. Gardiner, 'Collective Bargaining, Some Questions Asked." 87.

Tte Boston Public Library had its first union in May, 1918.

It was affiliated with the AFL but it did not last long and passed out of existence in a fewyears.' In 1938, the Boston Library Club wee formed, at a time win many employees were receiving $12 a week. Lynn Aschbrenner, reporting in an AFSCMI' pamphlet said that three months after the formation of the club a $20 weekly minimum way was established. In 1943 this group became Loci. 731 of AFSCME, and in June 1944, the report continues, employees of Boston Fubae got their regular step rate increases, the ease as other city employees.2

1965 wittesaed a rather unusual development in Massachusattc when a state law was passed under which government employees could orgellize for collective bargaining, and requiring City Councils and Town Meetings to pay the bills arising out of any agreementsreached.3 This is ti.e low under which the Mayor of Boston recognized the AFL, Z.

MICHIGAN

Grand Rapids rLiliciamm

This library gave birth to a union inSeptember 1937, and it

4 died in September 1938.

It would seem, however, that unionization in the 14brary at

Grand Rapids is not altogether dead. The Director of the Library,

Donald W. Kohletedt wee "happy to state that our staff have not elected to seek a bargaining agent or unionization despite three exposures and

1Bernard Berelson, "Library Unionization."

2Lynn Aschbrenner, li.blIrli.en, copyright November 1944 by AFSOME,AFL.

3K. E. Nyren, "Libraries and Labor Unions."

4Erik J. Spicer, Trade Unions in Libraries.

92 88. pressure from the local of the State and Municipal Employees tulion41

So there is some definite union activity here and this will be followed up.

MINNESOTA

Minneapolis Public Library

The Minneapolis Public Library Professional Employees,

Local 211 affiliated with District Council 3, American Federation of

State, County and Municipal Employees, AFL-C10. Clerical, bindery and janitorial staff members are organized as Local 99 of DC 3, AFSCME.2

There is also a Municipal Employees Union and the library deals with various building trades :nions and teamsters.A dues check-off

3 system is in force. About 60% of the 85 professional librarians are

4 46abrrs of local 211. All professional librarians and student trainees

5 are eltgible for membership except the Director an- Associate Director.

There is a long history of close cooperation between the

6 library and the union although there is no formal contract. For example, cne delegate from each of the AFSCME locals is allowed library time for attendance at a library Board meeting. The fact that lillrary time is

'Note from Donald W. Kohlstedt, Director, Grand Rapids Public Library, undated and received August, 1968.

hotter from Mary L. Dyar, Associate Directc., Minneapolis Public Library, October 31, 1968. Letter from Robert Meyer, International Union Representative, A/SCME, AFL-CIO, St. Paul, October 1, 1968.

3Letter from Ervin J. Caine, iDirector, Minneapolis Public Library, October 29, 19E8. 4 Telephone conversation with Leonard J. Pignatello, President, NAnneapolia Public Library Professional Employees Local 211, November 5, 19(8.

Stetter from Leonard J. Pignatello, November 7, 1968.

6Letter from Mary L. Dyer, October 21, 1968.

93 89.

granted to a professirnal for this purpose is not significant - these

people are hardly on a factory belt - but it is altogether meaningful

that the union is represented at Board meetings,. In addition, the

business agent of AFSCHF is notified of library Board meetings as well

as of selected Board committee meetings and the administration meets with the business agent plus some union members to discuss proposals

that the administration will bring to the Library Board.The business agent is free to make representations to the Library Board as lie witelFA,

either in support of or disagreement with administration proposals.

It all sounds too good and, anyway, why isn't them a collective bargaining agreement?

The Associate Director at the Library says that "relationshfpa with the union have generally been workable without a contract." :eta also offered the possibility that some people are in the unionfibecause

they think they have oome loyalty to other librarians on the staff but

they just don't have a whole lot of conviction about the union.2

Actually, however, there just isn't as much sweetness and I13ht in the place as we would be led to expect from the history of close cooperation between the administration and the union.The union

President says that relationships are not what they were "and now it .s the usual nip and tuck."3 There must be something because in his reply to my inquiry on unionikation in the library, the Library Director mentioned the name of the librarians union and gave the whole matter the

4 cncs over liettly. The union head says that "collective bargaining

agreeeents are at the top of my list . . . I'd like us to go into a

1 Letter from Eery L. Dyer, October 31,'68.

2 Telephone conversation with Mary L. Dyer, November 4, 1968. 3 Telephone conversation with Leonard J. Pignatello, November 5, 194. 4 Letter from Ervin J. Gaines, October 29, 1968. 94 90. contract because any informal verbal agreement is worthless."1 But he

faces some problems.

State law here does not require the Library to enter into a collective bargaining contract with a union and Leonard Pignatellu, the union hee:., thinks he would need the enabling legislation.How about presserine the Library to enter iato a contract anyway? Well, there's

some doubt as regards the true strength of the librarians union deeeite

the majority membership. In 1955, for example, there were 155 librarians employed in the library and tocay there are only 85. When the local wan chartered in 1947 every one of the librarians was in the union and at,w

are represented by 807.. The average age grouping among the professionals is "way up in the 40s" and u sisea'ele group of charter members may well be retiring in the a xt five ),?...19.2 There would, therefore, seem to some doubt as to whether sufficient strength could be mustered among thl librarians to force collective bargaining on the library without enabl!.;-.3 legislation. There is also soma reason to believe that in view of the declining membership the international might not be altogether anxious to provide the small and independent local with the support required to force anything at all.One of these days 211 may staply have to amalgamate wit%

99 which includes the clericals and other personnel and then there ought to be a new ball game.

The history of union activity here goes back to about 1947.3

The first reference in the literature to a union of librarians in 4 Minneapolis is In the report of the Library Unions Round Table in 1947.

1Telephone conversation with Lcuis J. Pignatello, November5,lc.'63.

2 Ibid.

ketter from Mary L.Vyar, October 21, 1968. 4 ALA Bulletin, XLL (September 15, 1947), 77 81. 91.

At the time City Hall in Minneapolis was 100% union oriented and the

librarians finally got it through their heads that in order to protect

their interests they had better organize.'Locals 99 and 211 were set

up separately because librarians are in the unclassified service and clerks

and janitors are in the classified service. The two unions which were set up separocely for technical reasons now continue separately because of

"tradition"2The man who subsequently became Director of the Library was one of the charter members of the union.3That's one reason, per-

haps, -My there was a close and cooperat.ve relationship between the Imion and the administration - although it could have developed just the other way.

Spicer, writing in 1959, says that employees of the Minneapolis

Public Library secured benefits "but only at the expense of other budgetary items as adequate funds were not readily available." He points

out that there were gains in real wages beyond cost of living increases.

The things of importance that were gained included the establishment of

the five days week and compensation for overtime at the rate of time and a half.4

prom what Spicer says this union was moving ahead. It seems to have been among the first to "participate in elements of administration usually reserved for management as for example, the professional union's

reclassification of their own staff."Spicer added: "The opening of an

additional channel of communication through union representation at

Library Board meetings was a dtstinct ,;'d to administration decision making. The staff union as a group made real contributions to the

1Telephone conversation with Mary L. Dyer, November 4, 1968.

2 Telephone conversation with Louis Pt-paten°, November 5, 1968.

3 Tellphone conversation with Mary L. Dyer, November 4, 1968.

4 Erik J. Spicer, Trr.de Unions in Librarics.

9 1') 92. campaigns for increased funds for the library by donations and personal contacts. No evidence was presented which indicated union policy war concerned with the public interest in the efficient and economical operation of the library." If such r:vidence w(re presented theh would probably have questioned the right of the union to participate in elements of administration. I'm afraid that fpicer was clearly one of

1 those who could not make up his mind about the role of the union.

The Saint Paul Public Library

Some of the staffers are memberr of the City and County Emplores

Union Local 8 of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal

Employees, APL-CIO, but no information has been obtained regarding the number of librarians who might be members. Some of the professional employees at the library, however, do belong to the Profesoional Employees

Association which represents all professional employees in the City of

2 St. Paul.

NEW YORK

Buffalo and Erie County Public Library

The Librarians Association of the Buffalo and Erie County Public

Library is playing the role of a union - and with strength. Joseph B.

Rounds, the Library Director, said that the Library has been deeply involved in matters "concerning the activities of the Buffalo and Erie

County Public Library staff or Board of Trustees in regard to the organization of collective bargaining."Many questions, he said, are unresolved

1 Erik J.;pacer, Trede Unions in Libraries.

2 Letter from Archer J. Eggen, Director, Saint Paul Public Library, August 23, 1968.

9.1 93.

and may have to be determined by the courts.1 There are 130 librarians in

the library system.

The Association began budgetary negotiations with the Board limiting

itself to salaries and educational incentives in order to allow sufficient

time for the library to submit a supplemental budget to the County Budget

Director. Initial agreement was reached on salary increases ranging from

17% to 24%, and educational reimburseitenta for courses related to the

library assignments of the ;.ndividuals involved.

Since the County did not seek a temporary injUnction, although suit vas brought by the County 'u enjoin the Library Board and the Association

continuing negotiations, and this matter is still in the courts, budgetary

negotiations were completed and a supplemental budget request was submitted. 2 Von-budgetary items are to be negotiated soon.

Briefly, on July 29, 1968, the Board of Trustees of the Library

voted to recognize and bargain with the Librarians' Association, thus,

technically, setting itself up as employer and bargaining power fo: the 3 library. This decision was taken in opposition to the County officialn

,rho feet there should be only three bargaining agents in the County, one

lor the teachers, one for the Sheriff's Department and a third for all other

1Letter from Joseph B. Rounds, Director, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library, August 15, 1968.

2 Letter from Wallace MOM, Chairman, Librarians' Association of the duffel° and Erie County Public Library, October 30,1968.

3 Buffalo Evening News, July 30,1968. This is a line of reasoning somewhat akin to what we have in Massachusetts where, technically, the 1965 State law referred to in the report on the Boston Public Library, provides for collective bargaining and requires City Councils and Town Meetings to pay the bill arising out of any agremonts reached. In Massachusetts, therefore, some Library Boards set up their staffs as organizatious to be bargained with .ollectively, reached agreements and presented the fiscal authorities with the agreement and the request to foot the bill.

'9E) 94.

Countyemployees.' On September 26th, therefore, the Erie County Government started a lawsuit to pL-event the Board of Trustees of the Library from negotiating with or entering into contracts with the library employees.

The Board of Trustees contends that it is the employer of library workers and tha.t it has recognized theiirariane/ Association as the negotiating

2 agent under the Taylor Act in New York State. The question, of course, is whether the County or the Library Board of Trustees is the "proper public employer" for collective bargaining purposes. The Library gets its financial support fromtbe County and it is administered by the Board of

3 T.:uotees.

1Cotllpc. relit(Buffalo), July 30,1968.

2 Letter from Wallace Nan, October 30,1968.

3Courier Express,September 27, 1968.

9J 95.

There is a short ,ad interesting history attached to this entire development provided by Wallace Mohn, Chairmanof the Librarians' Association.'

In July, 1968, a group of librarians in the system formed an Ad Hoc committee to explore the advisability of establishing a union, a professional associa-

tion, or both. While this was going on the County Executive recognized

the American Federation of Teachers to represent the local two year community college, the Badge and Shield Club to represent the Sheriff's

Department, and the Civil Service Employees Association to represent all other County employees (about 6,000).

The librarians, after consulting an attorney, decided not to

affiliate .with any union organization, one reason evidently being that many of the librarians wanted their organization to concern itself with vofessional matters as well as with bargaining activities. (Here, of course, lie burled the seeds of a real problem; the difficulty librarians have in bargaining for more money because of the services they perform without rationalizing the entiro process on the basis of improving the

2rofession and providing better library service.) Signatures were o'-)tained from 147 librarians representing 829E of the system. The

L:brarianal Association then addressed itself to the Board of Trustees

the Library, not to the County, recognizing 'Ale Board as the employer of the librarians. The Association and the Board believe that the Board

administrative powers and that all Boards of Trustees of all Public

Libraries in New York chartered ea educational institutions c ,ht to fmction administratively.

The Board granted recognition to the Association and advised the County Executive, explaining its interpretation of the charter and that even though the Hoard was not fiscally independent it had the right

'Letterfrom Wallace !Sohn, October 30, 1968.

'100 ;6. to negotiate with the Librarians Associatim. The Association then began budgetary negotiations with the Board as regards salaries avd educational incentives,

The County brolight suit in the Supreme Court to enjoin the

Board and the Association from conducting negotiations.The Association petitioned the New York State Putlic Employment Relations Board for recognition but the PERB felt the matter should first be decided in the courts. Briefs are now being written and the case is in the courts.

The Librarians' Association plans soon to negotiate non-budgetary items.

The Association has 126 members and if the court finds a20.4.1,t the Association it plans to appeal,

OHIO

Cleveland Public Library

The Cleveland Public Library Union, Local 1054, American reds:ra- tion of State, County and Municipal Employees, APL-CIO, which include; both professional and other staff members, is the active union in Cleveland.

In additic., there is a lively Cleveland Public Library Staff Associstien.

Despite all this activity, however, no collective bargaining agent hail berm recognized by the Library Board nor has there been any election held the designation of such an agent, and chete has been no signiug of check-off cards.' It is important to note, however, that represm:e- three of both organizations have been called in to attend meetings of the

Board for the purpose of budget preparations and to discuss salary needs.

The Library suggests that no collective bargaining agent has been designate( because there are the two evidently active organizations in existence

1 Letter from Edward A. DIAllesandrio, Deputy Director, Cleveland Public Library, August 22, 1969.

' 1 97.

sharing the staff and it is likely that neither of the organizations

1 has a majority of the staff.

