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Handbook of the History of Social Psychology the Emergence of Cognitive Social Psychology This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 27 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK Handbook of the History of Social Psychology Arie W. Kruglanski, Wolfgang Stroebe The Emergence of Cognitive Social Psychology Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203808498.ch3 Denis Hilton Published online on: 01 Dec 2011 How to cite :- Denis Hilton. 01 Dec 2011, The Emergence of Cognitive Social Psychology from: Handbook of the History of Social Psychology Routledge Accessed on: 27 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203808498.ch3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Part II Approaches Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 16:07 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203808498, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203808498.ch3 3 The emergence of cognitive social psychology: A historical analysis Denis Hilton In this chapter, I tell the story of how cognitive social psychology the “long past and short history” of social psychology, the came to take the form it did after the Second World War. This second part presents fi ve “contemporary systematic positions” “cognitive” social psychology emerged in the 1930s in opposi- which refl ected more general “systems” in psychology (e.g., tion to other approaches to social psychology, notably those Chaplin and Krawiec, 1968). These macrotheoretical perspec- grounded in behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and sociology. It is tives may be thought of as “paradigms” in the sense of Kuhn also distinct from the “social cognition” movement that began (1970). I give the list as presented by Deutsch and Krauss in the 1970s, drawing on concepts and methods developed in (1965), with names of illustrative practitioners in parentheses: the “cognitive revolution” that overtook psychology in the 1950s (see North and Fiske, this volume). My focus will be on 1 the approach of Gestalt psychology (Asch, Heider) the underlying scientifi c paradigms (Kuhn, 1970) that condi- 2 fi eld theory in social psychology (Lewin, Festinger) tioned this earlier cognitive approach to social psychology. I 3 the reinforcement theorists (Miller & Dollard, Yale will note their institutional support, and illustrate their key Communication Project, Bandura, Thibaut, & Kelley) features by descriptions of prominent practitioners and key 4 psychoanalytic theory (Bion, Bolwby, Erikson, publications. In the fi rst part I examine the disciplinary evolu- McClelland, Parsons) tions that led to a particular defi nition of the social mind. In the 5 role theory (Mead, Merton, Goffman). second part I describe the emergence of a Gestalt approach to social psychology before the Second World War. In the third Historians of psychology have chronicled “the disappearance part I show how Gestalt theory and other nonbehaviorist of the social in American social psychology” (Greenwood, approaches addressed social perception and impression forma- 2003), and a clear manifestation of this trend is the decline of tion. In the fourth part, I describe how the institutions and domi- “sociological” social psychology from the late 1960s onwards. nant methodological practices of social psychology had While the ratio of textbooks from social psychology written by changed by the end of the war. In the fi fth part I analyze the psychologists and sociologists was approximately equal from effect of these changes on the rise and fall of cognitive consis- 1949 to 1964, psychologists wrote three times as many text- tency theory from the 1950s to the 1970s. In the sixth part I books as sociologists in the period 1973–80 (Jones, 1985), and further show how the assumptions of systematic psychology the overall volume of production increased threefold. Role infl uenced the development of attribution theory, which rose to theory was extensively presented in social psychology text- prominence in the 1960s and 1970s, and which has since books primarily written by sociologists (e.g., Newcomb, Turner remained active (with revisions). In the fi nal part I address the and Converse, 1965) but has largely disappeared from text- question of what these research programmes have contributed, books written by psychologists. It is now rare to see psycholo- and (with the benefi t of hindsight) what errors there may have gists taking advantage of sociological thinking in formulating been in the way the original research has been represented to their theories, in the manner of French and Raven’s (1959) use later generations of social psychologists. of Weber in their theory of social power. While there were attempts in the postwar years to build interdisciplinary programs in psychology, sociology, and D e fi ning the social mind anthropology at major universities such as Harvard and Michigan, these had disappeared under the strain of disciplinary The decline of sociological and psychoanalytic approaches rivalry by the 1970s (Jackson, 1988). Of course psychology The intellectual landscape discovered by graduate students in alone was not responsible for this, as some sociologists, social psychology returning from the Second World War must following Durkheim’s lead, deliberately sought to evacuate seem hardly recognizable to today’s graduate students. The psychological explanations for behavior. For example, “institu- contemporary eye fi nds itself looking on a lost world when tionalists” believed that the facts of group structure (rules, roles, thumbing through Lindzey’s (1954) Handbook of Social norms, culture, etc.) were independent of individuals, who were Psychology . After a fi rst part comprising Allport’s chapter on inessential and replaceable. The fracturing of an integrated Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 16:07 27 Sep 2021; For: 9780203808498, chapter3, 10.4324/9780203808498.ch3 46 Hilton social science approach to social psychology can also be seen and Rivers; the others were the ethnographers Haddon and through the increasing specialization of journals along disci- Seligmann along with the oceanic linguist Ray). Back in conti- plinary lines. Social psychologists used to publish their work nental Europe, Wundt’s solution was two-pronged: He founded alongside sociologists in Human Relations (e.g., Festinger, the fi rst laboratory of experimental psychology in Leipzig 1954), a practice that has since lapsed. (1879) to study mental processes, but he also privileged herme- In addition, clinical and social psychologists went their sepa- neutic methods in his version of Volkerpsychologie (inherited rate ways: Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology divided from Humboldt and Herder) which might roughly be translated into Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Journal of Personality in modern terms as “cultural psychology.” He devoted 20 years and Social Psychology in 1965. Although psychoanalytic ideas of his long life to this nonexperimental project, which in parts played an important role in the gestation of well-known theories resembled modern linguistics, anthropology and cultural studies in social psychology (e.g., Janis’ work on fear appeals in persua- (Farr, 1996). Sitting in the audience for Wundt’s lectures in sion and groupthink), few vestiges of psychoanalytic thinking 1908–9 was the young Bronislaw Malinowski, who never now remain in mainstream experimental social psychology. completed his projected dissertation on Volkerpsychologie but What infl uence there is of psychoanalytic thinking in contempo- instead went on to revolutionize ethnology (Young, 2004). rary social psychology has mostly come in through the back Malinowski nevertheless retained his interest in psychology, door, such as Bowlby’s attachment theory of relationship style reading the treatise written by Wundt’s student, Hugo which has been brought in via developmental psychology. Munsterberg, when with his friends in Melbourne between his fi eld trips to Papua New Guinea from 1914 to 1918. Munsterberg was to take a chair of psychology at Harvard in The scientifi c study of the social mind: Experimentation 1934. However, the tension between the “fi rst” and “second” or a “second” psychology? psychologies led the psychology department at Harvard to split With the gradual evacuation of sociology, anthropology, and in 1946. The hard-line experimentalists stayed in the reduced clinical perspectives from social psychology came the psychology department and studied low-level perceptual and increasing adoption of the privileged methods of mainstream learning processes, while the others founded the Department of psychology, in particular experimentation. The belief that Social Relations, which included social psychology, clinical human behavior could be studied experimentally had taken psychology, and anthropology. widespread root in the scientifi c community by the early twen-
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