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Home , Personality psychology, Stanley Schachter

AP Psych - Famous People - ULTIMATE LIST Study online at quizlet.com/_p00mn

1. and , , Mary Whiton 9. John B. - (1878-1958) He was an American Approaches Calkins, Margaret Floy Washburn, G. Stanley Watson who departed from Wundt and the early - People Hall, Max Wertheimer, , John B. by emphasizing the scientific study Watson, , B.F. Skinner, Abraham of observable rather than the study of Maslow, , Charles Rogers, Jean subjective mental processes. He is now Piaget remembered as one of the founders of . 2. Wilhelm - german physiologist who founded Wundt as a formal ; opened first psychology 10. Ivan - 1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; research laboratory in 1879, "Father" of Pavlov Contributions: developed foundation for classical Psychology, Considered the Father of modern conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally psychology; study of mental processes, elicits a reflexive ; Studies: dog salivation , and self-exam; established the 11. B.F. - 1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: first psychology laboratory in Germany Skinner created techniques to manipulate the 3. William - 1842-1910 American philosopher and consequences of an organism's behavior in order James psychologist who founded psychology in the to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; United states and established the psychological Studies: Skinner box school called functionalism 12. Abraham - 1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: - 1st American Psychologist Maslow hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level - Viewed the as a stream which cannot be dominate an 's as long as meaningfully broken down into distinct they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, component transcendence 4. Mary - American psychologist who conducted - (American, 1908-1970) principally known for Whiton research on , , and dreams; two works, Motivation and Personality and Calkins first woman president of the American Toward a Psychology of Being, that introduced his Psychological Association theory of the "hierarchy of needs" (, shelter, love, esteem, etc.) and its pinnacle, the need for 5. Margaret - American psychologist who studied animal "self-actualization." Self-actualized people are Floy behavior; first woman to receive a Ph.D. in those who understand their individual needs and Washburn psychology abilities and who have , friends, and 6. G. Stanley - 1844-1924 American psychologist who colleagues that support them and allow them to Hall established the first psychology research accomplish things on which they place . The laboratory in the United States; founded and lowest unmet need on the hierarchy tends to first president of the American Psychological dominate conscious . Association. 13. Carl - 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: 7. Max - A Gestalt psychologist who argued against Rogers founded person-centered therapy, theory that Wertheimer dividing thought and behavior into emphasizes the unique quality of discrete structures especially their freedom and potential for personal - Discovered apparent motion / Phi phenomena growth, unconditional positive regard, fully - One of three founders of ; functioning person the whole is greater than the sum of its parts - Developed "client-centered" therapy