Unionization at the Cleveland Public Library and, indeed, cooperation between the Library administration and union goes back at

least thirty years. The first Cleveland union was chartered in May

1937 as a local of AFSCME, APL, but in August it, moved to the State,

2 County and Municipal Workers of America, CIO. The invaluable

C.P.L. Union Neva which seems to have acted as a clearing house for

Library union information during this period (perhaps the CU Voice will carry this forward), carried an item in its January 1938 edition then the employees of the Cleveland Public Library had organized and won

3 recognition from the library administration. This was a chapter of

Local 48 of SCHWA and largely due to the efforts of this union at the

time the library budget for 1938 was $120,000 greater than in 1937 and the union claimed that this entire sum would be used for library salary 4 increaees.

Having regard for the times, the agreement that was then rode with the Librarian, Linda Eastman, was one of };rear enlightenment. provided for once-a-month meetings of the Libsarian, her assistant and a

five merber union committee; permission for the union to post notices cn

the bulletin boards, no discrimination against employees because of race, creed, political or union affiliation; and right of hearing with a en!xn committee in case of dismissal, suspension, reduction in grade or pay, or

transfer of any worker!This was thirty years ago. Sore librarians

'Letter from Edward A. DIAllcsandrio, September 17, 1968.

2Bernard Berelson, "Library Urionization," The Library Quarterlz, IX (October, 1939), 477-510.

3 C.P.L. Union News, It (Jar.Jary, 1938). 4 C.P.L. Union Hews, II (March, 1938). '102, 98.

are still fighting for this and are far from it.When a new Librarian,

Charles E. Rush, was appointed, he received a committee from the union

1 and promised to meet with it regularly.

The union then obtained its own charter and was set up independent-

ly as Local 154 of the SOWA, CIO, aecorefag to the mimeograph sheet publiahad by the union on April 1, 1938.2 154 announced that it wanted

all library workers to be members and that it had the following objectives:

Definite assignment of duties in each grade; minimum salary of $1,200

annually for all full time employees; standard salary scale and scale of

increases; opportunity for advancement based on objective evaluation;

four weeks vacation; improvement of working conditions; extension of

democratic methods in the adminintration of the library.

This became one of the few unions (Milwaukee was another)

that was able to claim the support of organized labor and thus obtain

increased budgets.The union said that it was never faced by budget

trouble because of the support of Cleveland's organized workers.

During the.1941 budget hearings, for example, it claimed to have asked 3 for $65,000 for salary increases and got $63,000.

The situation inCleveland has been one of cooperation between

he library administration and the anion and this has tended to work well

for all concerned. In 1967 there was talk of merging the union and the

staff association but nothing happened.The union has mobilized the

force of labor to support library budgets and has conveyed to the administra-

tion the views of labor groups with regard to the provision of library

facilities. At the same time, in 1967, at least, the union disclaimed

IC.P. L. Union News, II (September, 1968). 2 Library Union News (Cleveland), April 1, 1968.

3 LURT, ALA Bulletin, XXXV (September, 1941), 119-23. 99. any role in the area of influencing policy and said that policy should be left to the Library Board of Trustees and to the administration.The

Union has, however, taken an interest in the appointment of trustees.'

WASHINGTON

Seattle Public Library

While our report from the Seattle Public Library states that there IA no activity on behalf of the personnel to organize a collective bargaining unit, note must be taken that there is a staff association with channels of communicatLn to the administration by means of a personnel committee, a salary committee and a representative who attends

2 all meetings of the Library Board. Since this staff association seem to engage more seriously in matters of staff welfare than most staff associations, which confine their activities to births, weddings, and deaths, this note iv included in this section of the report.

A state law passed by the 1967 Legislature permits public employee- to organize for collective bargaining. While the Director of the King Cour/ library System (Seattle) is sure that there will be more examples of bargaining in various municipalities and probably in library systems tol,

3 'We have made no preparations to date in case of such an eventuality."

1K.3. Nyrtn. "Librarians and Labor Unions."

2 Letter from Roman Mostar, Assistant Librarian and Head of Extension, Seattle public Library, August 28, 1968.

3 Letter Uom Herbert P. Hutschler, Director, King County Library System, August 20, 1968. 100.

University Libraries

Operating withUnions

University of California Library at Berkeley

The libraries here have been pioneers in the unionization of eniumity librarians as distinct from becoming part of a teachers union or the AAUF. As early as April 29, 1965, the librarians hese held a

general meeting to establish a library chapter of the Berkeley University

Teachers Local 1474 of the American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO. A

formal chapter was established on May 5, 1965 and officers were elected.'

The librarians are now organized Sr. their own local 1795 of the American

Federation of Teachers, with a new name, University Federation of

2 Librarians. When first formed thechapter lost no time in submitting certain points to the library administration, particularly with regard to the University's definition of academic status as applied to librarians.3

This subject appears to be uppermost in the minds of university librarians primarily because of the fact that almost every university has a different definition of the phrase.

Since 1965 the chapter has negotiated for wages, hours and workin& conditions, has cooperated with locals representing non-professional employees, has been fighting for new griel..nce machinery, has secured overtime pay rather than compensatory time off (a v ry big thing in library circles!), has been

.demanding the posting of job openings and a reduction in the 400.hour week 4 schedule for librarians who are required to work after 10:00 pm.

1Library Journal,XC (October 1, 1965), 4027-28.

2 Eldred Smith, "1.ibraries and Unions;the Berkeley Experience," Library_ Journal, XCIII(February 13, 1963),717..20.

3 Library Journal,XC (October 1, 1965), 4027-28. 4 Eldred Smith, "Libraries and Unions; the Berkeley Experience,"

'103 101.

The University Federation of Librarians has a publication,

CU Voice, which hopes to be a clearing house of information on the conditiidns of librarians throughout the wuntry.1 There are about 150 professional librarians on the staff at Berkeley and only these are eligible to join 1795.

43 are currently members. The University has refused a dues check-off system for this or any other union.2

The University Federation of Librarians submitted to the University

Librarian on August 12, 1968, a detailed libt of suggestions fled demands entitled Library Impro:iment Program, University of CaliforniaBerkeley.

'.his seems to be the standard all inclusive work on the subject! Dr. James Z.

Skipper, who assumed the position of University Librarian last summer, says that he has been working "very closely with members of our local unions and

:nave found that we are in agreement on practically all substantive issues.

There may be some differences as to how these goals are achieve,l, but this

3 remains to be seen."

The City University of New York

There is a union at the City University, a Librarians Chapter of the United Federation of College Teachers, AFL-CIO, which has been around for about five years.Another organization, not a union but concerned with salaries and working conditions, is the Legislative

:.onference which has been in existence for 38 years. Dues check-off cards are permitted. At the City College of the City University of rew York about 25% of the library staff belong to the Legislative Conference

1 Library Journal, XC (October 1, 1965), 4027-28.

Letter from Allan Covici, Editor, CU Voice, October 29, 1968. 3 Letter from James E. Skipper, University Librarian, University of california, Berkeley, Sevtember 6, 1968.

1106 102. and a similar percentage to the Lmioa.'

A third organization, and an important aile, is the Library

Association of the City University of New York (LACUNY) which fought hard for faculty stetu& for librarians, granted by the New York City Board of

Higher ECucatior. as of November 1, 1965. LACUNY continua to strive for improved working conditions but claims to be a 7rofessional staff organize- 2 tior rather than a union.

On December 4 and 5, 1968, elections will be held to determine whether the faculties of city University wish to be represented by the

Legislative Conference acting as a collective bargaining agent, by the

3 UFCT or by no organization. 4 According to Harold D. Jones, tn 1938 the Board of Higher Educe- tion ruled that librarians were mlembers of the instructional staff and voting members of the Library departments of their campuses. They were grouted the same opportunities for tenure, retirec,:mt, sabbaticals, sick leave and health benefits as were provided for other faculty members but they were tied to the traditional administrative clerical week of 35 hours except for 30 hours during the summer. In 1946 the Board of Higher

Education designated librarians as Lemberg of the faculties but this was never fully implemented. Librrrians were given titles of Assistant to

Librarian, Assistant Librarian and Librarian. The Director of the Budget of the City of New York held up promotions for liblay.ans and in 1962 LACUNY membership voted to ask for bona fide faculty titles through a change in the

1Letter from Philip W. Nesbeitt, General Reference Librarian, Tha City College of the City University of New York, October 29, 1968.

`Interview with Harold D. Jones, Assistant Professor, Brooklyn College Library of the City University of New October 30, 1968. 3 Letter from Harold D. Jones, October 4, 196E.

4Harold D. Jones, California Librarian, XXIX (July 1968), 204.

1 0 IC3.

laws eliminatin library ranks. This was supported by Chancellor ,Baker before

the Board of Hi3her Education and by December 1965 new titles and salaries were fixed and approved by the Uew York City Council.

The librarians still cork a 35 hour week and don't have a f0.1

summer vacation and holiday intersession periods. The teaching faculty,

of course, is paid on a nine-month basis and receives additional pay for

teaching during the Summer Session. Since the upgrading, the unton has been pressing for a number of additional benefits including the complete

ten weeks vacation, holiday and intersession periods and a thirty hour vaek.1

At the same time, LACUNY, which claims membership of about 955 of the professional staff in the libraries at the City University, is t.,:ging substantial increases in financial support for collections, the

appointment of a Dean of Libraries and further extension of faculty benefits to librarians.LACUNY wants all librarians to have a nine-month year, liberal time for attendance at conventions and meetings, time off for

7:asearch and a clerical staff ratio of 60% for professionals.2

Cnixersity of Pennsylvania

Local :740, composed of a number of library employees at the university of Pennsylvania, was formed as an affiliate of the American

I-J-leration of Teachc.ra early in 1967. This union contains both professional and non-professional personnel and they are ill after higher salaries which p-me being kept down because faculty wives are available for employment as are students at nearby Drexel Graduate School of Library Science.There is also snake indication here that the employees are seeking a voice in running .0.11,

'Letter from Philip L. Nesbeitt, October 29, 1968. 2 Library Journal, XCIII (April 1, 1968), 1400. 104.

1 the library.

Although Nyren says that it might be healthy for a badly administered library to have the union involved in administration and that

"it seems unlikely that this could be any threat to good administrators or sound administration," the fact is that a good and aggressive union must, as a matter of good administration, fight the administration of the lib7fary and make a point of seeking grievances in order to obtain increase(' benefits aad improved working cOnditions for the membership.That, after all, despite claims to the contrary, is the purpose of the union; not advice and guieance on how to improve library services.

Immi

IK. E. Nyren, "Libraries and Labor Unions."Library Journal, XCIi (March 1, 199) 952. 105.

Government Libraries

None of the State Libraries within the purview of 'his study has

a collective bargaining agreement with librarians although Oregon has a con-

tract awaiting signature. Most of the State Libraries simply said that

there has been no collective representation on behalf of their departments

and that they knew nothing about any unions among librarians in their depart-

meats. Even in those cases where State law specifically permits employees

to join unions and provides that collective bargaining units in State organi-

zations must be recognized under certain circumstances, the State Librarians

often wrote that they had no collective bargaining in their organizations

and, anyway, all of the people, professional and non-professional, are under

the State Civil Service system.Although in several cases I replied that

being under State Civil Service does not prevent anyonefrom joining a

union and demanding collective bargaining, I did not get a reply. Prom what

I have been able to ascertain, however, it seems clear that the Government

Libraries are not being pressed in any way by unionized librarians, at least

not to a degree to make it apparent.

For the purposes of this study, however, it may be helpful at

this point to review what union activity we have been able to pinpoint in the

Government Libraries and to review the legal status of collective bargaining

in those states where we know it, again within the purview of this paper.

STATE LIBRARIES;

Arizona Department of Library and Archives reports nothing done for

collective representatien.1

The California State Library reports no collective bargaining.2

Employees of the State of California have been epeoifieolly granted the

right to organize or join employee organizations for the purposes of rep-

1 Letter from Marguerite B. Cooley, Director, Department of Library eA Archives, Phoenix, Arizona, August 19, 1968.

2 Letter from Mars.) Carina L. Leigh, State Librarian, Sacramento, ugust 21, 1968. '110 106. resentation in all matters of employer-employee relations. The scope of

1 representation covers all matters including wages and working conditions.

There is no indication, however, that a uvernment body isrequired to enter into collective bargaining negotiations.

The Connecticut State Library personnel come under the Civil Service 2 end there has been no effort tr, organize a collective bargaining unit.

Some of the people at the Connecticut State Library are members of the

Connecticut State Employees Association which consists of over 22,000 State

3 employees, but there is no collective bargaining.

The Illinois State Library is also nut aware of the personnel of tha

Library undertaking any activity to organize a collective bargaining unit and that "many legal authorities would say that it is illegal for state employees to do so."

According to the Deputy State Librarian, there have been efforts froo time to time to pass legislation permitting collective bargaining by state employees but they have not paea'd.4 It occurs to me, however, that the real question is the type of legislation that was involved; that it might have

'seen always too difficult to put through legislation obliging state bodies to d'al collectively with organizations representing a majority of the employees of a specific unit. On the other hand there may be no objection to a state body voluntarily undertaking to deal with a collective bargaining unit.

1California Government Code, Sections 3500, 3504.

2Letter fron Walter Brehm, State Librarian, Hartford, Connecticut, August 21, 1968.

3 Letter from Louis D. Dcerschuck, Staff Representative, Connecticut State Employees Association, Hartford, Connecticut, October 3, 1968.

4 Letter from deLafayette Reid, Deputy State Librarian, Springfield, Illinois, lugust 21, 1968. 107.

Indiana State Librla reports no unions cr other agencies representing .

1 State employees.

Kentucky Department of Libraries advises no organization for

collective bargaining although there is a newly formed organization of

2 state employees which has not yet begun to function.

Ilichigan State Library is a Division of the Michigan State Department

3 of Education and staff members are under Civil Servit.e. Evidently no unions here.

