Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 orsodne ihleN hoa nttt o esnlt n oilRsac,Uiest fClfri tBerkeley, at California of University [email protected] Research, E-mail: Social USA. 94720-5050, and CA Personality Berkeley, for Hall, Institute Tolman Shiota, 4143 N. Michelle Correspondence: 1994; (Ekman, 1998; emotions Panksepp, 1991; Lazarus, positive 1998; Fredrickson, multiple of & Clark, Watson, 1993; 1988). Pervin, Tellegen, 1989; Ketelaar, (Larsen states inten- negative & emotion and particular frequency experiencing and the of than sity on positive rather emphasis mood, or global pronounced affect a toward also dispositions is personality Wu, there Within & 1988). Morgan, research, Ellsworth, 1992; Shaver, & 1984; Smith Cantor, 1996; Russell, & & Fehr Niedenthal, although see 1992; Ekman Friesen, Isen, & Heider, 1993; Ekman, 1987; Levenson, among Davidson, al., distinctions (e.g., et possible emotions studies considered positive many emotion, not of have field the empirical Within common a practice. be to this proved to has emotion construct search single positive But Reducing Psycinfo happiness? citations. a is 4,500 what over definition. inquiry: yields of now ‘‘happiness’’ accepted line for flourishing creat- a consensually enterprise, this ing joined a have scientists conclusions, Recently of never range wide but a reaching happiness, nature of the debated long have writers and Philosophers Introduction constructs emotion positive dispositional several among and Experience, differentiating Keywords: to of rewards. personality Openness emotional utility of core kinds Agreeableness, differentially theoretical different two were with research. Conscientiousness, associated conceptual dispositions with personality the were emotion in elaborating styles Extraversion, relationships positive attachment support data adult the their peer-rated different that present Findings that positive in found and found We dispositional We also dispositions research. We style. self- emotion, Neuroticism. emotion attachment personality positive with adult positive in and of associated variable seven Five’’ varieties ‘‘Big unidimensional among distinct the a constructs, differences multiple as of empirical treated existence and typically the is proposed affect have theorists Although Abstract USA Berkeley, at California JOHN of P. University OLIVER & KELTNER, DACHER SHIOTA, N. MICHELLE Five style Big attachment with and associated personality differentially dispositions emotion Positive Psychology Positive of Journal The O:10.1080/17439760500510833 online/06/020061–11 DOI: 1743-9779 print/ISSN 1743-9760 ISSN eea hoit,hwvr oi h existence the posit however, theorists, Several mto;pstv mto;pstv scooy esnlt;BgFv;attachment Five; Big personality; psychology; positive emotion; positive Emotion; pi 06 () 61–71 1(2): 2006; April , ß 06Tyo Francis & Taylor 2006 asn&Ktla,18;MCa on 1992; John, & McCrae 1989; 1990; Ketelaar, John, & 1998; Ketelaar, Larsen McCrae, & & Sutton, Costa Gross, the (e.g., correlation 1980; Extraversion and strong literature factor affect Five the the positive Big global is in dispositional personality findings between and robust affect most on the of One Five Big the and affect Positive earlier by research. suggested than differentiation and relationships greater relationships these show traits, whether personality asking disposi- Model styles, document attachment Factor emotion Five positive to the tions, distinct sought Clark, several & between We Watson Simpson, 2004; 1992; Rafaelli, 1997). John, & Torquati & attachment 1990; & McCrae Sutton, adult 1998; Gross, 1980; secure Ketelaar, McCrae, & as Costa relationships trait (e.g., Five well style Big robust the as and Extraversion, affect documented positive global between have several Prior of dispositions. studies emotion correlates positive personality corresponding major 2004). distinctions the explored Hertenstein, we among investigation & present the Keltner, In Campos, Shiota, Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 Wto,Wee ada elgn 1999). Negative Tellegen, & instrument Vaidya, and Wiese, the authors (Watson, renamed Positive since the have the distinction, PANAS the this of Recognizing amuse- love, contentment, ment). researchers (e.g., represented from that not attention emotion are increasing positive received of determined, varieties have (e.g., several theorists and most consid- alert), be by not emotions which would ered 2005; that to PANAS-PA constructs several purpose measure Isaacowitz, However, items suited. a well-being 2005; admirably measurement 2005), is psychological it Fagley, Conway, the & & of in MacLeod Adler is aspects (e.g., PANAS-PA positive frequent the A of 1988). of al., measure et use (Watson to with environment engagement designed the pleasurable and was energy high attentive. scale overall and PANAS-PA proud, strong, The active, excited, alert, disposi- determined, inspired, interested, and enthusiastic, the studies, study: Five illustrate positive Big PANAS-PA tional previous the of positive subject of dispositional between items distinction Negative 1988). 10 And al., et Positive The Watson the (PANAS-PA; Schedule of the Affect using scale measured Affect often is Positive variable latter the affect, articulated. well behind less mechanisms are relationships The also these Experience. is to factors: it Openness Five and Big that Neuroticism, other Conscientiousness, found Agreeableness, the Extraversion, to (1991) by related Costa independently strongly Five positive and most Big global McCrae the predicted Although of is established. between rest affect well the Relationships less and are 1997). affect & 1970; positive Clark, Gray, system Carver global 1989; & (e.g., reward Iacono, & both Watson neurological Depue for a 1994; foundation White, of the activity Clark, provide differences & the core individual that the Watson in or forms 1979), 1983; Wiggins, affect (Hogan, 1997; positive McCrae, Extraversion that & of 673), (Costa p. affect’’ 1980, positive indi- toward ‘‘predisposes viduals Extraversion that that concluded 1998). Ketelaar, & Sutton, increase (Gross, baseline reactivity of that emotion and positive suggesting degree both viewing, involves and during clips, Extraversion emotion emotion film positive positive humorous in absolute of to predicted responses level significantly 1999). of scores Gullone, 1989; Extraversion study & Shack, Wilson a & 1997; In reactivity Meyer Clark, 1989; & as Watson Ketelaar, well 1994; & Braaten, as & Larsen emotion, (Bachorowski inten- feedback positive positive and to felt 1999). frequency of Gullone, predict sity & scores Wilson 1997; Extraversion Clark, & Watson 62 nrsac nBgFv orltso positive of correlates Five Big on research In variously have theorists findings, these on Based .N hoae al. et Shiota N. M. emotion h ujc ftepresent the of subject the , Activation affect Schedule the , etn ls oohr.Sm tde ugs that suggest studies Some the others. avoid of to generally and close convinced abandonment toward relationships, getting less intimate tending or of are Adults value betrayal avoidance 2000). more of Shaver, attachment are & signs and toward (Fraley their partners, for about relationship tending vigilant confident as less value Adults own are (Ainsworth, 