8. Sigmund - 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; 14. Charles - Evolution by "" (the weaker die Freud Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and Darwin out) wrote On the Origin of Species pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense 15. Jean - 1896-1980; Field: ; Contributions: mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), Piaget created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, , transference, said that two basic processes work in tandem to - Austrian neurologist who originated achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human accommodation) behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome - assimilation - of conflict between the id (irrational - accommodation - unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing 16. Biological - Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga, Paul Broca, conscious, what one can do) and superego Bases of Carl Wernicke, Thomas Bouchard (ingrained moral values, what one should do). Behavior - People 17. Roger - American psychologist who received the Nobel 25. Ernst Weber -1795-1878; Field: ; Studies: 1st Sperry Prize in 1981 for his pioneering research on study on JND, He pioneered the first study brain specialization in split-brain patients in JND (just noticeable difference). It - Finds that when the brain was divided each became Weber's ; the JND between hemisphere continued to have individual and stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity private experiences, sensations, , and of the standard . E.g. the bigger or more intense the standard stimulus, the larger the increment needed to get a 18. Michael - 1939-present; Field: cognition (neuroscience); noticeable difference. (Holding books Gazzaniga Studied of the neural basis of mind with primary stacked on your hand). responsibility for initiating human split-brain research. In his subsequent work he has made 26. Gustav -, 1801-1887; Field: perception; important advances in our understanding of Fechner Contributions: stated that the magnitude of functional lateralization in the brain and how a sensory experience is proportionate to the the cerebral hemispheres communicate with one # of JND's that the stimulus causing the another experiences above the absolute threshold, Founded , Demonstrated that 19. Paul Broca - Broca's area, language production in the left mental processes can be measured, - Absolute threshold. Smallest intensity of a - (1824- 1880) Found that injury to a particular stimulus that has to be present for the part of the left frontal lobe (now known as stimulus to be detected. For example, you Broca's area) resulted in a kind of asphasia in waiting for a burner to heat up by placing which the person is unable to produce many your hand on the burner. Then you remove words or to speak very fluently (p. 43) your hand when it is just hot enough for you 20. Carle -, Expanded upon Broca's findings by to detect the heat. Wernicke discovering that damage to the left, posterior, 27. Eleanor -,1910-2002; Field: perception; Gibson was superior temporal gyrus also caused language Gibson an American psychologist. Among her deficits (now known as Wernicke's area) contributions to psychology, the most - Discovered that patients who had damage to important are the study of perception in this region produced speech that was fluent but infants and toddlers. She is popularly meaningless and had disrupted language known for the Visual Cliff; in comprehension. which precocial animals, and crawling 21. Thomas -, conducted study on identical that found human infants, showed their ability to Bouchard a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a their similar appearances may have led to their virtual cliff. Along with her husband J. J. being treated similarly, Gibson, she forwarded the concept that - Minnesota study 1979 () twins that takes place by were reared apart had similarities so this must be differentiation. attributed to their genes 28. States of - William James, Sigmund Freud, Ernest 22. Sensation - David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel, Ernst Weber, Consciousness Hilgard and Gustav Fechner, Eleanor Gibson - People Perception 29. - Studies showing that a hypnotic trance - People includes a "hidden observer" suggesting that 23. David - along with Torsten Wiesel discovered feature there is some subconscious control during Hubel detectors, groups of neurons in the visual cortex hypnosis that respond to different types of visual stimuli 30. Learning - - Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, Rosalie (sensation and perception) People Rayner, John Garcia, Robert Koelling, 24. Torsten - Along with David Hubel discovered feature , B.F. Skinner, Robert Wiesel detector groups of neurons in the visual cortex Rescorla, , Edward Tolman, that respond to different types of visual images Wolfgang Kohler

31. John Watson -, behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat 32. Rosalie - graduate student of Watson and co-researcher 40. Cognition - - George Sperling, George Miller, Alexandra Rayner for the famous Little Albert demonstration of People Luria, Hermann Ebbinghaus, , classically conditioned Benjamin Whorf, Wolfgang Kohler

33. John - Researched taste aversion. Showed that when 41. George - demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a Garcia rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated Sperling grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a secon by a drug or radiation, they developed a - tested recall time by flashing rows of numbers conditioned taste aversion for the substance. and saw if participants could immediately recall the numbers 34. Robert - Ran with John Garcia on Taste Koelling Aversion in species using rates, loud sounds, and 42. George - Former president of the American bad tasting water. Miller Psychological Association, proposed that we can only hold 7(+/-) 2 items in Short Term 35. Edward -, 1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Memory @ any one time. Thorndike Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats, 43. Alexandra - studied a patient with eidetic memory who Pioneer in who discovered Luria could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits and concepts in intstrumental learning such as the remember it up to 15 years later law of effect. 44. Hermann -, 1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st - Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes. Ebbinghaus to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid - Author of the law of effect, the principle that loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; forms the basis of operant conditioning Studies: memory-series of meaningless 36. Robert - American psychologist who experimentally syllables/words Rescorla demonstrated the involvement of cognitive - the first person to study memory scientifically processes in , Researched and systematically; used nonsense syllables classical conditioning; found subjects learn the and recorded how many times he had to study a predictability of an event through trials (cognitive list to remember it well element) 45. Noam - 1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: - Contingency model: Learning exist that are not Chomsky disagreed with Skinner about language explained by operant or classical conditioning acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of 37. Albert - 1925-present; Field: sociocultural; sentences in a language, humans have an Bandura Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, inborn native ability to develop language stated that people profit from the 46. Benjamin - Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how mistakes/successes of others; Whorf language impacts thought - Studies: Bobo Dolls- demonstrated - 1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked hypothesis is that language determines the way play, we think - Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Socio- 47. Motivation - , , William Cognitive Perspective and Masters, Virginia Johnson, Alfred Kinsey, - "Modeling": Attention, Retention, Emotion - William James, Carl Lange, Walter Cannon, Reproduction, & Motivation People Philip Bard, , Thomas Holmes, Richard Rahe, Hans Seyle 38. Edward - Cognitive psychologist; Latent Learning & Tolman cognitive maps in rats, American psychologist who used the terms cognitive map and latent learning too describe experimental findings that strongly suggested that cognitive factors play a role in animal learning.