New Jersey State Library's director is Roger H. McDonough, President of the American Library Association.He reported that he had had something

to say on the topic of collective representation when he spoke at Pratt 4 last spring, but that was the first I had heard of the lecture. There has

5 been no organisation for the establishment 3f a collective bargaining unit

in New Jersey although this may well change in view of the passage of Senate

Bill 824 called the "Nev Jersey Public Employment Relations Act (1968)." This

Act statesthat "it is the policy of the State to recognize the rights of

employees to form employees organizations and to nagutiate with their employers," and "that employers negotiate and enter into agreements with their employees over the terms and conditions of employment and other matters of mutual concern."6

Letter from MareelleK. Foote, Director, Indiana State Library, Iadianspolis, Indiana, ,eptember 6, 1968.

setter from Margaret Willis, State Librarian, Frankfort, Kentucky, September 9, 1968. 3 Letter from Francis X. Scannel, Michigan State Librarian, Lansing, Michigan, September 5, 1968.

4 Letter from Roger H. McDonough, Director, State Library, Trenton, Now Jersey, September 4, 1968.

5 Letter from Henry J. Michniewski, Coordinator, Public Libraries, LSCA, Public and Wool Library Services Bureau, State Library, Trenton, New Jersey, Sltember 4, 1)68. 6 State of New Jersey, Senate No. 824, Introduced June 3, 1968. '112 108.

So here we have the librarians and other public employees invited

to form collective bargaining agreements, and if they don't they are likely to

be stuck.

State Library of Ohio advises no activity to organize a collective

1 bargaining unit.

Oregon State Library, has actually negotiated a basic collective

2 bargaining contract with the Oregon State Employees Association. The Oregcn

Legislature authorized the establishment of collective bargaining by State

3 employees. The draft contract which at this writing in awaiting signature

4 the Association, is at hand and the following are some of the main points:

1. The Association is recognized as exclusive bargaining agent.

2. Bargaining unit consists of all classified employees of the Orecoa

Cate Library except the State Librarian and the Executive Assistant.

3. Grievance procedure here includes grievances not normally seen

such as an employee having the right to file a grievanc if he believe an in-

justice was done because of lack of departments ?. policy, a policy that is un-

fair, a deviation from yolicy or a misinterpretation of policy, a disagreeme711.

cith another employee o: supervisor, a discretionary action of the department:

in the application of the rules and regulations of the Civil Service CommisO.on.

The Association may represent or accompany the aggrieved employee in steps:

r) Employee with immediate supervisor; b) Employee to the Division Director;

c) Employee in writing to the Chairman of the Council of Division Directors;

d) State L..jrarian will prepare a written statement of har decision based on

1 Letterfrom Joseph F. Shubert, State Librarian, Co7umbus, Ohio, September 6,1968.

2 BasicCollective Bargaining Contract between the Oregon State Library andthe Oregon State Employees Association,

3 Letterfrom Eloise Ebert, State Librarian, Salem, Oregon, Septem- 1,.!,r 9, 1968.

4 Telephone conversation with Eloise Ebert, November 26, 1968. 109.

the report of the Council. Decision of the State Librarian is final al-

though an employee may appeal to the Civil Service Commission.

4. No strikes - no lockouts.

Nothing about wages, vacations, etc. Nothing about overtim, . All

of this, however, may be just a beginning for future negotiations.

Pennsylvania State Library is unaware of any activity by its per-

1 sonnel to organize a collective bargaining unit. Pennsylvania State Em-

ployeea Council, AFSCME, reports that it does not have any members from the

2 Pennsylvania State Library.

Washington State Library says that the employees have not "actively

requested organization of a collective bargaining unit."The Administrative

Officer of this library wrote: "Up to this time the emp1oyees have felt

that two factors have made it unnecessary to have a collective bargaining

unit. The first is administration of the Washington State Library agency

is such that scrupulous attention to fairness and opportunity is given to

each member of the staff. Secondly, those terns which are normally con-

sidered negotiable are generally a matter of Civil Service rules in the

Merit System Law." Both the Washington Federation of State Employees, AFL-C:.o,

end the Washington State Employees Association have made vigorous recruitment

efforts throughout State government. There is one professional librarian

who is a member of the Federation of State Employees, AFL-CI0.3

1 Letter from Ernest E. Doerschuk, Jr., State Librarian, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, September 6, 1968. 2 Note from Reuben H. Miller, President, Pennsylvania State Employ-

ces Council, APSCHE, AFL-CIO, Harrisburg, Fenasylvania, October 23, 1968.

ketters from Administrative Officer, Washington State Library, Olympia, Washington, October 2 and 15, 1968. p

114 110.

FEDERAL LIBRARIES:

For some reason not immediately fathomable, there is very little apparent union activity among librarians in Federal Government libraries,

let alone collective bargaining. The fact that many, if not most, of the library positions may come under civil service should not make that much of a difference. The one important factor governing this entire matt,e1. (except in the Library of Congress) is Executive Order 10988 issued bythe Presi- dent, January 17, 1962, entitled "Employee-Management Cooperation in t.le

Federal Service."This Executive Order sets forth the general policies which govern relations between management and those employee organifm.,_,:v;

that have as a major concern the terms of employment and working condis of their members, :19 follows:

1. Recognizes the right of Federal employees and employee c:gsni- rations to participate in the formulation and implementation of perecn:,n1 r :icier affecting them,

2. Provides status, recognition, and representation rights to employee organizations.

3. Establishes a system for orderly and constructive relati,,-

ships between employee organizations and agency management, and

4. Defines the respective rights and obligations of employee organizations and management officials.

The National Agricultural Library has no specific employee c:ganization for the purposes of collective bargaining. A number of professional

librarians are members of the Organization of Professional Employees in

1 the Department of Agriculture (OPEDA) but that is strictly a staff or-

1Letter from Patricia A. Condon, Acting Assistant Director, Program Coordination Services, National Agricultural Library, Washington, D. C., August 27, 1968.

'115 ganization and does not appear to act as a union.

Department of the Interior Library advised that some of the employees may be members of either the American Federation of Government Em- ployees or the National Federation of Federal Employees but there is no

1 certainty since "I don't feel it proper to inquire of them in this matter."

Department of State Library advised stuffily: "This Department is ;-,:t executive agency of the U.S. Government and the Library is staffed by Civil

Service employees (surpriec!). While there 1.8 a Upton of Government Em- ployees which any Civil Service employee may join on a voluntary basis, there is no exclusive union for library employees."2That's almost pure camp.

The Library of Congress does not operate under Executive Order 1098E in any dealings with its employees and it"hcs not entered into any written oz :eement or contract with any group for purposes of collective bargaining." nere is, however, a check-off system for the members of the Locals of the 3 UFFE and the AFGB as provided by law.

The Library of Congress is prepared to recognize almost any employee

:7ganization that does not discriminate with regard to membership because of

111e, creed, etc., does not advocate the overthrow by force of the United

States and maintains a continuous membership of not less than 50. Such a recognized organization may consult with Library officials on the formulation

Lai implementation of personnel and administrative policies and practices, mresent their members in grievance and e2peals matters, and may use deoignated bulletin boards.

'Letters from Erik Bromberg, Director of Library Services, United States Department of Interior, Washington, D. C., August 21 and September 18, 19.

2 Letter from Fred W.Shipman, Librarian, Department of State, Washington, D. C., August19, 1968. 3 Letter from Paul L.Berry,Acting Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C., August 30, 1968.

'116 112.

Grievances aad appeals may be presented by the organizational representative to the Head, Personnel Relations Section. An employee may have an employee organization represent him when a grievance or administrative action is appealed to a Board.'

None of this goes very far at all but it is evidently more than

VA have in most other government libraries,

This is another case of a long history of unionization, beginning with SeptemSer 1917, but this is the only instance where a union in a library has existtd almost continuously since it was organized more than flfty years

2 ago.

According to Berelson, the first union at the Library of Congress was s branch of Federal Employees Union No. 2 which was organized at the inception of the National Federation of Federal Employees of the AFL in

1917 and affiliated with the AFL until 1932 when NFFE withdrew from the

AFL and continued as an independent labor organization. Since, however, some members wanted to continue with AFL they organized later in the year the American Federation of Government Employees, AFL, with which a library union was affiliated and it attracted many members from the NFFE local.

In 2936 thisFL local, which was No. 18, had a membership of ove? 100 but it broke up in June 1937. Some of the members then joined the NFFE and some joined the new CIO union which was organized in August 1937. Both these unions, the NPFS and the CIO remained active in the Library of Congress, the formor more conservative than the latter in 1939 when Berelson reported sx-, this.

Again, according to Berelson, the older union, functioning since

1L.Quincy Mumford, Librarian of Congress, Memorandum to staff re "Eaployee Organizations in the Library of Congress," April 16, 1963.

8 Bernard Berelson, "Library Unionization." 113.

1917, was known as Federal Employees Union No. 626 of NFFE. The other one was known in 1939 as Local 28, Library of Congress, United Federal

Workers of America (CIO). Back in 1939 this union was just tolerated by the library administration and the Chief Librarian refused to discuss union

1 proposals. The CIC union, however, sent a representative to LURT in 1941.

And now, as indicated above, we're back to locals of the NFFE and the American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO.

Smithsonian Institution Libraries reports no knowledge of any activity rn behalf of the personnel of the Libraries to organize a collective bar-

Raining unit. Here again, moat of the staff members are Civil Service and, it is pointed out, "moat of the professional staff members are active in professional organizations such as S.L.A., A.L.A., A.S.I.S., etc."The

Smithsonian looks to the Federal Library Committee for assistance in solving problems others might take to a labor union."2

Veterans Administration Library Service has a good deal of union activity3under Executive Order 10988.

The Veterans Administration will accord exclusive reco2niticn to anemployee organizat4'n as the exclusiv: representative of the employees in an appropriate unit upon evidence that a majority of the eligible employees either belong to the organization or have indicated in writing that they scs-At to be represented by that organization. The regulations note, however, tn7t no unit shall be established which includes both professional and non- professional employees unless a majority of such professional employees

1 LURT, ALA Bulletin, (September, 1941), P119-23.

2 Letter from (tte.) Mary A. Huffer, Assistant Director, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington, D. C., November 7, 196f.

3 Letter from Henry J. Gartland, Director, Library Service, Veterans Administration, Washington, D. C.,-August 20, 1968. 314. vote by secret ballot for inclusion in such unit. When an employee organization is recognized as the exclusive representative it is entitled to act

for and to negotiate agreements covering all employees in the mit.The

1 authority for entering an agreement comes from Executive Order 10988.

With all this, however, it is apparent that the librarians at

V. A. have not undertaken to organize a separate organization for collective: bargaining.

National Library of Medicine reports no activity to organize a

'-ollective bargaining unit and the Deputy Director is "not aware of any proposed effort in this regard. Some employees mi.:y belong to one of the several

Federal employee unions but we have no way of knowing this." There cannot be very much activity its germs of union membership here otherwise the library woult:, have to deduct dues and would certainly know mote than it is letting

'Veterans Administration Personnel Policy Manual VP-5, Chapter 20, Employee Organization.

2Letter from Scott Adams, Deputy Director, National Library of Fedicine, Bethesda, Maryland, September 13, 1968. 115.

Libraries Where Uaiona

Have Passed out of Existence

CEORGIA

Atlanta Public Library

A pamphlet published by tie American Federation of State,

County and Municipal nmployees, AFL, in November 1944, referred to

Chapter 8 of Local 4, AFSC1d, as having been organized in Atlanta 4.

1 library employees. In 1947 the Library Unions Rcund Table referred

2 in passing to the existence of a nus.ion in the Atlanta Public Library."

The point is made in the AFSCM3 report that with the support of the

Atlence Federation of Trades a flat 10% increase was granted all city employees including library staff although there had not been a single salary increase for any member of the library staff for 14 years prior to 1940. Again, tNe report continued, in January 1944 an additional

5% increase was granted and the City Council war persuaded to adopt a schedule providing for automatic increases. The report and its tone would indicate that library employees were neither active nor effective in getting better salaries and that it was the overall labor movement in Atlanta that succeeded in getting across-the-board increases which, incidentally, benefited the librarians.

The Atlanta Public Library says it has no record on file re- gardi:Ag Chapter 8 of Local 4 AFSCME. ne! Assistant Director of the

Llbvat!, however, who was employed at the Library at the time, recalls that the union was organized in 1942 an4 that there were eight members at the time. None of these people are now employed.Most of them retired and the others resigned.3

1 Lynn Aschbrenner, li.brarli:an, c.November 1944. 2 A.L.A. Bulletin, XLI (September 15, 1947), 77-81. 3 Letter from Mary Louise Rheay, Assistant Director, Atlanta Publ': Library, October 30, 1968. 116.

Today, the staff of the Atlanta Public Library is not organized

1 nor is it involved in collective bargaining."

MICHIGAN atyne Countyjet.:ated Library System (Wayne, Michigan)

There is no local union in this library system at the present 2 time. But there was a union known as Library Local 771 of the Wayne 3 County AFSCME in 1943 or 1944. This union lasted until about 1964 or

1965 when the local disbanded because the Central Labor body approved a policy requesting a raise in fringe benefits rather than a straight murey raise. According to Walter H. Kaiser, the County Librarian who dealt with the union during most of its existence, many of the female librarians, being unmarried or without family, withdrew from the union and it has not been activated since.

This year for the first time a union organizer has indicated a willingness to form another local at the library and all information has been passed to the full staff with the comment of the County Librarian that he thought organization "would be a good thing for the staff in the long if not in the short run." But nothing has happened; the staff has not followed through. It may be that the staff members want to save union dues; they may be altogether satisfied; or they believe they will get the advantage of any general labor agreements reached anyway.This year, as a matter of fact, the non-union represented employees of the county will receive the same contractual benefits as the organized employees.