1979). anxiety relationships attachment Bowlby, close of 1982; enhancing experience taking as well and the as opportunities, environment Secure new of material foundation advantage support. the psychological exploring as and the for well provides trustworthiness as own attachment relationships, their others’ in of of worth models attachment and working Shaver, secure desirability positive & toward have Hazan tending styles 1994; Adults 2000; Bartholomew, 1987). Shaver, & & (Fraley social Griffin the environment in material help events style and to attachment models responses underlie emotional that working organize other internal and self the emotional of for because implications profound experience, attach- has Adult style relationships. in ment romantic style of positive attachment context assess adult specific the to and several was dispositions study between emotion present relationships the of the aim second The style attachment adult and affect Positive study. present the of aim first with the was correlations Addressing questions affect distinct these dispositions? positive of emotion with positive terms particular factors in of Five explained associations more Big be independent four some the other positive facilitate the Can it all others? does than of or equally, experience emotions at dispositional Extraversion Does closely these Five. facilitate Big emo- the se, more and positive dispositions per tion various looking between emotions relationships encourage specific be do to findings attentiveness self-assurance consider and would theorists emotion Although Neuroticism few self-assurance. Extraversion. predicted did consistently only than strongly attentiveness more predicted atten- Conscientiousness of effects not but tiveness. the controlled, after been had even Extraversion predictor atten- of self-assurance, significant and in joviality a less of less was considerably somewhat Agreeableness joviality, and tiveness. in self-assurance, accounted variability in specific most Extraversion the more outcomes. for predicting also affect positive but in positive Extraversion, global differentiation by that predicted found best McCrae finding was replicated primary affect (1992) Costa’s Clark exam- and For and factors. Watson differentially Five are ple, Big various affect with positive associated of aspects different hr r it nteeprclltrtr that literature empirical the in hints are There Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 sarsl,i sucerwehrattachment whether unclear costs. different as well with is as associated benefits, are it emotional distinguished avoidance result, and attachment. anxiety not a insecure of have As varieties contentment, or different have posi- joy, between pride), specific (e.g., studies among dispositions compassion, differentiate emotion prior & to tive Torquati However, failed either 1990; 2004). romantic Simpson, attached Raffaelli, of (e.g., context insecurely the relationships experience than in particularly do emotion individuals, found individuals positive positive have attached studies of more few securely experience A that adulthood. the in and and emotions style anxiety attachment of costs attachment. emotional in avoidance differential there that style Rosenstein suggest are findings 1991; These attachment Gamble, 1996). Horowitz, & & preoccupied Sudler, Kobak, with (e.g., closely associated are most disorders affective style, adolescent attachment whereas dismissive with linked disgust are closely disorder more conduct and Similarly, to and abuse 1995). contempt substance Liker, adolescent attachment shame & with Distel, (Magai, avoidant and associated sensitivity is whereas fearfulness parents adulthood, dispositional associ- in is with parents to ated example, attachment have For anxious to correlates. childhood appear emotion avoidance negative Abela, However, different 1996). and & Kassel, anxiety Kassel, & attachment Hankin, Gotlib, (e.g., Roberts, 2005; anxiety increased and depres- predicts including sion disorders, also affective to style vulnerability 1990). relationships attachment Simpson, 1996; affect, romantic Insecure Kirkpatrick, of negative & context Feeney of (e.g., the levels in higher especially with 2000; associated is Shaver, as & and 1994). anxiety (Fraley Bartholomew, anxiety & on ‘‘fearful’’ both Griffin low on as high but ‘‘preoccupied,’’ avoidance those avoidance as and on avoidance ‘‘dismissive,’’ on high avoidance low those attachment categorical and on but high anxiety adults In anxiety both ‘‘secure,’’ as 2000; on 1994). described as Shaver, low Bartholomew, & adults terms, Fraley rather & (e.g., continua, Griffin orthogonal types as distinct avoidance of than thought and have best anxiety are attachment researchers that attachment recognized Increasingly, Nachmias, & 2000). Woddis, cognitive Birnbaum, high con- (Mikulincer, under requires load collapsing suppression Ferenz- maintenance, this Cole, other stant that although Kobak, suggest 1993), (e.g., Gamble, studies threat & Fleming, a Gillies, longer distress separation no that suppressed is so systems, have attachment their individuals attachment-avoidant esi nw bu h eainhpbetween relationship the about known is Less attachment insecure that found have studies Prior pria ftesaeo eore ntematerial the in resources of state individual’s the the of joy reflect nature, appraisal primarily in contentment may psychological or and resources social humans to be led in sometimes that although behaviors their successes,’’ Thus, the recent success. of savor encoding and to facilitates a and circumstances individuals 2002). as life ‘‘prompts such current contentment (Berenbaum, that activities describes grooming feeling need. care (1998) and of bodily Fredrickson bathing level during as consummatory the or following experienced exceed behavior, often is or This match resources effects 1992). cognitive al., et and Isen 1989), appraisal (e.g., Iacono, 1987), & Depue facial al., correlates (e.g., neurological discussed corresponding 1997), et Scherer, on (e.g., seven Ekman patterns data (e.g., the most expressions the the of received with attention here, has 1991). research construct Lazarus, most emotion 1998; acquire positive to (Fredrickson, This energy reward the expend in must when that one improvement felt and imminent emotion resources, an high-arousal signals the environment to refers ugse ycnegn hoyadevidence. are and theory functions converging emotion by promising fitness-enhancing suggested 1998). some whose presents (Fredrickson, candidates list elevation interest (McCullough, this 2001), and Rather, gratitude Larson, 2003), hope 1996), & (Haidt, including Emmons, al., qualities, Kilpatrick, et emotional positive (Snyder distinct with other to emotions. not states attention positive is growing the is of this list There Also, definitive a 1994). as Davidson, criteria proposed discrete & established be Ekman traditionally to (e.g., prove all all using not Shiota may emotions 1998; These 2004). (Fredrickson, al., et opportunities different to of response and kinds the survival maximizing are of toward emotions enhancing geared kinds positive different different toward of threats, face reproductive geared the in are fitness emotions reproductive specific as negative and just