39. Wolfgang - A Gestalt psychologist who became known for Kohler his experiments with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving. He believed that by perceiving the whole situation, chimps were able to create novel solutions to problems (rather than just by trial and error). Through insight, chimps were able to use props in order to retrieve rewards. 48. William - used direct and experimentation to 54. Stanley -, 1922-present; Field: emotion; Masters study sexual response cycle (4 stages) Schachter Contributions: stated that in order to - A physician and a psychologist who joined forces experience emotions a person must be to treat sexual difficulties (premature ejaculation, physically aroused and know the emotion inability to orgasm, etc.). They wrote "Human before you experience it, Sexual Response," in which they wrote the then - two factor emotion theory - physiological groundbreaking concepts that male and female happens first, cognitive appraisal must be sexual responses are physiologically very similar made in order to experience emotion. and that women achieve orgasm primarily through 55. Thomas - along with Richard Rahe, designed one of clitoral stimulation. They later (1970) published Holmes the first instruments to measure "Human Sexual Inadequacy," revolutionized sex - social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) therapy by treating sexual problems not as products measured stress using life-change units of neuroses or personality disorders, but simply as (LCUs) difficulties that could be treated with behavioral therapy 56. Richard Rahe - found that the daily hassles a person experiences are more harmful to his or her 49. Virginia - psychologist famous for her pioneering research health than are the significant life changes Johnson into the nature of human sexual response and the that occurred diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and - a high score on the life-change event scale dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s is associated with a greater likelihood of a - Pioneered the study of human sexuality under negative health change labarotary conditions with william masters, published human sexual response, pivotal role in 57. Hans Seyle - studied stress—the body responds in the the field of sex therapy same way to any stress - Wife of William Masters, published research in - General Adaptation Syndrome—a series of books "Human Sexual Response" and "Human bodily reactions to prolonged stress (alarm, Sexual Inadequacy" resistance, exhaustion).

50. Alfred - Controversial Indiana University "sexologist" who 58. Developmental - Konrad Lorenz, , Mary Kinsey documented Americans' changing sexual behavior Psychology - Ainsworth, Diana Baumrind, Lev Vygotsky, - 1948; published article "sexual behavior in the People Sigmund Freud, , , human male" highlighting the fact that Alfred Binet, , Carol homosexuality is more common than believed Gilligan

51. Carl - Danish physiologist who proposed a theory of 59. Konrad - Austrian zoologist who studied the Lange emotion similar to, and about the same time as Lorenz behavior of birds and emphasized the James' theory that awareness of physiological importance of innate as opposed to learned responses leads to experiences of emotion. behaviors (1903-1989)

52. Walter - 1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: 60. Harry Harlow - 1905-1981; Field: development; Cannon believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, Contributions: realized that touch is was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus balloons in stomachs monkeys, studied attachment of infant - Coined the term homeostasis, American monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)

pyschologist who developed an influential theory of 61. Mary - A Psychologist interested mainly in emotion called the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Ainsworth ; compared effects - Came up with the flight-or-fight response; the of maternal separation, devised patterns of instinctive physiological response preparing the attachment; "The Strange Situation": body, when confronted with a threat to either fight observation of parent/child attachment. or flee; an evolutionary survival dynamic Discovered 3 Types of attachment 1.Secure