The Wayne County Labor Relations Board signed a contract with

sw=bamow

1 Letter from Mary Louise Rheay, Assistant Ditqctor, October 3,%'63.

2 Letter from Walter H. Kaiser, County Librarian, August 26, 1960.

3 Lynn Aschbrenner, li.brarii:an, c.November 1944.

1 117.

several unions and the contract was approved by the legislative and

appropriating body, but most of the professional groups are not organized

nor do they bargain under unionauspices.' This is a case where it seems

clear that the librarians just don't want a union. Salaries are good, in

comparison it what is going on elsewhere:A beginning librarian starts

at $7,832 and moves to $9,032.A so-called LibiArian VI starts at

$14,P)96 and moves to $16,256. The County Librarian minimum is $19,120

and his maximum i.e $22,000.

MONTANA

Butte Public Library,

This one is always mentioned in library union reports and is

incleded here to prove that we have read the literature. The Butte 2 union was supposed to be the grand - daddy of them all and, indeed, that

is its single claim to fame.Anyway - the union was formed in Butte

on January 11, 1934 because cf the threat that thelibrary might be

closed due to lack of funds. The idea, in this strong union town, wls

to get organized labor actively involved to solve the problem of the

library. Some of the library people wrote to the AFL, they got a

federal charter, and Number 19178 was in operation.

It seems that by January 1937 the union was still in existe.ce

because Elizabeth McDonald noted that the union sent its representaties

3 regularly each week to the Central Trades Council. 4 The library was kept open, the debts were cleared, the building

1 Letter from Walter H. Kaiser, August 25, 1968. Ho sounds disappointed. 2 Elizabeth McDonald, "Number 19178," Pacific Northwest Library Association Quarterly, I (January, 1937), 24-25. The author referred to the union as "the first librarians union." 3 1120 . 4 Erik J. Spicer, "Trade Unions in Libraries." 118. was cleaned and the raisons d'etre for the union at the time were ful-

filled since in this case the union was not formed to benefit the employees of the institution.

NEW JERSEY

The Public Library_of Newark New Jersey,

None of the librarians on the staff are now members of a

1 union, according tt, the Deputy Director. There is, however, a short union history to be noted.

A staff association was organized about 1935 and was in existence until 1965.Membership in the Staff Association ranged from 30% to 80% of the staff. In 1940 a union 'as organized, affiliated first with AFL and later with CIO with about 8% or 10% of the staff r.a members. It disbanded in 1953.No elections, however, were ever 2 for the designation of a collective bargaining agent.

1Letter from Bernard Schein, Deputy Director, September 9, 1968

2 Letter from Bernard Schein, August 16, 1968.

123 119.

Public Libraries

With Hon-Professional Unions Only

NEW YORK

Ramapo Catskill Library System

At the headquarters of the Ramapo Catskill Library System in

Middletown the non-professional staff has established an independent bargaining

unit which has been meeting with the administration. The professionals, how-

1 ever, have not organized. The Board of Trustees recently took action on

the requests of the Non-professional Employees Organization, and the profeseca-

al staff. "seems a bit annoyed by the results of the collective bargaining. .

2 It may change its mind and decide to organize."

Rochester Public Library

There is neither a librarians union nor are the librarians coverei

by any larger union. The only unionized library personnel at the Rochester

Public Library are about 40 people in the "labor" class covered by AFSCME, 3 APL-CIO general city contract. Under the terms of the union contract with

the City of Rochester, the "Prohibited Category" (those who may not join the

union) includes all professional personnel outside the bargaining jurisdiction 4 of the union. The retort in the ALA Bulletin for September, 1968, prepared

Ley George L. Gardiner, indicating that library employees are in the union is 5 cicrect only in so Car as it involves labor class people and not librarians.

'Letter from Eleanor C. Harris, Director, Ramapo Catskill Library System, Middletown, August 21, 1968.

2 Letter from Eleanor C. Harris, September 18, 1968. 3 Handwritten note from Harold Hacker, Director, Rochester Public Library, August 1968. 4 Letter from Mary E. Cashman, Personnel Officer. Rochester Public Library, e:tober 23, 1968.

5 Telephone conversation with Mary E. Cashman, October 25, 1968.

'124 120.

The contract between the City of Rochester and the union notes that the

"prohibited" group includes all employees in the exempt class and in the unclassified civil service and all professional personnel and supervisory

1 personnel above the level of working foreman.

While librarians are not in the union they do benefit from percentage salary increases and other benefits negotiated by the union.

OREGON

Library Association of Portland

There has been no movement to form a collective bargaining unit among professionallibrarians2 despite the State Law passed by the 1967

Legislature which permits public employees to organize collective bargaining units. The Librarian said that there has been no indication of the possibility of the organization of a bargaining unit on the part of the professional staff although "an administrator is often the last to hear of

3 activity."

Negotiatio are, however, in progress in regard to pages, a!ld junior and senior clerks, with the Professional Technical and office

Employees Union, Local 011, affiliated with Office and Professional

Employees Union, AFL-CIO. The Library also has aninformal agreement with the bindery employees who are members of the Bookbinders and Bindery

Workers Union, Local 90-113, and an agreement with the Building gervice

Employees Union, Local 49.

1Telephone conversation with Mary E. Cashman, October 25, 1968.

2 Letter from Mary E. Phillips, Librarian, Library Association of Portland, September 3, 1968.

3 Letter from Mary E. Phillips, September 27, 1968.

125 121.

University Libraries

In so far as the status of librarians is concerned, the university libraries are a jungle.Very few university librarians belong to unions that seek to bargain collectively. Some belong to the tmerican Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO, but not necessarily as librarians. Some are members cf the American Association of University Professors, but that depends on their statue at the university. Others are members of staff organizations

which come very close to being unions .

One of the problems here seems to be the desire on the part of many librarians to achieve integration with the tt'aching faculty.Sometimes, in view of all this striving for integration with teachers, one may wonder whether the librarians suffer a pathetic inferiority complex. In this connection, careful consideration should be given to whether a large university library shouldn't be regarded as a completely separate academic unit end its staff treated accordingly.

As things stand now, librarians at universities hold every kind of rank from clerical to full professorship.Faculty status, for example, is

-suite beyond definition and means different things in different libraries.

Similar terminology is used throughout the university libraries but the definitions are different in each case and often unclear. Charting the starva

f librarians in different universities wouldn't mean a thing because all

At might mean at one university is that a librarian with faculty status has the right to faculty parking while at another it ow give him the title,

:alary and all perquisites of a teacher.

It is also quite clear that in the existing jungle of university librarianship there is no relationship whatever between the status or lack of status of professional librarians and the incidance of unions.

At this print, therefore, it would be best to note the information

'126 122. obtained from university libraries on the status of librarians.

University of Alabama

Academic rank, with titles equivalent to teachers, and all 1 privileges including sabbatical leaves.

Arizona State University, Tempe

Faculty rank for the University Librarian. Other members of the 2 professional staff have faculty status.

The University of Arizona, Tucson

Faculty status; march in academic processions; may vote in faculty elections; mayrun for office in faculty organizations and eligible for membership on various faculty and university committees along with the 3 teaching faculty.

UniveSALLALIa0411212A112a2192

Academic employees with neither faculty status nor faculty ra-k. 4 Academic status currently is largely an administrative designation.

University of California, LW Angeles

Academic appointments, meaning they are eligible for membe:79hIp in

AAUP and in the Faculty Center Association at UCLA, and are invited to march in the academic procession at commencement. They do not hold faculty status or rank and are not eligible for membership in the Academic Senate net are they eligible for sabbatical leaves.5

1 Note from W. Stanley Hoole, Librarian, November, 1968.

2Letterfrom Alan D. Covey, University Librarian, November 6, 1968.

3Letter from Robert K. Johnson, University Librarian, November 7, 1968. 4 Letter from W. E. Went, Library Personnel Officer, November 22, 1968.

5 Letter from Page Ackerman, Associate University Librarian, November 26, 1968.

'12; 123.

University of Southern California Las Angeles

Faculty status.'

University of Colorado, Boulder

Integral part of university faculty with full rank, teaching 2 titles and all perquisites.

University of Denver

3 Faculty rank and status same basis as teaching staff.

Wesleyan University, Middletown

Head Librarian holds rank of Professor and has voting privileps.

The Assistant Librarian and the Associate Librarian hold faculty stave ',ut cannot vote. Rest of staff have faculty social privileges and receive, as do the university faculty, a contribution of 157. towards retirement in the

4 TIAA.

Yale University., New Haven

No faculty rank, but moat faculty benefits including TIAA, in- 5 surance at group rates and members in the Yale Faculty Club.

University of Miami, Coral Cables

Faculty rank. Participate in the faculty senate, serve wit% the

1 Letter from (HLes)Gleria Valdes, Secretary to the Librarian, November 5, 1968. 2 Letter from Leo W. Cabell, Assistant Director for Public Services, September 6, 1968.

3 Letter from Melvin J. Klatt, Acting Director of Libraries, November 8, 1968. 4 Note from Wyman W. Parker, Librarian, October 30, 1966.

Lotter from F. Bernice Field, Associate Librarian for Technical Services, November 21, 1968.

'128 124.

1 faculty on all committees, earn tenure as do other faculty members.

The Florida State University, Tallahassee 2 Faculty rank.

The University of Georgia, Athens 3 Faculty rank and faculty status.

GemilItiatitute of Technology, Atlanta

Faculty status with faculty rank. Employed on a 12 month basis whereas teaching faculty employed on nine month basis. Librarians do not receive the same salaries as teachers but have faculty privileges (i.e.

tenure, retirement, insurance). One sabbatical leave has been granted vIch 4 full pay for one year.

University of Southern Illinois Carbondale

Faculty status with academic rank. Sabbaticals, personal research 5 grants, health and retirement benefits, etc.

University of Chicago 6 Academic appointments, which do not carry faculty rank or status.

Northwestern University, Evanston

No formal academic status except in a few cases. Associate

University Librarian holds rank of Assistant Professor, the Medical Librariar

1 Note from Archie L. McNeal, Director of Libraries, November 15, 1968. 2 Note from N. Orwin Rush, Director, November, 1968. 3 Letter from Evelyn Fritz, Associate Director for Technical Processes, November 5, 1968. 4 Letter from Mrs. J. Henley Crosland, Director of Libraries, November 6, 1968. 5 Letter from Ralph E. McCoy, Director of Libraries, September 9, 1968 6 Letter from Iris Byler, Personnel Librarian, November 6, 1968.

123 125.

is Professor of Medical Bibliography and the University Librarian holds

Professorial appointment. Salary levels for librarians somewhat lower than

for teaching facultr. Otherwise librarians have all the hard perquisites

1 that the teaching faculty enjoy.

University of Illinois, Urba^a

2 Full ecademic status.

Indiana University, Bloomington

Academic appointment. Some have faculty rank and all have 2oculty 3 status including fringe benefits, but librarians are on 12 month stotur.

PuqaLICLTUELM11fTd112. 4 Full faculty rank.

University of Notre Dame

Faculty status but not equivalent faculty rank. Same prives 5 and benefits as the teaching faculty with the exception of tenure.

Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames 6 Academic rank of instructor or higher.

1 Letter from Thomas R. Buckman, University Librarian, November 11, 1968. 2 Letter from R. B. Downs, Dean of Library Administration, Septee)er. 16, 1968. 3 Letter from Jane O. Flener, Assistant Director, November 5, 1'6C. 4 Letter from John H. Moriarty, Director of Libraries and Audio- Visual Center, September 7, 1968.

5 Letter from (Rev.) James W. Simonson, C.S.C., Director of Libraries, November 4, 1968. 6 Letter from Warren B. Kuhn, Director, November 4, 1968.

'130 126.

University of Iowa, Iowa City

1 Faculty status.

University of Kansas, Lawrence

Faculty rank but not professional titles. Librarians' salaries lag a little behind comparable salaries in the academic departments, but in other

2 respects (tenure, sabbaticals, parking, etc.) their status is comparable.

University of Kentucky,Lexington

Faculty status with rank of Librarian. Titles are equivalent to

the four teaching titles and perquisites of the four grades are exactly com-

3 parable to those of the teaching faculty. Salaries are not the same.

The Johns Kopkins University, Baltimore

Librarians are in the Administrative Officers and Professional categories. They enjoy many of the privileges reserved for faculty (insurance,

,retirement benefits, contributions from the University toward college education of their children, etc.) but they are not automatically granted sabbaticals 4 or nine month contracts, both of which are granted to faculty. university of Mryland, College Park

No faculty status or rank excepting the Director, the head of the

;lealth and Sciences Library and the Coordinator of Reference Services.However, 5 salaries are tied to the various faculty ranks, but not precisely.

:".:.Jrvard University, Cambridge

Librarians hold Corporation appointments as officers of administration.

/Letter from Leslie W. DJnlap, Director of Libraries, September 13, 1968.

2 Letter from David W. Heron, Director, November 5, 1968.

3 Letter from Harold D. Cordon, Acting Director, November 7, ,.$8.

4Lettsrfrom John H. Berthel, Librarian, November 4, 1968. 5 Letter from Robert M. Pierson, Assistant Director of Libraries ftx Administration, November 5, 1968.

131 127.

They do not hold faculty rank except for the Director of the Library who is a Professor rather than a Librarian (f). There is no corelation between

Librarian and faculty titles, and very little corelation as regards salaries.'

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

Faculty status, i.e. in pension fund membership, in faculty club, retirement, insurance, etc. But no rank and no right to attend faculty meetings except for the Director and two Associate Directors. No faculty 2 rank or titles.

The UhivelliaAiikttigEILA111itta

Academic status, not faculty status.65 of the staff (three upper grades) are members of the University Senate. Everyone earning $10,000 or 3 more has the same retirement system as the faculty.

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Academic nppointmenta with same salary floors and fringe benefits as the teaching faculty.4

Washington University, St. Louis

Academic status. They are not members of the faculty and have 5 no faculty rank.

The University_of Nebra2kei_ Lincoln

6 Faculty status.

1 Letter from Anthony Greco, Associate University Librarian, November 5, 1968.

2 Note from William N. Locke, Director of Libraries, November 1968. 3 Letter from Frederick H. Wagman, Director, November 4, 1968.