However, survival 1998). (Fredrickson, fitness long-term enhance resources advan- gathering that or take building these to opportunities, Keltner, of individual of tage each the & level, enable functional helps (Shiota emotions broad, the the constructs At of distinct 2005). seven emotion review more identifies A positive about literature association? emotion have of positive we differences, positive patterns might those specific have hypotheses multiple are what affect what and among dispositions, positive emotion attachment differences dispositional and Five obscured Big of the of correlates studies previous If dispositions? emotion positive Multiple Contentment Joy losmtmsrfre oa happiness, as to referred sometimes also , seprecdwe n’ current one’s when experienced is ipstoa oiieemotion positive Dispositional 63 Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 64 nta tde ugs htteexperimentally the that suggest as detail, in studies target, explored been 1999). a not (Latta, initial has joke of effect a of this contemplation line Although punch the the hearing in when structure knowledge another one of to use from shift cognitive a rvd mtoa ead o naigi particu- may tasks. in information-processing These engaging useful for 2004). larly rewards al., effective emotional in et provide (Shiota facilitate opportunities environment ‘‘epistemological’’ information-related that the as to those responses described emotions: been positive have here intimate of others. maintenance with facil- and bonds that and development emotions the love primarily itate Thus, both 1983). are 1995; compassion Fitzgerald, Estrada, and by 1989; & elicited cuteness, al., Hildebrandt et is helplessness, Eisenberg and (e.g., offspring vulnerability, distress need, of well-being, in toward cues others another’s behavior significant for and nurturant concern defined of stimulates is feelings emotion This by Bowlby’s system. of caregiving component (1979) emotional the is sympathy, feto h ipa fpiemyb oenhance to be may agency. reflects also environmental pride pride high Thus, of resources. material display to primary social access the the a but of self 1998), is effect of (Stipek, evaluation others Pride reflects to it 2004). compared that sense Robins, the in & emotion status Stipek, Mesquita, Tracy & of Seidner, Ellsworth, 2000; Tiedens, displays 1998; 1988; Feshbach, the (Cashdan, & behaviors behav- to leadership high similar and Proud and activation, success 1999). ioral of Hrdy, advertisement include resources 2001; group status claim to social (Gilbert, rights and enhancing group the endeavor, within valued socially control- and resources. acquiring those in ling agency and environment, rusta xeineo h mto si fact in is emotion the of experience universal. that his emotion argues in ‘‘Japanese’’ construct the this on (1973) of book Doi description being 1996). strong (Sroufe, a to care provides fully this of and recipient passively the submits trustworthy one and and reliable when caregiver, a experienced as Love acting feeling another behavioral emotional of perceives 1979). surge positive Bowlby, attachment the the involves 1982; Bowlby’s to (Ainsworth, refer program of to use love component we objects study, term present material the some the In 1984). of and Russell, love & love, as (Fehr familial well love, as romantic friendship, to referring ways, Amusement studied constructs emotion positive two final The h nls term English The Pride Compassion .N hoae al. et Shiota N. M. seprecdwe n ucesi a in succeeds one when experienced is rhmr sfl hnoeexperiences one when felt is humor, or , lorfre oi h ieaueas literature the in to referred also , Love sue nawd ag of range wide a in used is amae lhuhhe although , euebs rasneo efefcc hi joy, their self-efficacy of compromised. be sense also might a pride or and contentment, without base but secure figures, posi- a attachment with toward associated feelings tive definition the by love, emotion in deficits positive with show should press). dealing individuals in and Anxious Shaver, in support & (Mikulincer to instead efficacy them others also protect own significant They their expecting 1987). threats, doubt Shaver, to & tend (Hazan unsupportive, rejecting untrustworthy, and describe as yet partners intimacy, of and romantic levels high relationships, attain feeling romantic to their report attempt in to passion tend intense individuals which Attachment-anxious attainment, preoccupied compassion. of goal and and love in all as well self-efficacy pride, as and and agency disposi- contentment, reflect greater styles report joy, to insecure partic- tional expected attached with were Securely thus those 2001). ipants al., than responses et needs (Mikulincer compassionate others’ more to 1987), demonstrate Shaver, & self-efficacy (Hazan and supportive high and relationships loving be expect have to press), in Shaver, styles & (Mikulincer attachment secure between to correlations were Openness Neuroticism exploratory. and of with dispositions emotion associated positive Analyses closely Experience. with epistemological be awe) and the associated would (amusement only dispositions emotion closely that positive and and be (love facilitating Agreeableness, bonds would emotions social compassion) long-term only of that development emotions. hypothesized positive We agency-focused asso- these consumption), be with only would ciated and Conscientiousness that acquisition also and contentment the reward (with given reward following material behavior centrally Extraversion, for most goal-oriented opportunity emotions with agentic, these associated that involve grounds strongly the posi- on most the would pride of be and we contentment, however, light joy, above, that In hypothesized offered definitions the factors. emotion with tive Five weakly Big strongly and that remaining be Extraversion, is might with possibility dispositions seven associated One emotion Five? these positive Big all of the and experience emotions dispositional between complex highly cannot structures novel, assimilate. knowledge awe fully a current experience that with People stimulus confronted 2003). Haidt, when accommodation cognitive & at (Keltner attempts rapid Nowkicki, during & Daubman, facilitates (Isen, 1987). amusement thought of creative experience manipulated htaotatcmn tl?Idvdaswith Individuals style? attachment about What predict we might correlation of patterns What Awe a endfnda h mto experienced emotion the as defined been has Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 he orltosbtensae eegreater were Only scales 0.44. between 0.75 averaging of correlations contentment), high 0.05 three a with of to low joy but ( amusement) a DPES with from related sample, (compassion ranged present suggest intercorrelations the generally scale In constructs. 0.80; among scales distinct Correlations compassion, DPES 0.78. 0.80; contentment, the awe, 0.82; love, 0.75; joy, 0.80; amusement, was: pride, scale 0.92; each on Cronbach’s for disagree’’ sample, this statement ‘‘strongly alpha In (1) agree.’’ each ‘‘strongly at (7) with anchored and scale agreement mixed-item 7-point of a report a Participants level A; instrument. the their Appendix in used in is format scale love, are seven items pride, by DPES with contentment, presented awe. joy, and instrument amusement, scales: compassion, self-report 6-item or 38-item, 5- a questionnaire is (DPES) Scales Scales. Emotion Positive Emotion tional Positive Dispositional Measures ( years 21.7 was age Mean West-Coast a university. major, a in at course enrolled psychology undergraduates personality 108 were Participants Sample Methods the in variability awe. predict and amusement to emotions attachment expected epistemological Attachment not than compassion. was and style degree positive love bonding as social greater such of emotions expense a the at but to anxiety, pride contentment, in joy, and Shaver, facilitate might close & profile on This (Mikulincer press). others value be to with little tend relationships placing and low 1987), self-reliant, and Shaver, extremely & temporary (Hazan as warmth describe in relationships to intimate tend their individuals Attachment-avoidant o hs atcpnsws2. er ( years 21.8 was age participants Mean below). these (see Inventory for Five Big peer-ratings the provided using ethnicity. participants their 58 6% of state of subsample to A declined Asian-American, 16% or and ethnicity or another African-American, European- 5% Asian 29% Latino/Latina, female; 44% were American, participants of 70% sfins naeae errtr a nw the known had ( raters years were 3.6 peer for average, three targets On friends, described friends. also not as were or roommates were spouses two 27 and were relatives, peers 26 58 partners, ratings, the peer romantic Of the ethnicity. ethnicity, provided their another who state to 2% of declined Latino/Latina, 18% or 5% and 47% Asian-American, African-American, European-American, or 28% Asian female; were 71% SD ¼ 4.1). h Disposi- The SD SD ¼ ¼ 4.7), 5.3), Results 7. to 1 from scale fearful styles; a described on attachment paragraph and them each well avoidance) avoidance), how rated high participants low anxiety, anxiety, avoidance), (high preoccu- (high avoidance), low high pied anxiety, anxiety, (low (low dismissing paragraphs four secure of & describing consists which Bartholomew avoidance 1991), the (RQ; Horowitz, the completed participants for Questionnaire for addition, and alpha Relationship In Cronbach’s 0.90, 0.94. sample, was scale this scale In anxiety the scale 7. the a in to on item 1 self each from with partic- agreement the general; their in rate about ipants relationships romantic statements of as context Items phrased 1998). Shaver, a are & avoid- Clark, is (Brennan, and scales anxiety (ECR) ance 18-item questionnaire with instrument Experience Relationships 36-item The Close instruments. in two using measured style. attachment Adult BFI Openness 0.84. 0.85; Experience, the to Neuroticism, on 0.84; Con- 1991). 0.85; scientiousness, peer-ratings Agreeableness, Kentle, 0.88; & Extraversion, for were: Donahue, alphas (Benet-Martinez John, items Cronbach’s 1998; 44 John, contains Inventory, & which Five the Big BFI, of the using ratings or assessed Peer were Five 0.91. Big 0.93; Experience, to Neuroticism, Openness 0.93; the Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, on 0.90; 0.88; self-ratings 240-item Extraversion, this for were: a In NEO-PIR alphas 1991). NEO-PIR, Cronbach’s Dye, & sample, the strongly McCrae, ratings (Costa, using Five disagree instrument Big assessed (1) Self-report a strongly. were at using agree each (5) anchored and with scale partici- agreement individual; 5-point their target indicate instruments the pants both about on statements Items ratings. are were peer for self-ratings Experience one for one and to instruments, two using Openness measured Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Extraversion, Five. Big The hn07:ta ewe o n contentment ( and pride and joy between ( that ( 0.70: than iesoe nteNOPRaepeetdin significantly presented correlated scales are Big DPES NEO-PIR All and the I. scales on Table DPES scores the Five between Correlations Five Big the and Emotions Positive Dispositional r r ¼ ¼ 0.71, 0.75, r p p ¼ .0) n ewe contentment between and 0.001); < .0) ewe o n pride and joy between 0.001); < 0.72, h i ieproaiydimensions personality Five Big The ipstoa oiieemotion positive Dispositional p 0.001). < dl tahetsyewas style attachment Adult 65 Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 en01 .401 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.14 0.14 y Mean Awe en04 .501 0.28 0.12 0.15 Amusement 0.48 * Mean w .4*0.07 0.34** Awe Compassion opsin03* .504* .0*0.05 0.28** 0.40** 0.37** 0.49** 0.08 0.15 0.59** 0.26** 0.33** Amusement Compassion Love rd .4*00 .20.02 0.38** 0.02 0.17 0.04 0.14 0.34** Love Pride oe n errtdOens oEprec was Experience to Openness peer-rated self-rated with and correlated love, significantly the only Agreeable- at was Peer-rated ness significance. contentment of self-rated level was marginal with joy associated DPES was Conscientiousness with Peer-rated correlation significant. the marginally and contentment pride, the dispositional and self-rated significantly with via was correlated Extraversion Peer-rated measured II. presented Table personality, in Five affect Big peer-rated and self-reported DPES positive between correlations dispositional in observed by was predicted love. and significantly pride, Self-rated contentment, were only joy, DPES openness. scales was compassion with Neuroticism and correlated love, significantly joy, DPES addition, the In significant. also amusement- was the correlation openness and scale hypothesized, as Awe Experience, Openness to DPES self-rated with correlated The strongly most signifi- was Agreeableness. correlated with compassion and cantly love agency- DPES and only Conscientiousness, were the with pride correlated and Only significantly contentment, joy, Agreeableness. emotions focused and Conscien- with tiousness significantly emotion correlated positive dispositions domain-relevant measuring correlating DPES scales Only Extraversion. awe with 0.34 and and love 0.26 between amusement, and compassion, Extraversion, pride, with and 0.66 and contentment, 0.48 between joy, correlating considerably, varied with sizes however, Effect Extraversion. 0.28** with 0.08 0.25 0.03 0.07 (BFI). Inventory Five Joy Big the 0.34** on peer-ratings with scales DPES 0.20* of Correlations II. Table 0.34** 0.58** 0.66** 0.48** Pride Contentment Joy NEO-PIR. the on self-ratings Five Big with correlations DPES I. Table 66 otnmn .6 0.23 0.26* Contentment p p .0 * 0.10; < .5 ** 0.05; < huhefc ie eesalr iia pattern similar a smaller, were sizes effect Though .N hoae al. et Shiota N. M. p p .5 ** 0.05; < 0.01. < xrvrinCncetosesArebeesOens oEprec Neuroticism Experience to Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Extraversion Neuroticism Experience to Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Extraversion p 0.01. < 0.03 0.15 y 0.12 .200 0.06 0.09 0.02 .301 0.22 0.18 0.03 .301 .70.23 0.07 0.15 0.13 .100 0.01 0.03 0.01 y n otnmn,adpstvl soitdwith associated love positively with and compassion. associated Peer-rated contentment, negatively self-ratings. and was with observed Neuroticism from somewhat pattern differed the Neuroticism peer-rated Correlates awe. of self-rated with correlated marginally w crs aig ftefaflprgahwere paragraph DPES fearful with the of significance) Ratings of associated scores. level