53. Philip -, A very prominent American psychologist who Attachments(66%), 2.. Avoidant Bard developed an alternative theory with Attachments(21%) 3.Anxious/Ambivalent Cannon bard, known as the Cannon-Bard theory . Attachment (12) Was also the chairman of the APA during WW2. - Cannon-Bard theory; experience of an event triggers both emotional and physiological response 62. Diana - Authoritative - high in control and warmth; 66. Lawrence - 1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral Baumrind mature demands of and responsiveness to Kohlberg development; Contributions: created a theory of children; allows lots of discussion and considers moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on children's opinions before making final decision; moral reasoning rather than overt behavior have rules and guidelines; use rationale and - moral development; presented boys moral logic when disciplining. Considered the most dilemmas and studied their responses and optimal parenting style reasoning processes in making moral decisions. - Identified three different types of parenting Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. permissive. Should he steal the medication and why? - built on Piaget's work to study moral 63. Lev -, 1896-1934; Field: child development; development: Vygotsky Contributions: investigated how culture & 1. preconventional interpersonal guide development, 2. conventional zone of proximal development; play research 3. post conventional - Theorist is credited with the social development theory of learning. He/She 67. Carol - 1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: suggested that social interaction influences Gilligan maintained that Köhlberg's work was developed cognitive development. His/Her learning theory by only observing boys and overlooked potential suggests that students learn best in a social differences between the habitual moral context in which a more able or peer judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on teaches the student something he or she could relationships than and principles not learn on his or her own. In other words, 68. Personality - Sigmund Freud, , Nancy teachers must determine what a student can do - People Chodorow, , , Hans independently and then provide the student with Eyesenck, , Paul Costa, Robert the opportunities to learn with the support of an McCrae, , Hippocrates, William adult or a more capable peer. Sheldon, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, George 64. Erik - "Eight Stages of Human Development" Based on Kelly, , Abraham Maslow, Carl Erikson crisis or conflict that a person resolves Rogers - proposed that people develop a personality in 69. Karen - 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, eight psychosocial stages. At each stage we Horney psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, experience a crisis that upon resolving have stated that personality is molded by current fears an effect on our ability to deal with the next one. and impulses, rather than being determined 8 stages: solely by childhood experiences and instincts, 1. infancy (trust vs. mistrust) neurotic trends 2. toddlerhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt) 3. preschooler (initiative vs. guilt) 70. Nancy - a transition to feminist psychoanalysis, 4. elementary school (industry vs. inferiority) Chodorow shifting the field of focus from the biological 5. adolescence (identity vs. role confusion) roots of psychoanalysis to 'psychoanalytic social 6. young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation) psychology'. Her primary emphasis is on the 7. middle adulthood( generativity vs. stagnation) structuring of gender roles, the assignment of 8. late adulthood (integrity vs., despair) relation and identity to these roles through language, and socialisation. She also 65. Alfred - 1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: rejects the patriarchal basis of classical Binet general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow Freudian theory, assigning primacy to the learners in need of remediation-not applicable in Mother's relationship with children of both the U.S. because too culture-bound (French) sexes.

71. Carl Jung - 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation 72. Alfred - 1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, 78. Hippocrates - "Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Adler psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, all diseases came from natural causes. He also childhood influences personality formation; had high ideals for physicians & an oath was Studies: made that is still used today.