4Letter fromE. 8. Stanford, Director of Libraries, September 9, 1968.

Note from Andrew J. Eaton, Director of Libraries, October 30, 1968. 6 Letter from James M. Robbins, Staff Association President, September 19, 1968.

1138 128.

Dartmouth College, Hanover

The Librarian has full faculty rank; the Assistant Librarians

have faculty rank but without a vote; all others carried as administrative

officers and entitled to faculty fringe benefits.1 ltutgeti,TItteltivrBrunswick

2 Full faculty statue.

State University of New York at Buffalo

Faculty status. However, Librarian titles, rather than professorial 3 rank, are retained.

Cornell University, Ithaca

Academic staff without faculty status or rank. Academic staff

appointments provide for coverage under the faculty retirement system, one

month vacation and some other minor benefits. It does not provide for

sabbatic leave although academic staff are eligible to apply for special

4 7aaves which could be on the same terms as sabbatic leave.

Columbia University in the City of New York

Faculty status providing privileges accruing to faculty members

ether than sabbatical and full summer vacation. There are no direct

5 f.quivalencies with faculty salaries.

New York University 6 Faculty status with equivalent ranks.

Note from Adelaide B. Lockhart, Assistant Librarian, November, 1968. 2 Letter from Norman D. Stevens, Associate Librarian for Public services, September 12, 1968.

3 Letter from Mary B. Cassata, Head, Reference Department, November 12, 1968. 4 Letter from J. Gorey Miller, Assistant Director, November 14, 1968. 5 Letter from (Mrs.) Helen M. Selesky, Assistant to the Director, November 8, 1968. 6 Letter from Paul von Khrum, Assistant Director, September 5, 1968.

'13 129.

University of Rochester

Librarians do not generally hold either faculty status or rank.

Both go with the two highest administrative positions.'

Syracuse University

Academic rank with some faculty privileges but with the exception

2 of the Director, they do not have faculty rank nor status.

The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Academic status which provides some but not all of the perqueites

of faculty. Salaries not exactly equivalent to faculty salaries. Lil),:erkens

are on 12 month contracts. No faculty rank but librarians eligible for

retirement system and insurance as faculty and are eligible for memberst.::.g

in the Faculty Club but not the Faculty Senate. They may apply for

research grants and leave, and they receive parking stickers.3

Duke University, Durham

Administrative-professional but several have professorial rank.

Librarians are eligible for the fringe benefits of the teaching facult: in-

( eluding hospitalization, retirement, university paid insurance, etc.

University of Cincinnati

Six members of the library staff have faculty rank and stetu5 cad

three others have faculty status.There is no relationship as to salary,

5 tenure and other things.

1 Letter from George R. Parks, Assistant Director of Libraries.

2 Letter from Elizabeth S. Newlove, Aesistant Director of Libraries, November 6, 1968.

3 Letter from Ctifton Brock, Acting Associate University Librarian, October 31, 1968. 4 Letter from B. E. Powell, University Librarian, hovember 11, 1953.

5 Letter from Arthur T. Hamlin, University Librarian, November 15, 1968.

'134 130.

Oberlin College

Only the Head Librarian has faculty status and holds the rank of Professor.1

The University of Oklahoma, Norman

Faculty rank, tenure, are eligible for sabbatical leaves, and have

"juat about all privileges and rights that teaching members of the faculty receive. Jur pay scale, however, is not equal to alit of other faculty

2 members at all levels."

Oklahoma State University, Stillwater

Faculty rank and faculty status. A librarian with a master's degree in Library Science and no experience is appointed with the rank of.

3 Instructor with the right to vote in general faculty meetings.

University of Oregon, Eugene

Faculty status and rank, eligible for sabbatical leave and tenure, 4 and participate in the same retirement program or other fringe benefits.

Temple Universityl_Philadelphis

Only the head Librarian has facultystatus.5

The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Academic rank "which is the same as faculty rank."Titles used are

Assistant Librarian, Senior Assistant Librarian, Associate Librarian and

Librarian, equivalent to Instructor, Assistant Professor, Associate Pro- fessor and Professor. All benefits of academic rank such as tenure and

'Letter from Eileen Thornton, Librarian, November 18, 1968.

2,etter from Melville R.:pence, Associate Director for Public Services, S ptember 6, 1968.

3 Letter from Roscoe Rouse, University Librarian, November 8, 1968. 4 Letter from Carl W. :Mae, University Librarian, September 6, 1968. 5 Note from Elkan Buchhalter, Associate Library Director, November, 1968.

11.3.0 131. sabbatical leaves. Employed on 12 month basis with 24 working days vacation

1 and nine holidays.

University of Pittsburgh

"Have ranks equivalent to the teaching faculty and enjoy all the

2 benefits and privileges excepting sabbatical leave and tenure.

Southern Methodist ,Universitylaael

Four librarians in charge of each of the four units have faculty rank, "moat of the faculty perquisites but, unfortunately, usually not 3 faculty salaries."

-7igham Young University, Provo 4 Faculty status and rank.

The University of Utah, Salt Lake City

Faculty rank, Beginning faculty rank of instructor is normally given to library school graduates. Experienced personnel and department beads normally given Assistant Professorships. The two Associate Directors hold Associate Professorships. Director of Libraries holds full Professorship.5

Washington State University, Pullman

Faculty status. Salary scales, for 11 months work, "fall somewhere rsar the average or median of the comparable scales for those appointed to 6 full academic rank."

1 Letter from (Mrs.) Elizabeth J. Bradt, Personnel Librarian, September 9, 1968.

2 Letter from C. Walter Stone, Director of University Libraries, November 8, 1968.

3 Letter from Robert M. Trent, Director of Libraries, November 4, 1968. 4 Note from Donald K. Nelson, Director, October 30, 1968. 5 Letterfrom Richard W. Boss, Acting Directorof Libraries, September 9,1968. 6 Letterfrom William O.Onsedinger, Associate Director of Libraries, bA:Itember 9,1968.

'136 132.

University of Washington, Seattle

Academic personnel "in the sense that personnel matters relating

to them are handled by the President's office rather than by the campus per-

1 sonnel service."

In 1939, W. P. Tucker referred to the existence of a library union

2 the University of Washington. In 1948, however, Dorothy M. Cooper,

Circulation Desk Librarian at the Washington University Library wrote that

a Staff Association was formed in 1935 and described its accomplishments

including a reclassification of positions and some other things. Her article

-,?as entitled, "They Sniffed at a Library Union," which made me suspect that a union may never have existed here.3I checked with the Library and was in- formed that in 1939 there was on the campus a wit of the American Federation of Teachers. It was a campus-wide unit and not just a library group, althourl

some librarians did belong.This campus unit of the AFT was active until about 1948 at which time it seems to have become inactive. It would be in- correct to say, as Mr. Tucker did, that there was a union at the University , of Washington.

Welt Virginia University, Morgantown

Academic rank together with teaching faculty. Contracts for professional librarians on e 12 month basis "as are about 30% of the teaching

faculty." Department heads carry the rank of Assistant Professor, generally of Library Science.5

1 Letter from Mervin M. Moores, Assistant Director, Personnel and budget, September 16, 1963.

2.J. P. Tucker. "Unionization for Special Librarians," Special Library Bulletin, XXX (February, 1939), 41-5. 3 Dorothy M. Cooper, Library Journal, LXXIII (August, 1948), 1049-50. 4 Letter from Mervin N. Moores, November 15, 1968.

5 letter from Rctert F. Munn, Director of Libraries, October 29, 1968.

'137 133.

The University of Wisconsin Madison

Professional librarians in supervisory positions and bibliographers normally have faculty rank, Instructor to Professor. But these appointments are for twelve months. Such librarians, it is reported, in terms of salaries and perquisites compare favorably with the teaching membered the faculty. About half the professional librarians, representing the junior positions, have academic rank as specialists which is not a faculty rank.'

The following University Libraries replied simply that their librarians hold neither faculty talk nor status and it iu difficult to determine what status is actually held by them:

The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford.

The Catholic University of America, Va.ihington, D. C.

Boston University

Princeton University

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

University of Texas, Austin

'Letter from Gerhard B. Naeseth, Associate Director, University ,.11 Wisconsin Library, November 6, 1968.

'136 134.

Conclusion

Nicholas Murray Butler insisted that, in the Gatden of Eden,

Adam paused at one point tc say, 'Eve, we're lilting in a period of

transition."

And today, in view of the growth of unions in librarianship,

the libraries and the profession are in a period of transition. we had

this development way back in 1917, then in the thirties and here we are

again. We had best learn to !Ave with it.

The American Library Association has made it pretty plain that

it will stick to the purposes set out in irs 1879 charter: ". . . promoting

the library interests of the country by exchanging views, reaching conclusionc,

and inducing cooperation in all departments of bibliothecal science and

economy; by disposing the public mind to the founding and improving of

libraries; and by cultivating goodwill among its own members. . . . "

It may yet attempt to collate and make available infortaalemrion the unionization of lararians but it is simply not the function of the ALA to

devote itself to the improvement of the librarian's personal situation. she ALA has other, professional, things to do and sho-ald be kept at it.

The unions, on the other hand, have shown over the years that

they act responsibly in the field of librarienship and can work to improve

the lot of the individual librarian. Library unions have shown that they

can deal with library administrations without whippings, shootings and sit-1/2 demonstrations. In the course of this investigation only one case has been found of a library union striking a library. There is certainly every

reason to believe that librarians and library unions are not keen to utilize

the strike. (It may be argued that the Teachers Union wasn't inclined in past years to use the strike either - but look at them now! Strike happy.)

t1.33 135.

Teachers Caere able to get away with strikes because of the resulting preastire by the children on their parents - although we can now note that when the teachars' union Moved out of the field of money and working conditions it also moved idto trouble.

Somebody once said that if the public libraries were struck nobody would even know it let alone be worried about it. I'm not that sure, but a good public librarians' union doesntt have to strike.All reasonable aims can be achieved by a strongly representative union by making it clear to the library administration that should all else fail the union would brick; all of the issues into the light of day and argue the case in public. In many cases library administrations are archaic in structure and in a weak position. Their spokesmen aren't equipped to argue out in the open and because of their structure their defenses are weak.The peo2le in charge of libraries are altogether unaccustomed to answering in public for anythiqg

':hat might be gains, on. Library administrators shun critical publicity and are easily frightened by it and in those cases where there have been differences with unions the libraries have not done well in the publicity v.nd have usually folded pretty quickly. The Board of Trustees at Queens

Borough was tough but her; too, it rapidly acknowledged the union Gs sole bargaining agent although it didn't have to do so.The unions representing

the staffs usually have more guts than the attorneys repres.Inting the libraries. In universities the librarians would have to have the support of the faculty and if that were not available - better forget the whole bit.

The individual librarian may at one time have been in a position

to deal independently with regard to his salary and working conditions, but

that isn't so any longer except in top jobs. Almost every large library has a system of grades and classifications and benefits accruing to each (Ate

none of this is negotiable on an individual basis. A librarian going

'140 136.

to work is fitted into a slot.That's life, and nobody can be blamed.

From time to time the slot has to be adjusted and that can best be done by

a union whose job it is to negotiate the nitty gritty of salaries and working conditions on behalf of its members. The union has the experience,

training and know-how to do this job.

Apparent throughout the literature, as well as in correspondence and conversations with administrators, is the degree of concern expressed

that library unions may attempt to play a role in formulatiag library policy or in connection with the administration of the library. Here, again in the case of the public library, we are facing a rather special situation. The public library is set Up neither as a one-man candy store nor 48 a General

Motors type of institution. In this country it is usually a quasi-public inatitutf.en technically administered by a Board of Trustees which may or m4 not be elected by the local population.The Boarli Trustees usually appoints the director of the llbrsty who normally runs the show. In the large metropolitan libraries not only is the name of the director generally unknown bUt nobody has heard of the trustees. The library simply isn't ails= . able to the public.

Who, then, should formulate policy? The Director?The Trustees?

Who are they?There is no reason for library administration to be horrified at an inclination by professional librarians to participate actively in formulating policy. The librarian is supposed to be trained to appreciate librarianship and it would seem that he would have a contribution to make to formulating library policy. Whether this should be done through a union or a professional staff casocietion is another question; I would tend to lean toward the staff association on this point, but if the professional association isn't going to do it then you can bet that the union kill. The trouble is that a union, oriented as it is toward getting better conditions

'141 131. for its members might be inclined to twist policy in favor of the librarians personally. This his happened in the case of the Teachers' union in New York.

Instead of worrying about "union" participation in policy formulation, the administrators ought to welcome librarians views on matters of policy. The librarians, for example, might be able to convey, to some eigtee, the needs of the local communities. The people living in th, brunch areas are not represented in library councils and it may be some while before they are. The librarians in this area, therefore, have a role in representing their communities and this role may continue until the unions get the kind of salaries that will permit them to move out to

Hempstead or Fair Lawn and thus cut themselves off from the public and be in the position of trustees today, or until the community takes a hand in formulating policy.Right now librarians have an obligation to their profession to become involved in all phases of library policy - including the establishment and the running of branches as well as promotions, transfers and classifications.This may call for a restructuring of library cdministration - but that's nothing new either +-hese days.

Librarians have been inclined to think in terms of the union versus the library association when, as a practical matter, they should be thinking of the union in addition to the library association. One cannot supplant the other. The union is needed to obtain the salaries and working conditions that the librarians ought to have.The union provides the knowledge and the muscle to ach'eve these ends. The professional association should apply itself to dealing aggressively with the professional aspects of librarianship and that is something the union cannot do despite protestations to the contrary. Every union of librarians has claimed that one of its purposes is to improve library service but this always boils down to increasing salaries, battering working conditions and making the profession so much

'142 138.

library more attractive that more andbetter people will enter and, ergo, service will be improved!

As a matter of economic necessity,librarians must employ the technique of unionization, as though there were noprofessional associations, to obtain better salaries andworking conditions; and they must employ

VIA professional associations to seek outand bring about better library service, improve the techniques of librarianshipand improve the image of librarians as though there were no unions.