negatively with Awe marginal were the associated but (at scores, significantly love not preoccupied DPES the were of ratings paragraph content- Finally, joy, pride. DPES and and paragraph ment, with associated preoccupied pride, negatively positively the were contentment, of but Ratings DPES compassion, amusement. associated with and love negatively associated the DPES were of with Ratings paragraph compassion. and dismissing love, content- pride, joy, DPES ment, with positively were correlated paragraph significantly compas- secure and and the of love Ratings only DPES sion. was with avoidance correlated content- ECR and negatively joy, love, DPES and attachment pride, with DPES ment, anxiety four correlated ECR as negatively III. the Table was well in of presented as are ratings paragraphs, ECR scales, with and avoidance correlations scales and DPES anxiety the between Correlations Style Attachment and Emotions Positive Dispositional .90.02 0.09 .20.49** 0.02 .80.20* 0.08 .10.18 0.11 0.05 y 0.05 0.25 0.10 0.44** 0.27** 0.56** 0.32** 0.16 0.04 0.11 0.31* 0.25 0.18 0.12 y y Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 aisn 97o h oeo ipstoa BAS dispositional of & role of Sutton the also pattern on see (Tomarken, 1997 particular 1990; asymmetry Davidson, Henriques, a EEG & lobe with happiness, Davidson, clips film frontal associated that to resting response all finding the in are interest in the and cited amusement, include emotion. findings to approach Examples several dimensional the for emotion with that argument positive of consistent proposal core The the is at 1997). is Clark, orientation Fredrickson, such reward 1994; & be White, Watson & may 1998; Carver environment (e.g., response the feature a or in orientation opportunities Theorists reward 1979). to that Wiggins, proposed 1983; 1997; have Hogan, Clark, 1970; & Gray, Watson 1980; positive (e.g., McCrae, and researchers & Extraversion Costa several the of by notion of suggested the feature emotionality, with measures common consistent a is self-report of finding using This disposi- Five. emotion least Big positive at the of tions, all several with associated the across emotion. research, emotionality positive robust dispositional positive of was previous varieties of Extraversion by association with the suggested differ- although and than complex core more these entiated are and between variables emotionality relationships personality The positive that attachment. suggest dispositional (partic- secure results factors Five and present Big Extraversion), the of ularly each con- dispositional affect, have among positive studies relationships Prior observed style. sistently attachment adult Conscientiousness, and and Neuroticism, Openness Experience, Agreeableness, Big to the Extraversion, personality: factors of aspects Five core between positive two of and correlations varieties emotion seven explored of experience study dispositional present The Discussion contentment, pride. love, and DPES with associated negatively noraaye,Etaeso a significantly was Extraversion analyses, our In y Mean Awe opsin0.13 Amusement Compassion Love Pride Contentment Joy al I.Creain fDE clswt dl attachment. adult with scales DPES of Correlations III. Table p .0 * 0.10; < r p .5 ** 0.05; < nit viac eueDsisn rocpe Fearful Preoccupied Dismissing Secure Avoidance Anxiety .600 .50.12 0.15 0.06 0.18 0.06 .800 .00.19 0.10 0.05 0.08 0.20** 0.37** 0.40** 0.23* p .1 l et fsgiiac r two-tailed. are significance of tests All 0.01. < C Paragraphs ECR .102 0.04 0.26 0.11 .4 0.22* 0.24* .602* 0.17 0.20* 0.48** 0.27** 0.31** 0.30** 0.06 0.13 .302* 0.09 0.28** 0.13 togypeitdcmaso sgetn that (suggesting also compassion it gathering predicted although information, complex strongly of during manipulation and experienced positive with associated emotion strongly most with bonds. was social associated Openness intimate envi- from only derived the emotion in was positive agency Agreeableness from ronment. with derived associated emotion only positive was quite newborn Conscientiousness a differs, to infant. response functional chocolate functional of the A from presence obviously, 1998). the different (Fredrickson, in many response threat are there of reward as life kinds of just different kinds environment, different the in in many rewards are of There domains. kinds orientation different predict dispositions to toward appear emotion DPES the positive by measured different Extraversion the with theme, associated compassion). and weakly awe, (amusement, more however, distal, emotions more Positive are are trait. rewards concrete this Extraversion, which of for peer-rated self-reports as using well as analyses correlations in that overt emerge sufficiently and was pride, joy, contentment associa- dispositional for with The base Extraversion secure of 1979). tion a (Bowlby, provide one to activation and be behavioral may successful, love been of has function rewards of are pursuit that suggests the pride Contentment activation. and involv- behavioral explicitly ing Joy most emotions others. positive the arguably than associated of Extraversion strongly feature more with common were positive or dispositions some why core emotion explains also a emotions is positive the reward of & pursuit Evans, Dagher, Zatorre, Small, 2001). Jones-Gotman, & 2003; Menon, music Dolan, Reiss, Abdel-Azim, Frith, classical & Grecius, Kampe, Mobbs, to 2002; 2001; humor Frith, Zatorre, to & with person contact (Blood dopaminergic eye attractive to that chocolate an positive from findings disparate ranging by stimuli, and activated are effect), circuits’’ ‘‘reward this in lhuhrwr retto a eacommon a be may orientation reward Although the in activation behavioral that proposal The .9*0.16 0.29** 0.17 y y y ipstoa oiieemotion positive Dispositional 0.15 0.17 0.06 0.08 0.30** 0.33** 0.26* y 0.17 0.06 0.03 0.40** 0.05 0.15 0.26** 0.19 y 67 Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 o enadesdwt h aethoroughness. same the with has addressed emotion positive been for model not the this of 1992), validity of Clark, multi- the & but validity (Watson Multitrait emotion the negative for supported 1992). model have Fujita, Clark, studies & & method Smith, and Watson Diener, positive 1995; (e.g., distinguishable, emotions but com- negative each related, affect of negative posed and both. broad positive with of for human hierarchically, categories arranged that support be recognition may increasing emotion provide is there findings Feldman-Barrett, Indeed, & Our Russell conflict 1999). (e.g., theoret- ongoing perspectives the emotion the discrete ical personality, to and in dimensional speak emotion between here positive presented of data role the of from environment derived but pleasure relationships, the the relationships. close for such in opportunity in less perform security have for to needs ability from disengag- in their succeeded ing have and may compassion. individuals and contentment love These in of deficits showing levels while pride, desirable environ- individuals the more dismissive by or showed avoidant presented contrast, less rewards In security the are ment. of reap individuals sense to these able true relationships, a intimate without in striking: derive more emotions to positive are trying reward-focused Their