73. Hans - believed that by classifying all people along an 79. William - 1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: Eyesenck introversion-extraversion scale and a stable- Sheldon theory that linked personality to physique on unstable scale, one could describe their the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic 74. Raymond - 1905-1998; Field: ; Contributions: (skinny) Cattell fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of - Concluded that ciriminality was more personality sphere (personality, ability, & prominent in boys with muscular builds. motivation), 16 Personality Factors () 80. George Kelly - he believed (personal construct theory) our personality consists of our thoughts about 75. Paul - psychologist associated with the five-factor ourselves, including our biases, errors, Costa model of personality, worked with Robert McCrae mistakes, and false conclusions - Created the "Five Factor Model" (big five) - simplest of all trait theories - 5 factors that 81. Julian - Describes his as encompass all others; Openness - open to Rotter expectancy reinforcement of developed fantasies, , aesthetics, ideas, values; constructs. Learning situations are - competent, prefers structure, inextricably fused with needs requiring dutiful, disciplined; Extroversion - assertive, satisfaction through mediation by other. warm, positive, active, seek excitement; 82. Testing and - , Charles Spearmen, Howard - trusts others, honest, cooperative, Individual Gardner, Daniel Goleman, Robert Sternberg, sympathetic; - , depression, Differences Alfred Binet, Louis Terman, David Wechsler hostility, self-conscious, act impulsively, - People experience a sense of vulnerability 83. Francis -, AKA "London 76. Robert - With Paul Costa, an author of NEO PI R. the Galton School" of ; McCrae standard questionnaire measure of the Five Factor Contributions: behavioral , maintains Model (FFM), provides a systematic assessment of that personality & ability depend almost emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, entirely on genetic inheritance; compared and motivational styles a detailed personality identical & fraternal twins, hereditary description that can be a valuable resource for a differences in intellectual ability variety of professionals. - interested in link between heredity and 77. Gordon - 1897-1967; Field: of personality; intelligence Allport Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of - founder of the eugenics movement traits-cardinal, central, and secondary, American 84. Charles - 1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: psychologist and trait theorist who researched the Spearman found that specific mental talents were highly idea that individual personalities are unique, correlated, concluded that all cognitive - A psychologist perhaps best-known as one of the abilities showed a common core which he founding figures of . He labeled 'g' (general ability) also developed a trait theory of personality that described three broad categories of personality 85. Howard - 1943-present; Field: intelligence; traits Gardner Contributions: devised the theory of multiple - trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: (logical-mathematic, spatial, 1. cardinal bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, 2. central musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)

3. secondary 86. Daniel - Thought of : able to Goleman manage own emotions, is capable of self- motivation and self direction, recognizes emotions in others, and is able to handle various types of relationships.