'143 139

Public Libraries to which Letters Sent

Reply Received From

Alabama

BirMingham Public and Jefferson County Free Library Pant Hill Thornley, Director Director (3,342,000 v.)

CanT0111a

Fresno County Free Library, Fresno County Librarian (Mts. Alice F. Reilly, County Librarian (522,000 v.)

Los Angeles Public Library Anthony F. Mafrica Harold L. Hamill, City Librarian Personnel Officer (3,189,000 v.)

Los Angeles County Public Library County Librarian, and William S. Geller, County Librarian James R. Robb (2,380,000 v.) Personnel Officer

Oakland Public Library Librarian Peter T. Conroy, Librarian (678,000 v.)

Contra Costa County Library, Pleasant Hill County Librarian Bertha D. Helium, County Librarian (510,000)

San Bernardino County Free Library County Librarian Dorothy Traver, County Librarian (562,000 v)

San Diego Public Library City Librarian, and Clara E. Breed, City Librarian Marco Thorne (753,000 v.) Assistant City Librarian

SanFrancisco Public Library City Librarian, and John F. Anderson, City Librarian Mrs. Penelope Breyer (1,008,000 v) Administrative AanIstant

Colorado

Denver Public Library Librarian John T. Eastlick, Librarian (955,000 v.)

District of Columbia

Public Library of the District of Columbia Director Harry N. Peterson, Director (1,552,000 v.)

*144 140. )lic Libraries to which Letters Sent (Cont'd.)

Reply received from

Georgia'

Atlanta Public Library Mary Louise Rhea, John Hall, Director Assistant Director (677,000 v.)

Illinois

Chicago Public Library Alex Ladenson Gertrude E. Gscheidle, Librarian Acting Librarian (3,124,000 v.)

John Crerar Library Executive Director Herman H. Henkle, Executive Director '1,000,000 v.)

NEuerry Library Director and Librarian Lawrence W. Towner, Director and Librarian (850,000 v.)

Indiena

Public Library of Ft. Wayne and Allen County Librarian Fred J. Reynolds, Librarian (1,043,000 v.)

Indianapolis Public Library Director Harold J. Sander, Director (836,000 v.)

Kentucky

Louisville Free Public Library Arthur S. Ricketts Mr. C. R. Graham, Director Assistant Director (739,000 v.)

Louisiana

New Orleans Public Library City Librarian M. E. Wright, Jr., City Librarian (500,000 v.)

Maryland

Enoch Pratt Free Library Mary L. Huber Edvin Castagna, Director Personnel Officer (1,761,000 v.)

Montgomery County Department of Public Libraries Norman Fickler George B. Moreland, Director Deputy Director (595,000 v.)

'1.45 141. Public Libraries to which Letters Sent (Coned.)

Reply received from

Baltimore County Public Library(Towson, Md) Nancy A. Maier Charles W. Robinson, Director Personnel Officer (589,000 v.)

Massachusetts

Boston Public Library Gunars Rutkovskis Philip J. McNiff, Director Assistant to the Director (2,306,000 v.)

City Library, Springfield Library Director 1.:ancis P. Keough, Library Director (568,000 v.)

Worcester Public Library and Central No reply Massachusetts Regional Library System Headquarters Jack W. Bryant, birector (534,000 v.)

HicilLea

Detroit Public Library Arthur W. Woodford Charles M. Mohrhardt, Interim Director Assistant in the Persorn.1 offid (2,057,000 v.)

Grand Rapids Public Library Director Donald W. Kohlstedt, Director (502,000 v.)

Wayne County Public 7.ibrary Board (Wayne) County Librarian Walter H. Kaiser, County Librarian (725,000 v.)

Minnesota

Minneapolis Public Library Mary L. Dyar Ervin J. Gaines, Director Associate Director (1,000,000 v.)

St. Paul Public Library Director of Libraries J. Archer Eggen, Director of Libraries (659,000 v.)

Missouri

Kansas City Public Library Stephen S. Kirk Richard B. Sealock, Librarian Acting Librarian (1,000,000 v.)

St. Louis County Library Director Donel) J. Gaertner, Director (676,000 v.) 146 Public Libraries to which Letters Sent (Coned.)

Reply received from

St. Louie Public Library Mrs. Alice G. Morris Joseph H. Quady, Acting Librarian Personnel Librarian (1,235,000 v.)

New Jeraey

Newark Public Library Bernard Schein James E. Bryan, Director Deputy Director (900,000 v.)

New York

Buffalo aind Erie County Public Library Director Joseph B. Rounds, Director (2,120,000 v.)

Ramapo Catskill Library System Director Mrs. Eleanor C. Harris, Director (541,000 v.)

Brooklyn Public Library Director John C. Frantz, Director (2,595,000 v.)

New York Public Library Lawrence Parke Murphy Edward C. Freehafer, Director Assistant to the Direcic:

Queens Borough Public Library John W. Kunkel Harold W. Tucker, Director Assistant Director of Personnel (2,025,000 v.)

Rochester Public Library Director, and Harold S. Hacker, Director Mary E. Cashman (741,000 v.) Personnel Officer

Ohio

Akrca Public Library Librarian John H. Rebenack, Librarian (602,000 v.)

Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton Librarian County Ernest I. Hiller, Librarian (2,300,000 v.)

Cleveland Public Library Edward A. D'Alessandrio (no director) Deputy Director ;3,305,000 v.)

Cuyahoga County Public Library (Cleveland) James P. Fitzgerald Levis C. Naylor, Librarian Personnel Manager (913,000 v.)

'147 34.3. Public Libraries to which Letters Sent (Cont'd.)

Reply received from

Columbus Public Library No reply Edward B. Daniels, Librarian (791,000 v.)

Dayton and Montgomery County Public Library Director William Chait, Director (957,000 v.)

Toledo Public Library Director Robert D.Franklin, Director (865,000 v.)

Public Library of Youngstown and Hallooing Director County David W. Griffith, Director (518,000 v.)

Oregon

Library Associationof Portland Librarian Mary E. Phillips, Librarian (897,000 v.)

Pennsylvania

Free Library of Philadelphia Herman Greenberg Emerson Greenaway, Director Personnel Officer (2,300,000 v.)

larnepie Library of Pittsburgh Katherine E. Crumxine Keith Dome, Director Personnel Director (1,900,000 v.)

Rhode Ip..and

Providence Public Library Frank L. Hannaway Stuart C. Sherman, Librarian Personnel Officer (536,000 v.)

Tennessee

Memphis Public Library Director C. Lamar Wallis, Director (607,000 v.) Texai

Dallas Public Library Director Mrs. Lillian M. Bradshaw, Director (821,000 v.)

Houston Public Library Ann Hornak Mrs. Harriet Dickson Reynolds, Director Assistant Director (788,000 v.) '146 144. Public Libraries to which Letters Sent (Coat'd.)

Reply Teceived from

Washington

King County Library System (Seattle) Director Herbert F. Mutachler, Director (514,000 v.)

Seattle Public Library Romas Moetar, Willard 0. Youngs, Librarian Assistant Librarian anC. (1,243,000 v.) Head of Extension

Wisconsin

!Milwaukee Public Library Vivian Maddox Richard E. Krug, Librarian Assistant City Librarikx (1,754,000 v.)

'14a 145.

Government Libraries to which Letters Sent

Reply Received From

Arizona State Department of Library and Director Archives, Phoenix Marguerite B. Cooley, Director (588,0.0 v.)

California State Library, Sacramento Librarian (Mrs.) Came Russell Leigh, Librarian (687,000 v.)

Connecticut State Library, Hartford State Librarian Walter Brahm, State Librarian (550,000 v.)

Illinois State Library, Springfield deLafayette Reid Paul. Powell, Librarian and Secretary of Deputy State Librarian State (1,249,000 v.)

Indiana State Library, Indianapolis Director aarcelle K. Foote, Director (1,045,000 v.)

Kentucky Department of Libraries, Berry Hill Slate Librarian Frankfort Margaret F. Willis, State Librarian (2,399,000 v.)

Mic'.,San State LOrary, Lansing Michigan State Librarian Francis X. Scannell, Michigan State Librarian (997,000 v.)

New Jersey State Library, Trenton State Librarian, and Roger H. Melknough, State Librarian Henry J. Michniewski, Coerdinatcr- (500,000 v.) Public Libraries, LSCA Public and School Library Services Bureau

Ohio State Library, Columbus State Librarian Joseph F. Shubert, State Librarian (900,000 v.)

Oregon State Library, Salem State Librarian Eloise Ebert, State Librarian (690,000 "items")

Pennsylvania State library, Ha wisburg State Librarian Eraest E. Doerachuk, Jr., State Librarian (500,000 v.)

United States:

National Agricultural Library Patricia A. Condon Foster E. Mbhrhbrdt, Director Acting A sistant Director (1,25(,J00 v.) Program Coordination Services 150 146. Government Libraries to which Letters Sent (Coned.)

Reply received from

Department of Health, Education and WelfareNo reply Kaita"rdy L. Taylor, Department Librarian (700,000 v4

Department of Interior Library Departor of Library Services Erik Bromberg, Director of Library Services (721,000 v.)

Library of Congress Paul L. Berry L. Quincy Mumford, Librarian of Congress Acting Librarian of Cong:e:3 (44,189,000 "items.")

National Library of Medicine, Bethesda Scott Adams Martin M. Cummings, Director Deputy Director (1,300,000 v.)

Smithsonian Institution Lit'rariea Assistant Director Mary A. Huffer, Assistant Director (600,000 v.)

Department of State Library Librarian Fred W. Shipman, Librarian (550,000 v.)

Veterans Administration Library Service Director, Library Servf.,,:a Henry 3. Gartland, Director, Library Service (1,214,000 v.)

Washington State Library, Olympia Charlotte L. Wood Marpra E. Reynolds, Librarian Administrative Officer (722,000 v.)

'151. 167.

University Libraries to which Letters Sent

Reply Received From Alabama

University of Alabama Libraries Librarian W. Stanley Hcole, Librarian (835,000 v.)

Arizona

Arizona State University Library (Tempe) Librarian Alan D. Covey, Librarian (522,000 v)

University of Arizona Library (Tuscon) University Librarian Robert K. Johnson, University Librarian (520,000 v.)

California

University of California, Berkeley University Librarian James E. Skipper, University Librarian (3,113,000 v.)

University of California, Los Angeles Page Ackerman Robert Vesper, Librarian Associate University Wrzrian (2,197,000 v.)

University of Southern California (Los Angeles) University Librarian University Library Gloria Valdes, Secretary Levis P. Stieg, University Librarian the Librarian (1,138,812 v.)

Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Librarian Peace (Stanford) Kenneth M. Glazier, Librarian (800,000 v.)

Stanford University Libraries Director of University Ln.zaries Rutherford D. Rogers, Director of University Libraries (2,560,000 v.)

Colorado

University of Colorado ibrarie4(Boulder) Leo W. Cabell Ralph 8.1111sworth, Director Assistant Director for (1,205,000 v) Public Services

University of Denver, UniversityLibraries Melvin J. Klatt H. William Axford, Director Acting Director of Libreries (501,000 v.)

Connecticut

Wesleyan University Librarian Wyman W. Parker, Librarian (536,000 v.) '152 148.

University Libraries to which Letters Sent (Cont'd)

Reply. received fry

Yale University Library (New Haven) F. Bernice Field James Tanis, University Librarian Associate Librarian for (4,831,000 v.) Technical Services

District of Colsekla

CrXholic University of America Director of Libraries Lloyd F. Wagner, Director of Libraries (681,000 v.)

Florida

University of Miami (Coral Gables) Director of Libraries &elite L. McNeal, Director of Libraries (728,000 v.)

Florida State University (Tallahassee) Director N. Orkin Rush, Director (688,000 v.)

Si Araks

jniversity of Georgia Libraries (Athens) Evelyi Frits, Associate Direct:.: Z,Telyu N. 'rite, Director per ALA Directory) fp' Technical Services 083,000 v.)

Emory University (Atlanta) Director Guy R. Lyle, Director (113,000 v.)

Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta) Director of Uibraries Mts. J. Henley Crolland. Disector of Libraries (337,000 v.)

Si:Althorn Illinois University Libraries (Carbondale) Director of Libraries Ralph E. McCoy, Director of Libraries (700,000 v.)

::,...Lter for Research Libraries Director cordon R. Williams, Director (2,500,000 v.) The University of Chicago Library Iris Eyler Ilqrman H. ftreler, Direet00 Personnel Librarian (2,406,000 v.)

Northwestern University (IVansten) University Librarian Thomas R. Buckman, Un4veraityLibrarian (1,709,000 v.)

Ulivereity of lilinois LAorary (Urbana) Dean of Library Adminiatratien Wiert B. Downs, Dean of Library Administration (2,888,000 v.)

'153 149.

University Libraries to which Letters Sent (Cont'd)

Reply received from

Indiana

Indiana University Libraries Jane G. Fiener Robert A. Miller, Director of Libraries Assistant Director (2,070,000 v.)

Purdue University Libraries Director of Libraries John H. Moriarty, Director of Libraries (765,000 v.)

University of Notre Dame (South Bend) Director of Libraries (Rec.) James W. Simonson, C.S.C. Director of Libraries (736,000 v.)

Iowa State University of Science and Director Technology Library Warren B. Kuhn, Director (567,000 v.)

University of Iowa Libraries (Iowa City) Director of Libraries Leslie W. Dunlap, Director of Libraries (1,226,000 v.)

Kansas

University of Kansas Libraries (Lawrence) Director David W. Heron, Director (1,122,000 v.)

Elnimgla

University of Komtucky Libraries (Lexington) Harold D. Gordon St:Art Firth, Director Acting Director of Lnrlries (1,069,000 v.)