agentic, of relationships. in terms intimate deficits in from game’’ emotion the positive caregiving, ‘‘in individuals still anxious/preoccupied compassion. of are in that in deficits recipient suggests with This deficits associated the not inconsistent was as and and emotion associated moderate positive was only Attachment attachment with benefits. preoccupied emotional or anxiety of with associated kinds different were different insecurity predicted, attachment As of bonds. forms social as well intimate greater as from acquisition, derive resource and individuals agentic from secure pleasure security more that compassion and suggest attachment love, pride, contentment, joy, DPES between theory, this as with Consistent correlations well 1979; 2000). Shaver, as (Bowlby, & Fraley maintenance achievement, proximity and secure facilitating exploration a provide for to is theoretically base attachment of function showed the holds that theory Attachment also differentiation. meaningful measures behavior attachment predicting in others. by also observed is but predict- that in positive self-concept, only that not ing important suggesting is measures, specificity peer- emotion Five and self-report Big was both rating with Specificity and analyses love. caregiving), in and one’s observed of joy of predicted perception claimants significantly valid facilitates as Experience others to Openness 68 nadto oipoigorunderstanding our improving to addition In adult and scales DPES between Correlations .N hoae al. et Shiota N. M. in n ucinlbhvo ilcnrbt further inquiry. cogni- contribute this will activation, to behavior functional system and central nervous tion, emotion, autonomic of expressions and facial compo- as response such emotion variables. nents, other personality on least other research at to Future also relationships differentiated, their and meaningfully in con- be are model, emotion can positive here structs hierarchical certain that presented a evidence about provide results with uncertainty The to consistent differentiate. due expected be part, to might constructs in emotion positive be, which may This n naoyosrvee o hi insightful their manuscript. this data of for draft with earlier reviewer an assistance on anonymous Fredrickson comments his Barbara an to for also and Soto thanks Many Chris analyses. collection, data to with assistance and his for Malka expressed Ariel is to appreciation Deep grant NIH 1-R01-AG17766-1. by supported was preparation Manuscript Acknowledgements de,M . aly .S 20) prcain Individual Appreciation: (2005). S. N. Fagley, & G., M. Adler, References eebu,H 20) aite fjyrltdpleasurable joy-related of Varieties (2002). H. Berenbaum, ahrwk,J . rae,E .(94.Eoinlintensity: Emotional (1994). B. E. Braaten, & A., and J. Bachorowski, Retrospect Attachment: (1982). S. D. M. Ainsworth, ee-atnz . on .P 19) o ic Grandes Cinco Los (1998). P. O. Attachment John, & (1991). V., M. Benet-Martinez, L. Horowitz, & K., Bartholomew, lo,A . aor,R .(01.Itneypleasurable Intensely (2001). J. R. Zatorre, & J., A. Blood, rna,K . lr,C . hvr .R 19) Self-report (1998). R. P. Shaver, & L., C. Clark, A., K. Brennan, (1979). J. Bowlby, aha,E 19) mls peh n oyposture: body and speech, Smiles, (1998). E. Cashdan, avr .S,&Wie .L 19) eairlinhibition, Behavioral (1994). L. T. White, & S., C. Carver, ifrne nfnigvleadmaiga nqepredictor unique a as well-being. meaning subjective and of value finding in differences ciiisadfeelings. and activities esrmn n hoeia implications. Differences theoretical Individual Behavior and (Eds.), Human Measurement Stevenson-Hinde in J. Attachment Books. & Basic York: of Parkes New M. Place C. The In prospect. nlsso h i iei nls n Spanish. and English in multimethod Psychology Five Social Multitrait, and Big Personality groups: the ethnic of analyses and cultures model. across four-category a Psychology of Social test and Personality A of adults: Journal young among styles epne omsccreaewt ciiyi ri regions brain in Sciences activity emotion. of and Academy with reward correlate in implicated music to responses nJ .Smsn&W .Roe (Eds.), overview. Rholes S. integrative Relationships W. Close & An Simpson A. attachment: J. In adult of measurement Tavistock. London: o oe n e ipa oimti ttsadpower. and status Behavior sociometric Nonverbal display of men Journal and women How eadadpnsmn:TeBSBSscales. BIS/BAS impending Psychology The Social to and punishment: Personality responses and affective reward and activation, behavioral h aigadbekn fafcinlbonds affectional of breaking and making The p.4–6.NwYr:Guilford. York: New 46–76). (pp. , , 98 17 onto n Emotion and Cognition 11818–11823. , 191–199. , ora fPersonality of Journal , 22 , , 75 67 209–228. , 729–750. , 319–333. , rceig fteNational the of Proceedings tahetTer and Theory Attachment , 61 , , 226–244. , 16 73 esnlt and Personality 473–494. , 79–114. , p.3–30). (pp. ora of Journal ora of Journal . Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 ot,P . cre .R 18) nlec fextraversion of Influence (1980). R. R. McCrae, & T., P. Costa, ot,P . cre .R,&De .A 19) Facet (1991). A. D. Dye, & R., R. McCrae, T., P. Costa, rly .C,&Sae,P .(00.Autromantic Adult (2000). R. P. Shaver, & C., R. Fraley, (1994). J. & R. Ekman Davidson, P. & In P., Ekman, basic. are emotions All (1994). P. Ekman, er . usl,J .(94.Cneto mto viewed emotion of Concept (1984). A. J. Russell, & B., Fehr, adult of effects The (1996). A. L. Kirkpatrick, & C., prosocial B. Feeney, of self-reports Adolescents’ (1995). A., P. Chan, Estrada, M., O’Sullivan, V., W. Friesen, P., Ekman, R., Shell, J., Fultz, A., P. Miller, A., R. Fabes, N., Eisenberg, personality (1973). The T. (1995). Doi, F. Fujita, & H., Smith, Neurobehavioral E., (1989). Diener, G. W. Iacono, & A., R. and Depue, emotion of neuropsychology The (1993). J. R. Davidson, rdiko,B .(98.Wa odaepstv emotions? positive are good What (1998). L. B. Fredrickson, ry .A 17) h scohsooia ai fintroversion- of basis psychophysiological of The (1970). role A. J. The Gray, anxiety: social and Evolution (2001). P. Gilbert, ad,J 20) lvto n h oiiepyhlg fmorality. of psychology positive the and Elevation (2003). J. Haidt, rs,J . utn .K,&Ktla,T 19) Relations (1998). T. Ketelaar, & K., S. Sutton, J., J. Gross, self the of Models (1994). K. Bartholomew, & W., D. Griffin, n ertcs nsbetv elbig ap n unhappy and Happy well-being: people. subjective on neuroticism and h E esnlt inventory. of revision personality Differences A NEO conscientiousness: and the agreeableness for scales 4 controver- questions. unanswered emerging and sies, developments, Theoretical attachment: (Eds.), Questions Davidson J. R. General perspective. prototype a from 70 physiological stress. on to partners responses processes. romantic of presence and motivational attachment and Adolescence on affective, Research of sympathy- Journal of cognitive, role The acquaintances: related and friends to responses expressions facial 712–717. of judgments emotion. Universals the of (1987). in al. differences cultural et and K., Heider, I., Diacoyanni-Tarlatzis, questions Fundamental study. multi-method sympathy A Psychology of Social behavior: Relation and Personality prosocial (1989). of R. to Journal R. distress Reno, & and M., R. Mathy, International. & 69 affect. Rosenzweig of structure R. Inc. Reviews Annual M. (Eds.), CA: Alto, In Palo Porter 457–492). (pp. disorders. W. affective L. of aspects (Eds.), Haviland M. 2nd J. Emotions, & of Lewis M. In style. affective eiwo eea Psychology General of Review extraversion. America North of hierarchies. Clinics social and competition, social attraction, nC .M ee .Hit(Eds.), Haidt J. well-lived life APA. & DC: the Keyes and M. psychology L. C. In Bulletin and affect-level views. the for affective-reactivity Support personality: and affect between 67 measurement attachment. underlying adult of dimensions Fundamental other: and 132–154. , 255–270. , 130–141. , 430–445. , , , ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal 24 113 p.1–9.NwYr:Ofr nvriyPress. University Oxford York: New 15–19). (pp. , 279. , 12 464–486. , ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal eaiua eerhTherapy Research Behavioural 887–898. , h ntm fdependence of anatomy The p.1314.NwYr:Guilford. York: New 143–154). (pp. ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal e ok xodUiest Press. University Oxford York: New . , 24 h aueo mto:Fundamental Emotion: of Nature The nulRve fPyhlg,40 Psychology, of Review Annual 723–751. , esnlt n oilPsychology Social and Personality , 2 ora fEprmna Psychology: Experimental of Journal 300–319. , , p.2529.Washington, 275–289). (pp. eiwo eea Psychology General of Review 5 173–200. , esnlt n Individual and Personality h aueo emotion: of nature The , , oy:Kodansha Tokyo: . 57 luihn:Positive Flourishing: 8 249–266. , 55–66. , , 38 668–678. , Psychiatric Handbook , 53 , , , , , akn .L,Kse,J . bl,J .(05.Adult (2005). R. J. Abela, & D., J. Kassel, L., B. Hankin, aa,C,&Sae,P .(97.Rmni oeconceptualized love Romantic (1987). R. P. Shaver, & C., Hazan, idbad,K . izead .E 18) h infant’s The (1983). E. H. Fitzgerald, & A., K. Hildebrandt, ry .B (1999). personality. B. of S. theory Hrdy, socioanalytic A (1983). T. R. Hogan, saoiz .M 20) orltso elbigi adulthood in well-being of Correlates (2005). M. D. Isaacowitz, sn .M,Dumn .A,&Nwci 18) oiieaffect Positive (1987). Nowicki. & A., K. Daubman, M., A. Isen, eesn .W,Emn . edr . ree,W V. W. Friesen, & K., Heider, P., Ekman, W., R. Levenson, problematic & (positive), congruent Goal (1991). S. R. Lazarus, (1992). N. Cantor, & M., P. Niedenthal, M., A. Isen, aa,C,Dse,N,&Lkr .(95.Eoinsocialization, Emotion (1995). R. Liker, & N., Distel, C., the Magai, and Well-being (2005). C. Conway, & K., A. MacLeod, ap,K . rt,C . oa,R . rt,U. Frith, & J., R. Dolan, D., C. Frith, K., K. Kampe, at,R .(1999). L. R. Latta, neuroticism, Extraversion, (1989). T. Ketelaar, & J., R. Larsen, Attachment (1991). W. Gamble, & N., Sudler, & R., W., R. Kobak, Fleming, R., Ferenz-Gillies, H., Cole, moral, a R., awe, Kobak, Approaching (2003). J. Haidt, & D., Keltner, (1991). Kentle & M., E. Donahue, P., O. John, Dimensions taxonomy: factor five’’ ‘‘big The (1990). P. O. John, neproa tesgnrto smdaigmechanisms. mediating and Bulletin as Psychology risk Social and generation cognitive Personality distress stress of emotional investigations interpersonal of Prospective specificity symptoms: and dimensions attachment sa tahetprocess. Psychology attachment an as hsclatatvns:Isefc nbnigadattachment. and Journal bonding Health on Mental effect Infant Its attractiveness: physical hysaetehmnspecies human the shape they Press. Nebraska of University Lincoln: (Ed.), 55–89). (pp. Page M. In n l g:Atl ftooptimisms. two of tale A Personality age: old and oilPsychology solving. Social problem creative facilitates 19) mto n uooi evu ytmatvt nthe Psychology in Sumatra. activity West system of nervous Minangkabau autonomic and Emotion (1992). (Ed.), Press. Lazarus University Oxford S. York: New R. In emotions. incongruity against case Gruyter. the and theory categorization. social on affect positive Emotion of and Motivation influence An tahet n atrso dl mtoa traits. emotional adult Emotion of and patterns and attachment, 357–373. income, ability. of planning role and The networks, social experiences: positive future of anticipation 20) eadvleo trcieesadgaze. and attractiveness of value 413 Reward (2002). 5. Research. and Social and 4a Personality Versions inventory: n ucpiiiyt oiieadngtv odinduction mood negative 1221–1228. and positive procedures. to susceptibility and develop- A adolescence: 461–474. during analysis. pathways symptoms mental depressive and regulation emotion analysis. theory and Development control Child A Attachment solving: problem mother-teen (1993). during W. Gamble, emotion. 297–314. aesthetic and spiritual, questionnaires. (Ed.), in Pervin and research A. language natural L. the In in personality of 65) 589. (6856), p.6–0) e ok Guilford. York: New 66–100). (pp. , , , 52 62 39 , 9 511–524. , 972–988. , 224–244. , esnlt n niiulDifferences Individual and Personality 461–481. , , 57 , 64 ipstoa oiieemotion positive Dispositional ohrNtr:Mtra ntnt n how and instincts Maternal Nature: Mother 1122–1131. , 92Nbak ypsu nMotivation on Symposium Nebraska 1982 h ai uo rcs:Acognitive-shift A process: humor basic The 231–245. , , 16 adoko esnlt:Ter and Theory personality: of Handbook eeomn n Psychopathology and Development e ok Ballantine. York: New . 65–78. , , ora fProaiyadSocial and Personality of Journal 4 3–12. , ora fProaiyadSocial and Personality of Journal ekly A nttt for Institute CA: Berkeley, onto n Emotion and Cognition onto n Emotion and Cognition ora fProaiyand Personality of Journal e ok otnde Mouton York: New . mto n adaptation and Emotion , 31 ora fRsac in Research of Journal 136–151. , h ‘i Five’’ ‘‘Big The Cognition Nature , , , , 69 19 17 10 3 , . , , , , Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 cre .R,&CsaJ,P .(91.Adn ib und liebe Adding (1991). T. P. Jr, Costa & R., R. McCrae, 70 iuicr . ilt,D,Hlr,V,Aio,N,Aia,S,& S., Avidan, N., Avihov, V., Halery, D., Gillath, M., Mikulincer, O. Nachmias, & D., Woddis, G., Birnbaum, M., Mikulincer, convergence structural The (1989). R. & J. Shack, A., & R. J., G. Emmons, Meyer, D., S. Kilpatrick, C., five- M. the to McCullough, introduction An (1992). P. O. John, & R., R. McCrae, ob,D,Geis .D,AdlAi,E,Mnn . & V., Menon, E., Abdel-Azim, D., M. Grecius, D., Mobbs, usl,J . eda-art,L 19) oeaffect, Core (1999). L. Feldman-Barrett, & Adolescent A., (1996). J. A. Russell, H. Horowitz, & S., D. Adult Rosenstein, (1996). D. J. Kassel, & H., I. Gotlib, & Lewis E., M. J. In Roberts, personality. and Affect (1993). A. L. Pervin, (1998). J. Panksepp, ml,D . aor,R . ahr . vn,A . & C., A. Evans, A., Dagher, J., on R. Zatorre, styles M., attachment D. of Small, Influence (1990). A. J. Simpson, hoa .N,Cmo,B,Klnr . etneen M. Hertensetein, & D., Keltner, B., Campos, (2006). N., D. M. Keltner, Shiota, & ‘‘basic’’ a N., love Is M. (1996). S. Shiota, Wu, & J., H. Morgan, R., P. Shaver, and theory Attachment (2005). (1988). M. Mikulincer, D. & R., N. P. Shaver, Feshbach, & J., D. Stipek, B., L. Seidner, emotion-antecedent in culture of role The (1997). K. Scherer, ret h ulFv-atrmdladwell-being. and Bulletin Psychology model Social Five-factor and full The arbeit: ed:Eiec htatvto ftesneo attachment of sense the Psychology Social of responses. empathic activation promotes security that others’ to Evidence reactions and needs: theory Attachment (2001). N. Eshkoli, of components 78 intraindividual and theory. attachment thoughts: normative proximity-related the of Exploring accessibility and ‘‘direc- affect?. Stress new (2000). and moral old for a Evidence personality: tions’’. gratitude and mood Is of (2001). B. Bulletin Psychological D. Larson, personality. of model factor es,A .