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Estudios Ecológicos Y Genéticos De La Hormiga Invasora Wasmannia Auropunctata En Argentina, El Límite Sur De Su Distribución Nativa

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Estudios Ecológicos Y Genéticos De La Hormiga Invasora Wasmannia Auropunctata En Argentina, El Límite Sur De Su Distribución Nativa Tesis Doctoral Estudios ecológicos y genéticos de la hormiga invasora Wasmannia auropunctata en Argentina, el límite sur de su distribución nativa Chifflet, Lucila 2016-03-11 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Chifflet, Lucila. (2016-03-11). Estudios ecológicos y genéticos de la hormiga invasora Wasmannia auropunctata en Argentina, el límite sur de su distribución nativa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Chifflet, Lucila. "Estudios ecológicos y genéticos de la hormiga invasora Wasmannia auropunctata en Argentina, el límite sur de su distribución nativa". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2016-03-11. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución Estudios ecológicos y genéticos de la hormiga invasora Wasmannia auropunctata en Argentina, el límite sur de su distribución nativa Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área: Ciencias Biológicas Autora: Lucila Chifflet* Directora y consejera de estudios: Dra. Viviana Confalonieri * Director asistente: Dr. Luis A. Calcaterra ** * Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución – IEGEBA (UBA– CONICET) – Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. **Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Bolívar 1559, B1686EFA, Hurlingham. Buenos Aires, 2016 Fecha de defensa: 11 de marzo de 2016. RESUMEN. La historia evolutiva de especies invasoras en su área nativa puede involucrar procesos clave en su éxito fuera de ésta. Wasmannia auropunctata es una hormiga neotropical, que ha invadido diversos sitos tropicales del mundo, aunque recientemente también se estableció en la región Mediterránea. La posible población fuente de esta última invasión se localizó en Argentina, el límite sur de su distribución nativa. Resulta entonces interesante estudiar las poblaciones de W. auropunctata en esta región para entender su éxito fuera de la zona intertropical. En este trabajo se estudiaron distintos aspectos -ecológicos, genéticos y comportamentales- de W. auropunctata en el límite sur de su distribución nativa, con el fin de entender qué factores son responsables de su éxito y analizar si su historia evolutiva se corresponde con la reciente introducción en el Mediterráneo. Se analizó si las poblaciones en esta región presentan características invasoras, estudiando la asociación entre su dominancia y la perturbación del ambiente, su sistema de reproducción, por medio de microsatélites, y su sistema de organización social, por medio de ensayos de agresión. Se realizó un estudio filogeográfico, utilizando ADN mitocondrial y nuclear, para analizar su historia de dispersión y diversificación. Por medio de un modelado de nicho ecológico se determinaron áreas centrales y marginales de distribución y se analizó cómo cambiaron a lo largo del Cuaternario. Finalmente, se analizó su habilidad competitiva en un ensamble local, utilizando cebos y trampas de caída. Wasmannia auropunctata resultó estar ampliamente distribuida en esta región, siendo abundante y dominante en sitios perturbados, principalmente antrópicos. La organización social fue mayormente supercolonial independientemente del nivel de perturbación del ambiente. El sistema de reproducción fue principalmente clonal en sitios antrópicos; mixto en sitios con perturbación antrópica media y en las planicies de inundación; y sexual en sitios naturales. Los marcadores mitocondriales y nucleares corroboraron la existencia de dos clados principales (A y B), como había sido propuesto en otros trabajos. Un análisis filogeográfico bayesiano sugirió que el ancestro común de ambos clados habría existido en el centro de Brasil hace 3,9 millones de años aproximadamente, desde done el clado A se expandió hacia el norte y el B (el mismo que invadió el Mediterráneo) hacia el sur. El modelado de nicho ecológico sugirió que su diferenciación genética podría estar acompañada de una diferenciación de nicho ecológico, siendo el clado A un linaje tropical y el B un linaje subtropical y templado. Sólo el clado B alcanzó altas latitudes en el sur de Sudamérica, hasta Argentina, caracterizado por un clima más frío que el norte de este continente. Esto es compatible con su posterior establecimiento en la región Mediterránea. Wasmannia auropunctata presentó una baja habilidad competitiva, indicando que ésta no es un factor asociado a su éxito. En conjunto, nuestros resultados sugieren que los ambientes naturalmente perturbados (como las planicies de inundación) habrían jugado un papel importante en la aparición de características, como la clonalidad y la supercolonialidad, que posteriormente favorecerían a W. auropunctata en ambientes antrópicos, clave para su introducción fuera de su rango nativo. Por otro lado, su expansión natural a altas latitudes hacia el sur de Sudamérica, le habría permitido una adaptación a climas más fríos y con marcada estacionalidad, clave para su establecimiento en la región Mediterránea. El presente estudio refleja la utilidad de la exploración de la historia de vida de una especie invasora dentro de su rango nativo para lograr una mejor comprensión de su escenario de invasión. Palabras clave: invasiones biológicas, historia evolutiva, filogeografía, clonalidad, supercolonia, Sudamérica, habilidad competitiva, expansión demográfica, refugios pleistocénicos. 2 Ecological and genetic studies of the invasive ant Wasmannia auropunctata in Argentina, its native southernmost distribution limit ABSTRACT. The evolutionary history of exotic species within their native range may involve key processes for colonizing new habitats. Native from the Neotropics, the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata has invaded many tropical sites around the world, and it has recently been introduced in the Mediterranean region. The putative source population of this last invasion was located in Argentina, its native southernmost distribution limit. Therefore, it is interesting to study the populations of W. auropunctata in this region to understand its success outside the tropics. We studied different -biological, genetic and behavioural- aspects of W. auropunctata within its native southernmost distribution limit, in order to understand which factors are responsible for its success and analyze whether its evolutionary history agrees with the recent introduction into the Mediterranean. We examined whether the populations in this region have invasive characteristics, studying the association between their dominance and the habitat disturbance, the reproductive system, using microsatellite markers, and the social organization, through aggression tests. We analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, to perform a phylogeographic analysis in order to infer its dispersion and genetic differentiation history. Through an ecological niche modelling, we identified central and marginal distribution areas and analyzed how they changed over the Quaternary. Finally, we analyzed its competitive ability in a local assembly, using baits and pitfall traps. Wasmannia auropunctata was widespread at the southernmost limit of its native distribution range, with higher abundances being mainly recorded in anthropic habitats. The social organization was mainly supercolonial in all habitat types. The reproductive system was mainly clonal in anthropic habitats, mixed in partially disturbed sites and floodplains, and sexual in natural sites. The genetic analysis corroborated the existence of two main clades (A and B), as had been proposed in other works. Phylogeographical Bayesian analysis suggested that the common ancestor of both clades would have existed in central Brazil about 3.9 million years ago, from where clade A would have expanded and differentiated northward and clade B (the same that invaded the Mediterranean) southward. The ecological niche modelling suggested that genetic differentiation could be accompanied by a differentiation in the ecological niche requirements, clade A being a tropical lineage and clade B a subtropical and temperate lineage. Clade B was the only one which reached high latitudes in southern South America, which is characterized by colder temperatures than the north of the continent. This agrees with the subsequent establishment in the Mediterranean region. Wasmannia auropunctata had a low competitive ability, indicating that interspecific competition is not a factor associated with its success. Taken together, our results suggest that naturally disturbed environments (such as floodplains) may have played an important role in the appearance of features such as clonality and supercoloniality, which would have later favor W. auropunctata in anthropic habitats, key to its dispersal outside its native range.
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