Louisiana

Louisiana State University Library (Baton Rouge) Charles A. Miller,President T. N. McMullan, Director Louisiana State University (66,000 v.) Library Staff Association

Tulane University of Louisiana (F .w Orleans) No reply John H. Gribben, Director (:119,000 v.)

Maryland

Johns Hopkins University Libraries Librarian John H. Barthel, Librarian ('.,399,000 v,)

' 1.5 4 150.

University Libraries to which Letters Sent (Coned)

Reply received from

University of Maryland (College Park) Robert H. Pierson Howard Roveletad, Director of Libraries Assistant Director of Libraries (725,000 v.) for Administration

Massachusetts

Lorton University Libraries John Laucus Gustave A. Barrer, Director Acting Director of Libraries (539,000 v.)

Harvard University Library (Cambridge) Anthony Greco Merle Fainscd, Director Associate University Librarian (7,445,000 v.)

Eassachurette Institute of Technology Director of Libraries Libraries (Cambridge William N. Locke, Director of Libraries (959,000 v.)

richiean.

University of Michigan Library (Ann Arbor) Director Frederick H. Warman, Director (3,376,000 v.)

Wayne State University Libraries (Detroit) Director of Libraries G. Flint Purdy, Director of Libraries 034,000 v.)

Fichigan State University Library (Bast Director Lansing) richard R. Chapin, Director 4,146,000 v.) Minnesota

University of Minnesota Libraries (Minneapolis) Director of Libraries H. B. Stanford, Director of Libraries (2,381,000 v.)

bissouri

Washington University Libraries (St. Louis) Director of Libraries Andrew J. Raton, Director of Libraries (953,000 v.)

Ne)resks

University of Nebraska Libraries (Lincoln) James M. Robbins ;rank A. Lundy, Director of University Libraries Staff Association President (739,000 v.)

'155 I 151.

University Libraries to which Letters Sent (Cont'd)

Reply received from

New Hampshire

Dartmouth College Libraries (Hanover) Adelaide B. Lockhart Richard W. Morin, College Librarian Assistant Librarian (905,000 v.)

New Jersey,

Rutgers, The State University (New Brunswick) Associate Librarian for Librarian: Open Public Services Norman D. Stevens, Associate Librarian for Public Services (1,207,000 v.)

Princeton University Librarian Librarian 71illiam S. Din, Librarian (1,992,000 v.) pew York

State University of New York at Buffalo Mary B. Caseate, Head, Libraries Reference Department Cscar A. Silverman, Director (540,000 v.)

Cornell University Libraries (Ithaca) J. Gormley Miller David Kaser, Director Assistant Director (2,725,000 v.)

Brooklyn College Library Harold D. Jones, Assistant H. G. Bousfield, Librarian Professor (521,000 v.) city College of the City University of Philip L. Nesbeitt New York Libraries General Reference Librarian. Bernard Kreissman, Librarian (759,000 v.)

Columbia UniversityLibraries Hrs. Helen M. Selesky Richard H. Logsdon,Director of Libraries Assistant to the Director (3,569,000 v.)

New York UniversityLibraries Paul von Khrum, Assistant %Idled F. Gasndil,Director of Libraries Director (1,585,000 v.)

University of Rochester Library George R. Parks John R. RussellDirector, Assistant Director of Librarica (931,000 v.)

'156 152.

University Libraries to which Letters Sent (Coned)

Reply received from

Syracuse University Libraries Director of Libraries, and Warren N. Boas, Director of Libraries Elizabeth S. Newlove (761,000) Assistant Director of Libraries North Carolina

University of North Carolina Libraries Clifton Brock (Chapel Hill) Associate University Librarian (1,533,000 v.)

Duke University Library (burham) University Librarian Benjamin E. Powell, University Librarian (1,70,000 v.) nhio

University of Cincinnati Library University Librarian Arthur T. Hamlin, University Librarian (888,000 v.)

Oberlin College Library Librarian Eileen Thornton, Librarian (620,000 v.)

Oklahoma

University of Oklahoma Library (Norman) Melville R. Spence Arthur M. NcAnally, Director Associate Director for Public (979,000 v.) Services

Oklahoma State University Library (Stillwater)University Librarian Roscoe Rouse, University Librarian (800,000 v.) Orem,

University of Oregon Library (Eugene) University Librarian Carl W. Hintz, University Librarian 054,000 v.)

PennsvIvanal

Temple University Libraries (Philadelphia) Elkan Buchbalter Warren 9. Owens, Director Associate Director (692,000 v.)

University of Pennsylvania Libraries Margaret C. Nolan (Philadelphia) Assistant to the Director Warren Haas, Director of Libraries (2,056,000 v.)

'157 153.

University Libraries to which Letters cent (Coned.)

Reply received from

Univarsity of Pittsburgh Library Director of University Libraries C. Walter Stone, Director of University Libraries (1,147,000 v.)

Pennsylvania State University Libraries (Mrs.) Elizabeth J. Bradt (University Park) Personnel Librarian W. Carl Jackman, Director of Libraries (816,000 v.)

Tennessee

Joint University Libraries (Nashville) Director Prank P. Grisham, Director (947,000 v.)

Texas

University of Texas (Austin) Fred Folmar (no title given) Alexander Moffit, University Librarian (1,724,000 v.)

southern Methodist University Libraries Director (Dallas) Robert M. Trent, Director (796,000 v.)

Rice University (Houston) Librarian aichard L. 0"Keefe, Librarian (514,000 v.)

Utah

3righam Young University Library Director Donald K. Nelson, Director (552,000 v.)

Vniversity of Utah Libraries (Salt Lake City) Richard W. Boss Ralph D. Thompson, Director Acting Director of Libraries (740,000 v.)

Virginia

University of Virginia (Charlottesville) No Reply John Cook Wyllie, Librarian (1,367,000 v.)

Washington,

Washington State University Library (Pullman) William G. Gneedinger 0. Donald Smith, Director Associate Director of Libraries (900,000 v.)

'156 154. University Libraries to which Letters Sent (Coned) ittalred_tratt

University of Washington Libraries (Seattle) Mervin M. Moores, Assistant Marion A. Milczewaki, Director Director, Personnel and Budget (1,393,000 v.)

West Virginia

West Virginia University Library (Morgantown) Director of Libraries Robert P. Munn, Director of Libraries (153,000 v.)

Wisconsin

University of Wisconsin Library (Madison) Gerhard B. Naeseth Louis Kaplan;.Director Associate Director (1,635,000 V.)

UniVersity of Wisconsin (Madison) No Reply Center.System Library Roger g. SChwemm, Director (707,000 v.)

15a 155. Unions and Employee Organizations to which letters were sent California Reply received from Rudolf Lednicky, President University Federation or Librarians Berkeley Campus Post Office Box 997 Berkeley, California

Allan Covici, Editor CU Voice University Federation of Librarians, Berkeley Campus P. O. Box 997 Berkeley, California

Harry Fiering, Executive Director (No reply received) District Council 49 American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees,(AFL-CIS), 1106 West Olympic Boulevard Los Angeles, California

Darryl Mleynek, President Librarians' Guild, Local 1634 American Federation of State, County and Municipal .imployees,(AFL-CIO) 1106 West Olympic Boulevard Los Angeles,California

Mr. Wunderlich, President (No reply received) UCLA Library Union University of California, Los Angeles University Research Library Los Angeles, California

Mrs. Betty Bacon (No reply received) Contra Costa County Library Pleasant Hill, California

Federation of Municipal Employees (Frank Moitoza, Jr., EX3C. Sec.) 995 Market Street San Francisco, California

Connecticut

The Connecticut State Employees Association (Louis D. Doerachuck) 760 Capitol Avenue Hartford, Connecticut

Washington, D. C.

W. J. Voss, Research Director American Federation of Government Employees (AFL -CIO) 400 1st Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20001

American Federation of State, County and Wnicipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 1155 15th Street, N.W. (Donald S. Wasserman, Diector Washington, D. C. Department of Research)

160 156 RoblY received from

American Federation of Teachers (AFL-CIO) (John H. Oliver, Assistant 716 North Rush Street Director, Department of Research, Chicago, Illinois Wabhington, D. C.)

Anthony G. Weinlein No reply Research and Education Director Building Servic4 Employees International Union (AFL-CIO) 90017th Street, N.W. Washington, D. C.

Council of AFL -CIO Unions for scientific, Professional and Cultural Employees 2600 Virginia Avenue, N.W. (Jack Golodner W shington, D. C. Executive secretary)

James A. Suffridge, President No Reply Retail Clerks International Association (Alt-CiO) Connecticgt Avenue and De Sales Street, H. W. W shington, D. C.

Abraham Weiss, Research Director Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of ,tterica 25 Louisiana Avenue, N.W. qashington, D. C.

111pis Thomas L. Beagley, Director No Reply District Council 19 205 West Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois 60616

Farvrend Employees Association, Inc. 21.2 East Lexington 3altimore, Maryland

T:husetts Arthur Burke, Chapter Chairman No Reply Local 1526 District Council 45 American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 100 Boyle Street Boston, Massachusetts

National Association of Government Employees (Ind) No Reply 10 Tremont Street Poston, Massachusetts

:,."..11y.esota

Leonard J. Pignatello, President Professional Employees Local 211 American Federtion of State,County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 3G3 Nicollet Avenue litnneapolis, Minnesota

'161 157. C. J. Jungian, Saucetary-Ttaasuter itt:p4 International Guards Union of America (Ind) 932 Upper Midwest Building Minneapolis, Minnesota

Nick Schneider, Business Representative No Repty Local C American Federationof State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) City Hall St. Paul, Minnesota

City and County Employees Union - Local 8 (Robert Meyer American Federationof State, County and International Union Repre-An- Municipal Employees (APL-CIO) tative) 475 Rice S. Paul, Minnesota

Michigan William Van Zandt, Director No Reply District Council 77 American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees, (AA-CIO) 419 Brainard Street Detroit, Michigan

New York William Mohn, Chairman Librarians' Association of the Buffalo ant ale County Public Librcly Lafayette Square Buffalo, New York

Al Wurf, Executive Director (Diana,.Dougherty New York State Employees Council 50 Secretary to Mt. Wurf) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO; 9 Chapel Street Garnerville, New Vork

John Coleman, President No Reply American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO (New York City Departrent of Hospitals 428 West 163rd Street New Yotk City

Victor Gotbaum, Executive Director (Jack Stein District Council 37 Council Representative:. Americ;n Federationof .itate, County and Municipal Employees (APL-CIO) 71 Worth Street New York City

Dorothy Greenman, President Local 384 (Board of Higher Education) American Federationof State, County and MUnicipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 319 Avenue C New York City

Frank S. Coluccio, Secretary No Reply Local 1087 (Board of Education employees) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 486 4th Avenue Brooklyn, New York `162 158. Reply received from Daniel Berlitz, Secretary Local 1306 (Museum of NaturalHistory) No Reply American Federation of State,County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 505 West 168th Street New York City

Robert W. Schmidt, President Library Guild 1321 (Queens Borough Public Library) American Federation of State,County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 35-51 81st Street Queens, New York

Larry Brandwein, President Library Build 1482 (Brooklyn Public Library) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO; Bayridge District Office 73rd and Ridge Boulevard Brooklyn, New York

Jorgen L. Petersen, Secretary No Reply Local 1502 (Brooklyn Museum) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO, 14 Grange Street Franklin Square, New York

Cornelius Brosnan, Secretary No Reply Local 1503 (Metropolitan Museum) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL -CIS) 847 Castle Hill Bronx, Vew York

Ernest W.Daniel, President (Reply from Mr. Daniel lr Local 1559 (Museum of Natural History) Dallas, Texas) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 101 West 109th Street New York City

Princine Hutcherson, :;ecretary (Samuel Mende, Acting Local 1707 (Community and Social Agency Employees) Executive Director) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (APL-CU ) 19 Union Square West New York City

Dolores Berg, President No Reply Local 1784 (New York City Departmentof Hospitals - Professional, Clerical Administrative) American Federation of State, Countyand Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 65-61 Saunders Street Rego Park, Queens, New York

David Beasley, President Local 193U (New York Public Library) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 71 Worth Street New York City

1 159. Reply received from F. William Hetzel, President Local 74 (School and Library Employees) No Reply Building Service Employees, (AFL-CIO) 136 Liberty Street, Recto 708 New York City

Gerrit E. Fielstra, Secretary Treasurer No Reply Council of Supporting Unit Supervisors - New York Public Library 5th Avenue and 42nd Street New York City

Leon Davio, President (Moe goner Local 1199 Drug and Hospital Employees Union Executive Secretary0 7098thAvenue New York City

JesseKraus,Se;retary-Treasurer (Robert Beverly City Employees Union Local 237 Secretary-Treasurer) I.iternational Brotherhood of Teamsters (Ind) 214 West 14th Street New York City

Dr. Israel Kugler, President Local 1460, United Federation of College Teachers American Federation of Teachers (AFL-CIO) 300 Park Avenue South New York City

Alber' Shenker, President (Sylvia Mendlow, Co-Choi -aan, United Federation of Teachers UFT Library Committee) Local 2 - American Federation of Teachers (AFL-CIO) 300 Park Avenue South New York City

Local 1635 No Reply American Federationof State,County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIC/ 39 State Street Rochester, New York

George Slattery, Jr., Secretary Treasurer No Reply District Council 30 ;azerican Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CI Syracuse, New York

Anre O. Seaman, Secretary-Treasurer No Reply Local 374 (New York City-Quasi-Public Employees) American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 88 Crest Drive White Plains, New York

Ohio Robert A. Brindza, Director No Reply District Council 78 American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIA) 2424 Euclid Avenue - third floor Cleveland, Ohio

'164 160.

Eugene Stearns, President No Reply Federation of Lib7,:ary Employees Public Latter)? of Youngstown and Mahoning County 305 Wick Avenue Youngstown, Ohio

Pennsylvania,

Reuben H. Miller, President Pennsylvania State Employees Council, (AFL-CIO) American Federationof State, County and Municipal Employees 610 North 3rd Street Harris".urp, Pennsylvania

Gerald McEntee No Reply District Council 33 American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL -CIO 1320 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa.