87. Robert - intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Sternberg Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) 88. Louis - revised Binet's IQ test and established norms 96. Mary - "mother of behavior therapy"; used classical Terman for American children Cover conditioning to help "Peter" overcome fear of - adapted the intelligence test created by Alfred Jones rabbits Binet to fit the needs of US students. The revised - Discovered you can unlearn fear test was called the Stanford-Binet test and - American psychologist who conducted the first measures IQ clinical demonstrations of behavior therapy, behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic 89. David -, 1939 published a test exclusively for adults desensitization, maintained that fear could be Wechsler WAIS-R or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, unlearned Revised - researcher that worked with troubled kids in 97. Joseph - Used classical conditioning theory in the 1930's in NYC. He observed that many of Wolpe and introduced Systematic these kids demonstrated a type of intelligence Desensitatization and concepts of reciprocal that was much different than the type of inhibition which he applied to reduce anxiety. intelligence needed to succeed in the school In treatment he paired relaxation with an system (STREET SMARTS). He created tests to anxiety -provoking stimulus until the stimulus measure more than verbal ability. no longer produced anxiety - perfected the behavioral therapy technique 90. Abnormal - Aaron Beck, , David called systematic desensitization Psychology Rosenhan - People 98. Albert Ellis - 1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy 91. Aaron - 1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of Beck father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales- irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive depression inventory, hopelessness scale, behavior and emotions suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories 99. Social - Rockard LaPier, , James - pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested Psychology Carlsmith, Harold Kelley, Robert Rosenthal, negative beliefs cause depression. - People Lenore Jacobson, Muzafer Sherif, John Darley, Bibb Latane, Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram, 92. Martin - 1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Irving Janis, Phillip Zimbardo Seligman , learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned 100. Richard - best known for his 1934 article helplessness LaPiere "Attitudes Versus Actions" which established the gap between attitudes and behaviors; took 93. David - A social psychologist that did a study in which group of Chinese males to restaurants after Rosenhan healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric WW1 and though the owners took their hospitals and diagnoses with ; business, they said over the phone they would showed that once you are diagnosed with a not, disorder, the label, even when behavior - 1934 did a study with how people would react indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a to Asians. Traveled with an Asian couple and setting they were only treated poorly once. He then 94. Treatment - Sigmund Freud, Carl Rogers, Fritz (friedrich, contacted all the places they went to see what of Frederick) Perls, Mary Cover Jones, Joseph their attitudes were. Said they would not serve Psychology Wolpe, B.F. Skinner, Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis Asians. Disorders 101. Leon - In 1957 this social psychologist created terms - People Festinger and the social comparison 95. Fritz - Founder of Gestalt Therapy theory; said that when people are induced to act (Friedrich, - Considered most dreams a special message in ways inconsistent with their beliefs, a Frederick) about what is missing in our lives, what we tension is created, and they will change their Perls avoid doing, or feelings that need to be "re- beliefs to fit their behavior owned." 102. James - worked with Festinger on a classical - Believed that dreams are a way of filling gaps Carlsmith experiment about cognitive dissonance in personal experience. Method of analyzing dreams involved speaking for characters and objects in your dreams. 103. Harlold - put forth a theory that explains the kind of 109. Solomon - 1907-1996; Field: ; Kelley attributions peole make based on three kinds of Asch Contributions: studied conformity, found that information: would conform even if they knew it 1. consistency - how similarly the individual acts was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and in the same situation over time social pressures 2. distinctiveness - how similar this situation is - An important figure in the study of Conformity. to another He is famous for his experiment in which he had 3. consensus - asks usto consider how others in one test subject and five confederates disguised the same situation have responded as test subjects compare line lengths. The five confederates selected the same, obviously 104. Robert - 1933-present; Field: social psychology; incorrect answer, which often caused the subject Rosenthal Contributions: focus on nonverbal to follow suit. Demonstrated the social communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; conformity bias. Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students 110. Stanley - 1933-1984; Field: social psychology; - studied experimenter bias, a researcher's Milgram Contributions: wanted to see how the German unintended influence on the behavior of subjects soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see - focus on nonverbal communication, self- how far individuals would go to be obedient; fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect- Studies: Shock Study effect of teacher's expectations on students can - obedience to authority; had participants have a huge effect including IQ administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to 105. Lenore - Lenore F Jacobson was principal of an see if Germans were an aberration or if all people Jacobson elementary school in the South San Francisco were capable of committing evil actions Unified School District in 1963 when she started a correspondence with Harvard psychologist 111. Irving - The psychologist who coined the term Robert Rosenthal which led to the influential Janis "groupthink." To discover it, he studied the Bay of Pygmalion Effect study- told teachers that some Pigs, Pearl Harbor, Chernobyl, and similar students in elementary class are bloomers and disasters. others as dulls. Choice was random but students - Groupthink; likely to occur in a group that has that were bloomers did better than students that unquestioned beliefs, pressue to conform, were not. invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness within, isolation from without, and a strong leader 106. Muzafer -, Co-operation among divisive groups when they Sherif had subordinate (shared) goals. 112. Phillip - social psychology; Stanford Prison Study; - a founder of social psychology, studied social Zimbardo students were randomly assigned to roles norms, conducted Robber's Cave experiment, of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at - Robber's cave superordinate goals experiment. who social situations influence behavior; In-groups and out-groups created during showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large competition. Superordinate goals bring people extent on the roles they are asked to play together

107. John - Contemporary American social psychologist Darley who, along with co-researcher Bibb Latane, is best known for his pioneering studies of bystander intervention in emergency situations - social psychologist, studied diffusion of responibility and bystander effect

108. Bibb - social psychologist, worked with John Darley, Latane focused on social loafing and diffusion of responsibility - Contemporary American social psychologist who, along with co-researcher John Darley, is best known for his pioneering studies of bystander intervention in emergency situations.