(03.Hmrmdltstemesolimbic the modulates Humor (2003). centers. L. reward A. Reiss, 1720–1733. rttpcleoinleioe,adohrtig called things other elephant. Psychology Social and the Dissecting episodes, emotion: emotional prototypical Psychology psychopathology. Clinical and self- attachment low The and depression: attitudes 310–320. of dysfunctional of symptoms esteem. roles and mediating security attachment Guilford. York: (Eds.), New Haviland M. J. emotions Press. animal and human oetn hclt:Fo lauet aversion. to related pleasure activity From brain chocolate: in eating Changes to (2001). M. Jones-Gotman, Psychology relationships. romantic eainhp.I .Piipt&R .Flmn(Eds.), Feldman S. R. interpersonal & emotion. of of Philippot regulation regulation P. the In and relationships. emotion Positive (2004). taxonomy A to emotion? approach psychodynamic the of personality. Resurrection research. embarrassment. 367–377. and pride children’s school-aged of elementary concepts of analysis developmental A 902–922. appraisal. 509–523. , .N hoae al. et Shiota N. M. ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal esnlRelationships Personal , ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal 59 nulse manuscript. Unpublished . ora fRsac nPersonality in Research of Journal 971–980. , , , Neuron 81 76 , 64 ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal 6,1205–1224. (6), 805–819. , , awh J arneErlbaum. Lawrence NJ: Mahwah, 244–253. , fetv ersine h onain of foundations The neuroscience: Affective 127 , adoko Emotions of Handbook 40 249–266. , ora fProaiyadSocial and Personality of Journal 1041–1048. , ora fPersonality of Journal , e ok xodUniversity Oxford York: New . 17 , 3 227–232. , 81–96. , ora fCnutn and Consulting of Journal ora fProaiyand Personality of Journal ora fProaiyand Personality of Journal hl Development Child h oiieemotions: positive The , 39 p.301–312). (pp. 1,22–45. (1), , , 60 57 Brain 175–216. , 691–706. , Personality , , , , 124 The 73 70 59 , , , , , ylf sawy improving. time. always the is all life happy. me My me to make happen events things many Good day, something typical a when On overjoyed completely often am person. cheerful I intensely an joy. am of I bursts feel often I Joy scales emotion positive dispositional The A: Appendix mt,C . lsot,P .(95.Pten fcognitive of Patterns (1985). C. P. Ellsworth, & A., C. Smith, ndr .R,Smsn .C,Yac,F . odr,T F., T. Borders, C., F. Ybasco, C., S. Sympson, R., C. Snyder, idn,L . lsot,P . eqia .(2000). B. Mesquita, & C., P. Ellsworth, Z., L. Tiedens, tpk .(98.DfeecsbtenAeiasadChinese and Americans between Differences (1998). D. Stipek, (1996). A. L. Sroufe, utn .K,&Dvdo,R .(97.Perna brain Prefrontal (1997). J. R. Davidson, & K., S. Sutton, oqai .C,&Rfali .(04.Diyeprecsof experiences Daily (2004). M. Raffaelli, & C., J. Torquati, (1990). B. J. Henriques, & J., R. Davidson, J., A. Tomarken, asn . lr,L .(97.Etaeso n t positive its and Extraversion (1997). A. L. Clark, & D., Watson, isn . uln,E 19) h eainhpbetween relationship The (1999). E. Gullone, & K., Wilson, and separable Affects (1992). pride: A. your L. Clark, Show & (2004). D., W. Watson, R. Robins, & L., J. Tracy, ign,J .(99.Apyhlgcltxnm ftrait- of taxonomy psychological A (1979). S. J. Wiggins, The (1999). A. Tellegen, & J., Vaidya, D., Wiese, D., Watson, Development (1988). A. Tellegen, & A., L. Clark, D., Watson, pria nemotion. in appraisal ayk .A,&Hgis .L 19) eeomn and Development Scale. (1996). Hope L. Psychology State Social R. the Higgins, of & validation A., M. Babyak, 48 ain o ih n o-ttsgopmembers. group expec- Bulletin low-status Psychology Emotional and Social and status: high- for and tations sentiments about Stereotypes 204–210. ntecrusacseoigpie hm,adguilt. and shame, Psychology pride, Cross-Cultural of evoking circumstances the years in early the in Press. life University emotional of smer:Abooia usrt ftebehavioral the of systems. substrate inhibition biological and approach A asymmetry: mtosadsca otxso eueyadinsecurely and securely of contexts adults. social attached and emotions responses affective 791–801. predicts films. asymmetry to brain frontal Resting mtoa oe nL .Pri .P on(Eds.), John P. O. Psychology & Personality Pervin of A. L. In core. emotional 62 esnlt n fetoe h lifespan. the over affect Differences Individual and personality the of arrangement hierarchical the affects. negative On expression. inseparable: emotion discrete a Science for Evidence ecitv em:Teitresnldomain. interpersonal Psychology Social The and Personality terms: descriptive evidence. Psychology findings, Social and psychobiological Structure Personality of affect: and Journal of considerations systems evolutionary activation general two affect: 54 negative and scales. positive PANAS of The measures brief of validation and odhappens. good 813–838. , 489–505. , 1063–1070. , , 15 194–197. , ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal , ora fAoecn Research Adolescent of Journal ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal 70 321–335. , , ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal ora fProaiyadSca Psychology Social and Personality of Journal 27 mtoa eeomn:Teorganization The development: Emotional p.7773.NwYr:Guilford. York: New 767–793). (pp. 1141–1156. , , 29 , 26 616–629. , , 560–574. , 37 395–412. , e ok Cambridge York: New . ora fProaiyand Personality of Journal scooia Science Psychological , 76 , 5,820–838. (5), 19 esnlt and Personality 740–758. , Psychological ora of Journal Personality Handbook Journal , , 59 8 , , , , , Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 epeaeuulycnieaeo ynesand needs people. my many love of I considerate help. usually need I are when people People people on others. depend trust to can to I easy closeness it find of I feelings strong develop trustworthy. I generally are people Other Love authority. believe. my I recognize what usually for People up stand always I accomplishments. me. my respect and people myself Many of proud am myself. I about good feel I Pride deep fulfilling. people. very a most is than life experience often My more I satisfied life feel I my about think life. I my with When peace at person. am contented I a generally am I Contentment feelings. easily. contentment. of feeling ekoteprecsta hleg yunder- my challenge that experiences out nature. me. of seek beauty around the I objects see to the opportunities in many have patterns I for look day. often every I almost wonder me. feel around I all beauty see I awe. feel often I Awe jokes. everything. of about lot jokes a make make I me around people amused. The about. easily care very I am people I teasing enjoy everything. really almost I in humor find I Amusement person. a compassionate very feel help. a need am I who inside. I people feeling need, warm notice a often in me I are gives others or of who care hurt Taking people someone of see I care When take to important It’s Compassion tnigo h world. the of standing them. of care take to urge powerful vulnerable. ipstoa oiieemotion positive Dispositional 71