Texas

Don Haulier International Union Area Director American Federation of State, County and MunlOpal Employees (AFL-CIC P. O. Box 18242 Houston, Texas

Dillard B. Lasseter, Research and Education Director No Reply ASCS County Office Employees, National Association of (Ind) P. O. Box 37 New Boston, Texas

Wisconsin

Johu C. Zinus, Executive Director No Reply District Countil 48 American Federation, of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFL-CIO) 615 East Ifichigan Street MilwaUkee,Iliscoasiu

Iry Zink No Reply Library Union Milwaukee Public Library Milwaukee, Wisconsin 161. BIBLIOGRAPHY

PERIODICAL LITERATURE

American Library Association. "Library Unions Round Table," ALA Bulletin, XXXIV (August, 1940), P.153; XXIV (September, 1941), P.119 -23; XXXVI (September 15, 1942), P.104-8; XXXVIII (September, 1944), 366-7; XL (September 15, 1946), P.102-7; XLI (September 15, 1947), P.77-81; XLII (September 15, 1948), P.74-6; XLIV (May, 1950), 193; XLV (December, 1951), 406; XLVI (December, 1952), 411; XLVII ( December, 1953), 573. "Third Activities Committee," AlA Bulletin, XXXIII (December, 1939), 796-7.

"Ask National Drive to Organize Librarians," ALA Bulletin, XXXIII (October, 1939), 700-701.

Peck, W. B. "Library Unions: Why? Whither?"Junior Librarian, / (January, 1940), 35-6. bereleon, 7:ernard R. "Library Unionization," The Library 9verterix, IX (October, 1939), 477-510, (NYPL Catalog No. *HA)

. "Unionization of Professional Workers," C.P.L. Union News, III (June, 1939), 5.

"Berkeley Librarians Join Union," Library Journal, XC (October 1, 1965), 4027-8.

Black, H. T. "Impressions of the New York Public Library," Progressive Librarians Council Bulletin, I (January, 1940), 4-5.

Brandwein, Lawrence, et al, President, Library Build, Local 1482, AFSCHE, AFL-CIO. "Comment," Library Journal, XCII (November 1, 1967), 3935. (Objection torerort of union contract which appeared in September 15th issue Library Journal.] "Unions and Professionalism," Library Journal, XCII (Februalf 1, 1967), $08+.

"Brooklyn Librarians Reprimanded for LJ Letter," Library Journal, XCIII (Februsry 15, 1968), 695.

"Brooklyn Library and Union Agree on Statement," Library Journal, XCIII (April 1, 1968), 1398.

"Brooklyn Library Staff pickets in Protest," Library._Journal, XCII (July, 1961), 2493.

"Brooklyn Library Union to Seek Better Service," Library Journal, XCII (January 1, 1967), 38+.

166 162.

"Brooklyn Trustees and Union Approve Contract," Iikaaatartal, XCII (September lf, 1967), 2981-3.

Burness, J. P. 'librarians Strike!" OntarigId&majimk2, XLIV (February, 1960), 4-5.

Chester, L. A. "Unions Come to Public Libraries," Ontario Library Review, L (February, 1966), 7-9.

Chicago Public Library Employees Union. "C.P.L, Union News," December 1937-1945. Bimonthly (irregular). (NYPL Catalog Ne. TDRA + )

"Chicago Union," killvaJOJuutaltiLLEtka, XII (February, 1938), 403.

Cleveland Public Library Staff Association. "News and Views,".XIV.1 (November, 1949 - May/June, 1961), irregular. (NYPL Catalog W. V-10 )

Cleveland Public Library Union. "Library Union News," (April, 1936 - J-Ay/ August - November/December, 1942), Monthly (Irregular), 1938: Bl!:Ln-:'lly

(irregular), 1939 - . Reproduced from typewritten copy. Publisix.! by the Public Library Union of Cleveland, SCHWA, Local 254. (NYPL Cttalog No. TDRA.)

Cooper, Dorothy M., Circulation Desk Librarian, University of Washius.,,u Library. "They sniffed at a library Union," Library Journal, V.Y.Ila (August, 1948), 1049-50+.

Cottam, K. M. "Unionization for the Unhappy," Library Journal, XCII (February 1, 1967), 510.

boyies, Louise. 'librarianship and Organization," Library Journal, Y. (April, 1936), 543-9.

Falkoff, E. Barbara. "Should Librarians Unionize," Part II: "The Li.:)..:?an and the Closed Shop," hibrary Journal,, LXII (August, 1937), 590-n5.

Ferguson, Miltoa James. "The Library Crosses the Bridge," ALA Bullet.p, XXXII (July, 1938, 421-6.

. "President Believes in Free Speech for All," ALA Bulla, XXXII (August, 1938), 522.

"First Statewide Union School Library Organization in the County in Nev York State," Wilson Library Bulletin, XLII (October, 1967,, 137.

Fleming, M.S. Letter to the Editor. "ice Zealand Librarian, IV (Octeler, 1940), 33.4.

Gardiner, George L. "Collective Bargaining, Some Questions Asked," MIA Bulletin, LXII (September, 1968), 973.

Golodner, J. "The Librarian and the Union," Wilson Library Bulletin, XLII (December, 1967), 387..90.

I A r. .? :Lb I 163.

Gordon, Mrs. H. A. "Chicago's Union Program," ATA Bulletin, XXXIV (June 1940), 419-20.

Hale, Ruth E. "Should Librarians Unionize?" Part I: "The Librarian and the Closed Shop," LibrarvJournal, LXII (August, 1937), 587-89.

Haro, Robert P. "A Call to the Meek," Library Journal, XCIII (April 15, 1968), 1553-4.

"In Favor of Library Workers Unions," Library Journal, MI.

Jones, Harold D. "LACUNY: A Library Association in Action," California Librarian, XXIX (July, 1968), 204.

Kennemer, Jewel D. "Drive to Organize Librarians," American Yibrary Association Bulletin, XXXII' (December, 1939), 777-8.

norman, A. B. "Let the Record Speak," C.P.L. Union News, III (June, 1939) 1.

. "Protest Ferguson Commen on Unions," ALA Bulletin, --(August, 1938), 522-23.

"The L.A. (Library Association) as a Trade Union," Liaison, (April, 1966), 26-7.

Leon, M. 'Disagrees with President Ferguson," Wilson Library Bulletin, XI/1 (September, 1936), 53. 'Milwaukee Led Off," Progressive Librarian@ Council Bulletin, II (December, 1940), 4-5.

Lerner, L. A. "Union in our Library," C.P.L Union News, V (June, 1941), 2.

"Librarians Form Union at Los Angeles Public Library," Library Journal, (August, 1968), 2777.

"Library Employees' Society of Workers," Bev Zealand Librarian, V (June, 1942), 239.

"Library Union at Chicago," Library Journal, LXIII (January, 1938), 80.

Library Workers Union (New York). The ,litprker, I-II (1935 - June, 1936), Homthly (Irregular).Ceased publication with June, 1936, when the Library Workers Union was dissolved. (1211 Catalog No. *HND).

McAfee, I. "British Columbia Library Association Affiliates with the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada," Pacific Northwest Library Association Quarterly, IX (January 1945), 93-6.

McDonald, Elizabeth. "Number 19178," Pacific NerthwestkarmALE2siAtion Quarterly, XXX (October, 1965), 49-51. (Reprinted from Pacifir. North- west Library1arterl, I (January, 1937), 24..5.

McDonough, Pnger. "Inaugural Address," ).ibrarvaatal, (August, 1968), 2807. 164.

Meritt, LeRoy Charles. "Protest Ferguson Comment on Unions," ALA Bulletin, XXXII (August, 1938), 522.

"Milwaukee Librarians Unionize," Wilson Library Bulletin, XII (November, 1937), 209-10.

Morley A. "Working with NALGO," Assistant Librarian, LIV (October, 1961), 193 -4.

Moulton, D. H. "Unions in the Public Service," Odds and Book Ends, XLV (Spring, 1954), 5-8.

Munn, R. R. "Administrator Looks at Library Unions," la,k,bjmNews, V (June, 1941), 7.

New York City Public Library Employees Union. Library Unionist, I - IX (February, 1940 - April, 1950), Monthly (slightly irregular). Re- produced from typewritten copy. "Published by the New York City Public Library Employees Union, Local 251, CIO, SCHWA."

"New York College Librarian& Propose Developmett Plan," Library: Journal,, XCIII (April 1, 1968), 1400.

"New York Library Union Issue Goes to Arbitratilin," Library Journal, XCII (November 15, 1967), 4094.

"New York Union Presents First Salary Demands," Library Journal, XCIII (May 15, 1968), 1949.

Nyren K. E. "The Brooklyn Gambit," Library Journal, XCI (Decmber 1, 1966), 5905.

. "Librarians and Labor Unions," Library Journal, XCII (June 1, 1967), 2115-21.

Peacock, B. Marjorie. "Trade Unionism and Library Workers," Library World, XX (1918), 259-61. Published in London. (NYPL Catalog No. *HA).

"Proposed New Zealand Library Employees Industrial Union of Workers," New Zealand Librarian, IV (hpril, 1941), 98-9.

"Protest Ferguson Comment or. Unions," ALA Bulletin. XXXII (August, 1930), 522-3. Also iUzamt.10irnal, LXIII (August, 1938), 569.

'queens Borough Trustees Refuse Union Negotiations," LibrarYJournak, XCII ( February 15, 1967), 722.

'queens Library to have Union Election," jAbrary iournal, XCII (April 15, 1967), 1557.

"Queens Votes for Union in Sudden Election," Library Journal, XCII (May 1, 1967), 1783.

'169 165.

Scandrett, Mks. M. S. "Mt Need One Another," C.P.L. Union News, III (June, 1939), 3.

Sherman,Charlea E. "Unfinished Business of T.A.C.," Library Journal, LXV May 15, 1940), 406-7. , "Unionization of theProfession as One Librarian Sees It," Special Libraries, XXX (February, 1939), 38-41.

Sleighton, Michael T. "Trade Union for Chartered Librarians," Assistant Librarian, LI (May, 1958), 96-7.

smith, E. "Librarianu and Unions:ThoBerkeley Experience," Library Journal, XCIII (February 1.% 1968),717 -20.

Smith, Stewart W. "In Union Is There Strength?" Wilson Library Bulletin, XI (January, 1937), 310-11.

Spicer, B. J. comp. "Trade Unions in Libraries,"Bibliography, Canadian Library Association Feticiter, V (October, 1959), 30-2.

"Strike Threat Cancelled At Chicago Public Library," Library Journal, XCII (April 1, 1967), 1398-9.

Tead, Ordway. "Professional Worker& and Unionism," Special Libraries, XXX (February, 1939), 35-8.

Tucker, William P. "State Librarian Dissents," Wilson Library Bulletin, XIII (December, 1938), 271-2. "Unionization for Special Librarians,"Special Libraries, XXX (February, 1939), 41-5.

Tufts, A. "Librarian and the Union," British Columbia Librarian Quarterly, XXVII (April, 1964), 7-9.

"U.F.T. (United Federation of Teachers) Organizes New State-Wide Library Council," Library Journal, XCII (October 15, 1967), 3799. Also School Library Journal, XIV (October, 1967), 123.

"Union Protests Title /I Practice," Library Journal, XCII (April 15, 1967), 1688+. Also School Library Journal, XIV (April, 1967), 26+.

"Union Wins in Brooklyn Dispute," Library Journal, XCIII (March 1, 196. 933-4.

"University of Pennsylvania Librarians Form Local 1740 AFT (American Federation of Teachers);' Library Journal, XCII (March 1, 1967), 952.

7'an Kleek, M. "New Developments in Workers' Organizations,"ALA Bulletin, XXXI (October, 1937), 893.4.

Wegner, Kathryn. "In Unions There is Strength. . . , "Michigan Librarian, XII (June, 1946), 3+/

Youngstown Library Staff Cats Union Representation," Library Journal, XCIII (March 15, 1968), 1090. 166.

Add to Periodical Literature

Cottam, Keith M. "Unionization is not Inevitable,"Library Journal, XCIII (November 1, 196P), 4105.

}Wish, Lois, et al. "Report from the Picket Line," "Library Journal, XCIII (November 1, 1968), 4107.

"Union Dues Checkoff Set for Queens, P.L." LibraryJournal, XCIII (June 15, 1968), 2414. 167.

PAMPHLETS AND TERM PAPERS

Aschbrenner, Lynn. "Li.brar'i.an (n.) One who is learning that he can't pay bills with his title or professional pride, and that with a union he can work with administration to improve library service, can have a voice in determining social policies, and can solve his economic problems, i.e. earn a decent living."Madison, Wis., American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, 1944. (NYPL Catalog No. TDB p.v.704).

Hayden, Nancy Louise. "The Librarian and the Labor Union,"Term paper, L.S. 225, 1968, Immaculate Heart College (Los Angeles).

Spicer, Erik, J. "Trade Unions in Libraries (The Experience in the United States)," Term paper presented at UnIvereity of Michigan,August 3, 1959.

United Public Workers of America. New York (City). Local 111, City Department Employees. Library Chapter. "Biography of a Library Local. New York City: The New York City Public Library Employees Union, SCHWA Local 251 (CIO), 1940." (NYPL Catalog No. TB P.V. 1456).

BOOK

Clopine, John. A history of Library Unions in the United States. Rochester Press, 1955. (This book was mentioned in the term paper of Nancy Louis( Hayden, but she could not find it anywhere, and neither could I.) ADDENDA

P. 85 Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore. (April 1969)

The election has been held and the Classified Municipal Employees

Association was selected as the bargaining unit for the majority of City employees. However, as employees of the Pratt Library are not technically

City employees, they did not participate in the election.

P. 49 Brooklyn Public Library.

More than 660 members of the Guild in May 1969 according to

Brandwein.

'173